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Additional file 1: Figure S1. TEM images of the PEG-MTX, CG-PEG-MTX and CDPM. Figure S2. BSA adsorption of PEG-MTX, CG-PEG-MTX, CDPM and the Micelles. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001. Figure S3. AO/EB staining for apoptosis study on MDA-MB-231. The red fluorescence reflects the apoptotic state of cells. The green fluorescence reflects the normal state. Figure S4. Image of wound healing experiment of MDA-MB-231 cells. Figure S5. ROS levels were investigated by flow cytometry.

Additional file 1: Figure S 1. Real-time fluorescence imaging in vivo. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of the mice was examined at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after injection of Cy7 into the body through the tail vein.

An integrative mode of the disease classification in Western medicine and the syndrome differentiation in Chinese medicine is already the chief mode of sorting applied in clinical practice of Chinese medicine and integrative medicine. In this study, the cold and heat pattern of rheumatoid arthritis were comparatively analyzed. A range of facts, including the correlation of syndrome differentiations and therapeutic effects, the difference of laboratorial examination and omics expression between cold and heat pattern of RA were reviewed to demonstrate the biological basis of RA syndrome differentiations. It indicates that the better knowledge of the biological basis involved in syndrome differentiations of Chinese medicine might help to choose the most appropriate treatment.

Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is the main active component of the Chinese herb Carthamus tinctorius L.. Purified HSYA is used as a neuroprotective agent to prevent cerebral ischemia. Injectable safflor yellow (50 mg, containing 35 mg HSYA) is widely used to treat patients with ischemic cardiocerebrovascular disease. However, it is unknown how HSYA exerts a protective effect on cerebral ischemia at the molecular level. A systematical integrated study, including histopathological examination, neurological evaluation, blood-brain barrier (BBB), metabonomics, and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, was applied to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of HSYA neuroprotection at the molecular level. HSYA could travel across the BBB, significantly reducing the infarct volume and improving the neurological functions of rats with ischemia. Treatment with HSYA could lead to relative corrections of the impaired metabolic pathways through energy metabolism disruption, excitatory amino acid toxicity, oxidative stress, and membrane disruption revealed by (1)H NMR-based metabonomics. Meanwhile, HSYA treatment inhibits the NF-κB pathway via suppressing proinflammatory cytokine expression and p65 translocation and binding activity while upregulating an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is the main active component of the Chinese herb Carthamus tinctorius L.. Purified HSYA is used as a neuroprotective agent to prevent cerebral ischemia. Injectable safflor yellow (50 mg, containing 35 mg HSYA) is widely used to treat patients with ischemic cardiocerebrovascular disease. However, it is unknown how HSYA exerts a protective effect on cerebral ischemia at the molecular level. A systematical integrated study, including histopathological examination, neurological evaluation, blood-brain barrier (BBB), metabonomics, and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, was applied to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms of HSYA neuroprotection at the molecular level. HSYA could travel across the BBB, significantly reducing the infarct volume and improving the neurological functions of rats with ischemia. Treatment with HSYA could lead to relative corrections of the impaired metabolic pathways through energy metabolism disruption, excitatory amino acid toxicity, oxidative stress, and membrane disruption revealed by 1H NMR-based metabonomics. Meanwhile, HSYA treatment inhibits the NF-κB pathway via suppressing proinflammatory cytokine expression and p65 translocation and binding activity while upregulating an anti-inflammatory cytokine.

Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) possess a variety of immunomodulatory activities, but the regulation on mucosal immunity is not fully understood. In this study, immune suppression in mice was induced with cyclophosphamide treatment and APS was used as an intervention and was administrated at dosages of 3 g/kg (APS HD) and 1.5 g/kg (APS LD). Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were isolated from the intestines. The mRNA expressions from IELs in different groups of mice were detected using gene expression microarray to explore the gene expression profile of IELs, and what are the unique pathways related to low and high dosage of APS. Key words: Astragalus polysaccharides, mucosal immunity, intraepithelial lymphocytes, gene expression.

During the Warring States period a hundred schools of thought contended and there was much clashing of ideas among the many schools. Within this active intellectual battle, the ideas of the many schools continued to evolve and move apart from one another while at the same time some continued to be synthesized. The ideas of Xun Zi belonged to the Confucian school, in particular, to the Zi Gong branch of that school. He criticized all the schools of the time, even including the better parts of Confucian thinking, but also absorbed from Daoism its naturalism and dialectical way of thought, and from the ideas of the Legalists some other elements, resulting in bringing to the Confucian concept of li (rites) new substances. Han Fei was Xun Zi's pupil and yet he was a Legalist. He inherited Xun Zi's primitive materialist concept of nature and openly made the connection between the ideas of Daoism and those of the Legalists. He brought together the ideas of law (fa), technique (shu), and position (shi) and thus b...