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Low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diets can be just as effective as high-carbohydrate, lower-fat (HCLF) diets for improving cardiovascular disease risk markers. Few studies have compared the effects of the UK HCLF dietary guidelines with an LCHF diet on lipids and lipoprotein metabolism using high-throughput NMR spectroscopy. This study aimed to explore the effect of an ad libitum 8-week LCHF diet compared to an HCLF diet on lipids and lipoprotein metabolism and CVD risk factors. For 8 weeks, n = 16 adults were randomly assigned to follow either an LCHF (n = 8

Background Dyslipidemia has been linked to breast cancer incidence. However, conflicting results exist regarding the associations between lipid components and breast cancer development. Purpose The aim of the present meta-analysis was to further investigate the relationships between serum lipid profile and the risk of breast cancer. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed to conduct the present systematic review and meta-analysis. Databases such as the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Sciences, were searched up to the end of January 2021, using certain MeSH and non-MeSH keywords and their combination to extract related published articles. Results Twenty-six prospective studies met the inclusion criteria involving 1,717,054 women, of whom 36,590 were diagnosed with breast cancer during the follow-up. A negative and significant association was found between HDL-C levels and the risk of breast cancer [relative risk (RR): 0.85, 95% CI: 0.72–0.99, I2: 67.6%, p=0.04) (Figure). In contrast, TG (RR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.91–1.13, I2: 54.2%, p=0.79), total cholesterol (TC) (RR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.90–1.06, I2: 67.2%, p=0.57), apolipoprotein A (ApoA) (RR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.70–1.30, I2: 83.5%, p=0.78) and LDL-C (RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.79–1.09, I2: 0%, p=0.386) were not associated with breast cancer development. In studies adjusting for hormone use and physical activity, TC was positively correlated to breast cancer risk (RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.10 and 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.10, respectively), as was TG in studies adjusting for baseline lipids (RR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.85–0.99) and race (RR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.22–2.65). Conclusions In the present meta-analysis, HDL-C was inversely related to breast cancer risk. In contrast, no significant associations were found for TC (except after adjusting for hormone use and physical activity), TG (except after adjusting for baseline lipids and race), LDL-C and ApoA. Overall, data on the links between lipids and breast cancer are conflicting. However, there is increasing evidence supporting that low HDL-C is related to an increased risk for this malignancy. Further research is needed to establish the associations between different lipid components and breast cancer risk in certain populations. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Background Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3, PUFA) show promise for improving muscle mass, strength and measures of physical performance that may ameliorate sarcopenia. Purpose To perform an updated meta-analysis of n-3 interventions with detailed subgroup analysis on physical performance/strength and muscle mass, with sub-group analysis on duration, age, BMI, sex, and location, amongst others. Methods We followed The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) –checklist for systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Literature was searched (ISI, Scopus and PubMed databases up to October 2021) with terms related to n-3 (alpha linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, fish oil etc.) muscle mass, strength and physical performance (using the 30 s Chair Stand Test [30CST] for muscle strength and endurance and the Timed Up an Go Test [TUG] for physical performance; both are useful and simple tools that can be used to assess sarcopenia). Human n-3 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included and assessed for methodological quality (Cochrane quality assessment tool). Weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and random-effect model analysis, and I-squared (I2) statistic were used to assess outcomes and heterogeneity respectively. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis were performed, and Begg's and Egger's tests evaluated publication bias. Statistical analysis used STATA 11 software and a p-value of Results The primary meta-analyses for functional performance (TUG, 7 RCTs, 8 interventions, n=259) and strength (30CST, 5 RCTs, 6 interventions, n=180), favoured n-3 PUFA (p Conclusions We showed novel favourable effects of n-3 PUFA on specific measures of strength and physical performance in some populations but not on measures of muscle mass and other strength tests. The beneficial effects of n-3 on these measures may be due to various mechanisms that regulate muscle quality (rather than quantity). Further studies are needed to elucidate the dose, duration and other influential variables. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Purpose Low serum vitamin D status has been associated with reduced muscle mass in observational studies although the relationship is controversial and a causal association cannot be determined from such observations. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was applied to assess the association between serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) and total, trunk, arm and leg fat-free mass (FFM). Methods MR was implemented using summary-level data from the largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on vitamin D (n=73,699) and total, trunk, arm and leg FFM. Inverse variance weighted method (IVW) was used to estimate the causal estimates. Weighted median (WM)-based method, and MR-Egger, leave-one-out were applied as sensitivity analysis. Results Genetically higher serum 25(OH)D levels had a positive effect on total (IVW = Beta: 0.042, p = 0.038), trunk (IVW = Beta: 0.045, p = 0.023) and arm (right arm IVW = Beta: 0.044, p = 0.002; left arm IVW = Beta: 0.05, p = 0.005) FFM. However, the association with leg FFM was not significant (right leg IVW = Beta: 0.03, p = 0.238; left leg IVW = Beta: 0.039, p = 0.100). The likelihood of heterogeneity and pleiotropy was determined to be low (statistically non-significant), and the observed associations were not driven by single SNPs. Furthermore, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier test did not highlight any outliers. Conclusions Our results illustrate the potentially causal, positive effect of serum 25(OH)D concentration on total, trunk and upper body appendicular fat-free mass.

Background Statin intolerance is a clinical syndrome whereby adverse effects associated with statin therapy (most commonly muscle symptoms) result in the discontinuation of therapy. Statin discontinuation is associated with increased risk of adverse cardiac outcomes. Many patients who initially experience adverse effects are able to tolerate statin therapy to some extent. Careful stepwise diagnosis and management of individuals who experience adverse effects is essential to enable optimal reduction of cardiovascular risk. Purpose In this Position Paper of the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP), we present a step by step approach to the diagnosis and practical management of statin intolerance resulting from muscle symptoms, and other adverse effects with demonstrated statin causality. Methods Relevant clinical evidence and international clinical guidelines were discussed and assimilated by ILEP members. Consensus was used to formulate recommendations for the diagnosis and management of statin intolerance. Results Consensus resulted in the adoption of three parts to the recommendation. 1) diagnosis of Statin Intolerance; 2) advice for management of all patients with statin intolerance; 3) specific advice for patients who have partial (rather than complete) statin intolerance. Patients with partial statin intolerance are likely to make up the vast majority (even 95%) of statin-intolerant individuals. Each part of the recommendation consists of a four-step process and has an associated acronym to aid memory (see attached recommendations). We adopted the Banach and Mikhailidis four-step approach to diagnosis and we developed novel recommendations for management. Summary of the ILEP SI recommendations. Conclusions We present recommendations, which will enable clinicians to distinguish between rare, severe adverse effects; true statin intolerance, and symptoms incorrectly attributed to statin therapy. In each case we summarize guidelines, clinical evidence and expert opinion pertaining to the optimal management of cardiovascular disease in these patients. Acknowledgement/Funding None

Background The reported relationship between coffee intake and renal function is poorly understood. Purpose By applying on two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) and systematic review and meta-analysis we investigated the association between caffeine and coffee intake with prevalent CKD and markers of renal function. Methods For the individual data analysis we analysed the NHANES data on renal function markers and caffeine intake. MR was implemented by using summary-level data from genome-wide association studies conducted on coffee intake (N=91,462) and kidney function (N=133,413). Inverse variance weighted method (IVW), weighted median-based method, MR-Egger, MR-RAPS, MR-PRESSO were applied. Random effects models and generic inverse variance methods were used for the meta-analysis. Results Finally, we included the data of 18,436 participants, 6.9% had prevalent CKD (based on eGFR). Caffeine intake for general population was 131.1±1.1 mg. The % of pts. with CKD, by caffeine quartile was 16.6% in Q1 (lowest), 13.9% in Q2, 12.2% in Q3 and 11.0% in Q4 (p0.234). In fully adjusted logistic regression models, there was no significant difference in chances of CKD prevalence (p-trend=0.745) (Table). In the same line, results of MR showed no impact of coffee intake on CKD (IVW=β: −0.0191, SE: 0.069, p=0.781) (Figure), on eGFR (overall= IVW= β: −0.0005, SE: 0.005, p=0.926) both in diabetic (IVW= β: −0.006, SE: 0.009, p=0.478), and non-diabetic patients (IVW= β: −6.772, SE: 0.006, p=0.991). Results from the meta-analysis indicted that coffee consumption was not significantly associated with CKD (OR: 0.85, 95% CI 0.71–1.02, p=0.090, n=6 studies, I2=0.32). These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses. Levels of CKD markers across caffeine Qs Characteristics Quartiles of Caffeine p-value First Second Third Fourth Number of participants (n) 4609 4611 4608 4608 Log Urine Albumin (mg/L) 2.20±0.02 2.16±0.02 2.19±0.02 2.17±0.02 0.239 Serum Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.89±0.003 0.90±0.004 0.91±0.002 0.88±0.003 0.234 Log ACR (mg/g) 2.14±0.02 2.10±0.02 2.11±0.02 2.16±0.02 0.352 eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) 91.2±0.7 92.8±0.4 90.2±0.5 89.6±0.3 0.415 MR on the impact of coffee intake on CKD Conclusions By implementing on different strategies we have highlighted no significant association between coffee consumption with renal function and chance of CKD. Acknowledgement/Funding None

Background There is a lack of evidence regarding the link between apolipoproteins and cancer mortality. Purpose By using two nationally representative samples of US adults, we prospectively evaluated the associations between apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels and apoB/apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) ratio with cancer mortality. We also examined the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in these associations. Method Adults aged ≥20 years, enrolled in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III, 1988–1994) and continuous NHANES (2005–2010), and followed up to December 31st 2011, were included in the present analysis. Multiple Cox regressionswere applied to evaluate the associations between the variables of interest and cancer mortality. Results Overall, 7,695 participants were included (mean age: 49.2 years; 50.4% men, median follow-up: 19.1 years). In the fully adjusted (for age, gender, race, poverty to income ratio, educational status, body mass index, alcohol and dietary intake, smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes) model, participants in the highest quartile (Q4) of apoB/apoA-I had a significantly greater risk for cancer mortality [hazard ratio (HR): 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25–1.93] compared with those in the first quartile (Q1) (Figure). In the same model, a positive and significant association between apoB levels and fatal cancer was observed for individuals in the Q3 (HR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.09–1.16) and Q4 (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.09–1.25) compared with those in the Q1. When CRP levels were added in the analysis, the apoB/apoA-I ratio, but not apoB levels, remained significantly related to cancer mortality (Q4= HR: 1.17, 95% CI 1.09–1.25). In contrast, CRP levels were not able to predict cancer death after correction for apoB/apoA-I ratio. Cancer death and quartiles of ApoB/ApoA1 Conclusions In a large representative sample of the US adult population, the apoB/apoA-I ratio and apoB levels significantly predicted cancer mortality, independently of several cardiometabolic risk factors. The predictive value of apoB/apoA-I, but not apoB levels, remained significant after taking into account CRP, whereas CRP was not associated with cancer mortality after adjustment for apoB/apoA-I ratio. If further evidence supports our findings, apoA-I and apoB measurements could be considered in general health-care policies. Acknowledgement/Funding None

Background Mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is influenced bymodifiable risk factors. Simple tools which do not require laboratory tests, (blood pressure (BP) [B], exercise [E], weight [W], alimentation [A] (fruit and vegetable consumption), and tobacco [T] (BEWAT) may estimate the risk of all-cause and cause specific mortality. Purpose Therefore, we evaluated the link between BEWAT and mortality in a randomly selected sample of the US population. Method Adults aged ≥20 years, enrolled in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III, 1988–1994) and continuous NHANES (2005–2010), and followed up to December 31st 2011, were included in the present analysis. Multiple Cox regressionswere applied to evaluate the associations between the total BEWAT score and each of its components with all-cause and cause specific mortality. Results Overall, 22,968 participants (47.1% men) were included in the present analysis (mean age: 47.4 years). Individuals in the highest BEWAT tertile (T3) had a 25% lower risk of mortality compared with T1 [hazard ratio (HR): 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71–0.79], further corrections slightly diluted the magnitude of link to 22% (HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.75–0.81) (Figure). In a fully adjusted model, individuals in T3 also had a 26% lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality compared with those in T1 (HR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.64–0.83), similar trends were observed across the BEWAT tertiles for cancer mortality risk (participants in T3 had a 31 and 26% lower risk for cancer death in Models 1 and 2, respectively). For sensitivity analyses after excluding smoking from the total BEWAT score, in the fully adjusted model the association between the BEWAT score and cancer death was attenuated but remained significant (HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.72–0.89 for T3 vs T1). Furthermore, total BEWAT score (without the BP component) could still predict CVD mortality (T3= HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.61–0.82). All-cause death and BEWAT tertiles. Conclusion A higher BEWAT status is beneficial regarding all-cause and cause specific mortality. Our results highlight the value of modifiable risk factors as a simple and affordable variable for evaluating the risk of mortality.

Background The long-term effect of potato consumption on mortality and cardiometabolic risk factors is still largely unknown. Purpose Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1999–2010, we evaluated the long-term impact of potato intake on total and cause-specific (cardiovascular disease [CVD],cerebrovascular disease and cancer] mortality, and the results were next validated in the systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies investigating pooled associations of potato consumption with all-cause and cause-specific death. Methods Vital status through December 31, 2011 was ascertained. Cox proportional hazards were applied to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of mortality for each quartile of the potato intake, with the lowest quartile (Q1 – with the lowest intake) used as reference. We used adjusted Cox regression to determine the risk ratio (RR) and 95% CI, as well as random effects models and generic inverse variance methods to synthesize quantitative and pooled data, followed by a leave-one-out method for sensitivity analysis. Results Among the 24,856 participants included, 3433 deaths occurred during the mean follow-up of 6.4 years. In multivariate adjusted Cox models, total (42%), CVD (65%), cerebrovascular (26%) and cancer (52%) mortality risk was greater in individuals with higher potato consumption than those with the lowest intake (p HRs for mortality across potato intake. Conclusions Our results highlighted the neutral effect of potato intake on long-term mortalities; whereas potato consumption was adversely related to cardiometabolic risk factors. These findings should be taken into consideration for public health strategies, establishing the position for potatoes in the food pyramid. Acknowledgement/Funding None

Background The associations between dietary fats with mortality are poorly delineated. Purpose Using a large prospective cohort we evaluated the link between total fat, mono-unsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) consumption and all-cause, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and diabetes (T2D)-associated mortality in a representative sample of US adults. We then added our results to a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We evaluated 35,080 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1988–1999 (19.2 years follow-up) and 1999–2010 (12 years follow-up), with vital status available through December 31, 2011. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate the association between baseline quartiles of fat consumption (g/day, 24h recall) and all-cause or cause-specific mortality. For the systematic review, selected databases were searched up to November 2018 and 29 prospective cohorts (n=1,148,117) met inclusion criteria. The DerSimonian-Laird method and generic inverse variance methods were used for random effects meta-analyses. Results In fully adjusted models from our prospective study, there was a negative association between total fat (hazard ratio [HR]:0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.82, 0.99, Q4 vs. Q1) and PUFA (0.81,95% CI: 0.78–0.84) consumption and all-cause mortality (Figure), whereas SFA were positively associated with mortality (1.08, 95% CI: 1.04–1.11). In the meta-analysis we found a significant negative association between total fat (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82–0.97, I2:27%), MUFA (0.93, 95% CI: 0.87–0.99, I2:56%) and PUFA (0.86, 95% CI: 0.80–0.93, I2:63%) consumption and all-cause mortality. No significant association was observed between total fat and both CVD and CHD mortality (0.92, 95% CI: 0.79–1.08, I2:46%, and 1.03, 95% CI: 0.99–1.09, I2:42%, respectively), while a positive association between SFA intake and CHD mortality (1.10, 95% CI: 1.01–1.20, I2:52.6%) was observed. Neither MUFA nor PUFA were associated with CVD and CHD mortality. Inverse associations were observed between MUFA (0.80, 95% CI: 0.67–0.96, I2:0%) and PUFA (0.84, 95% CI: 0.80–0.90, I2:0%) intakes and stroke mortality. All-cause death and total fat intake. Conclusions Our results highlight differential associations of total fat, MUFA and PUFA intake with all-cause mortality, but no association of them with CVD and CHD mortalities. SFA intake was significantly associated with higher all-cause mortality inNHANES and with CHD mortality in our meta-analysis. The type of fat intake appears to be associated with important health outcomes. Acknowledgement/Funding None

Introduction: Recent findings have demonstrated the important contribution of inflammation to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with optimally managed low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). We explored relationships between LDL-C, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and clinical outcomes in a free-living US population. Methods: We used data from the REasons for Geographical And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS), and selected individuals at “high risk” for coronary events with a Framingham Coronary Risk Score of >10% or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk >7.5% in order to explore relationships between low LDL-C ( 70 mg/dl [1.8 mmol/L]); hs-CRP 70 mg/dl) and low hs-CRP (

Performance of a Heller cooling tower under wind conditions has been investigated by measuring wind velocity and its direction around the tower and inlet and outlet water flow rates and temperatures. Results show that air suction at the tower prevents flow separation at its periphery. The tower front cooling sectors experience better airflow distribution compared to sectors parallel to wind direction, which improves their thermal performance by about 20% compared to still-air conditions. Airflow pattern around the tower at different distances shows that wind tangential velocity at corner sectors is four times the velocity at the reference point, decreasing air pressure and tower suction.

Automation of tractors due to their widespread use in different sectors e.g. agriculture, construction and industry have been seriously considered by researchers. In this study a tele-steering system for tractor was designed and constructed to controling and steering so the operator can control the tractor even far away from the stressful condition of tractor cab, . A CCTV camera and an electric motor were used in order to view the path and to rotate the steering shaft accordingly. Bilateral communication between the control center outside the tractor and control unit on the tractor was provided by a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). To evaluate the effect of relevant parameters on system performance camera position, steering shaft rotational speed and tractor ground speed were selected as experimental factors in a completely randomized design. Root mean square of error (RMSE) of lateral deviations and frequency of out of range around the reference route (Nout) were used as criteria in variance analysis. The results for two different ground surfaces with three replications showed that the performance of system had less sensitivity on soil surface and had better stability because of deformable structure and condition of soil compare to asphalt. Steering speed alone had no effect on the accuracy of tractor guidance. This is because the accuracy of the system mainly depends on capability, skillfulness and mental concentration of the operator. The position of the camera installed in front of the tractor had higher accuracy than that of rear camera. Moreover, by increasing ground speed the RMSE of lateral deviations and Nout increased and this is in agreement with the results of previous research works.

Two new designs of wind towers were tested side by side with a conventional wind tower in the city of Yazd, Iran. All the towers were of identical dimensions. The two new designs were one with wetted column, consisting of wetted curtains hung in the tower column, and the other one with wetted surfaces, consisting of wetted evaporative cooling pads mounted at its entrance. The air temperature leaving the wind towers with evaporative cooling provisions were much lower than the air temperature leaving the conventional design, and its relative humidity much higher. The air-flow rate was reduced slightly in these new towers. It was found that the wind tower with wetted column performs better with high wind speeds whereas the tower with wetted surfaces performs better with low wind speeds. It is recommended that these new designs of wind towers should be manufactured in different sizes and incorporated in the designs of new buildings. They can replace the evaporative coolers currently employed in Iran, and other hot arid regions, with considerable saving in electrical energy consumption.

Introduction: The radioimmunoscintigraphy (RIS) has found widespread clinical applications in tumor diagnosis. Human epithelial mucin, MUC1, is commonly over expressed in adenocarcinoma including 80% of breast cancers and represents a useful target for RIS. The PR81 is a new murine anti-MUC1 monoclonal antibody that was found to react with the membrane extracts of several human breast cancerous tissues and the cell surface of some MUC1 positive cell lines. In this study, a direct method which is very simple, rapid and efficient for the labeling of this MAb with 99m Tc, particularly suitable for the development of a ‘kit’, was developed. The quality control of new radiopharmaceutical and immunoscintigraphy studies in BALB/c mice bearing breast tumor xenografts were also performed. Materials and Methods: The Ab reduction was performed with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) at a molar ratio of 2000:1 (2-ME:MAb) and reduced Ab was labeled with 99m Tc via methylene diphosphonate (MDP) as a transchelator. The labeling efficiency was determined by ITLC. The amount of radiocolloids was measured by cellulose nitrate electrophoresis. The stability of the labeled product was checked in fresh human serum by gel filtration chromatography (FPLC) over 24 hrs. The integrity of the labeled MAb was checked by the means of SDS-PAGE. Cell-binding assay was used to test the binding ability of 99m Tc-PR81 to MCF7 cells. Biodistribution was studied in normal BALB/c mice at 4 and 24 hrs post-injection. The tumor imaging was performed in female BALB/c mice with breast tumor xenografts 24 hrs after the new complex injection. Results: The labeling efficiency was 94.2%±2.3 and radiocolloids were 2.5%±1.7. In vitro stability was 70%±5.7 in fresh human serum over 24 hrs. There was no significant Ab fragmentation due to the labeling procedure. Both the labeled and unlabeled PR81 were able to compete for binding to MCF7 cells. The biodistribution studies in normal BALB/c mice showed that there was no important accumulation in any organ. The immunoscintigraphy studies demonstrated definite localization of the preparation at the site of tumors with high sensitivity. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that by using the Schwarz method of radiolabeling MAb PR81, a labeling yield higher than 90% with high stability of the complex in human serum can be obtained. These findings demonstrated that the new radiopharmaceutical can be considered as a promising candidate for imaging of human breast cancer.

In this work, peculiarities of mechanical bending and deformation rate of silicon wafers under the influence of applied external forces have been studied. It has been shown that, for all investigated samples, there are three characteristic sections with various slopes irrespective of the types of operation, orientation and thickness of the wafers. By increasing the applied force, the rate of deformation rises, reaches a maximum, and then starts to decrease not monotonically, but spasmodically by further increase of the force. Experimental results are discussed on the base of the creation of dislocations and it is shown that, there is excellent correlation between the density of dislocations and sposmodic decrease of deformation rate. The analysis of the obtained results confirms the availability of plastic deformation and its inclination to localization during deformation process at room temperature. It should be added that, the sposmodic decrease of deformation rate, can be viewed as a self-organized deformable medium.

Assessment of validity of the Draw A Story test was the aim of this study. The sample consisted of 137 elementary students (53 girls and 84 boys) recruited from fourth and fifth grades, and were categorized into two groups of aggressive and withdrawn based on assessments. They were given the Draw A Story test (DAS). According to the results, the differences between the two groups were significant for self image (p

Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that is used in biotherapy of the human breast cancer. We labeled this monoclonal antibody with lutetium-177 and performed the in-vitro quality control tests as the first step in production of a new radiopharmaceutical for the therapy of the human breast cancer. The trastuzumab was labeled with lutetium-177 via DOTA as chelator. The stability in the buffer and in the human blood serum were determined using thin layer chromatography. The immunoreactivity and the toxicity of the complex were tested on MCF7 breast cancer cell line. The stability in phosphate buffer and in human blood serum at 96 hrs post preparation were 93%±1.2% and %85±3.5% respectively. The immunoreactivity of the complex was %87±%1.5. The complex in concentration of 1 nM killed 80%±03% of the MCF7cells.. The results showed that the new complex could be considered as a new radiopharmaceutical for radioimmunotherapy of the breast cancer.

Wilson’s disease (WD) or hepato-lenticular degeneration is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder. A prevalence rate of 30 cases per million and a birth incidence rate of one per 30,000 to 40,000 are often quoted. In 40 to 50% of individuals with WD, hepatic dysfunction is the initial clinical manifestation. With the exception of liver transplantation, treatment of WD is only palliative and intended to restore and maintain copper balance. It does not eliminate the underlying defect responsible for WD. Thus, a lifelong commitment to treatment is required. Limitation of dietary copper intake is generally ineffective, and pharmacological management is necessary. Administered either as acetate, sulfate, or gluconate, zinc reduces intestinal absorption of dietary copper via induction of metallothionein formation in intestinal enterocytes. Antioxidants, mainly vitamin E, may have a role as adjunctive treatment. Serum and hepatic vitamin E levels have been found to be low in WD. Symptomatic improvement when vitamin E was added to the treatment regimen has been occasionally reported but no rigorous studies have been conducted. No correlation of antioxidant deficiency with clinical symptoms was reported in one study. A vegetarian diet may be useful as adjunctive therapy; copper is less available. Adherence to a low copper diet is most important during the initial phase of treatment. The recommendation is to avoid the foods highest in copper content: organ meats, shellfish, chocolate, nuts, and mushrooms. Once copper levels have stabilized at normal levels, these foods are allowed occasionally. Copper content of the drinking water you consume should also be tested. If the water is over 0.1 ppm (parts per million) (which is 0.1 mg/L), consider an alternative water source or invest in a good filtering system that removes copper. Keywords: Copper, Nutrition Support, Wilson’s Disease.