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Simple Summary Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease of livestock causing important economic losses worldwide and it is also a zoonosis. Current therapy relies on the use of anthelmintic drugs, which is no longer sustainable due to the increase of anthelmintic resistance and the risk of drug residues in food. A deep understanding of the host-parasite interaction is required to develop protective vaccines for the control of fasciolosis. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the hepatic lesions in sheep vaccinated with a partly protective vaccine for F. hepatica, a non-protective vaccine and an infected control group. The protective vaccine showed less severe hepatic lesions than the infected control group. In addition, in the protective vaccine group dead flukes surrounded by a severe granulomatous inflammation were observed, which taken together with the lower fluke burden, suggests that the host response induced by the partially protective vaccine may have been involved in the death of adult flukes of F. hepatica. This is the first study reporting the presence of degenerated flukes associated to a severe granulomatous inflammation in bile ducts in a vaccine trial, a finding that would be useful for improving vaccine efficacy in future trials. Abstract Fasciolosis is an important economic disease of livestock. There is a global interest in the development of protective vaccines since current anthelmintic therapy is no longer sustainable. A better knowledge of the host-parasite interaction is needed for the design of effective vaccines. The present study evaluates the microscopical hepatic lesions in sheep immunized with a partially protective vaccine (VAC1), a non-protective vaccine (VAC2), and an infected control group (IC). The nature of granulomatous inflammation associated with degeneration of adult flukes found in the VAC1 group was characterized by immunohistochemistry. Hepatic lesions (fibrous perihepatitis, chronic tracts, bile duct hyperplasia, infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes and plasma cells) were significantly less severe in the VAC1 group than in the IC group. Dead adult flukes within bile ducts were observed only in the VAC1 group and were surrounded by a severe granulomatous inflammation composed by macrophages and multinucleate giant cells with a high expression of lysozyme, CD163 and S100 markers, and a low expression of CD68. Numerous CD3+ T lymphocytes and scarce infiltrate of FoxP3+ Treg and CD208+ dendritic cells were present. This is the first report describing degenerated flukes associated to a severe granulomatous inflammation in bile ducts in a F. hepatica vaccine trial.

Fasciola hepatica has been shown to have a high capacity for immunomodulation of the host response, making the development of protective vaccines extremely difficult. One of these immunomodulation mechanisms is the impairment of dendritic cells (DC) maturation and, therefore, suppression of antigenic presentation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathological changes as well as the characterization of two antigen presenting cells, DC (CD1b, CD83 and MHC-II positive) and follicular dendritic cells (FDC) (CNA.42, S100 and CD83 positive) by immunohistochemistry in the hepatic lymph nodes (HLN) and livers of sheep during the early stages of infection with F. hepatica [9 and 18 days post-infection (dpi)], compared with an uninfected group (UC) as a control. The results revealed a marked hyperplasia of HLN germinal centres at 9 and, in particular, 18 dpi, with respect to the UC group, with coincidental increased expression of CNA.42 in FDC of lymphoid follicles and CD1b in the DC of paracortical areas at 18 dpi. However, the expression of MHC-II and CD83 decreased at 9 and, particularly, at 18 dpi in HLN compared with that in the UC group. Since both markers are related to active presentation of antigens by DC and FDC, the results of the present study suggest that, despite the marked hyperplasia of HLN and increase in DC and FDC numbers during early stages of infection, the DC and FDC antigenic presentation capacity, as suggested by the expression of the markers MHC-II and CD83, is suppressed by the parasite. This suppression was not observed in the liver, probably because of the low number of DC. This is the first study of the immunophenotype of DCs and FDC in sheep infected with F. hepatica.

International audience; AbstractThe expression of T regulatory cells (Foxp3), regulatory (interleukin [IL]-10 and transforming growth factor beta [TGF-β]) and proinflammatory (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] and interleukin [IL]-1β) cytokines was quantified using real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in the liver of sheep during early stages of infection with Fasciola hepatica (1, 3, 9, and 18 days post-infection [dpi]). Portal fibrosis was also evaluated by Masson’s trichrome stain as well as the number of Foxp3+ cells by immunohistochemistry. Animals were divided into three groups: (a) group 1 was immunized with recombinant cathepsin L1 from F. hepatica (FhCL1) in Montanide adjuvant and infected; (b) group 2 was uniquely infected with F. hepatica; and (c) group 3 was the control group, unimmunized and uninfected. An overexpression of regulatory cytokines of groups 1 and 2 was found in all time points tested in comparison with group 3, particularly at 18 dpi. A significant increase of the number of Foxp3+ lymphocytes in groups 1 and 2 was found at 9 and 18 dpi relative to group 3. A progressive increase in portal fibrosis was found in groups 1 and 2 in comparison with group 3. In this regard, group 1 showed smaller areas of fibrosis than group 2. There was a significant positive correlation between Foxp3 and IL-10 expression (by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR) just as between portal fibrosis and TGF-β gene expression. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines increased gradually during the experience. These findings suggest the induction of a regulatory phenotype by the parasite that would allow its survival at early stages of the disease when it is more vulnerable.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the number of apoptotic eosinophils in the livers of sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica during the migratory and biliary stages of infection. Four groups ( n = 5) of sheep were used; groups 1–3 were orally infected with 200 metacercariae (mc) and sacrificed at 8 and 28 days post-infection (dpi), and 17 weeks post-infection (wpi), respectively. Group 4 was used as an uninfected control. Apoptosis was detected using immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal antibody against anti-active caspase-3, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Eosinophils were identified using the Hansel stain in serial sections for caspase-3, and by ultrastructural features using TEM. At 8 and 28 dpi, numerous caspase-3 + eosinophils were mainly found at the periphery of acute hepatic necrotic foci. The percentage of caspase -3 + apoptotic eosinophils in the periphery of necrotic foci was high (46.1–53.9) at 8 and 28 dpi, respectively, and decreased in granulomas found at 28 dpi (6%). Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of apoptotic eosinophils in hepatic lesions at 8 and 28 dpi. At 17 wpi, apoptotic eosinophils were detected in the infiltrate surrounding some enlarged bile ducts containing adult flukes. This is the first report of apoptosis induced by F . hepatica in sheep and the first study reporting apoptosis in eosinophils in hepatic inflammatory infiltrates in vivo . The high number of apoptotic eosinophils in acute necrotic tracts during the migratory and biliary stages of infection suggests that eosinophil apoptosis may play a role in F . hepatica survival during different stages of infection.

A 2-month-old foal with septic shock and severe respiratory distress was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Due to poor prognosis, the foal was euthanized. Histopathology showed lesions suggestive of Rhodococcus equi infection associated with a diffuse interstitial infiltrate of foamy macrophages and syncytial cells presenting large acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies, fibrin exudates and hyaline membranes. Bacteriological examination from lung and respiratory exudates confirmed R. equi infection, whilst immunohistochemistry and PCR yielded a positive result for Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). Several etiologies have been proposed for bronchointerstitial pneumonia in foals, although a multifactorial origin for this lesional pattern could be possible. This work is the first one describing a combined EHV-1 and R. equi infection in a foal affected with bronchointerstitial pneumonia.

Objective—To compare pathological changes and viral antigen distribution in tissues of calves with and without preexisting subclinical bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection following challenge with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1). Animals—24 Friesian calves. Procedures—12 calves were inoculated intranasally with noncytopathic BVDV-1a; 12 days later, 10 of these calves were challenged intranasally with BHV-1 subtype 1. Two calves were euthanized before and 1, 2, 4, 7, or 14 days after BHV-1 inoculation. Another 10 calves were inoculated intranasally with BHV-1 only and euthanized 1, 2, 4, 7, or 14 days later. Two calves were inoculated intranasally with virus-free tissue culture fluid and euthanized as negative controls. Pathological changes and viral antigen distribution in various tissue samples from calves with and without BVDV infection (all of which had been experimentally inoculated with BHV-1) were compared. Results—Following BHV-1 challenge, calves with preexisting subclinical BVDV infection had earlier development of more severe inflammatory processes and, consequently, more severe tissue lesions (limited to lymphoid tissues and respiratory and digestive tracts) and greater dissemination of BHV-1, compared with calves without preexisting BVDV infection. Moreover, coinfected calves had an intense lymphoid depletion in the Peyer patches of the ileum as well as the persistence of BVDV in target organs and the reappearance of digestive tract changes during disease progression. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In calves, preexisting infection with BVDV facilitated the establishment of BHV-1 infection, just as the presence of BHV-1 favors BVDV persistence, thereby synergistically potentiating effects of both viruses and increasing the severity of the resultant clinical signs.

African swine fever (ASF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease with different clinical and lesional changes depending of virulence of strains/isolates and immunological status of pigs. In acute and subacute forms of ASF, severe vascular changes are present, with hemorrhages in different organs (mainly melena, epistaxis, erythema, renal petechiaes and diffuse hemorrhages in lymph nodes), pulmonary edema, disseminate intravascular coagulation and thrombocytopenia. Lymphopenia and monocytopenia are developed during acute and subacute ASF. Lymphopenia is associated with lymphoid depletion in primary and secondary lymphoid organs, which is caused by apoptosis. All these lesions are not related to viral replication in endothelial cells or lymphocytes. Monocytes-macrophages show viral replication and cytophatic effect, including hemadsorption. The more significant changes in these cells are increased number and secretory activation (increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines) in targets organs. Proinflammatory activation is the initial cause of clinical and lesional pictures in ASF, including fever and changes in levels of acute phase proteins. Levels of IFN-β and -γ are increased from initial phase of acute ASF. Anti-inflammatory response, represented by increased level of IL-10, is observed also, although in the final phase of acute ASF only.

Background: Inadequate information on translating guideline recommendations into clinical practice; resource limitations; lack of education of healthcare providers (HCPs)/policymakers/patients are factors contributing to the gap between best practices and actual clinical practice in cancer pain management (CPM). To address these gaps and optimize CPM in resource-limited settings (R-LS), we propose a two-step initiative – the development of practical resource-based CPM algorithms, and an education and advocacy framework to support effective implementation of the algorithms in R-LS. Methods: The CAPER WG–a global, multidisciplinary consortium of oncologists, pain specialists, and palliative care experts–has developed an education and advocacy framework for improving CPM in R-LS, stemming from literature review and a workshop held in February 2017.Results: We developed CPM algorithms incorporating guideline recommendations and expert opinion, applying a hierarchy of resource-based constraints to provide HCPs a tailored approach to manage patient needs. To support the implementation of these CPM algorithms, we formulated a framework comprising an educational program, pilot implementation, and an advocacy plan. The educational framework provides HCPs with clinically-relevant information, emphasizing the practical element of translating knowledge into practice and illustrating how optimal CPM can be provided despite resource limitations. Pilot implementation studies are essential to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms and the educational program; the results will allow algorithm refinement, optimization of implementation strategies and development of advocacy plans. A strategic advocacy plan is imperative to achieve our ultimate goal of optimizing CPM in R-LS; effective advocacy will drive collaborative and multifaceted efforts amongst key stakeholders to ensure improvement of resource access and availability. Conclusions: The proposed framework for education and advocacy can guide the translation of our resource-based CPM algorithms into clinical practice in all settings,ultimately providing optimal CPM for all patients despite differential resources.

The expression of IFNγ and IL4 was quantified using q-PCR in the liver and hepatic lymph nodes (HLN) of sheep during early stages of infection with Fasciola hepatica (1, 3, 9 and 18days post-infection, dpi). A group of animals (Group 1) were vaccinated with Fasciola hepatica recombinant cathepsin L1 (FhCL1) in montanide 70 VG prior to infection, a second group (group 2) was used as infected control and a third (group 3) was used as uninfected control. To study vaccine efficacy three additional groups were sacrificed 19 weeks post-infection (group 4 immunized with CL1, group 5 with the adjuvant and group 6 was used as infected control). The vaccinated group did not show significant fluke reduction compared to the adjuvant group and infected control group. IL4 expression was observed to increase at 9 dpi and was further elevated at 18 dpi in the liver and HLN of vaccinated and infected control groups compared to the uninfected group. IFNγ expression exhibited different dynamics in the liver and HLN compared to IL4; thus, in the liver this cytokine increased at 9 dpi in the vaccinated and at 18 dpi in vaccinated and infected control groups, while in the HLN it decreased gradually and significantly from 1 dpi onwards. These results suggest that a marked Th2 polarization is present from 9 dpi in HLN and from 18 dpi in the liver. The increase of IFNγ in the liver may correspond with tissue damage response with granuloma formation. The FhCL1 vaccine did not alter the Th1/Th2 balance when compared to unvaccinated and infected sheep. The study of IFNγ and IL4 in the various tissue compartments in sheep could facilitate selection of new adjuvants inducing a strong Th1 response for a more rationale vaccine formulation.

An adult red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) presented with concurrent pulmonary carcinoma and severe silicosis. The animal was submitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Córdoba (Spain) because of respiratory signs, and it died during clinical examination. At postmortem examination, numerous firm, whitish to yellowish nodules involving the lungs, mainly the right lobe, were found. The histopathologic study revealed numerous peribronchiolar large granulomatous lesions composed of macrophages, which showed abundant cytoplasm containing numerous birefringent crystals identified as silicates by transmission electron microscopy. An epithelial neoplasm showing papillary, acinar, and solid patterns occupied large areas of the pulmonary parenchyma. The histopathologic and immunohistochemical features were consistent with a pulmonary carcinoma. Small tumor nests were often located close to the granulomatous lesions. This is the first report of concurrent pneumoconiosis and pulmonary carcinoma in a nonhuman species.

This case report describes a case of multiple follicular cysts in a 4-year-old Spanish purebred stallion. The lesions ranged in size from 0.5 to 3 cm in diameter, and were firm, well circumscribed and nonpruritic. They developed over a 2-year period with a generalized distribution affecting all body regions. Five nodules were removed and histopathologically corresponded to simple epidermal cysts (infundibular and isthmus-catagen) with squamous epithelium and a keratin filled cavity. Lesions were not evident at birth but their number, early age of detection, slow growth and lack of previous trauma suggested that they were congenital. To the authors' knowledge, this condition has not previously been reported either in young horses or in Spanish purebred horses.

The clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of two vascular tumors in two young horses are described in the present work. These animals were referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Cordoba because of the presence of hyperpigmented plaques located in the medial aspect of the left leg and also around the hock (case 1) and in the right front leg (case 2). Some of the lesions showed deep ulceration and severe protrusion with abundant bleeding. The histopathological study revealed that lesions were composed of nonencapsulated, proliferated, closely packed small blood vessels, some of which showed irregular shape, whereas others were similar to capillaries, arterioles, and venules. Neoplastic cells expressed vimentin and factor VIIIar, suggesting their endothelial nature, whereas in the wall of some proliferated vessels, some cells expressed vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin and desmin, an immunophenotype consistent with pericytes, and small muscle cells. These features agree with those reported in human juvenile hemangioma rather than with hemangioma in adult horses.

Twenty pigs were inoculated with a virulent classical swine fever virus isolate to determine the mechanism responsible for thrombocytopenia using histopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical (detection of viral antigens gp55 and FVIII-rag) techniques. In animals euthanatized at 2, 4, and 6 days postinoculation (dpi), clusters of granular material staining positive for FVIII-rag were observed in splenic cords, the marginal zone, hepatic sinusoids, and the perisinusoidal space. Moreover, numerous macrophages in these areas were swollen and displayed an intensely positive granular and cytoplasmic reaction. Cell alterations indicative of platelet activation and secretory and phagocytic activation of resident macrophages were also observed in these sites at 2 and 4 dpi. These results suggest that the thrombocytopenia observed in pigs is caused in the first instance by massive activation and subsequent phagocytosis of platelets secondary to the release of platelet-activating factors by activated macrophages.

Since the thymus is a target organ for the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), our experiment aimed to understand its relationship with the immunosuppressive effect by studying the consequences of a previous infection with BVDV on the thymus of calves challenged with bovine herpesvirus 1.1 (BHV-1). For this purpose, 12 animals were inoculated intranasally with non-cytopathic BVDV-1; 12 days later, 10 of them were coinfected intranasally with BHV-1. These animals were euthanized in batches of two at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7 or 14. dpi with BHV-1. Another 10 calves were inoculated solely with BHV-1 and euthanized in batches of two at 1, 2, 4, 7 or 14. dpi with BHV-1; two uninoculated calves were used as negative controls. Thymus samples from these animals were processed for viral detection and histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies focused on BVDV/BHV-1 antigens, cortex:medulla ratio, apoptosis (TUNEL and caspase-3), collagen deposition, and factor VIII endothelial detection. Our study revealed the immunohistochemical presence of BVDV antigen in all animals in the BVDV-infected group, unlike BHV-1 detection, which was observed in animals in both infection groups only by molecular techniques. BVDV-preinfected animals showed severe atrophic changes associated with reduced cortex:medulla ratio, higher presence of cortical apoptosis, and increased collagen deposition and vascularization. However, calves solely infected with BHV-1 did not show atrophic changes. These findings could affect not only the numbers of circulating and local mature T cells but also the T cell-mediated immunity, which seems to be impaired during infections with this virus, thus favoring pathogenic effects during secondary infections., This work was supported by grants from the Junta de Andalucía-FEDER (project P09-AGR-4671). F. Romero-Palomo was financially supported by a predoctoral grant associated with the aforementioned project.

Thymic epithelial cells could play an important role in lymphoid depletion during bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection. To evaluate this hypothesis, we examined proliferation of lymphocytes, expression of cytokeratins by thymic epithelial cells, and ultrastructural features at sequential time points after experimental infection of colostrum-deprived calves with the noncytopathogenic BVDV1 strain 7443. Ten clinically healthy Friesian calves were used. Eight were inoculated with the virus, and 2 were used as uninfected controls. Calves were sedated and euthanized in batches between 3 and 14 days postinoculation. At necropsy, thymus samples were collected for structural, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study. Thymic lymphoid depletion was accompanied by a decrease in lymphocyte proliferation and immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes in thymic epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural results reflect a disturbance of the thymic epithelial cell network, which may explain the decrease in lymphocyte proliferation by defective thymocyte-epithelial cell interactions.

Twenty-six pigs were inoculated with a virulent isolate (Quillota strain) of classical swine fever (hog cholera) virus to determine the chronological development of lesions in the renal glomeruli and the pathogenesis of glomerular damage and immunocomplex deposition. The study included the use of histopathological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical (detection of viral antigen gp55, myeloid-histiocyte antigen, IgM, IgG and C1q) techniques. The main changes in glomerular structure were observed from 7 days post-inoculation (dpi) onwards, at which time the glomeruli showed macrophage infiltrations in the mesangium, and viral infection in circulating cells, glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes. Moreover, significant subcellular changes were detected in podocytes, which appeared swollen, with fusion of foot processes. Immunocomplex deposits immunoreactive for IgM, IgG and C1q were detected in mesangial, subepithelial and subendothelial areas from 10 dpi, but viral antigen was not detected as a component of these deposits; fusion of foot processes had increased in severity, especially near immunocomplex deposits. All these changes had increased still further in the final phase of the experiment (14 dpi), with neutrophil infiltrations in the mesangium.

This paper describes the histopathological features and the cellular distribution of T lymphocytes (CD3), B cells (CD79a), immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM)-bearing plasma cells, macrophages (Mac387 and alpha-1-antitrypsin), MHC class II antigen and S-100 protein in hepatic white spots associated with naturally occurring Ascaris suum parasitism in 35 pigs. Hepatic granulomas were observed in 10 pigs, whereas lymphoid proliferation with a diffuse or lymphonodular pattern was the main histopathological lesion in 14 other pigs, and portal fibrosis in a further 11 animals. In lymphonodular lesions, the distribution of immunoreactive cells with all antibodies tested was closely similar to that found in the cortex of lymph nodes. Thus, lymphoid follicles were composed mainly of CD79a(+)B cells and interfollicular tissue was composed mainly of CD3(+)T lymphocytes. The presence of follicular dendritic and interdigitating cells expressing S-100 protein and MHC class II antigen in lymphonodular lesions suggested that these are highly organized structures developed to enhance antigen presentation to B and T cells, and consequently the local immune response against the parasite. The humoral local response was represented mainly by IgG-secreting plasma cells.

To study the effect of hog cholera virus on the epithelial cells of the bronchiolar mucosa, 12 pigs were inoculated with a highly virulent strain. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examination of the ciliated epithelial cells demonstrated an increase in the number of atypical cilia. The latter showed alterations in the microtubular pattern, possibly resulting from viral interference with the normal metabolism of the epithelial cells.

The presence of apoptotic cell death was evaluated in routinely processed tissue samples of 39 neoplasms of the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the dog using the method of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (T d T) mediated deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate (d UTP)-biotin nick end labelling (TUNEL). The degree of apoptosis was related to the frequency of mitosis, an index of cell proliferation. The correlation between the apoptotic index (AI), the percentage of positive cells after randomly enumerating 1000 cells and the mitotic count (MC), the number of mitotic figures in 10 fields at a magnification of 400 times was assessed by the Spearman non-parametric correlation test. TUNEL signals were observed in all types of tumours as brown products detected in non-pyknotic nuclei, in non-identifiable rounded structures (so-called apoptotic bodies) and occasionally in the cytoplasm, either singly or in combination. An inverse relationship between AI and MC was observed in benign tumours, while no correlation was found between AI and MC in either malignant or locally invasive tumours. Among benign tumours, intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma, fibroma, haemangioma and Schwannoma had high AI and low MC, while histiocytomas had low AI and high MC and pilomatrixomas low AI and MC. All malignant tumours had low AI and high MC, except for fibrosarcomas, which had high AI and MC. Finally, higher heterogeneity was observed among locally invasive tumours, as they had high AI and low MC (squamous cell carcinomas), and low AI with either low MC (haemangiopericytomas) or high MC (basal cell tumours). The classification of the tumours according to their AI (15.8% high and15.8% low) and MC (9 high,9 low) did not reflect the clinical behaviour of some tumour types.

This study was based on the immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lesions caused by Elaeophora elaphi in 15 red deer. In eight animals filariae were found in branches of the portal vein. "Web-like" endophlebitis (15 cases), lymph nodule-like thrombi associated with filarial debris (12 cases) and fibrinous thrombi (three cases) were also observed in the portal vein. Multifocal granulomatous hepatitis (six cases) and lymph nodule-like tissue (three cases) were found in the liver parenchyma. The distribution of CD3 antigen, IgG-lambda light chains, and S-100 protein in lymphoid tissue in the portal vein thrombi and hepatic parenchyma was similar to that found in the cortex of the lymph nodes. In these lesions, lymphoid follicles with large germinal centres (mainly composed of IgG+ B lymphocytes, with occasional S-100+ follicular dendritic cells) predominated over interfollicular lymphoid tissue (mainly composed of CD3+ T lymphocytes and S-100+ interdigitating cells). This suggested that the local humoral immune response was more important than the cellular response in this parasitic disease. The presence of interdigitating and follicular dendritic cells confirmed the high degree of organization of the abnormal lymphoid tissue and suggested that antigen presentation to T and B lymphocytes and the subsequent proliferation of the latter was particularly efficient in such tissue. The latter may therefore be superior to diffuse granulomatous infiltrate in terms of the production of a local immune response.

The presence and distribution of S100 protein (alpha and beta subunits), cytokeratin polypeptides, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilaments, vimentin, neuron specific enolase, synaptophysin, HLA class II DR antigen, and pituitary hormones (prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone and human chorionic gonadotrophin) in stellate cells were studied immunohistochemically in four normal canine pituitary glands, five canine pituitary adenomas, two canine pituitary carcinomas and two equine pituitary adenomas (with surrounding normal glandular tissue). Stellate cells of the pars distalis and pars intermedia of canine and equine adenohypophyses showed a strong reaction with antibodies against S100 protein subunits alpha and beta. They also reacted with antibody against high and low molecular weight cytokeratins, but not with those against other intermediate filament proteins, neuroendocrine markers, the HLA-class II DR antigen or the pituitary hormones. Other populations of cells expressing both subunits of the S100 protein were polygonal cells of the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis (horse) and marginal epithelial cells of the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis (dog and horse). Some pituitary tumours had S100-immunoreactive cells with a distribution of alpha and beta subunits that differed between the two species. Some canine tumours (one adenoma and one carcinoma) expressed only the alpha subunit, but both of the equine adenomas expressed alpha and beta protein subunits. Some of the S100-immunoreactive tumour cells reacted with RCK-102 (cytokeratins 5+8) antibody in the dog but not in the horse. The results suggested that canine and equine stellate cells of the adenohypophysis are more closely related to epithelial than to glial cells, as is the case in cattle, sheep and goats but not human beings or mice. No subpopulation of cells of bone marrow origin could be identified among canine stellate cells, as they lack MHC class II antigen. The results also suggested that the presence of S100-immunoreactive cells is more striking in canine and equine tumours than in human tumours.

Summary A viral haemorrhagic syndrome was induced in 14 pigs by inoculation with an African swine fever (ASF) virus strain of moderate virulence, to determine changes in megakaryocyte (MK) numbers and morphology and thus to assess the role of these cells in the thrombocytopenia characteristic of subacute ASF. The strain tested induced changes in the proportion of different types of MK (typical nucleated MKs, apoptotic MKs and immature MKs); it also caused subcellular lesions over the first 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). At 7 dpi, severe thrombocytopenia was observed. There was a statistically significant increase in apoptotic MK numbers. The MKs showed three stages in the course of the disease: a compensatory stage, represented by cytoplasmic projections, a hypermaturity stage, represented by apoptotic MKs, and a regenerative stage, represented by clusters of immature MKs. These changes, especially the presence of numerous apoptotic MKs, may explain the early and transitory thrombocytopenia detected in subacute ASF. The large number of apoptotic MKs observed may be associated with the accelerated maturation of these cells, resulting from the action of cytokines, or peripheral platelet consumption, or both.

Bone marrow samples from pigs infected with the highly virulent Malawi983 or moderately virulent Dominican Republic (DR978) isolates of African swine fever virus were studied by means of a double labelling immunohistochemical technique which stained the major structural protein VP73 of the virus and megakaryocytes simultaneously. In pigs infected with the highly virulent Malawi983 isolate, 2.2 per cent of megakaryocytes were VP73+ five days after inoculation, and at six and seven days 2.5 and 9.5 per cent of megakaryocytes were VP73+. Some infected and uninfected megakaryocytes showed pyknosis and karyorrhexis, particularly at seven days after inoculation. However, in comparison with uninfected pigs, the number of megakaryocytes decreased only at seven days after inoculation. In pigs infected with the moderately virulent DR978 isolate, only 0.2 per cent of megakaryocytes were VP73+ at eight days after inoculation. However, at eight, nine and 10 days after inoculation the total number of megakaryocytes was significantly lower (P

The effects of African swine fever (ASF) virus infection on bone marrow hematopoiesis and microenvironment were determined by studying the sequential development of ultrastructural lesions of bone marrow and blood cell changes. Eight pigs (two pigs/infected group) were inoculated by intramuscular route with 105 50% hemadsorbing doses (HAD50) of the Malawi'83 ASF virus isolate. Two uninfected pigs were used as controls. Ultrastructural changes developed by day 3 postinoculation (PI), persisted through day 7 PI, and were characterized by activation of macrophages. From day 5 PI, viral replication was observed in monocytes/macrophages, reticular cells, immature neutrophils, and promonocytes. Also viral replication was detected in megakaryocytes, endothelial cells, and pericytes at day 7 PI. Vascular alterations consisted of activation of sinusoidal endothelial cells, intravascular coagulation, and fibrin strands interspersed among microenvironment and hematopoietic cells. No significant changes were observed in total white blood cells counts, percentage of monocytes, and platelet counts; however, severe lymphopenia and neutrophilia were detected from day 3 PI. Results of this experiment indicate that there is increased hematopoiesis in bone marrow during acute ASF, coinciding with macrophage activation. Neither vascular changes nor viral replication in different bone marrow cell populations gave rise to impaired bone marrow function. Increased hematopoiesis would exert a positive influence by preventing the early onset of thrombocytopenia and would exert a negative influence by stimulating the spread of the virus via neutrophils. Increased hematopoiesis would be unable to compensate for the lymphopenia.

Summary The morphological changes in platelets in acute and subacute African swine fever (ASF) and their relationship to pathogenesis were studied. Eight pigs were inoculated with a highly virulent strain of African swine fever (Malawi '83) and 14 with a moderately virulent strain (Dominican Republic '78) for ultrastructural study of platelets, monocyte/macrophages and vascular structures in the liver, spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, lung and kidney. Both viruses produced activation and degranulation of platelets from day 3 after inoculation onwards, coinciding with activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system and virus replication in monocyte/macrophages. Platelet aggregation and viscous metamorphosis of platelets were observed at 5 and 7 days after inoculation with the highly virulent strain, coinciding with endothelial alterations, but platelet aggregation was less prevalent and there was no sign of viscous metamorphosis in animals inoculated with the moderately virulent strain. Virions within platelets were observed at the final stage of acute ASF and at 5–7 days after inoculation in subacute ASF. This suggests that platelets assist in disseminating ASF virus within the body, especially in subacute infections.

The spleens of four psittacine birds suffering from natural type II avian adenoviral infection were studied by histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques to determine the target cells of this virus in the spleen. Typical adenoviral replication sites were found in lymphocytes and dendritic cells.

The aim of the present study was to study peritoneal and hepatic changes during early [7-9 days postinfection (dpi)] and late [15 weeks postinfection (wpi)] infection of goats immunized with recombinant F. hepatica pro cathepsin L1 (rCL1) in Quil A and challenged with Fasciola hepatica. Despite finding no significant reduction in fluke burdens between the control and immunized group, at 15 dpi the rCL1-vaccinated group showed significantly higher weight gain and reduced severity of hepatic lesions compared with the control group that received only Quil A. In the rCL1-vaccinated group, two of three goats sacrificed at 7-9 dpi had little hepatic damage and had a higher percentage of peritoneal eosinophils and elevated induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in peritoneal cells than the goats from the control group. Moreover, while these two goats showed a heavy infiltration of eosinophils surrounding migrating flukes, the remaining animals examined at 7-9 dpi had no inflammatory infiltration surrounding migrating flukes. Two out of seven goats in the rCL1-vaccinated group had low fluke burdens and little hepatic damage at 15 wpi, suggesting an effective protective response in some of the vaccinated goats. This protective response did not correlate with peripheral eosinophilia or with serum titres of anti-rCL1 immunoglobulin (Ig) G. The results of the present work suggest that an eosinophil-mediated immune response plays a crucial role in the early effective host response against F. hepatica in goats. Adjuvants designed to increase cell-mediated immunity should be tested in future vaccine trials against F. hepatica. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

The clinical, histopathological and ultrastructural features of a spayed female Siamese cat with a three-and-a-half year history of progressive cutaneous depigmentation are described. Clinically the condition was characterised by progressive leukoderma of the nose, pinna and footpad skin, and multifocal leukotrichia involving the whole body. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies confirmed the absence of melanocytes and melanin in the epidermis and hair follicles of affected areas. Immunohistochemical study revealed areas with absence of immune response to anti-vimentin antiserum, which was interpreted as a loss of dendritic cells, especially melanocytes. Diagnosis of vitiligo was based on the clinical signs and pathological features. This study adds a new case of this uncommon condition in the cat, and documents some previously non-reported features of feline vitiligo, such as the chronic progressive and generalised nature of the skin lesions, and its reversible character with partial lentiginous repigmentation on the pinna.

Thymic depletion, presence of viral antigen, and changes in distribution and cytokine production of thymic macrophages were investigated in calves experimentally infected with a noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus type (BVDV) 1 strain. Ten clinically healthy colostrum-deprived calves were used. Eight calves were inoculated with the virus and two were used as uninfected controls. Calves were sedated and euthanized in batches between 3 and 14 days postinoculation. At necropsy, thymus samples were collected for structural, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling). From 6 days postinoculation, the thymic cortex was multifocally depleted with increased frequency of pyknosis and karyorrhexis, suggestive of apoptosis and confirmed by the TUNEL technique. Although the onset of lymphoid depletion was coincident with the detection of viral antigen by immunohistochemistry, the number of infected lymphocytes was very low through the experiment. There was an increase in number of macrophages in cortex and medulla, accompanied by ultrastructural changes indicative of phagocyte activation, and a decrease in cells expressing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-1α. These results suggest that the increase in number of these cells could be related to phagocytosis of cell debris and apoptotic lymphocytes. Furthermore, the results imply that, in contrast to the situation with classical swine fever virus, the lymphocyte apoptosis resulting from bovine viral diarrhea virus infection is not mediated by TNF-α or interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) production by virus-infected macrophages. This is the first study that describes this decrease in the number of thymic cells expressing TNF-α and IL-1α in cattle experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1.

Clinical signs, histopathological and ultrastructural findings associated with Atoxoplasma spp. natural infection in captive canaries (Serinus canaria) are described. Intracytoplasmic Atoxoplasma-like protozoa were found in the liver and lung. In the liver, protozoa were found in hepatocytes and Kupffer's cells and were associated with granulomatous hepatitis and a marked bile duct hyperplasia. An usual finding was the presence of infected mononuclear cells adhered to the endothelium of the blood vessels in lung. The diagnosis was confirmed by ultrastructural examination of reprocessed paraffin-embedded tissues.

An immunohistochemical study of the tonsils was carried out to gain further insight in the pathogenesis of acute African swine fever (ASF). Twenty-one pigs were inoculated by intramuscular route with a highly virulent isolate of ASF virus and painlessly killed at 1-7 dpi. Viral antigen was highly distributed in the tonsil from 3 to 4 dpi and an increase in the number of monocyte-macrophages was very evident at the same days post inoculation. This phenomenon was observed together with an increase of the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (Tumour necrosis factor alpha and Interleukin-1 alpha) and the apoptosis of lymphocytes studied by the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) technique and haemorrhages. With these results, we can conclude that the tonsil is suffering similar lesions than those observed in other lymphoid organs in acute African swine fever, even when the route of inoculation is the intramuscular and not oral-nasal. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We observed the changes in the central nervous system (CNS) of transgenic mice expressing bovine prion protein (Bo-PrP) as a contribution to our knowledge of the pathogenesis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The main result was the detection of hyperphosphorylated tau. This protein was detected for the first time, using immunohistochemical techniques, in the neurons and glial cells of mice experimentally infected with BSE. The results highlighted the involvement of tau protein in the pathogenesis of BSE and the close link between hyperphosphorylated tau deposits and prion protein. Ultrastructural examination revealed a novel arrangement of intraneuronal tau deposits not hitherto reported.

Twenty pigs were inoculated with a virulent isolate (Quillota strain) of classical swine fever (CSF) virus to determine the chronological development of lesions in bone marrow. Histopathologic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical (detection of viral antigen gp55, myeloid-histiocyte antigen, CD3 antigen, and FVIII-rag), and morphometric techniques were employed. Viral antigen was detected from 2 days postinfection (dpi) in stromal and haematopoitic cells, and severe atrophy related to apoptosis of haematopoitic cells was observed. Megakaryocytes (MKs) did not show significant changes in number, but there were important qualitative changes including 1) increased numbers of cloud-nuclei MKs, microMKs, apoptotic MKs, and atypical nucleated MKs and 2) decreased number of typical nucleated MKs. Morphometric study of these cells showed a decrease in cytoplasmic area. MK infection was detected from 2 dpi, but in a small percentage of cells. Myeloid cells showed quantitative changes, with an increase in granulocyte numbers. Apoptosis of lymphocytes and viral infection of erythroblasts were also observed. The main changes in stroma were depletion of T lymphocytes in the middle phase of the experiment and macrophages. Viral infection was also observed in these cells. MK lesions suggest dysmegakaryocytopoiesis, which would aggravate the thrombocytopenia already present and could be responsible for it. Granulocyte changes would lead to the appearance of circulating immature forms, whereas lymphocyte apoptosis in bone marrow would contribute to lymphopenia.

The immunophenotype of tumor cells and inflammatory infiltrate associated with cutaneous melanocytic lesions (29 melanocytomas, two malignant melanomas, and 23 residual lesions) from 54 adult Iberian and Iberian X Duroc pigs were examined using a panel of nine antibodies. All neoplastic cells were vimentin−, cytokeratin−, and alpha-1-antitrypsin−and the majority were S100+, whereas all pigmented macrophages were vimentin+, cytokeratin−, and S100−and most expressed alpha-1-antitrypsin. Regressing tumors were characterized by zones with low density of neoplastic cells accompanied by heavy infiltration of CD3+T lymphocytes, whereas zones with high density of neoplastic cells showed very low numbers of CD3+T lymphocytes. The infiltrate of CD79a+B cells and IgG, IgM, and IgA plasma cells was low. The majority of lymphocytes of the peri- and intratumoral infiltrate were major histocompatibility complex class II+, but neoplastic cells did not express class II antigen. The 17 residual lesions examined were composed of macrophages containing abundant melanin pigment and low to moderate numbers of CD3+T lymphocytes. The results of the present study suggest that the local cellular immune response plays a crucial role in the host response that induces regression of cutaneous melanomas and melanocytomas of the Iberian and crossbred Iberian X Duroc pigs.

Atrophy of the thymic cortex and loss of thymocytes were studied in 32 pigs inoculated with the virulent strain "Alfort" of classical swine fever (CSF) virus and killed at intervals from 2 to 15 days after infection. Immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, ELISA and TUNEL methods were used. The results suggested that direct action of CSF virus on thymocytes played no more than a minor role. The massive lymphoid depletion observed in the thymus, may, however, have been associated with the numerical increase in monocytes-macrophages in this organ, and their secretory activation, leading to synthesis and release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1α and C1q complement component as main chemical mediators, and IL-1β and IL-6 as minor mediators. These cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1α) may have played a role in the apoptosis of thymocytes, demonstrated by TUNEL and ultrastructural methods. The pathogenetic mechanism outlined may contribute to the lymphoid depletion observed in others organs in CSF and may explain the lymphopenia characteristic of the disease. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

To gain further insight into the pathogenesis of African swine fever (ASF), the cytokine expression by macrophages in spleen and lymph nodes were examined. Twenty-one piglets were inoculated with the highly virulent isolate Spain-70 of ASF virus and killed in groups at 1-7 post-inoculation days (pid). An increase in the immunohistochemical detection of proinflammatory monokines in spleen and renal and gastrohepatic lymph nodes is reported, along with an increase in the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β. The expression of these cytokines is detected simultaneously in time and space with the viral protein 73 (vp73) of the ASF virus detection. Our results demonstrate that mononuclear phagocyte system cell activation results in the release of several cytokines that could induce apoptosis of lymphocytes and haemodynamic changes. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Classical swine fever (CSF) was induced in 20 pigs by inoculation with a virulent strain of CSF virus to determine sequential changes (2, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days post-inoculation) in the number and morphology of splenic macrophages (red pulp and lymphoid marginal zone) and thus to assess the role of these cells in the pathogenesis of the disease. The first splenic cells to be infected with CSF virus were macrophages in the marginal zone followed by other macrophage populations. The initial phase of CSF was associated with an increase in splenic macrophage numbers in the marginal zone and a decrease in the red pulp. Subsequently, the numbers in the red pulp increased. The study suggested that infection, mobilization and apoptosis of splenic macrophages play an important role in the spread of CSF virus in vivo. Moreover, the secretory changes that occurred in macrophages in the initial phase of the infection suggested that macrophages release chemical mediators capable of modulating pathogenesis. © 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

To gain further insight into the pathogenesis of classical swine fever (CSF), the changes induced by hog cholera (HC) virus in pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) were examined. Twelve pigs were inoculated by the intramuscular route with a virulent strain of HC virus (Quillota strain) and killed in groups of three at 4, 7, 10 and 14 days post-inoculation. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examination revealed HC virus infection in endothelial cells, PIMs, and interstitial and alveolar macrophages. In addition to viral replication, a predominant feature was the secretory activation of PIMs, characterized by expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum and hyperplastic Golgi complexes. The results obtained suggest that macrophage activation and the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of CSF.

The clinicopathological features of an unusual case of a five-month-old male Spanish mastiff, which was presented with clinical signs indicative of severe hepatic failure, are reported. Fluid replacement therapy, colloid plasma expanders, antibiotics and diuretic drugs were unsuccessful in improving the animal's general condition, and euthanasia was elected by the owner. On necropsy, ascites and severe cirrhosis, with extensive periacinar necrosis, was found. Cirrhosis is a rare lesion in young dogs. The most common causes are circulatory disturbances, hereditary metabolic disorders or poisoning, such as aflatoxicosis and anticonvulsant therapy. The possible involvement of canine adenovirus in this case is discussed.

Thirty pigs were inoculated with a virulent isolate (Quillota strain) of classical swine fever (hog cholera) virus to establish the chronological occurrence of lesions in the kidney and to determine the mechanism responsible for renal haemorrhages. The study included the use of histopathological, ultrastructural, immunohistochemical (detection of viral antigen gp55, MAC387, λ chains, CD3 and Clq) and morphometrical techniques (vascular area). Renal interstitial oedema and haemorrhages were detected from 7 days post-inoculation (dpi), associated with a slight interstitial mononuclear infiltrate and evidence of viral infection in macrophages and fibroblasts, and in a small proportion of lymphocytes. Viral infection was not detected in capillary endothelial cells. An intense mononuclear infiltrate, with B cells, T cells and small numbers of macrophages, was detected from 10 dpi. In the final phase of the experiment (14 dpi), slight proliferation and degranulation of mast cells were observed. Increased expression of the Clq component of complement was also detected. A significant increase in vascular area was observed from 7 dpi. These results suggest that haemorrhages observed in the kidneys of pigs inoculated with the Quillota strain resulted from erythrodiapedesis and increased vascular permeability, probably aggravated by mast cell degranulation in the final stage of the experiment. The results suggested that mast cell degranulation was linked to activation of the complement system. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.

African horse sickness (AHS) is a disease of equids, characterized by severe pulmonary oedema and caused by an orbivirus. To determine the role of pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) in the development of pulmonary microvascular changes in this disease, five horses were given an intravenous inoculation of 106TCID50of serotype 4 of AHS virus. Viral replication was detected in endothelial cells, PIMs, interstitial macrophages and fibroblasts. Alveolar and interstitial oedema, and changes in pulmonary microvasculature, consisting mainly of the sequestration of neutrophils and the formation of platelet aggregates and fibrinous microthrombi, were related to endothelial changes and to a high degree of PIM activation. This suggested that the PIMs, once activated, contributed to these vascular changes by releasing chemical inflammatory mediators.

African horse sickness (AHS) was induced in five horses by inoculation, to determine the ultrastructural changes in endothelial cells of capillaries in the myocardium, lung, spleen and liver. The animals developed cardiac and mixed forms of the disease. Alterations detected in the endothelial cells of the vessels of infected animals included: the presence of structures associated with viral infection, hypertrophy, degenerative changes, appearance of cytoplasmic projections, changes in permeability, alteration of intercellular junctions, loss of endothelium, subendothelial deposition of cell debris and fibrin, and vascular repair. In association with these changes, oedema, haemorrhages and microthromboses were detected, particularly in the myocardium and lung. This study showed that infection of, and changes to, the capillary endothelial cells of the organs under study was independent of the form in which the disease manifested itself but was dependent on the organ and blood vessel type. Thus, different levels of viral tropism were observed for the endothelial cells of the vessels in different organs. Viral infection was commonest in the endothelial cells of myocardial vessels, followed by those in the lung, whereas in the spleen and liver, endothelial cell infection was rare and, in the case of the liver, limited to the interstitial capillaries.

Twelve pigs were inoculated with a highly virulent strain of hog cholera virus (HCV) to study viral infection of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and spleen. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examination revealed HCV infection in a small proportion (2.5-9.0%) of these cells from the 2nd to the 9th day after inoculation, at which time the experiment was terminated. Megakaryocyte infection accounts for the presence of viral antigens in platelets. The latter may represent a passive vehicle for spreading the virus in the animal.