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Additional file 1: Figure A1. Sunburst chart on most recent keywords and most cited keyword. Table A1. Keywords with the highest Total Link Strength (TLS) to the keyword ‘mobility’ in Web of Science. Table A2. Keywords with the highest TLS to the keyword ‘accessibility’ in Web of Science. Table A3. Keywords with the highest TLS to the keyword ‘spatial mobility’ in Web of Science. Table A4. Keywords with the highest TLS to ‘mobility’ in Scopus. Table A5. Keywords with the highest TLS to ‘spatial analysis’ in Scopus.

Nowadays, the population is rapidly ageing because of increasing life expectancy and decreasing birth rates. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review is to prepare a comprehensive overview which identifies the activities of daily living (ADLs) that are gradually reduced among patients with dementia, as well as explore the therapies applied in relation to dementia and how they effectively improve the quality of life (QoL) of patients and caregivers. Furthermore, we aim to summarise the ADL activities influenced by therapies and examine the treatment costs and care for patients so that recommendations for research and development (R&D) can be made to improve both the QoL of people with dementia and cost-saving measures. The research focuses on four selected neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer, Parkinson, vascular dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, the peer-reviewed English written articles from 2014 to 2019 were searched between September 1 and December 13, 2019. Twenty-seven papers were included in the analysis. The results show that essential assistance occurs in connection with activities: eating, drinking, dressing, bathing, personal hygiene, use of the toilet, and transport. By contrast, shopping or cleaning is not addressed as much. A lower ability to take care of oneself is connected with poor patient health and higher social care costs because the patient requires care from external sources, such as home aid or nurse visits. The challenge that remains is to shift new knowledge from scientific disciplines and connect it with the needs of patients to remove legitimate barriers and increase the acceptance of new solutions by popularisation. Additionally, regarding the burden on caregivers, it would be appropriate to promote this area of education and employment so that family members can use formal caregivers, ensuring them free time and much-needed rest.

Petra Maresova,1 Jan Hruska,1 Blanka Klimova,2 Sabina Barakovic,3 Ondrej Krejcar4 1Department of Economics, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic; 2Department of Applied Linguistics, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic; 3Faculty of Transport and Communications, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina; 4Center for Basic and Applied Science, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech RepublicCorrespondence: Ondrej KrejcarCenter for Basic and Applied Science, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62/26, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech RepublicTel +420 777484280Email ondrej.krejcar@uhk.czAbstract: Nowadays, the population is rapidly ageing because of increasing life expectancy and decreasing birth rates. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review is to prepare a comprehensive overview which identifies the activities of daily living (ADLs) that are gradually reduced among patients with dementia, as well as explore the therapies applied in relation to dementia and how they effectively improve the quality of life (QoL) of patients and caregivers. Furthermore, we aim to summarise the ADL activities influenced by therapies and examine the treatment costs and care for patients so that recommendations for research and development (R&D) can be made to improve both the QoL of people with dementia and cost-saving measures. The research focuses on four selected neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer, Parkinson, vascular dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therefore, the peer-reviewed English written articles from 2014 to 2019 were searched between September 1 and December 13, 2019. Twenty-seven papers were included in the analysis. The results show that essential assistance occurs in connection with activities: eating, drinking, dressing, bathing, personal hygiene, use of the toilet, and transport. By contrast, shopping or cleaning is not addressed as much. A lower ability to take care of oneself is connected with poor patient health and higher social care costs because the patient requires care from external sources, such as home aid or nurse visits. The challenge that remains is to shift new knowledge from scientific disciplines and connect it with the needs of patients to remove legitimate barriers and increase the acceptance of new solutions by popularisation. Additionally, regarding the burden on caregivers, it would be appropriate to promote this area of education and employment so that family members can use formal caregivers, ensuring them free time and much-needed rest.Keywords: costs, neurodegenerative diseases, quality of life, activities of daily living

Minghui Yang,1,2 Petra Maresova1 1Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic; 2International Business School, Guangzhou College of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Petra MaresovaFaculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech RepublicTel +420 737 928 745Email petra.maresova@uhk.czBackground and Purpose: In recent years, the frequent occurrence of occupational accidents, illness, and injuries has become a major issue in China. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the adoption of Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) standards and financial performance, with a particular focus on the pharmaceutical firms in China.Methods: The study is based on a sample consisting of 125 pharmaceutical firms listed on the Shanghai and the Shenzhen stock exchanges in China for the period 2010– 2018. Each sample firm was evaluated by whether and when it is certified by an OHSMS standard depending on secondary data collected from an independent certification database. Panel-based regression models were employed to explore whether adoption of an OHSMS standard has had an impact on financial performance.Results: The regression results reveal that the adoption of an OHSMS standard positively affects contemporaneous financial performance measured by return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and earnings per share (EPS). Mixed results were found when financial performance indicators were extended by two years, suggesting that ROE will increase in the second year after a firm is certified with the standard, but EPS will decline in the third year.Conclusion: The study findings empirically show that adoption of an OHSMS standard contributes to better financial performance for pharmaceutical firms of China in the short term. However, executives of pharmaceutical firms need to be aware of the increased costs related to certification renewal and audit in the following periods and exercise their management discretion to achieve a win–win situation between OHSMS implementation and financial benefit.Keywords: occupational health and safety management system, OHSAS 18001, ISO 45001, financial performance, pharmaceutical firm

Additional file 1: Appendix Table 10. Survey question.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative brain disease which causes mental and physical decline, gradually resulting in death. Currently, this disease represents one of the uppermost human issues, both from the medical and economic point of view. Interest in the discovery of a drug for AD is enormous. However, despite the long-term and worldwide effort for a more effective therapy, the only available treatment is a symptomatic use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and memantine. New therapeutic approaches as well as those based on cholinergic or amyloid theory have not brought the desired benefits yet. Thus, the question is whether an effective drug for this progressive disease will ever be developed or whether people will have to rely only on prevention and minimize risk factors of AD.

Blanka Klimova,1 Petra Maresova,2 Kamil Kuca3,4 1Department of Applied Linguistics, 2Department of Economics, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, 3Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 4Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic Abstract: At present, the number of elderly people is rapidly increasing, which represents a significant threat in terms of their care when they fall ill. One of the most common aging diseases nowadays is dementia, whose symptoms sooner or later include loss of cognitive functioning. Cognitive disorders can vary from serious mental retardation to inability to recall things, to the loss or disorder of specific cognitive functions such as communication. These disorders not only affect the quality of people’s own life but also impose a substantial burden on their families, particularly on their caregivers. Therefore, the aim of this article is to highlight the role of assistive technologies (ATs) for managing language impairments in dementia in order to improve patients’ quality of life. In addition, ATs focused on training patients’ memory are also mentioned, since they can help patients to maintain their language skills. Furthermore, these ATs can delay the need for institutional care, as well as significantly reduce costs on patient care. The importance of future research in the area of the development of ATs for managing the language impairments in dementia is also discussed. There is a general trend toward the personalization of patient needs and requirements in the area of ATs. For the purpose of this article, a method of literature review of available sources defining language disorders and providing characteristic features of language disorders in dementia is used. In addition, a method of comparison of different research studies exploring ATs focused on delaying language disorders in dementia in order to postpone patients’ need for institutional care is also exploited. Keywords: assistive technologies, dementia, language impairments, improvement

Petra Maresova,1 Marek Penhaker,1,2 Ali Selamat,1,3 Kamil Kuca1,41Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; 2Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University of Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic; 3Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; 4Center for Biomedical Research, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech RepublicAbstract: The high quality of public health improves not only healthy life expectancy, but also the productivity of labor. The most important part of the health care sector is the medical technology industry. The aim of this study is to analyze the current situation in the medical device industry in Europe, its potential strengths and weaknesses in the context of topical economic and demographic development. The contribution specifies an analysis of the economic state of the medical device industry in the context of demographic development of European Union’s macroeconomic indicators and views of experts in the field of medical device development, concerning the opportunities for entities involved in the medical device market. There is fierce competition on the European market. The innovative activity is stable and well regulated by responsible authorities. Worldwide, the medical device market is expected to grow.Keywords: technology context, medical device, Europe, expenditure, review

Hana Mohelska,1 Petra Maresova,2 Martin Valis,3 Kamil Kuca4,5 1Department of Management, 2Department of Economy, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Králové, 3Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital Hradec Králové, 4Biomedical Research Centrum, University Hospital Hradec Králové, 5Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic Abstract: This paper deals with the analysis of the costs, applied, for example, when treating specific diseases – an important aid in prioritizing the process of resource allocation. In our review, the specific disease is dementia caused by Alzheimer’s disease. This paper aims to provide more information on the partial costs per patient that are calculated according to the aggregated data from publicly available sources as well as from the results of authors’ own investigation. The University Hospital in Hradec Králové and the General Health Insurance Company of the Czech Republic participated in this research. The elementary research objective was to compare the costs per patient diagnosed early onset, to those of the patient diagnosed later. The Czech Republic lacks information regarding dementia. Therefore, these issues require attention. The methods used in this paper included time series analyses, methods of direct questioning, interviews with experts, and analyses of medical documentation. These methods were combined to exploit their particular advantages and to ensure the issues discussed, were covered. The investigation showed that the underpinning of patients with Alzheimer’s disease at early onset is advantageous from an economic perspective, because the cost of outpatient care is much lower compared with that of inpatient care. The international comparisons of the volume of care provided should be approached with great caution. These are based solely on the facts of various expert estimates and are not usually supported by hard data. Yet, they still illustrate the overall view of our ability to take care of people with dementia. According to experts, care in the Czech Republic significantly lags behind the rest of developed Europe. While services are provided to 26% of people with dementia in Germany and 50% in France, the experts estimate that services are provided to only 10% of the population in the Czech Republic. If we were to offer a similar volume of services in the Czech Republic, to the same extent as the average in Europe, we would have to triple the existing capacities. Keywords: mental health expenditure, Czech Republic, dementia, costs, Alzheimer’s disease

Blanka Klimova,1 Petra Maresova,2 Martin Valis,3 Jakub Hort,4,5 Kamil Kuca6,71Department of Applied Linguistics, 2Department of Economics, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, 3Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, 4Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, 5International Clinical Research Center, St Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, 6Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, 7Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech RepublicAbstract: Communication is very important for people to be successfully integrated into social environment and make and maintain relationship. Particularly, language difficulties lead to social exclusion of the people affected with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and contribute to a significant decrease in the quality of their life and also have a big impact on their family members who in most cases become their caregivers who need to communicate with their loved ones in order to meet their needs. Therefore, the goal of this study is to describe language impairments in the individual phases of AD and discuss their improvement with respect to AD on the basis of literature review. The authors of this article use traditional research methods in order to achieve the goal set mentioned earlier. First, a method of literature review of available sources describing language impairments in the individual phases of AD is exploited. Second, to show how informal caregivers and relevant drugs can successfully intervene in the improvement of these language impairments, a method of comparison of different research studies exploring such social intervention and medical treatment is used.Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, language impairments, social intervention, strategies, caregivers, clinical drugs&nbsp