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We use a set of lab-in-the-field experiments to study whether markets erode socially re-sponsible behavior in a typical Sub-Saharan African country. In the first experiment, we randomly assign participants to a version of a game framed as a "market" context or as a "neutral" (non-market) context. Contrary to the prediction of pure self-interest theory, market participants exhibit considerable levels of socially responsible behavior. However, participants in the market context reveal a lower level of socially responsible behavior compared to the participants in the non-market contexts. We also report that punishment and religion play a significant role in promoting socially responsible behavior in markets. In a second experiment, we test whether the erosion of socially responsible behavior leads to anti-social behavior using the joy-of-destruction game. The results show that the ero-sion of socially responsible behavior triggers anti-social behavior. Finally, we look at wel-fare effects and find that our market baseline yields lower welfare compared to markets regulated by punishment mechanisms.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

"Systems thinking" approaches include some techniques and methods developed by social scientists to encourage debate, recognising that their practice is inevitably full of value and that research is a part of intervention. In general, systems theories explain the need to transcend disciplines to increase our understanding of a situation by considering different levels of impact, especially through visualisation tools. In a very complex environment such as the fruit and vegetable market in Uruguay, especially focusing on the roles of agents and the interactions between them, "soft systems methodologies"contributed to building a representation integrating different perspectives with consensual and conflicting aspects, delving into the particularities and opportunities for technological innovations and collaborative management for the fruit and vegetablechain, ending in important reflections on opportunities for positive change and the risks of marginalisation or social exclusion. Commercial channels for farm products and main agents Particularities of Uruguayan consumption Alternative channels, collaborative management and other innovations: for whom? It is considered that this approach contributes to building a holistic vision of the situation that will facilitate our understanding of the commercial circumstances in rural Uruguay (Checkland 1999). In particular, we discuss innovations promoted by the recent crisis linked to the start of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and the challenges posed by climate change, questioning the proposal of generating " value added " with the idea of "integral valuation"., "Systems thinking" approaches include some techniques and methods developed by social scientists to encourage debate, recognising that their practice is inevitably full of value and that research is a part of intervention. In general, systems theories explain the need to transcend disciplines to increase our understanding of a situation by considering different levels of impact, especially through visualisation tools. In a very complex environment such as the fruit and vegetable market in Uruguay, especially focusing on the roles of agents and the interactions between them, "soft systems methodologies"contributed to building a representation integrating different perspectives with consensual and conflicting aspects, delving into the particularities and opportunities for technological innovations and collaborative management for the fruit and vegetablechain, ending in important reflections on opportunities for positive change and the risks of marginalisation or social exclusion. - Canales comerciales de productos granjeros y principales agentes- Particularidades del consumo uruguayo- Canales alternativos, gestión asocitativa y otras innovaciones: ¿para quienes? Se considera que este enfoque contribuye a construir una visión holística de la situación que facilitará nuestra comprensión de las circunstancias comerciales en el Uruguay rural (Checkland 1999). En particular, discutimos las innovaciones impulsadas por la reciente crisis vinculada al inicio de la pandemia del Covid-19 en 2020 y los desafíos que plantea el cambio climático, cuestionando la propuesta de generar “valor agregado” con la idea de “valoración integral”., "Systems thinking" approaches include some techniques and methods developed by social scientists to encourage debate, recognising that their practice is inevitably full of value and that research is a part of intervention. In general, systems theories explain the need to transcend disciplines to increase our understanding of a situation by considering different levels of impact, especially through visualisation tools. In a very complex environment such as the fruit and vegetable market in Uruguay, especially focusing on the roles of agents and the interactions between them, "soft systems methodologies"contributed to building a representation integrating different perspectives with consensual and conflicting aspects, delving into the particularities and opportunities for technological innovations and collaborative management for the fruit and vegetablechain, ending in important reflections on opportunities for positive change and the risks of marginalisation or social exclusion., Abordagens de “pensamento sistêmico” incluem certas técnicas e métodos desenvolvidos por cientistas sociais para promover o debate, reconhecendo que sua prática é inevitavelmente cheia de valor e que a pesquisa é parte de uma intervenção. No geral, as teorias de sistemas explicam que é preciso transcender as disciplinas para aumentar nossa compreensão de uma situação considerando diferentes níveis de impacto, especialmente fazendo uso de ferramentas de visualização. Em um contexto muito complexo, como o do setor de frutas e hortaliças no Uruguai, principalmente em respeito à atuação dos agentes que participam e às interações entre eles, as "metodologias de sistemas flexíveis" contribuíram para construir uma representação que considera diferentes perspectivas com consensos e conflitos, aprofundando-se nas particularidades e oportunidades de inovação tecnológica e gestão colaborativa da cadeia, finalizando com importantes reflexões sobre as oportunidades de mudança positiva e sobre os riscos de marginalização ou exclusão social.

This research determined price volatility spillovers among major wheat markets in the world using time series data (1966-2018) of six major wheat producing countries in the world. The data were sourced from FAO and UNCTAD databanks and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression, unit root test and GARCH models. The findings showed that there is low and high persistence in the wheat prices of Canada and USA; and, Australia and India, respectively. Thus, it was established that the prices in the former markets were characterized by short memory; the effect of shock is temporary as the prices return to the attractor level within a short period. However, bad news on the prices of the latter markets has pronounced effect and takes a longer period for the price series to normalize. On the other hand, French and Chinese market price series exhibited an explosive pattern; the price series have infinite memory and the effect of innovation is permanent as price series will not normalize. Therefore, it can be concluded that the future trade of wheat is useful in the market given the persistence behavior of the prices as their price trends are tailored towards a rational expectation rather than a naïve expectation. However, for the market prices that are explosive, the market participants should focus on rational market expectation as a trade barometer.

This thesis explores the formation of markets for antimalarial therapies under the pressure of drug resistance. Part 1 maps the innovation system of antimalarial therapies and identifies systemic failures that jeopardize the formation of markets for new therapies. This is done by investigating in retrospect the antimalarial drug transition from conventional monotherapies to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), which is done in Chapters 2 and 3. Part 2 investigates the prospects of market formation for triple artemisinin-based combination therapies (TACTs) in African countries, where current ACTs are still effective. Introducing TACTs would therefore not directly benefit individual patients but instead they would mitigate the risks of future antimalarial drug resistance. Considering the introduction of TACTs in this context raises important ethical and practical questions which are discussed in Chapters 4 and 5. Part 3 investigates the market formation prospects of TACTs in Southeast Asia, where current ACTs are increasingly failing and where TACTs can provide direct clinical relief and can protect drug compounds.

Status systems bring social order to markets, but they are non-meritocratic arrangements that benefit those of a higher status and penalize those of a lower status. Paradoxically, these systems are also maintained by those who suffer the most from their inequalities. The literature tends to explain the persistence of these systems through macro-oriented or micro-oriented mechanisms. We propose an alternative path by investigating relational mechanisms that might explain the persistence of this paradox. In an haute cuisine market, we used the social network analysis perspective to identify relational mechanisms that maintain this collective system. The results revealed a three-role structure of symbolic deference/appreciation (diffuse, selective, and egocentric). To conclude, we highlight the social order as a continuous tension between normality and chaos in the relationships between roles and the procedural aspect of structuring market roles, which we call authorizing the representation of a market category. RESUMEN Los sistemas de estatus traen orden social a los mercados, pero son arreglos no meritocráticos que benefician a los de mayor estatus y penalizan a los de menor estatus. Paradójicamente, estos sistemas también son mantenidos por quienes más sufren sus desigualdades. La literatura tiende a explicar la persistencia de estos sistemas por mecanismos macro o micro orientados. Proponemos un camino alternativo al investigar los mecanismos relacionales que pueden explicar la persistencia de esta paradoja. Teniendo como objeto la jerarquía de estatus categorial en un mercado de alta gastronomía, utilizamos la perspectiva de análisis de redes sociales para identificar mecanismos relacionales que mantienen este sistema colectivo de producción de desigualdades. Los resultados revelaron una estructura de deferencia/apreciación simbólica de tres roles (difusa, selectiva y egocéntrica). Para concluir, destacamos el orden social como una tensión continua entre la normalidad y el caos en las relaciones entre roles y el aspecto procedimental de la estructuración de roles de mercado, lo que llamamos: autorización de la representación de la categoría de mercado. RESUMO Sistemas de status trazem ordem social aos mercados, mas eles são arranjos não meritocráticos que, em essência, privilegiam positivamente aqueles de mais alto status e penalizam desproporcionalmente aqueles de status inferior. Paradoxalmente, esses sistemas são mantidos não apenas por seus maiores beneficiados, mas também por aqueles que mais sofrem com suas desigualdades. A literatura tende a explicar a persistência desses sistemas por mecanismos macro ou micro orientados. Propomos uma via alternativa e complementar ao investigar os mecanismos relacionais que possam explicar a persistência desse paradoxo nas ordens de status. Tendo como objeto a hierarquia de status categórico de restaurantes em um mercado de alta gastronomia, empregamos a Perspectiva da Análise de Redes Sociais para identificar mecanismos relacionais (via modelagem em bloco) que atuam na manutenção desse sistema coletivo de produção de desigualdades. Os resultados da modelagem em bloco na rede de atribuição de deferências entre os produtores desse mercado revelaram uma estrutura de três papéis de deferência/apreciação simbólica (difusa, seletiva e egocentrada). Como conclusão, destacamos a ordem social como uma contínua tensão entre normalidade e caos nas relações entre papéis e o aspecto processual da estruturação de papéis dos mercados, o qual denominamos autorização da representação da categoria de mercado.

Call for Papers COMPHACRISIS is pleased to announce the Public Health, Markets and Law workshop, which will be held on Friday, 29 September 2023, at UCD Sutherland School of Law, Dublin. This workshop aims to bring together experts from different disciplines, including economics, law, marketing, political economy, public health and sociology, to discuss and share their perspectives and insights on public health, markets and law. Submission Guidelines: Abstracts should include a title, up to 500 words and a list of keywords. All submissions will be subject to a double-blind peer-review process. Selected papers will be presented at the workshop, and authors will have the opportunity to participate in the panel discussion. We intend to develop further an open-access publication with selected papers (UCD Sutherland School of Law Working Paper Series on SSRN) Important Dates: Deadline for submission of Abstracts: 29/07/2023 Notification of acceptance: 17/08/2023 Workshop date: 29/09/2023 Please submit your abstracts to COMPHACRISIS@ucd.ie. For any questions, please get in touch with COMPHACRISIS@ucd.ie or mina.hosseini@ucd.ie.

The distinguished contributors to this issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy were asked to address the question of what has gone wrong with capitalism, what needs to change, and how can it be fixed. The objective behind the solutions discussed in these articles is to retain as far as possible the benefits of globalization, technology, and market processes, while addressing sources of disaffection and discontent by prioritizing convergence in attainable levels of earned incomes and wellbeing within and across countries. Three key ideas run through the articles. The first is the inadequate depiction of the individual in conventional economics as a person preoccupied with consumption and leisure. The second is widespread support for greater devolution to local decision-taking, and an emphasis on the importance of cooperation in communities. The third is the critique of economic orthodoxy implied by the concept of radical uncertainty. Together, these articles provide an inspiring assessment and reconceptualization of capitalism, and offer practical ways of addressing its deficiencies while preserving its merits.

Los mercados de Abastos siempre han sido una parte muy importante de la historia del comercio como lo conocemos hoy en día. Generalmente eran espacios de la ciudad destinados a acercar los productos de todas las regiones a su consumidor final, actualmente, siguen ejerciendo un rol relevante para nuestras comunidades, ya que además de prestarnos un servicio esencial, muchos de ellos vienen renovándose para entregar otro tipo de servicios como el turístico o el gastronómico, cualificando permanente sus actividades para seguir atendiendo a los visitantes y posibilitando la interacción social. Ante el colapso de la estructura en el año 2021 muchos de los comerciantes se han visto afectados por el hecho de no contar con un lugar en donde desarrollar sus actividades económicas es por esto que el presente documento plantea desarrollar una propuesta que permita recuperar este espacio para la ciudad y que tanto los comerciantes como los otros grupos significativos como transportadores y vendedores informales, administrativos, clientes y personas en general puedan disfrutar de un espacio polivalente en el que puedan desarrollarse diferentes tipos de actividades además de la comercial. The Food markets have always been a very important part of the history of trade as we know it today. They were generally spaces in the city intended to bring products from all regions closer to their final consumer; currently, they continue to play a relevant role for our communities, since in addition to providing us with an essential service, many of them are being renovated to deliver another type of services such as tourism or gastronomy, permanently qualifying their activities to continue serving visitors and enabling social interaction. Given the collapse of the structure in 2021, many of the merchants have been affected by the fact that they do not have a place to carry out their economic activities, which is why this document proposes to develop a proposal that allows this space to be recovered for the city and that both merchants and other significant groups such as transporters and informal vendors, administrators, customers and people in general can enjoy a multipurpose space in which different types of activities can be carried out in addition to the commercial one. Arquitecto Pregrado

This article brings to bear findings from the debate on the boundary problem in democratic theory on discussions of workplace democracy to argue that workplace democrats’ focus on workers is unjustified and that more constituencies will have to be included in any prospective scheme of workplace democracy. It thereby provides a valuable and underdiscussed perspective on workplace democracy that goes beyond the debate’s usual focus on the clarification and justification of workplace democrats’ core claim. It also goes beyond approaches like stakeholder theory in law and economics that determine decision-making rights without taking into account genuinely democratic considerations. My discussion proceeds by considering three principles for inclusion from democratic theory for the specific case of the corporation. I submit that two of them, the all-coerced and the all-subjected principle, are not appropriate for this specific case, because they cannot capture the distinguishing features of the corporation. The all-affected principle however is appropriate but has a very wide range. I further argue that this is not as big of a problem as it first might seem and that this principle is still the most appropriate for defining the demos of the democratic corporation. The article closes by pointing out the consequences of this result for the workplace democracy debate and for the legitimacy of the market as a coordination mechanism.

The paper examined the ethnozoological study of wild bird species' body parts supply of eighty-three traditional medicine marketers in six traditional medicine markets in Abeokuta North and South Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria using snowball and convenience sampling techniques through the administration of a set of structured questionnaire to 83respondents. The result showed that four-fifths of the total respondents were females (85.54%), two-thirds of the total respondents (68.68%) were less than 50 years and 91.56% of the total respondents had formal education. A total of 21 bird species had their body parts and products on sale in the different markets studied in the study area. Due to the belief and faith of the people, the respondents agreed that there were some bird species that are regarded as being sacred or forbidden and thus, the birds and their bird body parts are used and sold in traditional medicine to treat different ailments and for sacrificial activities of their clients. It was concluded that the existence of bird species cannot be over-emphasized because they are important in believed resources for curing specified types of ailments and sacrificial offerings in traditional medicine. It was recommended that since birds significantly contribute to the natural ecosystem, human health and nutrition, forest and wildlife conservation campaign should be strengthened.

This paper employs sectoral data to draw conclusions on how structural reforms—implemented during the period 1975–2005—affected differences in cross-country aggregate labor productivity growth in developing countries. Most important, it explores how the effects of reforms on productivity growth are distributed between the intrasectoral and intersectoral components of labor productivity growth. The findings indicate that most of the trade, product market, and financial sector reforms have increased productivity growth. Looking at the subcomponents of labor productivity growth, the results show that structural reforms work mainly through the intra-allocative efficiency channel but not through the interallocative efficiency channel. The intrasectoral component is the main driver of the impacts of reforms on productivity growth, with a contribution that ranges from 76 percent to 96 percent depending on the reform measure considered. The paper also examines the role of labor market regulations and finds that labor market rigidity/flexibility matters for how specific reforms induce reallocation of resources within and across sectors.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought a series of challenges to daily life, with effects on the food supply chain and its main food providers, family farmers. This article aims to understand the effects on family farmers’ markets in the south of Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State and its impacts on the dynamics of the food supply in which they are involved, as well as in their health and income. This is an exploratory research, which analyzes qualitative and quantitative data and has mapped family farmers markets in five large regions of the southernmost state of Brazil, out of a total of 119 municipalities. Altogether, 152 experiences were identified, encompassing the work of 2,747 families. Most markets remained active during the pandemic, varying in terms of safety measures. The study identifies the resilience of farmers, their ability to mobilize consumers, as well as the role of governmental and non-governmental organizations in the reconstruction of agrifood systems, highlighting different dynamics according to the studied regions. The research contributes with an unprecedented mapping of the location of family farmers' direct markets in the south of Brazil. A pandemia Covid 19 trouxe uma série de desafios para o cotidiano da população, com efeitos sobre as condições de abastecimento alimentar e sob os principais provedores de alimentos, os agricultores familiares. Este estudo visa compreender esses efeitos sobre os espaços de comercialização direta da agricultura familiar no RS (Brasil) e os impactos nas dinâmicas de abastecimento em que estão envolvidas, sua saúde e renda. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório, com análise de dados qualitativos e quantitativos. O estudo mapeou os canais de comercialização direta vinculados à agricultura familiar, de cinco grandes regiões do RS, de um total de 119 municípios. Ao todo foram identificadas 152 experiências de feiras, englobando o trabalho de 2.747 famílias de agricultores familiares. A maioria das feiras permaneceu ativa durante a pandemia, variando em termos de adaptações nas medidas de segurança. O estudo identifica a resiliência dos agricultores, a capacidade de mobilização de consumidores, bem como o papel de organizações governamentais e não governamentais na reconstrução dos sistemas agroalimentares, com destaque para dinâmicas diferentes conforme as regiões estudadas. A pesquisa contribui com um mapeamento inédito da localização dos canais de comercialização direta da agricultura familiar no estado. A pandemia Covid 19 trouxe uma série de desafios para o cotidiano da população, com efeitos sobre as condições de abastecimento alimentar e sob os principais provedores de alimentos, os agricultores familiares. Este estudo visa compreender esses efeitos sobre os espaços de comercialização direta da agricultura familiar no RS (Brasil) e os impactos nas dinâmicas de abastecimento em que estão envolvidas, sua saúde e renda. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório, com análise de dados qualitativos e quantitativos. O estudo mapeou os canais de comercialização direta vinculados à agricultura familiar, de cinco grandes regiões do RS, de um total de 119 municípios. Ao todo foram identificadas 152 experiências de feiras, englobando o trabalho de 2.747 famílias de agricultores familiares. A maioria das feiras permaneceu ativa durante a pandemia, variando em termos de adaptações nas medidas de segurança. O estudo identifica a resiliência dos agricultores, a capacidade de mobilização de consumidores, bem como o papel de organizações governamentais e não governamentais na reconstrução dos sistemas agroalimentares, com destaque para dinâmicas diferentes conforme as regiões estudadas. A pesquisa contribui com um mapeamento inédito da localização dos canais de comercialização direta da agricultura familiar no estado.

Cannabis legalization is a hotly contested policy topic. While beneficial to some, cannabis dispensaries may create negative externalities for others. This paper studies the external effects of coffeeshops – Dutch cannabis sales facilities – on house prices. We employ a difference-in-difference framework around a change in regulation, leading to exogenous coffeeshop closings. We find that closings have a negative effect on house prices. Compared to homes nearby remaining coffeeshops, homes nearby closing coffeeshops decrease on average 1.6 to 8.5 percent in value. The findings are robust to a battery of tests and unaffected by the subsequent use of coffeeshop locations.

The article examines the importance of intellectual property commercialization for business and economic development. The article describes the benefits that intellectual property owners can obtain through commercialization, including the creation of new products and services, increased profits, expanded markets, and attractiveness to investors., Стаття розглядає важливість комерціалізації інтелектуальної власності для розвитку бізнесу та економіки. У статті описані переваги, які можуть отримати власники інтелектуальної власності через комерціалізацію, включаючи створення нових продуктів та послуг, збільшення прибутку, розширення ринків та привабливість для інвесторів.

Dès le xive siècle, la langue française, par l’usage des termes « damas » et « damassé », a associé un type de production textile à la ville syrienne du même nom. Pourtant, si les travaux de Colette Establet et Jean-Paul Pascual ont éclairé la fabrication, le commerce et les usages des tissus à Damas au xviie siècle par une fine analyse des archives ottomanes [Establet & Pascual 2005], ces questions restent à explorer pour la période médiévale. La présente contribution, par la mise en perspective du vocabulaire du textile utilisé dans les inventaires princiers, les archives marchandes italiennes, les récits de voyageurs européens, avec des textes narratifs et juridiques en langue arabe permet de jeter les bases d’une étude consacrée à l’évolution de la place des étoffes et des vêtements dans le paysage économique et urbain de Damas du xiiie au xvie siècle. Since the 14th century, French language associates a type of textile with the Syrian capital city calling it “damas” or “damassé”. Concerning the textile crafts in Damascus during Modern times, Colette Establet and Jean-Paul Pascual have studied the manufacture, trade and uses of fabrics using Ottoman archives (Establet and Pascual 2005) but, regarding Middle Ages, these questions remain to be explored. The present contribution, by putting into perspective the textile vocabulary mentioned in different textual sources (princely inventories, Italian trades archives, accounts of European travelers) with narrative and legal texts in Arabic language, allows us to initiate a study devoted to the evolution of the place of fabrics and clothing in the economic and urban landscape of Damascus from the 13th to the 16th century.

[ES] Con el proyecto de intervención se busca un enclave urbano realista para dar unidad al barrio de la torre entre sociópolis y el casco urbano. La vivienda se convierte en la solución al problema de los vacíos urbanos, junto con la generación de un mercado de proximidad y una gran plaza pública en el corazón del barrio. Éste conjunto busca crear vida donde actualmente solo existe soledad.

Firms involved in international trade require an active and efficient financial market to facilitate their credit services and this is enhanced by financial openness. This study identified the impact of financial openness on Chinese firms' exports by 386 foreign-owned banks in China from 1996 to 2019 as a quasi-natural experiment. We constructed an estimation technique that combines the parallel trend test (PTT) and propensity score matching (PSM) with difference-in-difference (DID) estimators. We found that the gross and selection effects of financial openness are positive, and significantly increase firms' exports by 27.5%. Moreover, the impact differs for various firms: in terms of scale, small and micro firms benefit the most, and in terms of industry, manufacturing firms achieve the highest growth. Additionally, foreign-owned banks reduce firms' transaction costs and production expenditures, while increasing their total factor productivity (TFP) and credit alternatives.

Using data on international equity portfolio allocations by U.S. mutual funds, we estimate a portfolio expression derived from a standard mean-variance portfolio model extended with portfolio frictions. The optimal portfolio depends on the previous month and the buy-and-hold portfolio shares, and a present discounted value of expected excess returns. We estimate expected return differentials and use them in the portfolio regressions. The estimates imply significant portfolio frictions and a modest rate of risk aversion. While mutual fund portfolios significantly respond to expected returns, portfolio frictions lead to a weaker and a more gradual portfolio response to changes in expected returns. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.

The European Parliament has approved new legislation, the Digital Services Act (DSA) and Digital Markets Act (DMA) to improve the functioning of the internal market of intermediary services in the European Union (EU) where there is a risk that the major so-called gatekeeper companies can exercise unfair control of core platform services. The purpose of this study was to investigate, what health information systems could be in the scopes of these acts and what requirements the acts may have for the production, the sale and the use of health information systems. The act texts were examined bearing in mind what types of health information systems exist and what their user bases are. Those health information systems that can belong or do not belong to the groups of systems regulated by the DMA and DSA were identified. The most relevant requirements for these systems were also identified from these acts. The result of the study is that these acts have only minor consequences for the healthcare information systems sector as they are not often intermediary (hosting) services in the meaning of the DSA or gatekeepers in the meaning of the DMA. The emerging digital healthcare platforms are most affected by the new DSA and secondly such peer support patient portals where patients can supply content for others to see. Apparently, no digital healthcare platform has yet reached such a size or a dominant role within the EU that it would fall under the scope of the DMA. The two above mentioned healthcare related intermediary services have due diligence obligations to remove illegal contents from their services and to treat their business and consumer customers fairly. The obligations include clear and fair terms and conditions, the provision of a single point of contact for users and authorities, content moderation, complaint handling, marking advertising clearly, annual reporting, and responding to the contacts from the authorities. The obligations increase when the size of the enterprise increases. It is still too early to produce healthcare information systems specific guidance to support the implementation of these two acts as the acts themselves and potential upcoming general guidance documents can serve the health information systems community sufficiently well. publishedVersion

This paper aims to assess the impact of EU energy and climate policy as a response to Russia’s war in Ukraine on the EU decarbonization enterprise. It showcases how the Russian invasion was a crunch point that forced the EU to abandon its liberal market dogma and embrace in practice an open strategic autonomy approach. This led to an updated energy and climate policy, with significant changes underpinning its main pillars, interdependence, diversification, and the focus of market regulation and build-up. The reversal of enforced interdependence with Russia and the legislative barrage to support and build-up a domestic clean energy market unlocks significant emission reduction potential, with measures targeting energy efficiency, solar, wind, and hydrogen development; an urban renewable revolution and electricity and carbon market reforms standing out. Such positive decarbonization effects, however, are weakened by source and fuel diversification moves that extend to coal and shale gas, especially when leading to an infrastructure build-up and locking-in gas use in the mid-term. Despite these caveats, the analysis overall vindicates the hypothesis that geopolitics constitutes a facilitator and accelerator of EU energy transition.

PurposeThis study investigates the effect of unproven energy reserve news on the volatility of energy firms' stocks. Thus, investors' perception of unproven energy reserves is revealed. Additionally, the study aims to determine whether the effect of the news changes according to time and volatility level.Design/methodology/approachThe general autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) models consist of the energy reserve exploration news in Turkey for the period 2009–2022 and the volatility of 14 energy stocks.FindingsThe results indicate energy exploration news's negative and significant effect on volatility. According to empirical results, energy stock volatility is most affected in the first ten days. Besides, the results show that the significant models of energy reserve news in low-volatility stocks are proportionally higher than in high-volatility stocks.Research limitations/implicationsOnly unproved reserve news is included in the analysis, as sufficient confirmed reserves could not be reached during the sampling period. Further studies can compare proven and unproved reserve news effects. Additionally, a similar analysis can be conducted between Turkey and another country with a similar socio-economic character to examine different investor behaviors.Practical implicationsThis research includes indications on managing investors' reactions to unproven energy reserve news.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by analyzing unproven reserves. Contrary to previous studies, examining stock volatility also makes the study unique.

The bacteriological profile of palm oil sale sites in selected markets in Kaduna state, Nigeria were evaluated using standard techniques by collecting a (60) soil samples. Aside from bacteriological profile, pH, moisture content, temperature and lipase activity analyzed. The soil samples had pH that ranged from acidic to neutral (3.0-8.00) which indicates the presence of hydrolytic enzymes. Microorganisms isolated from soil samples palm oil sale sites were screened from their lipase producing ability. A total of (10) ten bacteria belonging to the genera Bacillus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptobacillus, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. The lipolytic activity of the bacteria when screened on solid agar ranged for 1.1 to 3.2cm, 2.3-3.7cm, 2.3-6.7cm at 24, 48 and 72hours respectively while that of fungal species ranged from 0.6 to12cm, 0.3-1.5cm and 1.1-1. 7cm at 3,7,14 days of incubation respectively. Exo-enzyme was produced from the various species screened for lipolytic activities. The study shows that Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma spp. had high potential.

This paper studies how a market is being structured around Hyperloop, the hyper-speed train proposed in 2013 by Elon Musk. We show that Hyperloop carries the mythology, in the Barthian sense, of the possibility for humans to master time and space. We link semiology and materiality and show that meaning is constructed through texts and narrative. Their specificity can influence the structure of markets and what circulates in them. We develop the concept of ambiguous materiality: a dichotomy between the materiality of a technological object and its markets, enabled by the mythological nature of the object.

In Theorien des Ökonomischen wird die Frage nach der Entstehung von Märkten vergleichsweise randständig behandelt. Wie der Artikel zeigt, lassen sich die dominanten Erklärungsmuster in drei Gruppen zusammenfassen, die jeweils einem idealtypischen Leitkonzept der Marktgestaltung folgen: wechselseitige Anpassung, Organisation und soziale Felder. Während Theorien der wechselseitigen Anpassung von der quasi-natürlichen Genese von Märkten im Prozess reziproker Anerkennungsprozesse der Marktteilnehmer ausgehen, fokussieren Organisationstheorien die bewusste Gestaltung relevanter Institutionen, insbesondere, aber nicht nur durch den Staat. Die durch Bourdieu und Fligstein inspirierte Theorie sozialer Felder nimmt die außerökonomische Einbettung von Marktentstehungsprozessen in den Blick, liefert jedoch keinen genuinen Beitrag zur Interpretation solcher Prozesse im engeren Sinne. Der eingehende analytische Vergleich der jeweiligen Literatur zeigt die Anwendbarkeit der jeweiligen Erklärungsmuster. So betrifft das Phänomen der wechselseitigen Anpassung vor allem ungeplante Prozesse und Märkte mit starker Produktdifferenzierung, das Phänomen der Organisation hingegen vor allem „gerahmte“ Märkte für standardisierte Produkte sowie Wertpapiermärkte. Theorien sozialer Felder adressieren übergreifend den sozialen Kontext und die Machtkämpfe, in denen Märkte als politisch-kulturelle Strukturen ausgehandelt werden. Auf Basis dieser Beobachtung plädiert der Beitrag für eine integrierende Perspektive, die die Vorteile der jeweiligen Ansätze ohne Reduktion auf ein Paradigma in sich vereint., The question of how markets emerge has gained comparatively little attention in economic theory. As the paper demonstrates, the dominant patterns of explanation can be distinguished into three groups, each of which representing an ideal-typical approach regarding market fashioning: mutual adjustment, organization, and fields. Whereas theories of mutual adjustment assume markets to emerge in a “natural” manner from market actors’ mutual orientation, theories of organization focus on the deliberate design of relevant institutions by the state and equivalent actors. Field theories of Bourdieu and Fligstein center on how processes of markets emerging are embedded into contexts, yet do not provide a genuine explanation of these processes in a narrower sense. Comparing the relevant literature permits identifying which processes each pattern serves to explain empirically. While mutual adjustment applies to undesigned processes and markets characterized by a vastly differentiated set of products, organization as a phenomenon can be found primarily in “framed” markets for standardized products and in the securities market. Social field theories address the overarching social contexts and power struggles concerning markets as political and cultural structures. Based on these observations, the paper argues for an integrating perspective which benefits from the advantages of each approach but rejects being pinned down to one single paradigm.

Resumen Este artículo revisa y discute las observaciones del profesor Maxi Nieto sobre algunos temas importantes de la moderna teoría del socialismo. En particular, su interpretación del argumento contra la "posibilidad" del cálculo económico sin derechos de propiedad privada desarrollado por la nueva generación de autores de la escuela austriaca. Centra la atención en cuestiones metodológicas para resaltar las deficiencias teóricas de algunas de las principales ideas defendidas por Nieto. También analiza su propuesta del ciber-comunismo como alternativa para superar el desafío del cálculo económico a través de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Argumenta que su análisis es superficial y que el desafío de los austriacos sobre la imposibilidad del socialismo sigue siendo sólido. Abstract This article reviews and discusses Professor Maxi Nieto's observations on some major topics in in the modern theory of socialism. Notably, his interpretation of the argument against the "possibility" of economic calculus without private property rights developed by the new generation of Austrian school authors. It focuses on methodological issues to highlight the theoretical deficiencies of some of the leading ideas defended by Nieto. It also analyzes his proposal of cyber-communism as an alternative to overcome the challenge of economic calculation through the new information and communication technologies. It argues that his analysis is superficial and that the Austrian' challenge on the impossibility of socialism remains sound. Resumo Este artigo revisa e discute as observações do professor Maxi Nieto sobre algumas questões importantes na teoria do socialismo moderno. Notavelmente, sua interpretação do argumento contra a "possibilidade" de cálculo económico sem direitos de propriedade privada desenvolvido pela nova geração de autores da escola austríaca. Concentra em questões metodológicas para destacar as lacunas teóricas de algumas das principais ideias defendidas por Nieto. Analisa também sua proposta de ciber-comunismo como alternativa para superar o desafio do cálculo económico por meio das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Argumenta que sua análise é superficial e que o desafio austríaco sobre a impossibilidade do socialismo permanece sólido.

In recent sustainability transitions research, more attention has been called to dynamic relations between regimes and niches in complex processes of systemic change. In this paper, we provide the case of meat alternative markets, which have been expanding rapidly in Europe and in Northern America. During this expansion, animal-free alternatives are in a contradictory situation. In aiming to carve out market space for these products the aim is to be as similar to meat as possible. In this paper we study how, in Finland, the niche actors have situated themselves within the regime by detaching from the first generation of plant-based foods and attaching to shared rules, materialities and cultural meanings in the meat regime. We discuss how the concepts of detachment and attachment can help in understanding further the transitional pathways created as niches aim to fit-and-transform the rules of the market, and the regime. Highlights • Transition potential of meat alternatives in Finnish food markets is studied. • Detachment from niche products required for mainstreaming meat alternatives. • Attachment to values of meat in everyday food practices anchor the niches to regime. • Practices of de/attachment reconfigure the regime-niche relations in food markets.

研究ノート, The study of economics is a driving force in all modern economies. With government policy affecting all areas of society, it is important to not discount various ways of observing how societies function. The trend in the decades of the new century has ensured that the focus of most government policy continues to follow a singular track, close observations at how markets function endures. This research note seeks to advance an established idea that within the context of greater government interventions are put forth via overwhelmingly popular theories regardless of their aggregate effectiveness., 経済学の研究は、すべての現代経済における原動力です。政府の政策は社会のあらゆる 分野に影響を及ぼしているため、社会がどのように機能するかを観察するさまざまな方法 を軽視しないことが重要です。新世紀の数十年の傾向は、ほとんどの政府の政策の焦点が、 市場の機能がどのように持続するかについての単一の道をたどり、綿密な観察を続けるこ とを確実にしました。この研究ノートは、圧倒的な既存の理論を介して出されたより大き な政府の介入の文脈の中で確立されたアイデアを前進させることを目指しています。

This study examined the influence of tail risks on global financial markets, which aids in better understanding of the emergence of COVID-19. This study looks at the global and Vietnamese stock markets impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic to identify systemic emergencies. Risk dependent value (CoVaR) and Delta link VaR are two important tail-related risk indicators used in Conditional Bivariate Dynamic Correlation (DCC) (CoVaR). The empirical findings demonstrate that when COVID-19's worldwide spread widens, the volatility transmission of systemic risks across the global stock market and multiple exchanges shifts and becomes more relevant over time. At the time of COVID-19, the world industrial market was larger than the Vietnamese stock market, and the Vietnamese stock market posed a lesser danger to the global market. A closer examination of the link between the Vietnam value-at-risk (VaR) range index sample and the world stock index indicates a significant degree of downside risk integration in key monetary systems, particularly during the COVID-19 era. Our study findings may help regulators, politicians, and portfolio risk managers in Vietnam and worldwide during the unique moment of uncertainty created by the COVID-19 epidemic.

Under normal circumstances, competitive markets do an excellent job of supplying the goods that members of society want and need. But in an emergency like a pandemic, unassisted markets may not suffice. Imagine, for example, that society suddenly needs to obtain tens (or even hundreds) of millions of COVID-19 virus test kits a week. Test kits for this virus are a new product, and so it may not even be clear who the relevant set of manufacturers are. If we had the luxury of time, a laissez-faire market might identify these manufacturers: the price of test kits would adjust until supply matched demand. But getting a new market of this size to equilibrate quickly is unrealistic. Furthermore, markets don’t work well when there are concentrations of power on either the buying or selling side, as there might well be here. Finally, a test is, in part, a public good (its benefits go not just to the person being tested, but everyone he might come in contact with), and markets do not usually provide public goods adequately. Fortunately, mechanism design can be enlisted to help.

The Covid-19 crisis has once again brought the role of the state in the capitalist economy to the fore. Rather than viewing this as a ‘return of the state’, this article conceptualises the current dynamic in terms of a reconfiguration of the roles the state plays, distinguishing between a market-creating, a market-correcting, a market-intervening, and a market-directing role, with each role having both an internal and an external dimension. This conceptual mapping of the diversity of state-capital configurations is then applied to offer a novel reading of the recent capitalist state trajectories of the US and of China. We conclude that there is–notwithstanding persistent differences–a relative convergence inasmuch as the still strongly market-directing Chinese state also has at the same come to embrace a global market-creating role, while the US is now also showing signs of a stronger emphasis on market-direction.

RESUMEN Se examinan cuatro aproximaciones sobre los procesos y limitaciones de los mercados, y los de no mercado: Smith, Arrow, Becker y Roth. Smith centra la atención en el sentimiento moral de la simpatía, Arrow pone el énfasis en las asimetrías lógicas que se presentan entre la elección individual y la colectiva, Becker busca ampliar el sistema de precios a través de los incentivos y Roth destaca la relevancia de la sicología y de la conducta humana. ABSTRACT Four approaches to the processes and limitations of markings, and those of non-market, are examined: Smith, Arrow, Becker and Roth. Smith focuses on the moral feeling of sympathy, Arrow emphasizes the logical asymmetries that arise between individual and collective choice, Becker seeks to expand the price system through incentives, and Roth highlights the relevance of psychology and human behavior.

[ES] En el presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado (TFG) se analiza el formato de comercio electrónico, concretamente el modelo de dropshipping que permite emprender con pocos recursos teniendo competencias de gestión de negocio y digitales. Este modelo elimina la necesidad de disponer de un stock físico y reduce los gastos logísticos ganando competitividad. El trabajo desarrolla la puesta en marcha de Egocentric Shop, una empresa que aplica el dropshipping para la venta de productos de joyería, abordando los aspectos que deben considerarse en el proceso de creación y en el desarrollo de su actividad. Para la correcta definición de la estrategia de negocio resulta útil llevar a cabo un análisis de la situación del comercio electrónico en el sector en el que operará la empresa. Asimismo, mediante una investigación comercial pueden identificarse las oportunidades de negocio en el mercado que puede aprovechar la empresa, mientras que con un test de concepto se estudian los hábitos de compra de los consumidores y la valoración del modelo de negocio que se propone. La viabilidad de la empresa también depende del diseño de un plan de marketing adecuado y del planteamiento de un escenario económico-financiero realista que permite examinar si el negocio es viable desde esta perspectiva., [EN] In this Bachelor´s Thesis, the electronic commerce format is analyzed, specifically the dropshipping model that allows entrepreneurship with few resources having business and digital management skills. This model eliminates the need to have a physical stock and reduces logistics costs, gaining competitiveness. The work develops the start-up of Egocentric Shop, a company that applies dropshipping for the sale of jewelry products, addressing the aspects that must be considered in the creation process and in the development of its activity. For the correct definition of the business strategy, it is useful to carry out an analysis of the situation of electronic commerce in the sector in which the company will operate. Likewise, through commercial research, the business opportunities in the market that the company can take advantage of can be identified, while a concept test studies the purchasing habits of consumers and the assessment of the proposed business model. The viability of the company also depends on the design of a suitable marketing plan and the establishment of a realistic economic-financial scenario that allows to examine whether the business is viable from this perspective., [CA] En el present Treball de Fi de Grau (TFG) s'analitza el format de comerç electrònic, concretament el model de dropshipping que permet emprendre amb pocs recursos tenint competències de gestió de negoci i digitals. Aquest model elimina la necessitat de disposar d'un estoc físic i reduïx les despeses logístiques guanyant competitivitat. El treball desenvolupa la creació d’Egocentric Shop, una empresa que aplica el dropshipping per a la venda de productes de joieria, abordant els aspectes que s'han de considerar en el procés d’establiment i en el desenvolupament de la seua activitat. Per a la correcta definició de l'estratègia de negoci és útil dur a terme una anàlisi de la situació del comerç electrònic en el sector en què operarà l'empresa. Així mateix, mitjançant una investigació comercial poden identificar-se les oportunitats de negoci al mercat que pot aprofitar l'empresa, mentre que amb un test de concepte s'estudien els hàbits de compra dels consumidors i la valoració del model de negoci que es proposa. La viabilitat de l'empresa també depén del disseny d'un pla de màrqueting adequat i del plantejament d'un escenari econòmic i financer realista que permet examinar si el negoci és viable des d'aquesta perspectiva.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had immediate and cascading impacts on global agricultural systems. In Senegal, the immediate impacts include inaccessibility of inputs due to disruption in markets and supply chains, availability of labor, and changes in crop and livestock management practices. To understand the range of impacts on the biophysical and socioeconomic dimensions of smallholder farming systems, a survey was designed to identify the risk factors, assess the impacts, and explore appropriate mitigation strategies. The survey was administered to 917 smallholder farmers in 14 regions of Senegal in collaboration with a national farmer’s organization and the Senegalese Institute of Agricultural Research (ISRA). The sample was comprised of farmers (men and women) and was stratified in each region to ensure representation from all agroecological zones of the country. The survey examined variables such as access to inputs, ability to plant, impacts on yields, markets, labor, the gendered division of labor, food security, and community well-being. The survey response indicated that 77.7% of respondents experienced a reduction in access to inputs, 70.3% experienced a reduction in ability to plant crops during the planting season, 57.1% experienced a reduction in ability to rent farm machinery, and 69.2% reported a reduction in yields. Similar findings were observed for labor, market conditions, and adaptation measures to reduce the impacts on farming systems and household livelihoods. This study advances the research on characterizing risk factors, assessing the impacts, and designing mitigation strategies for strengthening smallholder farming systems resilience to future shocks.

В статье рассматриваются современные тенденции антикризисного маркетинга и развития рынка, SEO-оптимизации для повышения органического позиционирования в интернете. Представлен авторский взгляд на элементы комплекса маркетинга в контексте кризисных ситуаций. В заключении обозначены актуальные тенденции и тренды маркетинга на 2023 год., The article discusses modern trends in anti-crisis marketing and market development, SEO optimization to increase organic positioning on the Internet. An author's view of the elements of the marketing complex in the context of crisis situations is presented. In conclusion, the current trends and trends of marketing for 2023 are outlined., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 2 (151) 2023, Pages 1298-1301

This paper studies the impact of a key feature of competitive markets on moral behavior: the possibility that a competitor will step in and conclude the deal if a conscientious market actor forgoes a profitable business opportunity for ethical reasons. We study experimentally whether people employ the argument "if I don't do it, someone else will" to justify taking a narrowly self-interested action. Our data reveal a clear pattern. Subjects do not employ the "replacement excuse" if a social norm exists that classifies the selfish action as immoral. But if no social norm exists, subjects are more inclined to take a selfish action in situations where another subject can otherwise take it. By demonstrating the importance of social norms of moral behavior for limiting the power of the replacement excuse, our paper informs the long-standing debate on the effect of markets on morals.

In this article, during the years of independence in the city of Jizzakh, the reconstruction of the city was carried out, it became necessary to adapt the old city to the requirements of the time, and the main criterion for the construction of the city of Jizzakh was to create comfort for the population, large-scale reconstruction work was carried out in the center of the region, the old the city by the need to build and adapt to changing requirements, create conditions for the normal production of the population by renewing cities one by one, while the renewal of the urban reconstruction society is an important and integral part of the development of urban planning, it is argued that its goal is to meet the ever-growing spiritual and material needs people, a radical improvement in working conditions, life and recreation of the population.

How crises-proof is really the EU and what can be done to improve its crisis management capabilities? The first thematic block of this volume is titled States in Crises and it primarily focuses on the EU and how its architecture and policies could be made more efficient, resilient and democratic. Complementarily, the second thematic block Markets in Transition bring more sector-specific stories. In the past, crises were often stimulative for the promotion of EU integration. However, it would be naive to conclude that more crises will lead to more integration, especially if they will take the asymmetric form, hitting some parts of the Union different than the rest. Some relatively recent crises. such as the EU’s financial crisis led to new and reinforced architecture in the form of banking union, notwithstanding additional work that needs to be done. Other crises with more asymmetric effects, such as the migration crisis, are still lingering in the absence of an agreement on how to best tackle it together. Overcoming crises requires solidarity and the best way to ensure it among member states is to identify enlightened self-interest and see how it is tightly intervowen with mutual interdependence. Sooner or later, rising global interconnectedness and rapidly changing environment makes somebody else’s problem your problem. Therefore, preventing excessive concentration of power at the higher levels of hierarchy while at the same time being able to pool joint resources when it is reasonable to expect that common efforts add value is a golden formula. To provide a fresh example, letting European Commission issue new bonds in the context of current energy crisis would set a bad legal precedent and represent a pro-cyclical fiscal policy. On the other hand member states’ reluctance to embrace some degree of resource pooling for strictly supporting the provision of EU-wide public goods would be equally bad. Overall, there are ten interesting and complementary contributions in this issue, despite authors’ diverse academic and professional backgrounds. Hence, in the next couple of pages I will try to do justice to each of the contribution and distil their key ideas and arguments. For the sake of clarity and coherence, they will be divided into three sections: Reforming the EMU, Agriculture-Climate-Energy Nexus and Industrial Policy, Technology and the Geopolitics of Standard-Setting. Hopefully, readers will enjoy all ten contributions, broaden their horizons and leverage authors’ ideas in their academic, professional and civic endeavours.

Markets are increasingly perceived as malleable systems constituted by actors that endogenously generate and shape the market. This view extends the traditional market view beyond the buyer-seller dyad and encompasses both directly market-related actors such as companies, suppliers, and buyers but also nonmarket actors such as regulators, lobbyists, journalists, activists, and the wider public. This alternative view has led to the emergence of market-shaping strategies, which refer to a focal company’s deliberate efforts to alter market characteristics, such as price levels or nonmarket elements, such as regulations, in its favor. Most descriptions of market-shaping strategies suggest that they influence both the market and nonmarket environments synergistically, and thus resemble the concept of an integrated strategy. However, given the systemic nature of markets, a company shaping a market may need to combine intended actions aimed at realizing the focal company’s market-shaping vision and emergent actions as response to emerging system dynamics. This implies that a market-shaping strategy may be constituted by different strategies with different but synergistic goals unified by the overarching goal of realizing the focal company’s market-shaping goal. In other words, a market-shaping strategy may be a strategy of strategies – a meta-strategy. Moreover, previous research has indicated the significant potential of market-shaping strategies to improve the financial performance of companies as well as the overall market performance by increasing market size, market growth and value creation. However, despite this potential, the notion of market-shaping strategies has remained conceptually and empirically underdeveloped. This dissertation seeks to improve our understanding of market-shaping strategies by analyzing the constituent dimensions of market-shaping strategies and by presenting new empirical insights into how such strategies are employed. Hereby, two papers synthesize extant literature on market-shaping to analyze and conceptualize the underlying process of market-shaping strategies as well as a typology of distinct market-shaping strategies. The other two papers provide new empirical evidence concerning the employment of market-shaping strategies by investigating the influence of market-shaping roles and capabilities on the market-shaping efforts of a focal company. Drawing on the findings in the appended papers, this dissertation examines market-shaping strategies from the perspective of a market, nonmarket, integrated, and meta-strategy to reduce the concept’s theoretical and conceptual ambiguity and enhance our conceptual and empirical knowledge of how market-shaping strategies are construed and employed. This dissertation proposes market-shaping to be a meta-strategy of different integrated strategies focused on shaping both the market and nonmarket environment, while mitigating system dynamics and pursuing the overarching goal of shaping a market. This meta-strategic perspective provides a more nuanced and structured approach to understanding market-shaping strategies, reducing ambiguity, and emphasizing the interrelations between different environments and strategies. Through this structured approach, the interrelations between the different environments and strategies are emphasized, rendering dynamics and synergies between the two more comprehensible and highlighting the necessity for systemic strategies. Thereby, this dissertation contributes to the literature on market shaping by providing a more detailed understanding of the nature and dimensions of market-shaping strategies, and how such strategies are employed by companies in practice. Through this effort, several theoretical and managerial implications are proposed as well as policy implications suggested that indicate a potential dark side of market-shaping strategies. Marknader uppfattas alltmer som formbara system som består av aktörer som skapar och formar marknaden. Detta synsätt utvidgar det traditionella perspektivet på marknader till att omfatta både direkt marknadsrelaterade aktörer som företag, leverantörer och kunder samt icke-marknadsaktörer som tillsynsmyndigheter, lobbyister, journalister, aktivister och allmänheten. Detta alternativa synsätt har lett till framväxten av forskning om marknadsskapande strategier, som avser ett fokusföretags avsiktliga ansträngningar att förändra marknaders egenskaper, t.ex. prisnivåer, eller regleringar, till sin fördel. De flesta beskrivningar av marknadsformande strategier antyder att de påverkar både marknads- och icke-marknadsmiljön på ett synergistiskt sätt, och liknar därmed begreppet integrerad strategi. Med tanke på marknadernas systemiska karaktär kan ett företag som formar en marknad dock behöva kombinera avsedda åtgärder som syftar till att förverkliga det centrala företagets marknadsformande vision och framväxande åtgärder som svar på framväxande systemdynamik. Detta innebär att en marknadsformande strategi kan bestå av olika strategier med olika men synergistiska mål som förenas av det övergripande målet att förverkliga det centrala företagets marknadsformande mål. Med andra ord kan en marknadsformande strategi vara en strategi av strategier - en metastrategi. Tidigare forskning har dessutom visat att marknadsformande strategier har en betydande potential att förbättra företagens ekonomiska resultat och den totala marknadens resultat genom att öka marknadsstorleken, marknadstillväxten och värdeskapandet. Trots denna potential har begreppet marknadsformande strategier förblivit konceptuellt och empiriskt underutvecklat. Denna avhandling syftar till att förbättra vår förståelse av marknadsskapande strategier genom att analysera strategiernas ingående dimensioner samt genom att presentera nya empiriska insikter om hur sådana strategier används. I två artiklar sammanfattas den befintliga litteraturen om marknadsskapande för att analysera och konceptualisera den underliggande processen samt en typologi för olika marknadsskapande strategier. De andra två artiklarna ger nya empiriska belägg för användningen av marknadsskapande strategier genom att undersöka hur roller och förmågor påverkar marknadsskapande hos olika företag. Med utgångspunkt i resultaten i de bifogade artiklarna undersöker denna avhandling marknadskapande strategier ur ett marknadsperspektiv, ett icke-marknadsperspektiv, ett integrerat perspektiv och ett metastrategiskt perspektiv för att minska begreppets teoretiska och begreppsmässiga tvetydighet och öka vår begreppsmässiga och empiriska kunskap om hur marknadsskapande strategier konstrueras och används. I denna avhandling föreslås att marknadsskapande är en metastrategi med olika integrerade strategier som är inriktade på att forma både marknads- och icke-marknadsmiljön, samtidigt som systemdynamiken mildras och det övergripande målet att forma en marknad eftersträvas. Detta metastrategiska perspektiv ger ett mer nyanserat och strukturerat tillvägagångssätt för att förstå marknadsskapande strategier, minska tvetydigheten och betona sambanden mellan olika kontexter och strategier. Genom detta strukturerade tillvägagångssätt betonas sambanden mellan olika kontexter och strategier, vilket gör dynamiken och synergieffekterna mellan de två mer begripliga och framhäver behovet av systemiska strategier. Därmed bidrar denna avhandling till litteraturen om marknadsskapande genom att ge en mer detaljerad förståelse för karaktären och dimensionerna av marknadsskapande strategier och hur sådana strategier används av företag i praktiken. Genom detta arbete föreslås flera teoretiska och praktiska implikationer samt politiska implikationer som visar på en potentiell mörk sida av marknadsskapande strategier. 2023-04-11: ISBN (PDF) has been added in the E-version.

Students will explore the food of Senegal, including traditional dishes and food sources. They will compare them with those of North Carolina, and discuss regions and why some items are more common in specific areas (rural, urban, coastal). They will also compare markets and stores in North Carolina and Senegal.

The importance of signs in the functioning of the contemporary economy has tended to be doubly underestimated by sociologists, by being restricted to the sphere of consumption on the one hand, and to instituted signs on the other. Peirce’s concepts, and in particular that which refers to the contextualized evolution of a sign (semiosis), can remedy this situation by enriching the sociology of markets. Coordination between buyers and sellers is based on a process of transmission and reception of different types of signs: some are stabilized and the interpretation “flows naturally” – these are the conventions well identified by economic sociologists –, while others are more ambiguous and leave a great deal of room for indeterminacy. In the latter case, the concept of semiosis makes it possible to finely identify the techniques used by actors to buy or sell in situations of uncertainty. After presenting Peirce’s conceptual architecture, this paper illustrates the interest of such an import from a case study centered on the role of stock market indices in the functioning of contemporary financial markets

Преобразование международной логистической цепочки в цифровую форму, электронная торговля создает новые возможности для глобальной экономики, формируя новые тенденции потребления. Стремительно развивающаяся, особенно в условиях пандемии и закрытых границ, электронная торговля, коренным образом изменила способ сбыта, продажи и покупки товаров, обеспечивая более широкий ассортимент, а также совершенствуя варианты отгрузки, оплаты и доставки. Основным элементом эффективного и результативного управления электронной торговлей является использование своевременной и достоверной информации, что могло бы обеспечить заблаговременную оценку рисков и проведение таможенных операций в автоматизиронной среде при минимальной необходимости в физическом контроле., Digitization of the international logistics chain, E-commerce creates new opportunities for the global economy by generating new consumption trends. Rapidly evolving, especially in the context of pandemics and closed borders, e-commerce has fundamentally changed the way goods are marketed, sold and purchased, providing a wider range of products and improving shipping, payment and delivery options. A key element of effective and efficient e-commerce management is the use of timely and reliable information, which could ensure the early assessment of risks and the conduct of customs operations in an automated environment, with minimal need for physical control., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 4 (153) 2023, Pages 964-967

Seaweed has been receiving increasing attention as a novel food source worldwide. To optimally develop seaweed's food provisioning potential, the seaweed value chain requires further understanding. To this end, we used the Food System Approach to review the existing knowledge on seaweed as food source. We identified opportunities, constraints and knowledge needs relevant to fulfilling the potential of seaweed to contribute to food security. Thereby, we especially focus on optimizing and upscaling seaweed production and environmental sustainability. Our review shows that although progress has been made in solving technological issues in seaweed production, major knowledge gaps regarding social and economic factors remain. More attention to these issues can help realize the food potential of seaweed.

Sweden was a major exporter of iron during the early-modern period, but there was also an important domestic steelmaking. We analyse the Swedish iron and steel trade in a long perspective in a European context. Our approach departs from recent discussions on industrial and scientific developments, in which the spheres of “Hand” and “Mind” are brought together, and where artisanal skills and natural resources are highlighted. We emphasise how the migration of people, and movements of materials and knowledge, influenced a process of gradual change. A key feature was the ongoing interactions between working people and educated savants. Our conclusion points to the perseverance of artisanal skills well into the nineteenth century, but also towards new links between work, technology, and markets.

В постпандемийной ситуации восстановления мировой экономики после глубочайшего спада темпов мирового экономического роста из-за COVID-19 в 2020 году, в 2022 г Саудовская Аравия, как страна – крупнейший арабский экспортер нефти, также продолжала восстановление, с одной стороны, своих макроэкономических финансово-бюджетных параметров, а с другой - экономической активности в секторах экономической деятельности. При этом, в связи с сокращением финансовых резервов и темпов хозяйственного роста в условиях сильного падения цен на нефть в 2020 г., актуальным остается вопрос о сохранении финансовой стабильности. Однако, это не снимает задач продолжения ненефтяной экономической диверсификации в национальной экономике., In the post-pandemic situation of the recovery of the world economy after the deepest decline in global economic growth due to COVID-19 in 2020, in 2022, Saudi Arabia, as the largest Arab oil exporter, also continued to restore, on the one hand, its macroeconomic financial and budgetary parameters, and on the other - economic activity in the sectors of economic activity. At the same time, due to the reduction of financial reserves and the pace of economic growth in the face of a strong drop in oil prices in 2020, the issue of maintaining financial stability remains relevant. However, this does not eliminate the tasks of continuing non-oil economic diversification in the national economy., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 11 (148) 2023, Pages 106-112

Bivalve mollusc meat—that from mussels, clams, and oysters—offers a highly sustainable and nutritious alternative to meat from other shellfish, fish, or livestock. However, bivalves are an unpopular mass market food relative to these other meat items, limiting our ability to reap potential environmental and health benefits. Hence, this study aimed to assess current barriers to and drivers for bivalve consumption and investigated whether offering bivalves in a highly transformed (i.e., more processed) product format might help to drive consumption. The United Kingdom was used as a case study, and the study was performed via an online survey. Nutrition and quality of ingredients were key drivers, and price and convenience key barriers to bivalve consumption, with views on taste/smell/texture mixed. The more regularly individuals consumed meat, the more willing they were to try bivalves, and those who thought bivalves were healthier or more environmentally friendly than livestock were more likely to substitute bivalves for meat. Importantly, individuals were more willing to substitute highly transformed than minimally transformed (i.e., unprocessed) meats for bivalves. They were also willing to pay more for highly transformed bivalves than any other highly transformed meat product. We suggest that greater publicity regarding the health and environmental benefits of bivalve meat, and industry engagement to develop and pilot a greater range of appealing, affordable, and convenient bivalve products, are key actions that can help drive growth in the bivalve sector for planetary benefit.

The Peruvian economic system has evolved into what we have currently known as a social market economy linked to the principle of subsidiarity regulated by the state body INDECOPI (National Institute for the Defence of Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property), whose function is to supervise unfair competition activities, provide consumer protection, promote free competition and enforce the principle of efficiency; These norms formulate a set of limits that allow the State to participate as an oversight body but not to be part of business activities unless it is for welfare purposes. Consequently, the proportionality test was established in order to regulate the State's entrepreneurial activity, which verifies the subsidiary nature of the entrepreneurial activity that the State plans to carry out and allows it to intervene in the market only if the private supply does not meet the demand or if there is no supply from the private sector.

Given the wealth inequality worldwide, there is an urgent need to identify the mode of wealth exchange through which it arises. To address the research gap regarding models that combine equivalent exchange and redistribution, this study compares an equivalent market exchange with redistribution based on power centers and a nonequivalent exchange with mutual aid using the Polanyi, Graeber, and Karatani modes of exchange. Two new exchange models based on multi-agent interactions are reconstructed following an econophysics approach for evaluating the Gini index (inequality) and total exchange (economic flow). Exchange simulations indicate that the evaluation parameter of the total exchange divided by the Gini index can be expressed by the same saturated curvilinear approximate equation using the wealth transfer rate and time period of redistribution and the surplus contribution rate of the wealthy and the saving rate. However, considering the coercion of taxes and its associated costs and independence based on the morality of mutual aid, a nonequivalent exchange without return obligation is preferred. This is oriented toward Graeber's baseline communism and Karatani's mode of exchange D, with implications for alternatives to the capitalist economy., 17 pages, 1 table, 7 figures