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The earliest empirical studies on cannabis cultivation focused on large-scale, commercially oriented growers (Weisheit, 1991; Bovenkerk & Hogewind, 2002), or covered rather small samples (Hough et al., 2003). These studies often based their conclusions on police data, and may lead to false perceptions of the prevalence of different types of growers and growing operations and related criminal behaviours (Wilkins & Casswell, 2003), with important consequences for future policy choices. The Global Cannabis Cultivation Research Consortium (GCCRC) is a group of researchers interested in better understanding domestic cannabis cultivation, especially by small-scale growers. In 2011, given the absence of any significant international comparative research, the GCCRC developed the (semi-)standardized International Cannabis Cultivation Questionnaire (ICCQ 1.0) designed to facilitate international comparisons of small-scale cultivation. However, the cannabis policy landscape has changed since 2011, with medical and recreational schemes moving forward in multiple countries. We therefore have many questions about how these new policy settings may be influencing home cannabis growers. In response to the shifting policy landscape, the GCCRC launched their second global cannabis cultivation questionnaire in 2021. The overall aims are twofold; (1) to describe various aspects of small-scale domestic cannabis cultivation; and (2) to conduct comparative analysis of cannabis cultivation across countries and with the original dataset from 2012.

The digital world represents a new frontier for law enforcement operations. The virtual nature of online communications creates challenges regarding legal frameworks and sovereignty that are exacerbated by the inherent context of the digital world, the current state of policing expertise and resources and the detection and reporting rates of cybercrimes. This book chapter presents an informed review of the current state of ‘what works’ in policing both offline and online, providing at each step the context needed to understand how new technologies impact police operations. Our conclusion suggests that new models of policing are indeed needed to effectively police the digital world and that cooperation through nodal governance could improve the ability of police agencies to regulate cyberoffenders.

Supplemental Material, Appendix for Activation of Body-Worn Cameras: Variation by Officer, Over Time, and by Policing Activity by Daniel S. Lawrence, David McClure, Aili Malm, Mathew Lynch and Nancy La Vigne in Criminal Justice Review

This dissertation provides evidence and direction for policy makers dealing with the issue of marijuana production in British Columbia (BC). This document provides a descriptive analysis of the "grow op" industry before moving into a spatial analysis of the effect of police tactical teams (green teams) on grow operations. The final chapters focus on the involvement of organized crime in the marijuana production industry and employ a social network analysis (SNA) framework to illustrate the involvement of different clusters of criminal associations. Using the case of Vietnamese drug p roduction as an example, SNA and geographic information systems (GIS) analyses techniques are combined to assess the spatial and social linkage patterns in statistical and visual terms. The descriptive analysis of police records shows that marijuana "grow ops" increased dramatically from 1997 through 2000, before levelling out by the end of the collection period in 2003. A significant increase in the number of suspects of Vietnamese origin was also noted. The police hypothesize that Vietnamese criminal organizations have effectively taken over the production of marijuana in certain jurisdictions and that they work with other criminal organizations (i.e. Hells Angels and Southeast Asian Groups) to distribute the drugs. The results suggest that those areas with specialized anti-grow (or "green") teams show a significant decrease in grow operations in their jurisdiction. Compared to the rate of increase in the period preceding green team implementation, the treatment jurisdict ions experienced an 82% decline in marijuana cultivation facil ities. Neighboring control areas experienced a 7% increase in grow operations post-treatment. The network analysis of drug production networks illustrates that the criminal networks involved in drug production are spatially constrained. It also shows that the distance between individuals in the drug production criminal network and their associates varies systematically with network characteristics (centrality measures) but not with demographics or criminal history variables. Of particular importance to police investigation into criminal organizations is the finding that central figures in the network, individuals high in betweenness, degree and closeness centrality, travel farther to associates and place themselves on the geographic periphery of the network habitat.