28 results on '"Malva, João"'
Search Results
2. Additional file 1 of Unhealthy lifestyles, environment, well-being and health capability in rural neighbourhoods: a community-based cross-sectional study
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Azul, Anabela Marisa, Almendra, Ricardo, Quatorze, Marta, Loureiro, Adriana, Reis, Flávio, Tavares, Rui, Mota-Pinto, Anabela, Cunha, António, Rama, Luís, Malva, João Oliveira, Santana, Paula, and Ramalho-Santos, João
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ComputingMethodologies_GENERAL - Abstract
Additional file 1: Table S1. Evidence-based data by neighbourhoods’ type.
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- 2021
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3. (Un)Healthy Lifestyles, Environment, Well-being and Health Capability in Rural Neighbourhoods: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study
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Azul, Anabela Marisa, Almendra, Ricardo, Quatorze, Marta, Loureiro, Adriana, Reis, Flávio, Tavares, Rui, Mota-Pinto, Anabela, Cunha, António, Rama, Luís, Malva, João Oliveira, Santana, Paula, Ramalho-Santos, João, Sandholdt, Catharina Thiel, and Kristiansen, Maria
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Adult ,Male ,Rural Population ,Built environment ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Participatory community-based research ,Áreas rurais ,Overweight ,Rural areas ,Body Mass Index ,Environmental health ,Health care ,Humans ,Medicine ,Social determinants of health ,Non-communicable diseases ,Life Style ,Socioeconomic status ,Neighbourhood (mathematics) ,Natural environment ,Aged ,Doenças Não-comunicáveis ,business.industry ,Public health ,Estilos de vida saudáveis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Perda de saúde ,Health loss ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Health capability ,Female ,Ambiente natural ,Qualitative driven mixed-methods ,Waist Circumference ,medicine.symptom ,Rural area ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,business ,Healthy lifestyles ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Non-communicable diseases are a leading cause of health loss worldwide, in part due to unhealthy lifestyles. Metabolic-based diseases are rising with an unhealthy body-mass index (BMI) in rural areas as the main risk factor in adults, which may be amplified by wider determinants of health. Changes in rural environments reflect the need of better understanding the factors affecting the self-ability for making balanced decisions. We assessed whether unhealthy lifestyles and environment in rural neighbourhoods are reflected into metabolic risks and health capability. Methods We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in 15 Portuguese rural neighbourhoods to describe individuals’ health functioning condition and to characterize the community environment. We followed a qualitatively driven mixed-method design to gather information about evidence-based data, lifestyles and neighbourhood satisfaction (incorporated in eVida technology), within a random sample of 270 individuals, and in-depth interviews to 107 individuals, to uncover whether environment influence the ability for improving or pursuing heath and well-being. Results Men showed to have a 75% higher probability of being overweight than women (p-value = 0.0954); and the reporting of health loss risks was higher in women (RR: 1.48; p-value = 0.122), individuals with larger waist circumference (RR: 2.21; IC: 1.19; 4.27), overweight and obesity (RR: 1.38; p-value = 0.293) and aged over 75 years (RR: 1.78; p-value = 0.235; when compared with participants under 40 years old). Metabolic risks were more associated to BMI and physical activity than diet (or sleeping habits). Overall, metabolic risk linked to BMI was higher in small villages than in municipalities. Seven dimensions, economic development, built (and natural) environment, social network, health care, demography, active lifestyles, and mobility, reflected the self-perceptions in place affecting the individual ability to make healthy choices. Qualitative data exposed asymmetries in surrounding environments among neighbourhoods and uncovered the natural environment and natural resources specifies as the main value of rural well-being. Conclusions Metabolic risk factors reflect unhealthy lifestyles and can be associated with environment contextual-dependent circumstances. People-centred approaches highlight wider socioeconomic and (natural) environmental determinants reflecting health needs, health expectations and health capability. Our community-based program and cross-disciplinary research provides insights that may improve health-promoting changes in rural neighbourhoods.
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- 2020
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4. ARIA pharmacy 2018: Allergic rhinitis care pathways for community pharmacy
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Bosnic-Anticevich, Sinthia, Costa, Elísio, Menditto, Enrica, Lourenço, Olga, Novellino, Ettore, Bialek, Slawomir, Briedis, Vitalis, Buonaiuto, Roland, Chrystyn, Henry, Cvetkovski, Biljana, Di Capua, Stefania, Sousa, Jaime Correia de, De Carlo, Giuseppe, Demoly, Pascal, Devillier, Philippe, Dykewicz, Mark S, Gaga, Mina, El-Gamal, Yehia, Fonseca, João, Fokkens, Wytske J, Kuna, Piotr, Kowalski, Marek, Guzmán, Maria Antonieta, Haahtela, Tari, Hellings, Peter W, Illario, Maddalena, Ivancevich, Juan Carlos, Just, Jocelyne, Kaidashev, Igor, Khaitov, Musa, Khaltaev, Nikolai, Keil, Thomas, Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée, Kvedariene, Violeta, Klimek, Ludger, Laune, Daniel, Le, Lan T T, Lodrup Carlsen, Karin C, Mahboub, Bassam, Maier, Dieter, Malva, João, Manning, Patrick J, Okamoto, Yoshitaka, Ohta, Ken, Almeida, Mário Morais, Mösges, Ralph, Mullol, Joaquim, Münter, Lars, Murray, Ruth, Naclerio, Robert, Namazova-Baranova, Leyla, Nekam, Kristof, Nyembue, Tshipukane Dieudonné, Okubo, Kimi, Palkonen, Susanna, Onorato, Gabrielle L, O'Hehir, Robyn E, Panzner, Petr, Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G, Park, Hae-Sim, Pawankar, Ruby, Pfaar, Oliver, Phillips, Jim, Plavec, Davor, Stellato, Cristiana, Somekh, David, Popov, Todor A, Potter, Paul C, Prokopakis, Emmanuel P, Roller-Wirnsberger, Regina E, Rottem, Menachem, Ryan, Dermot, Samolinski, Boleslaw, Sanchez-Borges, Mario, Schunemann, Holger J, Sheikh, Aziz, Todo-Bom, Ana Maria, To, Teresa, Sisul, Juan Carlos, Tomazic, Peter Valentin, Toppila-Salmi, Sanna, Valero, Antonio, Valiulis, Arunas, Valovirta, Errka, Ventura, Maria Teresa, Wagenmann, Martin, Kritikos, Vicky, Bousquet, Jean, Wallace, Dana, Waserman, Susan, Wickman, Magnus, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yorgancioglu, Arzu, Yusuf, Osman M, Zar, Heather J, Zernotti, Mario E, Zhang, Luo, Zidarn, Mihaela, Orlando, Valentina, Mair, Alpana, Zuberbier, Torsten, Paulino, Ema, Salimäki, Johanna, Söderlund, Rojin, Tan, Rachel, Williams, Dennis M, Wroczynski, Piotr, Agache, Ioana, Ansotegui, Ignacio J, Cruz, Alvaro A, Anto, Josep M, Bedbrook, Anna, Bachert, Claus, Bewick, Mike, Bindslev-Jensen, Carsten, Brozek, Jan L, Canonica, Giorgio Walter, Cardona, Victoria, Carr, Warner, Casale, Thomas, Czarlewski, Wienczyslawa, Chavannes, Niels H, and uBibliorum
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Care pathways ,Pharmacist ,Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma ,Asthma ,Rhinitis - Abstract
Pharmacists are trusted health care professionals. Many patients use over-the-counter (OTC) medications and are seen by pharmacists who are the initial point of contact for allergic rhinitis management in most countries. The role of pharmacists in integrated care pathways (ICPs) for allergic diseases is important. This paper builds on existing studies and provides tools intended to help pharmacists provide optimal advice/interventions/strategies to patients with rhinitis. The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)-pharmacy ICP includes a diagnostic questionnaire specifically focusing attention on key symptoms and markers of the disease, a systematic Diagnosis Guide (including differential diagnoses), and a simple flowchart with proposed treatment for rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity. Key prompts for referral within the ICP are included. The use of technology is critical to enhance the management of allergic rhinitis. However, the ARIA-pharmacy ICP should be adapted to local healthcare environments/situations as regional (national) differences exist in pharmacy care.
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- 2019
5. NPY promotes chemokinesis and neurogenesis in the rat subventricular zone
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Thiriet, Nathalie, Agasse, Fabienne, Nicoleau, Camille, Guégan, Christelle, Vallette, François, Cadet, Jean-Lud, Jaber, Mohamed, Malva, João O, Coronas, Valérie, Institut de physiologie et biologie cellulaires (IPBC), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC) (CNC), University of Coimbra [Portugal] (UC)-Neuroscience Research Domain, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers (CRCNA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), and PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Hôtel-Dieu de Nantes-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hôpital Laennec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Faculté de Médecine d'Angers-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)
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Receptors, Neuropeptide ,animal diseases ,proliferation ,[SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology ,Nerve Tissue Proteins ,Arginine ,migration ,Cerebral Ventricles ,Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ,Neural Stem Cells ,Cell Movement ,mental disorders ,Animals ,Neuropeptide Y ,RNA, Messenger ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,Rats, Wistar ,neuropeptide ,Cells, Cultured ,Cell Proliferation ,Neurons ,Brain ,Cell Differentiation ,Peptide Fragments ,humanities ,Rats ,stem cell ,neurogenesis ,Animals, Newborn ,Bromodeoxyuridine ,nervous system ,Calcium - Abstract
IF : 4,5; International audience; J. Neurochem. (2011) 116, 1018-1027. ABSTRACT: The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a major reservoir for stem cells in the adult mammalian brain. Neural stem cells supply the olfactory bulb with new interneurons and provide cells that migrate towards lesioned brain areas. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the brain, was previously shown to induce neuroproliferation on mice SVZ cells. In the present study, performed in rats, we demonstrate the endogenous synthesis of NPY by cells in the SVZ that suggests that NPY could act as an autocrine/paracrine factor within the SVZ area. We observed that NPY promotes SVZ cell proliferation as previously reported in mice, but does not affect self-renewal of SVZ stem cells. Additionally, this study provides the first direct evidence of a chemokinetic activity of NPY on SVZ cells. Using pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate that both the mitogenic and chemokinetic properties of NPY involve Y1 receptor-mediated activation of the ERK1/2 MAP kinase pathway. Altogether, our data establish that NPY through Y1 receptors activation controls chemokinetic activity and, as for mice, is a major neuroproliferative regulator of rat SVZ cells.
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- 2011
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6. Mitochondrial apoptotic cell death and moderate superoxide generation upon selective activation of non-desensitizing AMPA receptors in hippocampal cultures
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Rego, A. Cristina, Monteiro, Nuno M., Silva, Ana P., Gil, Joana, Malva, João O., and Oliveira, Catarina R.
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nervous system - Abstract
In the present work we investigated the effect of selective stimulation of non-desensitizing 03B1-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors in the intracellular processes leading to hippocampal neuronal death and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation of AMPA receptors in the presence of cyclothiazide (CYZ), a blocker of AMPA receptor desensitization, resulted in the death of approximately 25% of neurones, which was prevented by 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulphamoyl-benzo(f)quinoxaline (NBQX), an AMPA-preferring receptor antagonist. (+)-5-Methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK-801) protected the neurones from necrotic death induced by AMPA or NMDA receptor activation. Neurodegeneration caused by selective activation of non-desensitizing AMPA receptors, in the presence of AMPA, CYZ and MK-801, significantly decreased the number of Co2+-positive neurones, used as a cytochemical marker of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors, but maintained intracellular ATP/ADP. The AMPA-mediated apoptotic cell death involved mitochondrial cytochrome c release and the activation of caspases-1 and -3, which was prevented by NBQX. Interestingly, although selective activation of AMPA receptors was not associated with production of intracellular peroxides, a moderate increase in superoxide production was observed upon exposure to antimycin A (AA). Furthermore, increased activity of Mn- superoxide dismutase (SOD) was observed on selective activation of non-desensitizing AMPA receptors. Taken together, these data make important contributions to the elucidation of the downstream pathways activated in AMPA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurones.
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- 2003
7. Presynaptic Modulation Controlling Neuronal Excitability and Epileptogenesis: Role of Kainate, Adenosine and Neuropeptide Y Receptors
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Malva, João O., Silva, Ana P., and Cunha, Rodrigo A.
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Based on the idea that seizures may arise from an overshoot of excitation over inhibition, all substances that may decrease glutamatergic function while having no effect or even increasing GABAergic neurotransmission are likely to be effective anticonvulsants. We now review the possible role of three such neuromodulators, kainate, adenosine, and neuropeptide Y receptors in controlling hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis. Particular emphasis is given on the robust neuromodulatory role of these three groups of receptors on the release of glutamate in the hippocampus, a main focus of epilepsy. Moreover, we also give special attention to the mechanisms of receptor activation and coupled signaling events that can be explored as attractive targets for the treatment of epilepsy and excitotoxicity. The present paper is a tribute to Arsélio Pato de Carvalho who has been the main driving force for the development of Neuroscience in Portugal, notably with a particular emphasis on the presynaptic mechanisms of modulation of neurotransmitter release.
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- 2003
8. Role of kainate receptor activation and desensitization on the [Ca2+]i changes in cultured rat hippocampal neurons
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Silva, Ana P., Malva, João O., Ambrósio, António F., Salgado, António J., Carvalho, Arsélio P., and Carvalho, Caetana M.
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nervous system - Abstract
We investigated the role of kainate (KA) receptor activation and desensitization in inducing the increase in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in individual cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The rat hippocampal neurons in the cultures were shown to express kainate receptor subunits, KA2 and GluR6/7, either by immunocytochemistry or by immunoblot analysis. The effect of LY303070, an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor antagonist, on the alterations in the [Ca2+]i caused by kainate showed cell-to-cell variability. The [Ca2+]i increase caused by kainate was mostly mediated by the activation of AMPA receptors because LY303070 inhibited the response to kainate in a high percentage of neurons. The response to kainate was potentiated by concanavalin A (Con A), which inhibits kainate receptor desensitization, in 82.1% of the neurons, and this potentiation was not reversed by LY303070 in about 38% of the neurons. Also, upon stimulation of the cells with 4-methylglutamate (MGA), a selective kainate receptor agonist, in the presence of Con A, it was possible to observe [Ca2+]i changes induced by kainate receptor activation, because LY303070 did not inhibit the response in all neurons analyzed. In toxicity studies, cultured rat hippocampal neurons were exposed to the drugs for 30 min, and the cell viability was evaluated at 24 hr using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The selective activation of kainate receptors with MGA, in the presence of Con A, induced a toxic effect, which was not prevented by LY303070, revealing a contribution of a small subpopulation of neurons expressing kainate receptors that independently mediate cytotoxicity. Taken together, these results indicate that cultured hippocampal neurons express not only AMPA receptors, but also kainate receptors, which can modulate the [Ca2+]i and toxicity. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:378-386, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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- 2001
9. Inhibition of glutamate release by BIA 2-093 and BIA 2-024, two novel derivatives of carbamazepine, due to blockade of sodium but not calcium channels
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Ambrósio, António F., Silva, Ana P., Malva, João O., Soares-da-Silva, Patricio, Carvalho, Arsélio P., and Carvalho, Caetana M.
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Calcium channels ,Carbamazepine ,Antiepileptic drugs ,Oxcarbazepine ,Sodium channels ,Glutamate release - Abstract
We investigated the mechanism(s) of action of two new putative antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), (S)-(-)-10-acetoxy-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide (BIA 2-093) and 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxyimino-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide (BIA 2-024), by comparing their effects on the release of endogenous glutamate in hippocampal synaptosomes, with those of carbamazepine (CBZ) and oxcarbazepine (OXC). The AEDs inhibited the release of glutamate evoked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) or veratridine in a concentration-dependent manner, being CBZ more potent than the other AEDs. Using conditions of stimulation (30 mM KCl), where Na+ channels are inactivated, the AEDs did not inhibit either the Ca2+-dependent or -independent release of glutamate. The results indicate that BIA 2-093 and BIA 2-024 have sodium channel-blocking properties, but CBZ and OXC are more potent than the new AEDs. Moreover, the present data also indicate that Ca2+ channels coupled to the exocytotic release of glutamate and the activity of the glutamate transporter were not affected by the AEDs. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T4P-42VM949-B/1/fa9bdc673fba5c5bc75d9e3d94d17f44
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- 2001
10. Acção moduladora do glutamato nos terminais nervosos do hipocampo de rato : identificação de um receptor de cainato na sub-região CA3
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Malva, João José Oliveira and Carvalho, Caetana Angélica Ermitão Monteiro de
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Glutamato ,Receptores de cainato ,Biologia celular ,Hipocampo ,Epilestogénese ,Excitotoxicidade - Published
- 1997
11. The Reference Site Collaborative Network of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing
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Bousquet J, Illario M, Farrell J, Batey N, Am, Carriazo, Malva, João O., Hajjam J, Colgan E, Guldemond N, Perälä-Heape M, Gl, Onorato, Bedbrook A, Leonardini L, Stroetman V, Birov S, Abreu C, Antero Abrunhosa, Agrimi A, Alalääkkölä T, Allegretti N, Alonso-Trujillo F, Marina Álvarez-Benito, Angioli S, Apóstolo J, Armitage G, Arnavielhe S, Baena-ParejoI M, Panagiotis Bamidis, Balenović A, Barbolini M, Baroni I, Blain H, Pl, Bernard, Bersani M, Berti E, Bogatyrchuk L, Bourret R, Brehm J, Brussino L, Buhr D, Bultje D, Cabeza E, Cano A, De Capitani C, Carantoña E, Cardoso A, Ji, Coll Clavero, Combe B, Conforti D, Coppola L, and Corti F
12. The Quadruple Helix-Based Innovation Model of Reference Sites for Active and Healthy Ageing in Europe: The Ageing@Coimbra Case Study
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João O. Malva, Alda Amado, Alexandra Rodrigues, Anabela Mota-Pinto, Ana F. Cardoso, Ana M. Teixeira, Ana Todo-Bom, António Devesa, António F. Ambrósio, António L. Cunha, Bárbara Gomes, Carina Dantas, Cidalina Abreu, Isabel Santana, Jean Bousquet, João Apóstolo, Lúcia Santos, Lúcio Meneses de Almeida, Maddalena Illario, Rafaela Veríssimo, Vitor Rodrigues, Manuel T. Veríssimo, Malva, João O., Amado, Alda, Rodrigues, Alexandra, Mota-Pinto, Anabela, Cardoso, Ana F., Teixeira, Ana M., Todo-Bom, Ana, Devesa, António, Ambrósio, António F., Cunha, António L., Gomes, Bárbara, Dantas, Carina, Abreu, Cidalina, Santana, Isabel, Bousquet, Jean, Apóstolo, João, Santos, Lúcia, de Almeida, Lúcio Menese, Illario, Maddalena, Veríssimo, Rafaela, Rodrigues, Vitor, Veríssimo, Manuel T., Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif en Languedoc-Roussillon (MACVIA-LR), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing Reference Site (EIP on AHA), and Commission Européenne-Commission Européenne-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO)
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Civil society ,Economic growth ,Population ageing ,Reference site ,European commission ,ageing (aging) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,active and healthy aging ,11. Sustainability ,medicine ,Disruptive innovation ,european commission ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Social isolation ,lcsh:R5-920 ,Medicine (all) ,1. No poverty ,General Medicine ,innovation ,Work (electrical) ,General partnership ,Medicine ,Business ,reference sites ,Rural area ,medicine.symptom ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,Community Case Study ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Independent living - Abstract
International audience; Challenges posed by demographic changes and population aging are key priorities for the Horizon 2020 Program of the European Commission. Aligned with the vision of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA), the development, exchange, and large-scale adoption of innovative good practices is a key element of the responses required to ensure all European citizens remain as active and healthy as possible as they age. Urged by the need of developing scalable disruptive innovation across Europe, the European Commission and the EIP on AHA created the Reference Sites; local coalition of partners that develop good practices to support AHA. Ageing@Coimbra is an example of how this can be achieved at a regional level. The consortium comprises over 70 institutions that develop innovative practices to support AHA in Portugal. Ageing@Coimbra partners support a regional network of stakeholders that build a holistic ecosystem in health and social care, taking into consideration the specificities of the territories, living environments and cultural resources (2,243,934 inhabitants, 530,423 aged 65 or plus live in the Centre Region of Portugal). Good practices in reducing the burden of brain diseases that affect cognition and memory impairment in older people and tackling social isolation in urban and rural areas are among the top priorities of Ageing@Coimbra. Profiting from the collaborative work of academia, business companies, civil society, and authorities, the quadruple helix of Ageing@Coimbra supports: early diagnosis of frailty and disease; care and cure; and active, assisted, and independent living. This paper describes, as a Community Case Study, the creation of a Reference Site of the EIP on AHA, Ageing@Coimbra, and its impact in Portugal. This Reference Site can motivate other regions to develop innovative formulas to federate stakeholders and networks, building consortia at regional level. This growing movement, across Europe, is inspired by the quadruple helix concept and by the replication of innovative good practices; creating new Reference Sites for the benefit of Citizens.
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- 2018
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13. A case study of polypharmacy management in nine European countries : implications for change management and implementation
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Jennifer McIntosh, Albert Alonso, Katie MacLure, Derek Stewart, Thomas Kempen, Alpana Mair, Margarida Castel-Branco, Carles Codina, Fernando Fernandez-Llimos, Glenda Fleming, Dimitra Gennimata, Ulrika Gillespie, Cathy Harrison, Maddalena Illario, Ulrike Junius-Walker, Christos F Kampolis, Przemyslaw Kardas, Pawel Lewek, João Malva, Enrica Menditto, Claire Scullin, Birgitt Wiese, SIMPATHY Consortium, Mcintosh, Jennifer, Alonso, Albert, Maclure, Katie, Stewart, Derek, Kempen, Thoma, Mair, Alpana, Castel-Branco, Margarida, Codina, Carle, Fernandez-Llimos, Fernando, Fleming, Glenda, Gennimata, Dimitra, Gillespie, Ulrika, Harrison, Cathy, Illario, Maddalena, Junius-Walker, Ulrike, Kampolis, Christos F., Kardas, Przemyslaw, Lewek, Pawel, Malva, João, Menditto, Enrica, Scullin, Claire, and Wiese, Birgitt
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Critical Care and Emergency Medicine ,Medical Doctors ,General Science & Technology ,Health Care Providers ,Geriatrik ,lcsh:Medicine ,european consortium ,Primary care ,Pharmacists ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Nursing ,Physicians ,Political science ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,medicine ,Humans ,European commission ,adherence ,Medical Personnel ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Disease management (health) ,lcsh:Science ,Primary Care ,Allied Health Care Professionals ,Geriatrics ,Polypharmacy ,Health Care Policy ,Multidisciplinary ,030503 health policy & services ,lcsh:R ,Health Services Administration and Management ,Change management ,Disease Management ,Europe ,Health Care ,Professions ,Health program ,People and Places ,lcsh:Q ,Population Groupings ,0305 other medical science ,Research Article - Abstract
© 2018 McIntosh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Background Multimorbidity and its associated polypharmacy contribute to an increase in adverse drug events, hospitalizations, and healthcare spending. This study aimed to address: what exists regarding polypharmacy management in the European Union (EU); why programs were, or were not, developed; and, how identified initiatives were developed, implemented, and sustained. Methods Change management principles (Kotter) and normalization process theory (NPT) informed data collection and analysis. Nine case studies were conducted in eight EU countries: Germany (Lower Saxony), Greece, Italy (Campania), Poland, Portugal, Spain (Catalonia), Sweden (Uppsala), and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland and Scotland). The workflow included a review of country/region specific polypharmacy policies, key informant interviews with stakeholders involved in policy development and implementation and, focus groups of clinicians and managers. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis of individual cases and framework analysis across cases. Results Polypharmacy initiatives were identified in five regions (Catalonia, Lower Saxony, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Uppsala) and included all care settings. There was agreement, even in cases without initiatives, that polypharmacy is a significant issue to address. Common themes regarding the development and implementation of polypharmacy management initiatives were: locally adapted solutions, organizational culture supporting innovation and teamwork, adequate workforce training, multidisciplinary teams, changes in workflow, redefinition of roles and responsibilities of professionals, policies and legislation supporting the initiative, and data management and information and communication systems to assist development and implementation. Depending on the setting, these were considered either facilitators or barriers to implementation. Conclusion Within the studied EU countries, polypharmacy management was not widely addressed. These results highlight the importance of change management and theory-based implementation strategies, and provide examples of polypharmacy management initiatives that can assist managers and policymakers in developing new programs or scaling up existing ones, particularly in places currently lacking such initiatives.
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- 2018
14. Should we use gait speed in COPD, FEV 1 in frailty and dyspnoea in both?
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C. Robalo-Cordeiro, Thomas Similowski, Mario Barbagallo, Anh Tuan Dinh-Xuan, Joël Ankri, Jacques Mercier, Jean Bousquet, Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas, Bruno Vellas, João O. Malva, Marc Humbert, Leonardo M. Fabbri, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière] (Département ' R3S '), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), University of Coimbra [Portugal] (UC), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, University - Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia [Modena, Italy], Hypertension arterielle pulmonaire physiopathologie et innovation thérapeutique, Centre chirurgical Marie Lannelongue-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Physiologie & médecine expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles [U 1046] (PhyMedExp), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Getafe University Hospital, Madrid, Service de Médecine Interne et de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital La Grave-Casselardit, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue (CCML)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bousquet, Jean, Dinh-Xuan, Anh Tuan, Similowski, Thoma, Malva, João, Ankri, Joël, Barbagallo, Mario, Fabbri, Leonardo, Humbert, Marc, Mercier, Jacque, Robalo-Cordeiro, Carlo, Rodriguez-Manas, Leocadio, and Vellas, Bruno
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Osteoporosis ,Disease ,Idoso Fragilizado ,Dispneia ,03 medical and health sciences ,Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Forced Expiratory Volume ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Loss function ,Organ system ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,COPD ,Frailty ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,3. Good health ,Gait speed ,Walking Speed ,Preferred walking speed ,Dyspnea ,030228 respiratory system ,Sarcopenia ,Physical therapy ,Cardiology ,Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crónica ,Volume Expiratório Forçado ,business ,Human - Abstract
Frailty is a progressive physiological decline in multiple organ systems marked by loss of function, loss of physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to disease [1]. Biological (inflammation and loss of hormones), clinical ( e.g. sarcopenia and osteoporosis) and social factors are involved in frailty onset, evolution and prognosis [2, 3]. Links between frailty, dyspnoea and chronic respiratory diseases represent a novel and practical approach
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- 2016
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15. Inhibiting COMT in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease: a trial of Tolcapone in VMAT2-deficient mice
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Moreira, Carlos Filipe Gonçalves, Noain, Daniela, and Malva, João Oliveira
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Ciências da Saúde ,Engenharia biomédica ,Doença de Parkinson ,Neurofarmacologia - Abstract
Na doença de Parkinson, a perda progressiva de neurónios produtores de dopamina da substantia nigra pars compacta conduz a desequilíbrios neuroquímicos da gânglia basal e, consequentemente, ao surgimento de sintomas como bradicinesia, rigidez das extremidades e tremor. Sintomas reminiscentes destas disfunções motoras, assim como sinais não motores de doença de Parkinson, foram revelados num modelo transgénico de murganho, modelo este que expressa apenas 5% da proteína transportadora vesicular monoaminérgica (VMAT2-deficient). A doença de Parkinson é tipicamente tratada com o fármaco L-DOPA, um percursor da dopamina. Dado que a degradação da molécula de L-DOPA pela enzima catecol-O-metiltransferase (COMT) leva ao aumento dos níveis de homocisteína, um fator de risco cardiovascular e demência, a reposição terapêutica prolongada de dopamina poderá acelerar a disfunção neuronal e a neurodegeneração. Para além do uso de L-DOPA, tentativas anteriores para restaurar os níveis de dopamina e simultaneamente promoverem neuroprotecção não foram bem-sucedidas. Este estudo investigará os efeitos do inibidor enzimático da enzima COMT, Tolcapone, nas funções motoras, nas performances olfactiva e cognitiva, e mais tarde, na evolução dos marcadores bioquímicos de neurodegeneração e dos níveis sanguíneos de homocisteína em murganhos VMAT2-deficient. Propõe-se que o fármaco Tolcapone possa não só reduzir a degradação de L-DOPA mas adicionalmente favorecer o tratamento da doença de Parkinson aumentando e estabilizando os níveis de dopamina. Além disso, sugere-se ainda que a inibição farmacológica da enzima COMT oferece benefícios significativos a longo-prazo no contexto da doença de Parkinson: reduz o risco de episódios cardiovasculares, atrasa o aparecimento de declínio cognitivo, e sobretudo, oferece significativos efeitos neuroprotetores. Palavras-chave: doença de Parkinson, inibição de COMT, neurofarmacologia, modelo animal de PD, comportamento.
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- 2015
16. In vivo single cell analysis reveals distinct behavior of neural stem and progenitor cells in homeostasis and regeneration in the adult brain
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Barbosa, Joana Santos, Malva, João, and Götz, Magdalena
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nervous system ,Neural Stem Cells ,Regeneration ,Regeneração ,Células Estaminais Neurais - Abstract
Tese de doutoramento em Ciências da Saúde, no ramo de Ciências Biomédicas, apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra Durante o desenvolvimento neural embrionário, as células da Glia Radial (GR) atuam como Células Estaminais Neurais (CENs), dando origem aos neurónios e células da glia que constituem o sistema nervoso central. Curiosamente, a neurogénese e a gliogénese no cérebro adulto também são mediadas por células com características da GR. Apesar do elevado interesse em CENs e da sua possível aplicação em terapias regenerativas, o comportamento celular das CENs adultas, que está na base da neurogénese adulta contínua em organismos vertebrados, nunca foi observado in vivo. No presente trabalho, devido à sua neurogénese adulta difundida por várias regiões do cérebro, à tremenda capacidade regenerativa e à facilidade para imaging in vivo, o peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) foi usado como modelo para investigar o comportamento de células estaminais/progenitoras neurais durante a neurogénese constitutiva e a regeneração. Adicionalmente, a contribuição dos diferentes tipos de progenitores da zona ventricular (ZV) (GR e progenitors não-gliais) no processo de regeneração foi distinguida. Num primeiro conjunto de experiências, eu observei que um sub-tipo de progenitores não-gliais (os neuroblastos) não altera a sua proliferação após lesão do telencéfalo. No entanto, a marcação diferencial de GR e progenitores não-gliais através de transfecção ou transdução com retrovirus, respetivamente, revelou que os progenitores não-gliais respondem rapidamente após a lesão, dando origem a descendência que migra da ZV e contribui com novos neurónios para a regeneração do telencéfalo. Para investigar o comportamento das CENs, eu desenvolvi uma nova técnica de imaging in vivo, que permitiu a monotorização contínua de CENs ao longo do tempo no seu nicho natural. A observação de CENs no telencéfalo adulto de peixe-zebra revelou que, em condições homeostáticas, estas células são essencialmente quiescentes, e só uma pequena subpopulação está envolvida na neurogénese. Esta subpopulação é composta por células que se dividem ou células que se convertem diretamente em neurónio sem proliferação (neurogénese direta). As CENs que se dividem no cérebro intacto renovam-se sempre em cada divisão, quer de forma simétrica dando origem a duas CENs com características de GR (divisão simétrica gliogénica), quer de forma assimétrica, dando origem a uma GR e a uma célula não-glial, que presumivelmente originará neurónios. Após lesão a proporção de CENs que se divide aumenta e parece haver uma alteração no modo de divisão das células, com a ocorrência de divisões diferenciativas terminais (divisão simétrica não-gliogénica) e a ausência de divisões simétricas gliogénicas. As divisões diferenciativas terminais levam a um aumento da produção bruta de células não-gliais, importante para reconstitutir esta população de progenitores que desaparece com a migração após lesão. Curiosamente, a ocorrência de eventos de neurogénese direta é muito rara após lesão. Em conclusão, este trabalho revelou pela primeira vez o comportamento in vivo de células estaminais/progenitores neurais no cérebro adulto de um organismo vertebrado e como este comportamento se altera após lesão. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho realçam o papel dos progenitores não-neurais na reconstituição do local da lesão com novos neurónios, e o papel das CENs no restabelecimento da zona de progenitores. Adicionalmente, a técnica de imaging in vivo desenvolvida nesta tese pode ser uma ferramenta valiosa para investigar mecanismos que controlam o comportamento de CENs no cérebro saudável e lesionado de organismos vertebrados adultos. During embryonic neural development, Radial Glia (RG) cells act as Neural Stem Cells (NSCs), generating neurons and glial cells that constitute the central nervous system. Interestingly, neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the adult brain are also mediated by NSCs with RG characteristics. Despite the increasing interest in adult NSCs and their putative application in regenerative therapies, the cellular behavior of adult NSCs underlying the live-long neurogenesis in the vertebrate brain has never been observed in vivo. In the present work, due to its widespread adult neurogenesis, tremendous regenerative capacity and feasibility for in vivo imaging, zebrafish (Danio rerio) was used as a model organism to investigate NSC behavior during constitutive neurogenesis and regeneration. Additionally, the distinct contribution of the ventricular zone (VZ) progenitor types (RG and non-glial progenitors) to regeneration was dissected. In a first set of experiments, I demonstrated that a subset of non-glial progenitors (the neuroblasts) does not change its proliferation status after injury in the telencephalon. However, differential labeling of RG cells and non-glial progenitors by transfection and retroviral transduction, respectively, revealed that the non-glial progenitors react quickly after injury by generating progeny that migrates from the VZ and contributes with new neurons to the regenerating telencephalon. To investigate the behavior of NSCs, I developed an in vivo imaging technique, that allowed the continuous monitoring of NSCs over time in their natural niche. The observation of NSCs in the adult zebrafish telencephalon revealed that during homeostasis they are essentially quiescent and only a small subset is enrolled in neurogenesis. This subset was composed of either dividing cells or cells undergoing direct conversion into neurons without proliferation (direct neurogenesis). Dividing NSCs in the intact brain always self-renewed, dividing either symmetrically to generate two RG-like NSCs (symmetric gliogenic division) or asymmetrically, giving rise to a NSC and a non-glial cell, that presumably further generates neurons. After injury, the proportion of dividing NSCs increased and there was a shift in the mode of cell division, with the occurrence of terminal differentiating, symmetric non-gliogenic divisions and an absence of symmetric gliogenic divisions. The terminal differentiating type of division leads to a net increase in the production of non-glial cells, important to reconstitute this progenitor cell population that is lost by migration after injury. Interestingly, the occurrence of direct neurogenesis events after injury was very rare. In conclusion, this work revealed for the first time the in vivo behavior of neural stem/progenitor cells in the adult vertebrate brain and how it changes after injury. The results obtained herein highlight the role of non-glial progenitors in reconstituting the injury site with newborn neurons, and the role of NSCs in re-establishing the progenitor zone. Additionally, the in vivo imaging technology developed in this thesis may be a valuable tool to further investigate mechanisms controlling the behavior of NSCs in the healthy and injured adult vertebrate brain. FCT - SFRH / BD / 33469 / 2008
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- 2015
17. Strategies for the use of neural stem cells in brain repair
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Grade, Sofia Cristina de Morais and Malva, João José Oliveira
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Migração ,Neurogénese ,Células estaminais neurais - Abstract
Tese de doutoramento em Ciências da Saúde, no ramo de Ciências Biomédicas, apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra
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- 2012
18. Establishing the validity of glycoursodeoxycholic acid as a coadjuvant of temozolomide therapy in gliomas
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Santos, Gisela Filipa Assunção, Brites, Dora Maria Tuna de Oliveira, Jesus, Ana Sofia Iria Azeredo Falcão de, and Malva, João José Oliveira
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Glioma ,Células estaminais neurais - Abstract
Dissertação de mestrado em Investigação Biomédica, apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra Brain tumors are the second most common neoplasms in children and their incidence is also relatively high in the adult population, with gliomas accounting for the majority of cases. So far, the treatment protocols available for gliomas did not improve the prognosis, mainly due to a phenomenon known as multidrug resistance. Thus, research has now been aimed to identify the mechanisms leading to gliomagenesis and it was recently suggested that neural stem/progenitor cell or early-differentiated cell type lineages might be in the origin of glioma. Therefore, the main goals of the present work are: a) to identify which developmental stage, in the neural stem cell (NSC) differentiation process towards astrocytes, is most similar to the glioma phenotype and b) to find successful adjuvant molecules for temozolomide (TMZ), a chemotherapeutic agent. The GL261 mouse glioma cell line was cultured until 7 days in vitro and some tumor-related factors were determined in glioma cells and compared with astrocytes differentiated from mouse neural stem/precursor cells (neurospheres, NS). Moreover, we also evaluated the potential beneficial effect of TMZ treatment in the presence of the bile acid glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) or the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (Mrp1) inhibitor MK-571. Finally, we have assessed the effect of both GUDCA and MK-571 on the expression of CXCR4, a chemokine receptor. The analysis of tumor-related factors showed that during GL261 maturation, there is a decrease on the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as on the activity of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-9 and MMP-2, which is associated with an increase on S100B release. Also, the Mrp1 presents a peak of expression at 5 DIV. Although not as evident as we were expecting, the NS proliferating stage seems to be the phenotype most similar to glioma cells, suggesting that the origin of glioma might be somehow associated with NSC malignant transformation. Moreover, TMZ therapy appears to be improved by the synergistic effect of GUDCA or Mrp1 inhibition, since it was observed a further reduction on cell viability and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Conversely, GUDCA or MK-571 seem to improve the migratory ability of GL261, by the induction of increase of CXCR4 levels. Efforts to enlarge knowledge about the pathways implicated on a malignant alteration during neural development as well as to further understand how to improve the current therapy, would allow a more specific targeting and consequently, an increased survival of glioma patients. Os tumores cerebrais são as segundas neoplasias mais comuns em crianças e a sua incidência é também relativamente elevada na população adulta, sendo os gliomas os mais frequentes. Até agora, os tratamentos disponíveis para gliomas não melhoraram o prognóstico, principalmente devido a um fenómeno conhecido como resistência a múltiplas drogas. Assim, atualmente a investigação tem como objetivo identificar os mecanismos que levam à gliomagénese e foi recentemente sugerido que células estaminais/progenitoras neurais ou no início da diferenciação podem estar na origem dos gliomas. Desta forma, os principais objetivos do presente trabalho são: a) identificar qual o estadio de desenvolvimento, no processo de diferenciação de células estaminais neurais para astrócitos, é mais parecido com o fenótipo de glioma e b) encontrar moléculas adjuvantes eficazes na terapia com temozolomida (TMZ), um agente quimioterapêutico. As células de glioma de ratinho GL261 foram mantidas em cultura durante 7 dias in vitro e alguns fatores relacionados tumores foram determinados em células de glioma e comparadas com os astrócitos diferenciados a partir de células estaminais/progenitoras de ratinho (neuroesferas, NS). Além disso, foram igualmente avaliados os potenciais efeitos benéficos do tratamento com TMZ na presença do ácido glicoursodesoxicólico (AGUDC) ou de um inibidor da proteína associada à resistência a multidrogas (Mrp1), o MK-571. Finalmente, foi avaliado o efeito quer do GUDCA, quer do MK-571 na expressão de CXCR4, um recetor de quimocinas. A análise dos factores relacionados com tumores mostrou que, durante a maturação das células GL261, há uma diminuição na expressão do factor de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), bem como na actividade das metaloproteinases MMP-9 e MMP-2, associado a um aumento da libertação de S100B. Além disso, a Mrp1 apresenta um pico de expressão ao 5 DIV. Apesar de não ser tão evidente como esperávamos, o estadio de NS parece ser o fenótipo mais semelhante com as células de glioma, o que sugere que a origem dos gliomas pode estar de alguma forma associada à transformação maligna das CEN. Além disso, a terapia com TMZ parece ser mais eficaz pelo efeito sinergético do GUDCA ou inibição da Mrp1, uma vez que se observou uma redução na viabilidade celular e paragem do ciclo celular na fase G2/M. Por outro lado, o GUDCA ou MK-571 parecem melhorar a capacidade de migração das GL261, através da indução do aumento dos níveis de CXCR4. Um melhor conhecimento sobre as vias implicadas em alterações malignas durante o desenvolvimento neural, bem como sobre novas formas de melhorar a actual terapia, permitirá o uso de esquemas terapêuticos mais direccionados e específicos e, consequentemente, um aumento da sobrevivência dos pacientes que apresentam gliomas.
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- 2012
19. Role of intercellular communication between endothelial and stem cells in stemness and neurogenesis : focus on the soluble factor angiopoietin-1 and direct contact via lamimim-1/α6β1 integrin and connexin 43 as new targets for brain repair
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Rosa, Alexandra Isabel Freitas, Malva, João, and Oliveira, Catarina Resende de
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Neurogénese ,Células estaminais ,Proliferação celular ,Cérebro - Abstract
Tese de doutoramento em Medicina (Ciências Biomédicas), apresentado á Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra sob a orientação de João Malva e Catarina Resende de Oliveira.
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- 2011
20. Contribution of microglia to neural inflammation : neuropeptide y modulates interleukin-1ß-induced microglia activation
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Ferreira, Raquel Margarida da Silva, Malva, João Oliveira, and Duarte, Conceição Pedrosa Duarte
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Neuropeptídeo y ,Microglia ,Sistema nervoso central -- inflamação - Abstract
Tese doutoramento em Ciências, apresentada à Universidade de Coimbra Neuropeptide Y (NPY) holds consistent neuroprotective and proneurogenic properties in the Central Nervous System (CNS). In light of growing evidence supporting a role for NPY in the regulation of the immune system, we sought to investigate the effect of this neuropeptide over several aspects of microglial response to inflammation, namely, the production of inflammatory mediators, cell motility and phagocytosis. In chapter 1, we investigated the role of NPY in the modulation of LPS-induced release of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 ng/ml) stimulation, we found that microglial cells increased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as the production of NO, as quantified by Griess Assay. Moreover, microglial cells co-stimulated with LPS and adenosine triphosphate (ATP, 1 mM) responded with a massive release of IL-10, as measured by ELISA. We observed that LPS (100 ng/ml) and IL-10 (1.5 ng/ml) stimulation induced NO production, a response prevented in the presence of a selective IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra, 150 ng/ml). Furthermore, LPS-induced NO production mediated by IL-10 occurred through a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB)-dependent pathway. We observed that NPY inhibited IL-10 release and downstream nuclear translocation of NF-kB (determined by confocal microscopy and Western blotting), which is implicated in iNOS expression and NO synthesis. Pharmacological studies with a selective Y1 receptor agonist ([Leu31,Pro34]NPY, 1 μM) and selective antagonists for receptors Y1 (BIBP3226, 1 μM), Y2 (BIIE0246, 1 μM) and Y5 (L-152,804, 1 μM) demonstrated that NPY inhibition was mediated exclusively through Y1 receptor activation. In chapter 2, we investigated the role of NPY in the modulation of IL-10-induced microglial motility and the signaling pathway involved in this process. Interestingly, co-stimulation of microglial cells with LPS (100 ng/ml) and ATP (1 mM) resulted in increased cell motility, an effect inhibited by IL-1ra (150 ng/ml), which strongly suggested the participation of IL-10 in this process. In our scratch wound assay, we also observed that IL-10-induced motility was prevented by SB239063 (20 μM), a selective inhibitor of p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK). IL-10 (1.5 ng/ml) induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, followed by nuclear translocation, and this effect was inhibited by NPY via Y1 receptor activation, as observed by confocal microscopy and Western blotting. Likewise, p38 MAPK inhibition decreased the extent of actin filament reorganization occurring during plasma membrane ruffling. Given that both LPS and IL-10 induced significant alteration to the cell cytoskeleton, we proceeded to investigate the role of NPY in the regulation of LPS-induced microglial cell phagocytosis, in chapter 3. Accordingly, we observed that LPS (100 ng/ml) increased latex bead phagocytosis by microglia. Consistently, co-administration of LPS (100 ng/ml) and ATP (1 mM) increased bead phagocytosis and this effect was blocked by IL-1ra (150 ng/ml), suggesting the involvement of IL-10. Moreover, direct application of IL-10 (1.5 ng/ml) augmented the number of phagocytosed beads, while NPY acting through Y1 receptor activation inhibited this effect. To conclude, we assigned a novel role for NPY in the regulation of important microglial responses to danger signals in the brain, involving the production and release of inflammatory mediators, cell motility and phagocytosis. O neuropeptídeo Y (NPY) detém importantes propriedades neuroprotectoras e próneurogénicas no Sistema Nervoso Central (CNS). Dado o número crescente de evidências que sugerem um papel imuno-regulador para este neuropeptídeo, propusemo-nos estudar o efeito do NPY sobre vários aspectos da resposta da microglia à inflamação, nomeadamente, a produção de mediadores inflamatórios, motilidade celular e fagocitose. No capítulo 3, investigámos o papel do NPY na modulação da libertação de mediadores inflamatórios, tais como óxido nítrico (NO) e interleucina-10 (IL-10), após exposição a lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). Após estimulação com LPS (100 ng/ml), as células da microglia aumentaram a expressão da sintetase induzível do óxido nítrico (iNOS), assim como a produção de NO, quantificado com recurso ao ensaio de Griess. Adicionalmente, as células da microglia estimuladas com LPS e adenosina trifosfato (ATP, 1 mM) responderam com uma libertação massiva de IL-10, quantificado por ELISA. Observámos também que a exposição a IL-10 (1,5 ng/ml) induziu a produção de NO, uma resposta inibida na presença do antagonista selectivo para o receptor IL-1R (IL-1ra, 150 ng/ml). A produção de NO induzida por LPS é, assim, mediada por IL-10. Observámos que NPY inibiu a libertação de IL-10 e a translocação nuclear de NF-kB (determinada por microscopia confocal e por Western blotting), um processo implicado na expressão de iNOS e na síntese de NO. Uma abordagem farmacológica, recorrendo à utilização de um agonista para o receptor Y1 ([Leu31,Pro34]NPY, 1 μM), e de antagonistas para os receptores Y1 (BIBP3226, 1 μM), Y2 (BIIE0246, 1 μM) e Y5 (L-152,804, 1 μM) permitiu identificar o receptor Y1 como o principal responsável pelo efeito inibitório do NPY. No capítulo 4, investigámos o papel do NPY na modulação da motilidade da microglia induzida por IL-10, e a via de sinalização envolvida neste processo. A co-estimulação das células da microglia com LPS (100 ng/ml) e ATP (1 mM) resultou no aumento de motilidade celular, um processo inibido por IL-1ra (100 ng/ml), o que sugeriu o envolvimento de IL-10 neste processo. Com recurso a um ensaio de lesão, observámos que a motilidade induzida por IL-10 foi inibida por SB239063 (20 μM), um composto que inibe a activação da cinase p38. IL-10 (1,5 ng/ml) induziu a fosforilação da cinase p38, e a translocação da forma fosforilada para o núcleo. Este processo foi inibido por NPY através da activação do receptor Y1 (observado por microscopia confocal e Western blotting). Da mesma forma, a inibição da p38 diminui a reorganização dos filamentos de actina que ocorre durante o “ruffling” membranar, um processo que reflecte a expansão da membrana, durante a migração celular. No capítulo 5, investigámos o papel do NPY na regulação do processo fagocítico estimulado por LPS. Assim, observámos que LPS (100 ng/ml) aumentou o número de micro-esferas de látex fagocitadas por microglia. A co-administração de LPS (100 ng/ml) e ATP (1 mM) aumentou a fagocitose de micro-esferas de látex e este efeito foi bloqueado por IL-1ra (150 ng/ml), sugerindo o envolvimento de IL-10. A aplicação directa de IL-10 aumentou o número de micro-esferas fagocitadas, enquanto o NPY inibiu este efeito através da activação do receptor Y1. Em suma, atribuímos um novo papel ao NPY na regulação de respostas da microglia a sinais inflamatórios no cérebro, envolvendo a produção e libertação de mediadores inflamatórios, motilidade celular e fagocitose. Execution of this work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) and FEDER POCTI/SAU-FCF/58492/2004; POCTI/SAU-NEU/68465/2006. Grant reference: SFRH/BD/23595/2005
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- 2010
21. Neuroprotective potential of extracts and compounds isolated from Hypericum perforatum
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Silva, Bruno Alexandre Cordeiro, Dias, Alberto Carlos Pires, Malva, João José Oliveira, and Universidade do Minho
- Abstract
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Ramo Biologia Celular, O potencial terapêutico de fitoquímicos em doenças neurodegenerativas é ainda matéria de debate, mas uma grande quantidade de evidências sugerem um papel relevante destes produtos naturais em neuroprotecção. No cômputo geral, tanto os mecanismos subjacentes à morte neuronal em doenças neurodegenerativas, como os mecanismos neuroprotectores potencialmente afectados por extractos de plantas, são ainda pouco compreendidos. Tendo isto em mente, tentou-se primeiro estabelecer uma correlação entre as propriedades antioxidantes de extractos de Hypericum perforatum e as suas potenciais propriedades neuroprotectoras. Na primeira parte deste trabalho, avaliouse o potencial antioxidante de um extracto etanólico total de H. perforatum (TE) e de várias fracções isoladas a partir do mesmo. Observou-se que as propriedades antioxidantes estão associadas ao conteúdo em flavonóides. O passo seguinte consistiu em avaliar qual dos compostos presentes nestas fracções poderia estar a contribuir de forma mais efectiva para as propriedades antioxidantes do TE. Isolando-se compostos fenólicos a partir do TE, observou-se que a quercetina, caempferol e hiperósido foram os antioxidantes mais eficazes. Revelou-se importante estudar as propriedades neuroprotectoras destes extractos e compostos isolados, usando um modelo de neurotoxicidade in vitro que consiste na exposição de neurónios de hipocampo em cultura ao péptido β- amilóide. O TE e fracções contendo hipericinas (V2), glicósidos de flavonóides (V4), aglíconas de flavonóis e, especialmente, biflavonas (V5) reduziram significativamente a morte celular induzida pelo péptido β-amilóide. A quercetina, caempferol e biapigenina, presentes na fracção V5, reduziram significativamente a morte neuronal induzida após exposição ao péptido β-amilóide. Os resultados desta parte do trabalho sugerem que os extractos de H. perforatum possuem compostos neuroprotectores e que estas propriedades estão, pelo menos em parte, relacionadas com as suas propriedades antioxidantes. Uma vez que a exposição ao péptido β-amilóide aumenta a sensibilidade neuronal a agressões excitotóxicas, utilizou-se um modelo de excitotoxicidade in vitro de forma a avaliar se as propriedades neuroprotectoras pudessem afectar mecanismos excitotóxicos. Quando testados individualmente, a quercetina, caempferol e biapigenina (concentração final 10 μM) reduziram significativamente a morte neuronal causada por exposição a 100 μM de cainato e 100 μM de NMDA. Adicionalmente, observouse que a biapigenina preveniu significativamente a ocorrência de delayed calcium deregulation e perda de potencial transmembranar de mitocôndria – ΔΨm. Concluiuse que os efeitos exercidos pela quercetina e pelo caempferol são mediados, principalmente, por mecanismos antioxidantes; enquanto que a biapigenina tem como alvos diferentes vias neuroprotectoras, envolvendo a bioenergética mitocondrial e a homeostasia mitocondrial de cálcio. Estes resultados sugeriram que a homeostasia de cálcio e a função mitocondrial pudessem ser alvos da biapigenina. Observou-se que a biapigenina (10 μM) modula o sistema fosforilativo mitocondrial e que os seus efeitos foram diminuídos pelo atractilosídeo (40 μM) e o ácido bongkréquico (15 μM) (inibidores do ANT), enquanto que a oligomicina (1 mg.mL-1) não teve efeito. Adicionalmente, a biapigenin (10 μM) reduziu a capacidade mitocôndrial de retenção de cálcio, através do aumento do efluxo de cálcio. A ciclosporina A (0,5 μM) e ADP (125 μM) / oligomicina (1mg.mL-1), inibidores de abertura de mPTP, inibiram os efeitos da biapigenina. Estes resultados sugerem que a biapigenina possa modular a homeostasia mitocondrial de cálcio, possivelmente induzindo a abertura transiente do mPTP pela modulação da função do ANT; e que estes efeitos estejam relacionados com as propriedades neuroprotectoras da biapigenina, através da redução da “carga” de cálcio de mitocôndrias sujeitas a condições stressantes. Os nossos estudos suportam a crescente ideia de que H. perforatum possui propriedades neuroprotectoras contra processos neurodegenerativos relacionados com o péptido β-amilóide, excitotoxicidade, stresse oxidativo e apoptose, mas também protegendo a função mitocondrial e indicando um futuro promissor para a pesquisa de terapias baseadas na mitocôndria em perturbações neuronais subjacentes a isquémia e hipóxia., The therapeutic potential of phytochemicals in neurodegenerative diseases is still under debate, but a great deal of evidence suggests a relevant role of these natural products towards neuroprotection under processes of neuronal death. Altogether, both the events underlying neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases and the potential neuroprotective mechanisms affected by plant extracts are still poorly understood. Concerning this, we first sought out to establish a correlation between the antioxidant properties of extracts of Hypericum perforatum and the possible neuroprotective properties of these extracts. In the first part of this work we evaluated the antioxidant potential of a total ethanolic extract of H. perforatum (TE) and several fractions isolated from the TE. We observed that the antioxidant properties are closely associated with the content in flavonoids. The next step was to assess which of the compounds present in the flavonoid fractions could be contributing more effectively to the observed antioxidant properties of the TE. By isolating phenolic compounds from the TE, we observed quercetin, kaempferol and hyperoside to be the most effective antioxidants It was important to assess the neuroprotective properties of these extracts and isolated compounds using an in vitro model of neurotoxicity, which consisted in the exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to the peptide β-amyloid. The TE and fractions containing hypericins (V2), flavonol glycosides (V4), flavonol and, namely, biflavone aglycones (V5) significantly reduced peptide β-amyloid-induced neuronal death. Quercetin, kaempferol and biapigenin, present in V5, significantly reduced neuronal death induced by exposure to peptide β-amyloid (25 μM). The results of this part of the work suggest that H. perforatum extracts are endowed with neuroprotective compounds and that these properties are, at least in part, related with their antioxidant properties. Since exposure to peptide β-amyloid increases neuronal susceptibility to excitotoxicity, we used an in vitro model of excitotoxicity as a way to assess if the neuroprotective properties could affect excitotoxic mechanisms. When tested separately, quercetin, kaempferol and biapigenin (10 μM for all compounds) significantly reduced neuronal death caused by 100 μM kainate plus 100 μM NMDA. Additionally, we found that biapigenin was able to significantly prevent the occurrence of delayed calcium deregulation and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential – ΔΨm. We concluded that the neuroprotective effects exerted by quercetin and kaempferol are mainly mediated by antioxidant mechanism, whereas biapigenin triggers different neuroprotective pathways involving, mainly, mitochondrial bioenergetics and mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. These results suggested that calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function could be a target for biapigenin. We observed that biapigenin (10 μM) modulates the mitochondrial phosphorylative system, and that these effects were decreased by atractyloside (40 μM) and bongkrekic acid (15 μM) (inhibitors of the ANT), whereas oligomycin (1 mg.mL-1) had no significant effect. Additionally, biapigenin (10 μM) reduced mitochondrial calcium accumulation capacity, by increasing calcium efflux. Cyclosporin A (0.5 μM), a desensitizer of the mPTP, and ADP (125 μM) plus oligomycin (1mg.mL-1), a more efficient mPTP inhibitor in brain mitochondria, prevented the effects of biapigenin. Taken together, the results suggest that biapigenin might modulate mitochondrial function leading to increased calcium efflux, possibly through transient mPTP opening by modulating ANT function and this could be related with the neuroprotective properties of biapigenin, by reducing the “calcium” burden to mitochondria exposed to stressful conditions. Our studies further support the rising idea that H. perforatum is endowed with neuroprotective properties in major neurodegenerative processes related with peptide β-amyloid, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis, but also by protecting mitochondrial function, indicating a promising future for the research in mitochondria-based therapy of neuronal disorders, underlying ischemia and hypoxia.
- Published
- 2008
22. Presynaptic kainate receptors in the hippocampus : a critical role for GluR7 at the mossy fiber synapse
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Pinheiro, Paulo César Da Silva, Malva, João José Oliveira, Carvalho, Caetana Angélica Monteiro de, and Mulle, Christophe
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Receptores de glutamato ,Biologia - Published
- 2006
23. Receptores pré-sinápticos de cainato no hipocampo : função essencial da subunidade GluR7 nas synapses das fibras musgosas
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Pinheiro, Paulo César da Silva, Malva, João José Oliveira, Carvalho, Caetana Angélica Monteiro de, and Mulle, Christophe
- Subjects
Receptores de glutamato ,Biologia - Abstract
Tese de doutoramento em Biologia (Biologia Celular) apresentada à Fac. de Ciências e Tecnologia de Coimbra Os receptores do glutamato são os principais mediadores da neurotransmissão excitatória no cérebro e também intervêm na sua modulação. Enquanto que a localização e mecanismos de acção de receptores pós-sinápticos do tipo AMPA e NMDA, que suportam a neurotransmissão, são bem conhecidos muito resta a saber acerca da existência, função e mecanismos de acção de receptores que actuam a nível pré-sináptico. A este respeito, muito resta a saber acerca da localização dos receptores de cainato e o seu papel na neurotransmissão. Com o presente trabalho procurámos responder a algumas questões relacionadas com a localização sináptica e função de receptores do glutamato. Na primeira parte do trabalho descrevemos a optimização de uma metodologia bioquímica que permite a obtenção de preparações purificadas de proteínas da zona activa pré-sináptica e da densidade póssináptica. O processo consiste na solubilização sequencial das proteínas não sinápticas em 1% de Triton X-100 a pH 6.0, seguida da solubilização das proteínas pré-sinápticas e sua separação das densidades póssinápticas por aumento do pH para 8.0. Experiências de Western blot usando anticorpos contra proteínas tipicamente pré-sinápticas (SNAP-25 e sintaxina), pós-sinápticas (PSD-95) e não sinápticas (sinaptofisina e NCAM) permitiram verificar a eficiência da separação de proteínas destes compartimentos celulares. De seguida, investigámos a localização subsináptica de diversas subunidades de receptores ionotrópicos e metabotrópicos do glutamato. Observámos que, no caso dos receptores metabotrópicos do glutamato, a subunidade mGluR7 estava localizada maioritariamente na fracção de proteínas da zona activa pré-sináptica. A distribuição subsináptica das outras subunidades estudadas, mGluR1, mGluR2, mGluR4a e mGluR5 foi mais difícil de reconciliar com os resultados de microscopia electrónica existentes na literatura revelando, provavelmente, a limitação do uso da técnica no estudo da localização de receptores que apresentam distribuições particulares, como é o caso de receptores perisinápticos, que não estão localizados nem na zona activa pré-sináptica, nem na densidade pós-sináptica. No caso dos receptores do tipo AMPA, observámos que estes apresentavam uma distribuição subsináptica peculiar, com elevados níveis de imunoreactividade para os anticorpos dirigidos contra as subunidades GluR1, GluR2 e GluR2/3 nas fracções de proteínas da zona activa présináptica, da densidade pós-sináptica e de proteínas não sinápticas. A subunidade GluR4 foi detectada em níveis muito mais modestos e parece predominar pós-sinapticamente. Quanto aos receptores do tipo NMDA, apesar dos vários estudos relatando acções destes receptores ao nível pré-sináptico, detectámos apenas marcação residual para as subunidades NR1, e NR2A-C na zona activa pré-sináptica. A imunoreactividade para todas as subunidades estudadas estava concentrada essencialmente nas densidades póssinápicas e ausente da fracção de proteínas não sinápticas. A pequena amplitude e cinética lenta das correntes sinápticas mediadas por receptores de cainato parecem sugerir uma localização extrasináptica destes receptores, que seriam activados por glutamato difundido para fora da fenda sináptica. No entanto, a manipulação da concentração extracelular de glutamato não altera estas propriedades. Procurámos, portanto, contribuir para o esclarecimento desta aparente discrepância, estudando a localização subsináptica destes receptores. Em estudos funcionais, utilizando sinaptossomas, observámos que a activação de receptores de cainato com baixas concentrações de agonistas aumenta a libertação exocitótica de glutamato tritiado, num processo dependente de Ca2+. Este efeito foi insensível ao antagonista dos receptores AMPA, LY303070 (10 UM), mas foi prevenido pelo antagonista misto para receptores do tipo AMPA e cainato, CNQX (30 UM). Verificámos ainda que a eficiência de modulação da libertação de glutamato por receptores de cainato é superior à conseguida pela simples despolarização da membrana através da elevação da concentração extracelular de KCl apesar do último fenómeno ser mais eficiente em aumentar a [Ca2+]i. Por outro lado, verificámos que o aumento da [Ca2+]i induzido por activação de receptores de cainato (cainato 100 UM) foi só parcialmente inibido pela exposição a bloqueadores de canais de Ca2+ sensíveis à voltagem. Este resultados sugerem fortemente que os receptores pré-sinápticos de cainato estão localizados dentro da zona activa, próximo dos locais de libertação de glutamato sendo, provavelmente, directamente permeáveis a Ca2+. Para comprovar os resultados dos estudos funcionais investigámos a distribuição subsináptica das várias subunidades de receptores de cainato. Estas experiências mostraram que todas as subunidades de receptores de cainato estão localizadas na zona activa pré-sináptica e na densidade póssináptica. A subunidade KA1 mostrou uma localização preferencialmente pós-sináptica. A subunidade GluR7 é uma subunidade dos receptores de cainato cuja função no cérebro é essencialmente desconhecida. A distribuição de mRNA para esta subunidade permite antever uma possível participação em receptores pré-sinápticos nas sinapses das fibras musgosas no hipocampo, pelo que decidimos estudar um possível papel fisiológico de GluR7 ao nível destas sinapses. Através do registo de correntes excitatórias pós-sinápticas, no modo de voltagem imposta, em células piramidais da área CA3 em fatias de cérebro de animais de fenótipo selvagem e animais deficientes para a subunidade GluR7 (GluR7-/-) estudámos uma possível participação desta subunidade em receptores pós-sinápticos de cainato. Observámos que nem a amplitude da resposta dos receptores de cainato nos potenciais excitatórios pós-sinápticos nem a sua cinética estavam alterados em animais GluR7-/-. Assim, sugerimos que esta subunidade não contribui para receptores de cainato a nível póssináptico nas sinapses das fibras musgosas com as células piramidais da área CA3. De seguida, estudámos fenómenos de modulação pré-sináptica através de protocolos de plasticidade de curta e longa duração. Em animais GluR7-/- observámos que a facilitação sináptica devida à aplicação seguida de dois pulsos de estimulação estava significativamente reduzida para intervalos de 10-40 ms entre os pulsos de estimulação, mas apresentava-se normal para intervalos de 100 ms ou superiores, sugerindo uma acção rápida dos receptores de apenas alguns milisegundos. A elevada facilitação observada normalmente nesta sinapse em resposta a um conjunto de 5 estimulações com uma frequência de 20 Hz estava também fortemente reduzida, mostrando que receptores contendo a subunidade GluR7 contribuem para a facilitação sináptica em resposta a estímulos repetidos. Uma outra forma de plasticidade, a facilitação em frequência, que se desenvolve mais lentamente na gama de frequências baixas com estimulação repetitiva, embora não estivesse alterada para frequências mais baixas (0.2 Hz), apresentava-se significativamente reduzida para frequências de estimulação de 0.5 Hz e superiores. A potenciação de longa duração (LTP) observada nas sinapses das fibras musgosas é induzida e expressa a nível pré-sináptico e os receptores pré-sinápticos de cainato, embora inicialmente considerados essenciais para este tipo de plasticidade, desempenham um papel permissivo reduzindo o limiar para a sua indução. Investigámos, por isso, se a subunidade GluR7 teria também um papel preponderante neste tipo de plasticidade sináptica. En animais GluR7-/- a LTP das fibras musgosas estava consideravelmente reduzida, mas não completamente ausente. Adicionalmente, a potenciação pós-tetânica (PTP) estava também severamente reduzida em animais GluR7-/- sem que, no entanto, nenhuma diferença tenha sido observada entre os dois genótipos na potenciação das respostas sinápticas por aplicação de forscolina, indicando que o mecanismo de expressão deste tipo de plasticidade estava intacto. Quer a LTP quer a PTP foram, no entanto, recuperadas para níveis semelhantes aos níveis controlo após elevação da concentração de KCl no meio extracelular ou fornecendo estímulos eléctricos adicionais durante a fase de indução. Embora não tenhamos observado uma facilitação das respostas das sinapses das fibras musgosas pela aplicação de baixas concentrações de cainato (50 nM) a sua inibição foi consistentemente observada em animais de ambos os genótipos pela aplicação de concentrações de cainato superiores a 100 nM. Esta experiência mostrou que a facilitação e inibição das respostas sinápticas pelos receptores de cainato provavelmente não são mediadas pelos mesmos receptores. Mostrámos ainda que não só a subunidade GluR7 tem uma localização sináptica na ausência da subunidade GluR6, e vice versa, mas também que estas duas entidades co-imunoprecipitam em lisados de cérebro, sugerindo a existência de receptores heteroméricos contendo GluR6 e GluR7. Estudos em células HEK transfectadas com GluR6 e GluR7 mostraram que estes receptores heteroméricos são bloqueados pelo antagonista misto de receptores AMPA/cainato, CNQX, e, surpreendentemente, também pelo GYKI 53655, um antagonista considerado selectivo para receptores AMPA. Estabelecemos que estes compostos reduzem a facilitação em frequência em animais controlo mas não em animais GluR7-/-. Adicionalmente, os níveis de facilitação em animais GluR7-/- eram os mesmos observados em animais controlo na presença dos antagonistas, dando um suporte farmacológico aos dados obtidos com a estratégia de delecção genética. Os nossos resultados reforçam o papel dos receptores de cainato como entidades fundamentais no controlo das sinapses glutamatérgicas. A nível pré-sináptico, verificámos que a subunidade GluR7 desempenha um papel fulcral em fenómenos de plasticidade sináptica de curta e longa duração no hipocampo, levantando importantes questões acerca do possível papel deste receptor em outras zonas cerebrais onde a plasticidade sináptica é semelhante à observada nas sinapses das fibras musgosas. Glutamate receptors play a central role in excitatory neurotransmission in the brain and also in synaptic modulation. Whereas the localization and mechanisms of action of postsynaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors, that support neurotransmission, are more or less well understood, much remains to be studied regarding the existence, function and mechanisms of action of receptors that act at the presynaptic level. With this regard, the synaptic localization of kainate receptors and their role in neurotransmission is one of the most poorly comprehended. With the present effort we sought to answer some of the unresolved issues regarding glutamate receptor localization and function. In the first part of this work we used a new biochemical technique to allow us to obtain purified preparations of proteins from the presynaptic active zone, the postsynaptic density and from non-synaptic pools. This was achieved by the sequential solubilization of non-synaptic proteins in 1% Triton X-100 at pH 6.0, followed by solubilization of presynaptic proteins from the postsynaptic densities by increasing the pH to 8.0. Antibodies directed against typically presynaptic (SNAP-25 and syntaxin), postsynaptic (PSD95) and non-synaptic (synaptophysin and NCAM) proteins allowed us to verify that the methodology yielded preparations of these protein pools with high purity. We next investigated the subsynaptic localization of several subunits of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. We found that, for metabotropic glutamate receptors, the mGluR7 subunit was found mainly on the presynaptic active zone, as previously described. The subsynaptic distribution of the other subunits studied, mGluR1, mGluR2, mGluR4a and mGluR5 was more difficult to reconcile with the results from previous immunogold electron microscopy studies, revealing a possible limitation of the solubilization technique in resolving receptors that present particular distributions, such as perisynaptic receptors, that are neither localized in the presynaptic active zone nor in the postsynaptic density. AMPA receptors were found to have a striking subsynaptic distribution, with high amounts of immunoreactivity for GluR1, GluR2 and GluR2/3 in the presynaptic active zone fraction of proteins, in the postsynaptic density and in the non-synaptic pool of proteins. Although there is some evidence that these receptors may be differentially attached to the postsynaptic density, they should not be behaving differently to the solubilization procedure and contribute significantly for the observed presynaptic labbelling. Furthermore, proof for their existence at presynaptic sites is increasingly growing. Despite numerous evidences for actions of NMDA receptors at the presynaptic level, we found only residual labelling for the NR1 and NR2A-C subunits in the pool of proteins from the presynaptic active zone, with the majority of immunoreactivity concentrated at postsynaptic densities. The small labelling of this fraction of proteins for PSD-95 may indicate that labelling at such sites may, in fact, result from slight contamination of the presynaptic active zone faction with proteins from the postsynaptic density. Electrophysiological responses mediated by kainate receptors show small amplitude and slow kinetics that may suggest an extrasynaptic localization and activation by low concentrations of glutamate spilling over from the synaptic cleft. However, manipulating the extracellular glutamate concentration does not change these parameters. Therefore, we sought to add some clarity to this question by investigating the subsynaptic localization of these receptors. In functional studies, using synaptosomes, we observed that activation of kainate receptors with low concentrations of agonists increased the exocytotic release of [3H]glutamate in a Ca2+- dependent manner. This effect was insensitive to the AMPA receptor antagonist, LY303070 (10 UM), but was blocked by the general AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist, CNQX (30 UM). Furthermore, we also observed that kainate (1 UM), although inducing a much more modest increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, was able to significantly modify the release of [3H]glutamate, contrarily to what was observed in a situation of elevated extracellular KCl. These results, together with the fact that the Ca2+ signal was only partially reduced by blockers of voltagesensitive Ca2+ channels, at the supramaximal concentration of 100 UM kainate, suggest that presynaptic kainate receptors are localized close to glutamate release sites, within the active zone, and are probably directly permeable to Ca2+. To look further into the synaptic localization of kainate receptors we performed Western blot experiments in the subsynaptic fractions. This showed that, not only all kainate receptor subunits are localized both in the presynaptic active zone and postsynaptic density but also that they appear to be restricted to these sites of synaptic contact, as shown by the very faint labelling in the non-synaptic pool of proteins. The KA1 subunit revealed to be preferentially localized at the postsynaptic level. Although we showed the subsynaptic localization of kainate receptors and a functional role at the presynaptic level, it is important to understand these parameters at individual synapses and the subunits that are important for synaptic modulation in a more intact system. GluR7 is one subunit of kainate receptors whose function in the brain is unknown. The distribution of mRNA predicts the possibility of its participation to presynaptic kainate receptors at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses and, therefore, we decided to study its possible role at this synapse. By performing whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from CA3 pyramidal cells in brain slices from wildtype mice and mice lacking GluR7 (GluR7-/-) we first studied the possible contribution of this subunit for postsynaptic receptors. We found that neither receptor kinetics nor the percent contribution of pure kainate receptor-mediated responses to mossy fiber EPSCs were changed in GluR7-/- mice suggesting that, in consistency with anatomical data, GluR7 does not contribute to postsynaptic receptors at mossy fiber-CA3 pyramidal cell synapses. We then turned to presynaptic modulation by using protocols that lead to presynaptic forms of short- and long-term plasticity, which have been shown to be dependent on or modulated by kainate receptors. In animals lacking GluR7 we showed that paired pulse facilitation was significantly impaired at short intervals between stimuli, but normal for intervals of 100 ms or greater, suggesting a fast action of these receptors of only a few milliseconds. The prominent facilitation of mossy fiber responses to a train of 5 stimuli, delivered at a frequency of 20 Hz, was also greatly reduced in GluR7-/- animals, showing that kainate receptors containing this subunit contribute to the facilitation of responses to repetitive stimuli. Frequency facilitation, another form of presynaptic plasticity that develops over a slower time scale with repetitive stimulation in the low frequency range, although not altered at low (0.2 Hz) rates of stimulation, was significantly reduced for stimulation frequencies of 0.5 Hz and higher in the absence of GluR7. Mossy fiber LTP is both induced and expressed presynaptically and presynaptic kainate receptors, although initially thought to be crucial for this process, are now known to have a permissive role by lowering the induction threshold. Therefore, we investigated whether GluR7 had any participation in this form of long-term synaptic plasticity. In animals lacking the GluR7 subunit mossy fiber LTP was strikingly reduced, but not completely absent, when compared to wildtype animals. Furthermore, PTP was also severely impaired in GluR7-/- mice but no difference was found in the forskolininduced potentiation of mossy fiber responses, indicating an intact expression mechanism. Mossy fiber LTP and PTP could, however, be rescued to control levels by either slightly increasing the extracellular KCl concentration or by supplying additional stimuli during induction.
- Published
- 2006
24. Modulatory effects of the chemokine Fractalkine in a model of endotoxin-induced microglial activation
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Neiva, Ismael, Malva, João, and Valero, Jorge
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Migração ,Lipopolissacarídeo ,Fagocitose ,Fractalquina ,Microglia - Abstract
Dissertação de mestrado em Bioquímica apresentada ao Departamento Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra. A quimiocina fractalquina (Fkn) é uma molécula única, expressa constitutivamente por neurónios no sistema nervoso central (SNC), enquanto que neste tecido o seu receptor se encontra apenas em microglia. Um conjunto crescente de indícios sugere que a Fkn pode servir como modulador da interacção entre neurónios e microglia no SNC saudável e/ou em casos patológicos. Neste trabalho, investigámos os efeitos moduladores da Fkn no perfil inflamatório promovido pelo lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) na linha celular de microglia N9. Os nossos resultados mostram que a Fkn induz uma redução na expressão de mRNA para a interleucina 1-beta (IL-1β) e para o factor de necrose tumoral-alfa (TNF-α), aumentados pelo LPS; aumenta a actividade fagocítica e migratória das células N9 e induz uma reorganização do citoesqueleto, quer em condições basais quer na presença de LPS. Em suma, a Fkn modula a activação da microglia induzida por LPS, reduzindo o perfil inflamatório destas células, mas mantendo elevados níveis de actividade quer fagocítica, quer migratória. Os nossos dados confirmam que a Fkn pode ter um papel importante a desempenhar em patologias do SNC que sejam afectadas pela desregulação da actividade da microglia. O sistema da Fkn surge assim como um alvo importante no tratamento destas patologias. Fractalkine (Fkn) is a unique chemokine, which is constitutively expressed by neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), while in this tissue its receptor is localized only in microglia. Increasing evidence suggests that Fkn may act as a key modulator of the crosstalk between neurons and microglia in health and in disease. In this work, we investigated the modulatory effects of Fkn on the inflammatory profile elicited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the N9 microglial cell line. Our results show that Fkn reduces interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression driven by LPS, increases the phagocytic and migratory activity of N9 cells and induces cytoskeleton reorganization both in basal conditions and under stimulation with LPS. In summary, Fkn modulates LPS-mediated microglial activation, reducing the inflammatory profile while maintaining high levels of migratory and phagocytic activity. Our data confirms that Fkn may play a major role in CNS pathologies affected by deregulation of microglial activity. Thus, Fkn system emerges as an important target for the treatment of such pathologies.
25. Papel dos linfócitos CD4+ TH1 e TH17 na patogénese da encefalomielite autoimune experimental
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Domingues, Helena Sofia de Azevedo, Wekerie, Hartmut, and Malva, João Oliveira
- Subjects
Células Th17 ,Encefalomielite ,Células Th1 - Abstract
Tese de doutoramento em Biologia (Biologia Celular) apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and is characterized by inflammation, demyelination and axonal destruction, consequently leading to neuronal death. The processes that are involved in triggering the onset and driving inflammation, cellular composition and distribution of autoimmune lesions during the course of MS are not completely understood. Thus far, the animal model representing human MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has proved a central role for myelin‐autoimmune CD4+ helper T cells playing in the initiation of inflammatory demyelination of the CNS. In the past recent years, the scientific community has witnessed a real revolution regarding the knowledge of CD4+ T cell biology and this had, of course, an important impact in the understanding of many immune‐related diseases. Since the discovery in 2005 of the new Th17 cell subset, a big debate took place concerning the true pathogenic CD4+ T cell subset in EAE and MS. Th1 cells, which produce IFNγ as their signature cytokine, have for many years been considered to be the pathogenic effector T cells in CNS autoimmunity. However, unexpected data obtained together with the discovery of Th17 cells have led the researchers to believe that Th17 cells but not Th1 cells were pathogenic in EAE. Nevertheless, evidence coming from spontaneous EAE models developed in this lab suggested that both CD4+ T cell subsets, Th1 and Th17, may contribute to the pathogenesis, probably with different roles. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to address the roles of Th1 and Th17 cell subsets in the context of autoimmune disease of the CNS. Initially, by establishing an adoptive transfer EAE model, the individual pathogenicity of myelin‐specific Th1 and Th17 cells was evaluated in vivo and it was observed that both T cell lineages were able to induce EAE, but with different clinical features. While Th1 cells induced only classical paralytic EAE, many animals receiving Th17 cells developed an ataxic, non‐classical EAE phenotype. Interestingly, when Th1 and Th17 cells were cotransferred induced more severe EAE with earlier onset, indicating that these two CD4+ subsets are both pathogenic and synergize to trigger autoimmune inflammation in the CNS. Finally, it was found that transferred Th17 cells can convert to a Th1 phenotype in the host, suggesting plasticity in the Th17 cell subset and emphasizing a pathogenic role for Th1 cells. Next, taking into account our data and earlier findings previous to the Th17 cell discovery that demonstrated a cytotoxic capacity of auto‐antigenic T cells over astrocytes, important CNS resident glial cells, we asked which of the CD4+ T cell subset was cytotoxic to astrocytes. By establishing an in vitro co‐culture of myelin‐specific Th1 and Th17 cells with GFP positive‐astrocytes, it was possible to pursue cytotoxicity by fluorescent time‐lapse microscopy. It was found that Th1 but not Th17 cells were cytotoxic to astrocytes, further emphasizing the pathogenic role of Th1 cells. Finally, in order to identify molecules that are differently regulated in Th1 and Th17 cells and to understand which different roles these cells might play in EAE, a transcriptome analysis by microarrays of both populations was performed. We found the nuclear receptor Rev‐Erbα to be expressed in Th17 but not in Th1 cells. A pathway analysis revealed a relationship of Rev‐Erbα with RORα, an important transcription factor for Th17 differentiation, but no definite role for this molecule in regulating Th17 differentiation could be established. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates, contrary to initial evidence, that both myelinspecific Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cell subsets are able to induce pathogenicity in EAE, though with different capabilities to mediate disease. Also, Th1 cells are true cytotoxic effector cells destroying astrocytes, important neuronal buffer cells. A new gene was also discovered, Rev‐Erbα, which is differently regulated by Th1 and Th17 cells. Though no impact of Rev‐Erbα in Th17 differentiation could be determined, a possible role in Th17 biology will need to be further addressed. A Esclerose Múltipla (EM) é uma doença autoimune que afecta o Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) e é caracterizada pela presença de inflamação, desmielinização e destruição axonal, levando, consequentemente, à morte neuronal. Os processos que despoletam e conduzem a resposta inflamatória, composição celular no SNC e distribuição das lesões autoimunes no curso da doença não são completamente conhecidos. Até ao momento, o modelo animal que representa a EM, a Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental (EAE), tem sido essencial na identificação dos linfócitos CD4+ autoimunes, específicos para a mielina, como células centrais na iniciação das desmielinização inflamatória do SNC. Nos últimos anos, a comunidade científica tem assistido a uma revolução no conhecimento acerca da biologia das células T CD4+ ajudantes. Consequentemente, este facto teve um impacto extremamente importante na compreensão de muitas doenças relacionadas com o sistema imunitário. Desde a descoberta em 2005 do novo subtipo de células CD4+ ajudantes, as células Th17, uma grande controvérsia cresceu na discussão sobre o verdadeiro subtipo de células CD4+ patogénico na EAE e EM. As células Th1, que produzem IFNγ como principal citocina, foram durante muitos anos consideradas as células CD4+ patogénicas na EM e EAE. No entanto, evidências científicas paradoxais obtidas em paralelo com a descoberta das células Th17 levaram os investigadores a acreditar que, afinal, as células Th17, e não as Th1, eram as patogénicas na EAE. Em todo o caso, observações feitas nos modelos espontâneos para a EAE desenvolvidos no nosso laboratório sugeriram que, talvez, ambos os subtipos sejam importantes e contribuam para a patogénese, provavelmente com diferentes papéis. Assim, o principal objectivo desta tese consistiu na elucidação dos papéis individuais das células Th1 e Th17 no contexto da autoimunidade do SNC. Inicialmente, ao estabelecer um modelo de EAE por transferência adoptiva, avaliámos in vivo a patogenicidade individual das células Th1 e Th17 específicas para a mielina e descobrimos que ambos os subtipos são capazes de induzir EAE, embora com diferentes características clínicas. Ao passo que as células Th1 induziram apenas EAE clássica, muitos animais transferidos com células Th17 desenvolveram um fenótipo de 14 EAE não‐clássico, atáxico. Curiosamente, quando as células Th1 e Th17 foram transferidas em conjunto induziram EAE mais severa e com início de doença antecipado, indicando que estes dois subtipos de células CD4+ são ambos patogénicos e cooperam sinergicamente para despoletar inflamação autoimune no SNC. Finalmente, observámos que as células Th17 transferidas se converteram para o fenótipo Th1 no animal recipiente, sugerindo plasticidade das células Th17. Em seguida, tendo em conta os nossos resultados e observações anteriores à descoberta das células Th17 que demonstraram uma capacidade citotóxica de células T ajudantes e auto antigénicas, mediadoras de EAE, sobre astrócitos, questionou‐se qual subtipo seria o responsável por tal citotoxicidade. Após desenvolvimento de um sistema de co‐cultura de astrócitos GFP positivos com células Th1 e Th17 específicas para a mielina, foi possível avaliar a citotoxicidade por microscopia de fluorescência em tempo real. Descobrimos que são as células Th1, e não as Th17, citotóxicas para os astrócitos, enfatizando assim um papel patogénico das células Th1. Finalmente, com o objectivo de identificar moléculas reguladas de modo diferente pelas células Th1 e Th17 e que, de certo modo, possam explicar os diferentes papéis que estes subtipos possam ter na EAE, foi realizado uma análise do transcriptoma das duas populações por microarrays. O nosso estudo focou-se no receptor nuclear Rev‐Erbα, expresso nas células Th17 mas não nas Th1. Uma análise das vias celulares e relações moleculares revelou uma associação do Rev‐Erbα com o RORα, um importante factor de transcrição para a diferenciação das células Th17. No entanto, não foi possível definir um papel para este receptor na diferenciação das células Th17. Em suma, nesta tese de doutoramento foi possível demonstrar que, ao contrário das evidências iniciais, no nosso modelo de EAE ambos os subtipos de células T CD4+ específicos para a mielina, Th1 e Th17, são capazes de induzir patogenicidade na EAE. Ainda, mostrou-se que as células Th1, mas não as Th17, são citotóxicas para os astrócitos, importantes células protectoras dos neurónios no SNC. Descobrimos também que o receptor Rev‐Erbα é regulado de modo diferente pelas células Th1 e Th17. Apesar de não termos encontrado um papel relevante do Rev‐Erbα na diferenciação das células Th17, é possivel que exerça uma função importante na biologia das mesmas, que terá de ser explorada no futuro.
26. Strategies for the use of neural stem cells in brain repair
- Author
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Grade, Sofia Cristina de Morais and Malva, João José Oliveira
- Subjects
Migração ,Neurogénese ,Células estaminais neurais
27. Neurotoxicidade e neuroprotecção no hipocampo : papel dos receptores do neuropeptídeo Y
- Author
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Silva, Ana Paula Pereira da, Carvalho, Caetana Monteiro de, and Malva, João Oliveira
- Subjects
Biologia celular
28. Role of intercellular communication between endothelial and stem cells in stemness and neurogenesis : focus on the soluble factor angiopoietin-1 and direct contact via lamimim-1/a6ß1 integrin and connexin 43 as new targets for brain repair
- Author
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Rosa, Alexandra Isabel Freitas, Malva, João, and Oliveira, Catarina Resende de
- Subjects
Neurogénese ,Células estaminais ,Proliferação celular ,Cérebro
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