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Background: Heterozygous hotspot mutations in the RNA splicing factor SF3B1, occur in 3% of unselected breast cancers and are associated with oestrogen receptor (ER+) breast cancer (BC) where they are enriched in metastatic disease and are associated with a poor clinical outcome. SF3B1 mutations drive distinct signatures of alternative splicing through cryptic 3’ splice site selection leading to global transcriptomic and proteomic changes. The functional consequences of the mis-splicing events and resultant genetic vulnerabilities are poorly understood and precision medicine approaches that exploit these characteristics are not clinically available (Table 1). Methods: To understand the role of SF3B1 mutations in ER+ BC, we generated a series of SF3B1 mutant (SF3B1MUT) isogenic cell lines which were characterised using RNA-sequencing and high content mass-spectrometry proteomic profiling. SF3B1 interactome analysis was also performed using immunoprecipitation of SF3B1 followed by mass-spectrometry. The molecular consequences of aberrant splicing were investigated using a targeted screening approach of 280 genes predicted to be alternatively spliced in SF3B1MUT BC, while high-throughput drug screens were used to identify novel therapeutic options for patients with SF3B1MUT breast cancer using isogenic cells. Hits were validated in vitro and in vivo using cell line and patient derived xenografts. Results: Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of SF3B1MUT cells identified global alternative 3’ splice site selection and subsequent proteomic changes induced by the mutations. Investigation of the SF3B1K700E interactome identified an enrichment of SF3B1K700E binding with ER, aberrant splicing of ER target genes, global rewiring of ER chromatin binding and resistance to endocrine therapy. Silencing of the aberrantly spliced candidate genes PPIH, TRIM37, HIGD1A, BRD9, and PHKG2 significantly enhanced the growth of the SF3B1 mutant cells, suggestive of a dose dependent tumour suppressive effect. Through synthetic-lethal drug screens we found that SF3B1MUT cells are selectively sensitive to PARP inhibitors. SF3B1MUT cells display a defective response to PARPi induced replication stress. Mechanistically, this occurs via defective ATR signalling in SF3B1MUT cells, which upon PARPi exposure leads to increased replication origin firing and loss of pChk1 (S317) induction. The resultant replication stress leads to failure to resolve DNA replication intermediates via the endonuclease MUS81 and cell cycle stalling at the G2/M checkpoint. These defects can be further targeted by ATM, CDK7 or FACT inhibition, when used in combination with PARPi treatment. This SF3B1MUT selective PARPi sensitivity is preserved across multiple cell lines and patient derived tumour models. In vivo, PARPi produce profound anti-tumour effects in multiple SF3B1MUT cancer models and eliminate distant metastases. Conclusions: Our integrative analysis reveals mechanistic insight into the role of SF3B1 mutations in endocrine therapy response in ER+ breast cancers, where altered SF3B1 induces ER-transcriptional re-programming. We further identified a robust synthetic-lethal relationship of mutant SF3B1 with PARP inhibition that is caused by a defective response to PARPi induced replication stress. Furthermore, we identified several potential selective combination strategies together with PARPi that are selective for SF3B1MUT cells. Together, these data provide the pre-clinical and mechanistic rationale for assessing already-approved PARPi in a biomarker-defined subset of advanced ER+ BC. Table 1. Identified potential therapies for SF3B1 mutant cancers from this study and the literature Citation Format: Phil Bland, Harry Saville, Abigail Read, Patty Wai, Gareth Muirhead, Lucinda Curnow, Jadwiga Nieminuszczy, Nivedita Ravindran, Marie John, Somaieh Hedayat, Holly Barker, James Wright, Lu Yu, Ioanna Mavrommati, Barrie Peck, Mark Allen, Patrycja Gazinska, Helen Pemberton, Aditi Gulati, Sarah Nash, Farzana Noor, Naomi Guppy, Ioannis Roxanis, Samantha Barlow, Helen Kalirai, Sarah Coupland, Ronan Broderick, Samar Alsafadi, Alexandre Houy, Marc-Henri Stern, Stephen Pettit, Jyoti Choudhary, Syed Haider, Wojciech Niedzwiedz, Christopher Lord, Rachael Natrajan. Mutations in the RNA Splicing Factor SF3B1 drive endocrine therapy resistance and confer a targetable replication stress response defect through PARP inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-10-05.

ImportanceTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells are sensitive to poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors used as radiosensitizers. Whether combining PARP inhibitors with radiotherapy in patients with TNBC would enhance the biological effectiveness of the irradiation and improve locoregional control is unclear.ObjectiveTo assess the safety and tolerability of PARP inhibition with olaparib used concurrently with radiotherapy in patients with TNBC with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis phase 1 prospective dose-escalation trial (Olaparib and Radiation Therapy for TNBC [RadioPARP] trial) using a time-to-event continual reassessment method was performed from September 2017 to November 2019, with follow-up until November 2021. Participants had an incomplete pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or unresectable TNBC despite previous neoadjuvant chemotherapy, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status score of 0 or 1, and adequate organ functions.InterventionsOlaparib was administered orally in the form of tablets and given at increasing doses (50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, or 200 mg twice daily). Olaparib therapy was started 1 week before radiotherapy and was continued concomitantly with radiotherapy. After breast-conserving surgery, a total dose of 50.4 Gy was delivered to the whole breast, with a 63-Gy simultaneously integrated boost to the tumor bed for patients younger than 60 years. After radical mastectomy or for unresectable tumors despite neoadjuvant chemotherapy, a total dose of 50.0 Gy was delivered to the chest wall (after mastectomy) or to the whole breast (for unresectable tumors). Regional lymph node stations could be treated with a total dose of 50.0 Gy to 50.4 Gy in cases of node-positive disease.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMain outcomes were the safety and tolerability of PARP inhibition with radiotherapy for early-stage, high-risk TNBC. Secondary outcomes included overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS).ResultsAmong the 24 patients included in the trial (100% female; median age, 46 years [range, 25-74 years]), no dose-limiting toxic effects were observed, and olaparib was escalated to 200 mg twice daily without reaching the maximum tolerated dose. No late treatment-related grade 3 or greater toxic effect was observed, and the maximum observed treatment-related toxic effects at the 2-year follow-up were grade 2 breast pain, fibrosis, and deformity in 1 patient (4.2%). Three-year OS and EFS were 83% (95% CI, 70%-100%) and 65% (95% CI, 48%-88%), respectively. Homologous recombination status was not associated with OS or EFS.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this phase 1 dose-escalation trial suggest that PARP inhibition with olaparib concurrently with radiotherapy for early-stage, high-risk TNBC is well tolerated and should continue to be evaluated in further clinical trials.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03109080

BackgroundThe causal relevance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for risk of site-specific cancers remains uncertain.MethodsUsing a Mendelian randomization (MR) framework, we assessed the causal relevance of PUFAs for risk of cancer in European and East Asian ancestry individuals. We defined the primary exposure as PUFA desaturase activity, proxied by rs174546 at the FADS locus. Secondary exposures were defined as omega 3 and omega 6 PUFAs that could be proxied by genetic polymorphisms outside the FADS region. Our study used summary genetic data on 10 PUFAs and 67 cancers, corresponding to 562,871 cases and 1,619,465 controls, collected by the Fatty Acids in Cancer Mendelian Randomization Collaboration. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) for cancer per standard deviation increase in genetically proxied PUFA exposures.FindingsGenetically elevated PUFA desaturase activity was associated (P < 0.0007) with higher risk (OR [95% confidence interval]) of colorectal cancer (1.09 [1.07–1.11]), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (1.16 [1.06–1.26]), lung cancer (1.06 [1.03–1.08]) and basal cell carcinoma (1.05 [1.02–1.07]). There was little evidence for associations with reproductive cancers (OR = 1.00 [95% CI: 0.99–1.01]; Pheterogeneity = 0.25), urinary system cancers (1.03 [0.99–1.06], Pheterogeneity = 0.51), nervous system cancers (0.99 [0.95–1.03], Pheterogeneity = 0.92) or blood cancers (1.01 [0.98–1.04], Pheterogeneity = 0.09). Findings for colorectal cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma remained compatible with causality in sensitivity analyses for violations of assumptions. Secondary MR analyses highlighted higher omega 6 PUFAs (arachidonic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid) as potential mediators. PUFA biosynthesis is known to interact with aspirin, which increases risk of bleeding and inflammatory bowel disease. In a phenome-wide MR study of non-neoplastic diseases, we found that genetic lowering of PUFA desaturase activity, mimicking a hypothetical intervention to reduce cancer risk, was associated (P < 0.0006) with increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease but not bleeding.InterpretationThe PUFA biosynthesis pathway may be an intervention target for prevention of colorectal cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma but with potential for increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease.FundingCancer Resesrch UK (C52724/A20138, C18281/A19169). UK Medical Research Council (MR/P014054/1). National Institute for Health Research (NIHR202411). UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/1, MC_UU_00011/3, MC_UU_00011/6, and MC_UU_00011/4). National Cancer Institute (R00 CA215360). National Institutes of Health (U01 CA164973, R01 CA60987, R01 CA72520, U01 CA74806, R01 CA55874, U01 CA164973 and U01 CA164973).

Uveal Melanoma (UM) is a rare and malignant intraocular tumor with dismal prognosis. Even if radiation or surgery permit an efficient control of the primary tumor, up to 50% of patients subsequently develop metastases, mainly in the liver. The treatment of UM metastases is challenging and the patient survival is very poor. The most recurrent event in UM is the activation of Gαq signaling induced by mutations in GNAQ/11. These mutations activate downstream effectors including protein kinase C (PKC) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Clinical trials with inhibitors of these targets have not demonstrated a survival benefit for patients with UM metastasis. Recently, it has been shown that GNAQ promotes YAP activation through the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Pharmacological inhibition of MEK and FAK showed remarkable synergistic growth-inhibitory effects in UM both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we have evaluated the synergy of the FAK inhibitor with a series of inhibitors targeting recognized UM deregulated pathways in a panel of cell lines. The combined inhibition of FAK and MEK or PKC had highly synergistic effects by reducing cell viability and inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these combinations exert a remarkable in vivo activity in UM patient-derived xenografts. Our study confirms the previously described synergy of the dual inhibition of FAK and MEK and identifies a novel combination of drugs (FAK and PKC inhibitors) as a promising strategy for therapeutic intervention in metastatic UM.

The high frequency of homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is the main rationale of testing platinum-based chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), however, the existing methods to identify HRD are controversial and there is a medical need for predictive biomarkers. We assess the in vivo response to platinum agents in 55 patient-derived xenografts (PDX) of TNBC to identify determinants of response. The HRD status, determined from whole genome sequencing, is highly predictive of platinum response. BRCA1 promoter methylation is not associated with response, in part due to residual BRCA1 gene expression and homologous recombination proficiency in different tumours showing mono-allelic methylation. Finally, in 2 cisplatin sensitive tumours we identify mutations in XRCC3 and ORC1 genes that are functionally validated in vitro. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the genomic HRD is predictive of platinum response in a large cohort of TNBC PDX and identify alterations in XRCC3 and ORC1 genes driving cisplatin response.

Supplementary Methods - PDF file 148K, Contains supplementary methods used in data analysis

Supplementary Tables 1-12 - XLSX file 156K, This file contains Supplementary Tables 1-12. Supplementary Table 1. Clinical information of 12 patients in discovery cohort. Supplementary Table 2. Whole genome sequnecing coverage of uveal melanoma samples. Supplementary Table 3. Ploidy and tumor fraction in uveal melanoma samples. Supplementary Table 4. Predicted somatic structural variants identified by WGS. Supplementary Table 5. List of nonsynonymous mutations in uveal melanoma samples. Supplementary Table 6.. Recurrent mutations / events in uveal melanoma Supplementary Table 7. Clinical features of extension cohort patients. Supplementary Table 8. Effects of SF3B1 mutations on gene expression. Supplementary Table 9. Effects of SF3B1 mutations on exon usage. Supplementary Table 10. The effects of SF3B1 mutations on alternative splicing 1: DEXSeq analysis. Supplementary Table 11. The effects of SF3B1 mutations on alternative splicing 2: MATS analysis. Supplementary Table 12. Primers for qRT-PCR validations

Disruption of splicing patterns due to mutations of genes coding splicing factors in tumors represents a potential source of tumor neoantigens, which would be both public (shared between patients) and tumor-specific (not expressed in normal tissues). In this study, we show that mutations of the splicing factor SF3B1 in uveal melanoma generate such immunogenic neoantigens. Memory CD8+ T cells specific for these neoantigens are preferentially found in 20% of patients with uveal melanoma bearing SF3B1-mutated tumors. Single-cell analyses of neoepitope-specific T cells from the blood identified large clonal T-cell expansions, with distinct effector transcription patterns. Some of these expanded T-cell receptors are also present in the corresponding tumors. CD8+ T-cell clones specific for the neoepitopes specifically recognize and kill SF3B1-mutated tumor cells, supporting the use of this new family of neoantigens as therapeutic targets.Significance:Mutations of the splicing factor SF3B1 in uveal melanoma generate shared neoantigens that are uniquely expressed by tumor cells, leading to recognition and killing by specific CD8 T cells. Mutations in splicing factors can be sources of new therapeutic strategies applicable to diverse tumors.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1861

Supplementary Figures S1-S7 - PDF file 4131K, This file contains Supplementary Figures S1-S7. S1 Summary of somatic copy number alterations in uveal melanoma S2 Circos plots of uveal melanoma genomes S3 Distribution of missense mutations in SF3B1 S4 Kaplan-Meier curves for uveal melanoma patients S5 Alternative splicing in Harbour et al. SF3B1 mutant uveal melanomas S6 qRT-PCR of alternative gene splicing in SF3B1 mutant uveal melanoma S7 SF3B1 mutations Harbour et al. uveal melanomas

Supplementary Figure from Splicing Patterns in SF3B1-Mutated Uveal Melanoma Generate Shared Immunogenic Tumor-Specific Neoepitopes

Supplementary Table from Splicing Patterns in SF3B1-Mutated Uveal Melanoma Generate Shared Immunogenic Tumor-Specific Neoepitopes

Supplementary Data from Splicing Patterns in SF3B1-Mutated Uveal Melanoma Generate Shared Immunogenic Tumor-Specific Neoepitopes

Purpose:Uveal melanomas (UM) are genetically simple tumors carrying few copy number alterations (CNA) and a low mutation burden, except in rare MBD4-deficient, hypermutated cases. The genomics of uveal melanoma metastatic progression has not been described. We assessed the genetic heterogeneity of primary and metastatic MBD4-proficient and -deficient uveal melanomas.Experimental Design: We prospectively collected 75 metastatic and 16 primary samples from 25 consecutive uveal melanoma patients, and performed whole-exome sequencing.Results:MBD4-proficient uveal melanomas contained stable genomes at the nucleotide level, acquiring few new single nucleotide variants (SNVs; 16 vs. 13 in metastases and primary tumors, respectively), and no new driver mutation. Five CNAs were recurrently acquired in metastases (losses of 1p, 6q, gains of 1q, 8q, and isodisomy 3). In contrast, MBD4-deficient uveal melanomas carried more than 266 SNVs per sample, with high genetic heterogeneity and TP53, SMARCA4, and GNAS new driver mutations. SNVs in MBD4-deficient contexts were exploited to unveil the timeline of oncogenic events, revealing that metastatic clones arose early after tumor onset. Surprisingly, metastases were not enriched in monosomy 3, a previously defined metastatic risk genomic feature. Monosomy 3 was associated with shorter metastatic-free interval compared with disomy 3 rather than higher rate of relapse.Conclusions:MBD4-proficient uveal melanomas are stable at the nucleotide level, without new actionable alterations when metastatic. In contrast, MBD4 deficiency is associated with high genetic heterogeneity and acquisition of new driver mutations. Monosomy 3 is associated with time to relapse rather than rate of relapse, thus opening avenues for a new genetic prognostic classification of uveal melanomas.

Purpose: To develop a molecular tool to detect circulating tumor–derived DNA (ctDNA) in the plasma from patients with uveal melanoma as a marker of tumor burden and monitor treatment efficacy.Experimental Design: A real-time PCR was developed on the basis of bidirectional pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization (bi-PAP) for the quantification of ctDNA using 3′blocked primer pairs specific for the 3 recurrent mutually exclusive mutations of Gα subunits GNAQ and GNA11.Results: Sensitivity and specificity of bi-PAP were assessed on serial dilutions of tumor DNA in normal DNA for the 3 recurrent mutations. Each assay could detect a single mutated molecule per reaction, whereas 104 copies of normal DNA were not detected. The ctDNA was readily detected in plasma of mice bearing uveal melanoma xenografts in amounts proportional to circulating human DNA. Finally, plasma was almost always found positive (20 of 21 tested patients) in a prospective analysis of patients with metastatic uveal melanoma.Conclusions: Bi-PAP assays detect and quantify ctDNA in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. A prospective study is ongoing to assess the clinical usefulness of ctDNA level in uveal melanoma. Clin Cancer Res; 18(14); 3934–41. ©2012 AACR.

Supplementary figure 6 - Comparisons of CCFs between samples including inter- and intra-metastatic comparisons in MBD4pro samples.

Lack of a correlation between sensitivity of BC cells to AsiDNA and their proliferation rate. Survival (ordinate) was monitored by trypan blue staining and manual counting (10 days after treatment). Survival is expressed as the percentage of living cells relative to non-treated cells (NT). The doubling time (abscissa) was calculated by counting the cells during the 10 days of exponential growth. The correlation analysis between survival in the presence of AsiDNA and doubling time was performed using GraphPadPrism5 software and indicates that there is no significant correlation.

Supplementary figure 3 - Summary diagrams illustrating the median SNV heterogeneity ratios.

Supplementary figure 7 - Minigene assay of BAP1 intronic insert splicing.

Supplementary Materials and Methods used to generate data represented in Figure S2.

Spontaneous DNA damages and sensitivity to AsiDNA in BC cell lines. A. Spontaneous DNA damages were monitored by alkaline comet assay. B. Basal PARP proteins activation was measured by Sandwich ELISA anti-Poly(ADP-Ribose) polymers. C,D,E. Spearman correlations analysis performed using GraphPadPrism5 software show no correlation.

PDF file, 32KB, Correlation between ctDNA and cfcDNA levels in UM patients.

Supplementary figure 1 - Copy number / allelic imbalance profiles of all cases as generated by Facets.

Supplementary figure 5 - Pyclone profiles of all 25 cases

Purpose: BRCA2 plays a central role in homologous recombination by loading RAD51 on DNA breaks. The objective of this study is to determine whether the location of mutations in the RAD51-binding domain (RAD51-BD; exon 11) of BRCA2 gene affects the clinical outcome of ovarian cancer patients.Experimental Design: A study cohort of 353 women with ovarian cancer who underwent genetic germline testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes was identified. Progression-free survival (PFS), platinum-free interval (PFI), and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort of ovarian cancer (n = 316) was used as a validation cohort.Results: In the study cohort, 78 patients were carriers of germline mutations of BRCA2. After adjustment for FIGO stage and macroscopic residual disease, BRCA2 carriers with truncating mutations in the RAD51-BD have significantly prolonged 5-year PFS [58%; adjusted HR, 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.20–0.64; P = 0.001] and prolonged PFI (29.7 vs. 15.5 months, P = 0.011), compared with noncarriers. BRCA2 carriers with mutations located in other domains of the gene do not have prolonged 5-year PFS (28%, adjusted HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.42–1.07; P = 0.094) or PFI (19 vs. 15.5 months, P = 0.146). In the TCGA cohort, only BRCA2 carriers harboring germline or somatic mutations in the RAD51-BD have prolonged 5-year PFS (46%; adjusted HR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13–0.68; P = 0.004) and 5-year OS (78%; adjusted HR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.02–0.38; P = 0.001).Conclusions: Among ovarian cancer patients, BRCA2 carriers with mutations located in the RAD51-BD (exon 11) have prolonged PFS, PFI, and OS. Clin Cancer Res; 24(2); 326–33. ©2017 AACR.

Supplementary Table 1: Patients and tumors characteristics

Representation and formula of AsiDNA. AsiDNA is a New Chemical Entity, a 64-nucleotides (nt) oligodeoxyribonucleotide consisting of two 32-nt strands of complementary sequence connected through a 1,19-bis(phospho)-8-hydraza-2-hydroxy-4-oxa-9-oxo-nonadecane linker with a cholesterol at the 5Â'-end and three phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages at each of the 5Â' and the 3Â' ends. The sequence of AsiDNA is represented as 5''- X GsCsTs GTG CCC ACA ACC CAG CAA ACA AGC CTA GA L - CLTCT AGG CTT GTT TGC TGG GTT GTG GGC AC sAsGsC -3'', Where: A, C, G, T: Deoxynucleotides. X = Cholesteryl tetraethyleneglycol. L = Amino Linker. CL= Carboxylic (Hydroxyundecanoic) Acid Linker. s = Phosphorothioate linkage.

Micronuclei assessement in Breast Cancer patients'' biopsies. MN, Micronuclei; BC, Breast Cancer; C: canalar; L: lobular.

Table S1: Multivariate Model of progression-free survival in the study cohort; Table S2: Multivariate Model of overall survival in the study cohort; Table S3: BRCA2 mutations in the study cohort; Figure S1: Flow diagram for selection of patients in the study cohort; Figure S2: A model for double-strand breaks repair by homologous recombination that depends on the location of mutation in BRCA2 gene.

Therapeutic strategies targeting DNA repair pathway defects have been widely explored, but often only benefit small numbers of patients. Here we characterized potential predictive biomarkers for treatment with AsiDNA, a novel first-in-class DNA repair inhibitor. We evaluated genetic instability and DNA repair defects by direct and indirect assays in 12 breast cancer cell lines to estimate the spontaneous occurrence of single-strand and double-strand breaks (DSB). For each cell line, we monitored constitutive PARP activation, spontaneous DNA damage by alkaline comet assay, basal micronuclei levels, the number of large-scale chromosomal rearrangements (LST), and the status of several DNA repair pathways by transcriptome and genome analysis. Sensitivity to AsiDNA was associated with a high spontaneous frequency of cells with micronuclei and LST and specific alterations in DNA repair pathways that essentially monitor DSB repair defects. A high basal level of micronuclei as a predictive biomarker for AsiDNA treatment was validated in 43 tumor cell lines from various tissues and 15 models of cell- and patient-derived xenografts. Micronuclei quantification was also possible in patient biopsies. Overall, this study identified genetic instability as a predictive biomarker for sensitivity to AsiDNA treatment. That micronuclei frequency can be measured in biopsies and does not reveal the same genetic instability as conventional genome assays opens new perspectives for refining the classification of tumors with genetic instability. Cancer Res; 77(16); 4207–16. ©2017 AACR.

PDF file - 2.35MB, Experimental set of 65 BLCs, Processing SNP-arrays, Inferring chromosome number, Detection of tumor ploidy, Breakpoints estimation, Validation of LSTs by Next Generation Sequencing and Sanger sequencing, Features of LSTs, Distribution of LSTs along the genome, LSTs in detection of BRCA1 tumors in Experimental and Validation sets, Somatic BRCA1 mutations detected in BLCs with high LST, BRCA2 mutations detected in BLCs with high LST, Triple negative cell lines, & Stability of LSTs in xenograft passages as compared to primary tumors.

22 Supplementary Figures: CDK12 mutations detected in TCGA (S1-2) and in-house (S3) tumors; TDs in CDK12-mutated tumors (S4); Microhomology at the breakpoints and the size of TDs in CDK12-mutated tumors (S5); Copy number alteration profiles of eaPEO14 and PEO14 samples (S6); CDK12 mutation in PD3722a sample (S7); TDs in 25 TCGA cases with WGS (S8); Tumors with frequent TDs in the TCGA cohorts (S9); TD-plus phenotype in breast and prostate cancers (S10); GC content and mutation rate in TDs (S11); Recurrence analysis of TDs (S12); Replication time and CTCF binding sites at TDs (S13). TDs and gene loci (S14); Genomic signatures of HRD and CDK12 TD-plus phenotype (S15); Copy number profiles in tumors with CDK12 TD-plus phenotype (S16); CDK12 mutated tumors and mesenchymal subtype (S17); Molecular features of tumors with CDK12 TD plus phenotype (S18); Genes correlated to CDK12 (S19); Expression of ATM and CSTF3 and RPRD1A in a CDK12 context (S20); Alteration profiles of SKOV3 cell line (S21); The size of microhomology at the breakpoint junctions (S22).

Supplementary Figure 2 from High Frequency of TP53 Mutation in BRCA1 and Sporadic Basal-like Carcinomas but not in BRCA1 Luminal Breast Tumors

PDF file - 1.7MB, Figure S1. Near-diploid (A) and near-tetraploid (B) profiles and patterns of alteration detected with the GAP method in the series of BLCs (Affymetrix SNP6.0). Figure S2. Four outlying patterns of alteration found in the series of BLCs. Figure S3. Deciphering the cutoff for the �small-scale� variation. Figure S4. LSTs detected in SNP array profile and validated by the NGS, Sanger sequencing and translocation specific PCR. Figure S5. Translocation specific PCR for validation of inter-chromosomal translocations detected by NGS and found within LSTs boundaries.

Supplementary Table 3 from High Frequency of TP53 Mutation in BRCA1 and Sporadic Basal-like Carcinomas but not in BRCA1 Luminal Breast Tumors

Supplementary Materials and Methods and References

CDK12 is a recurrently mutated gene in serous ovarian carcinoma, whose downregulation is associated with impaired expression of DNA damage repair genes and subsequent hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents and PARP1/2 inhibitors. In this study, we investigated the genomic landscape associated with CDK12 inactivation in patients with serous ovarian carcinoma. We show that CDK12 loss was consistently associated with a particular genomic instability pattern characterized by hundreds of tandem duplications of up to 10 megabases (Mb) in size. Tandem duplications were characterized by a bimodal (∼0.3 and ∼3 Mb) size distribution and overlapping microhomology at the breakpoints. This genomic instability, denoted as the CDK12 TD-plus phenotype, is remarkably distinct from other alteration patterns described in breast and ovarian cancers. The CDK12 TD-plus phenotype was associated with a greater than 10% gain in genomic content and occurred at a 3% to 4% rate in The Cancer Genome Atlas–derived and in-house cohorts of patients with serous ovarian carcinoma. Moreover, CDK12-inactivating mutations together with the TD-plus phenotype were also observed in prostate cancers. Our finding provides new insight toward deciphering the function of CDK12 in genome maintenance and oncogenesis. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1882–91. ©2016 AACR.

Table S1A. Summary of alterations detected by WGS in 3 CDK12 mutated tumors; Table S1B. Summary for in-house mate-pair whole genome sequencing (WGS) runs

Supplementary Figure 6 from High Frequency of TP53 Mutation in BRCA1 and Sporadic Basal-like Carcinomas but not in BRCA1 Luminal Breast Tumors

BRCA1 inactivation is a frequent event in basal-like breast carcinomas (BLC). However, BRCA1 can be inactivated by multiple mechanisms and determining its status is not a trivial issue. As an alternate approach, we profiled 65 BLC cases using single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays to define a signature of BRCA1-associated genomic instability. Large-scale state transitions (LST), defined as chromosomal break between adjacent regions of at least 10 Mb, were found to be a robust indicator of BRCA1 status in this setting. Two major ploidy-specific cutoffs in LST distributions were sufficient to distinguish highly rearranged BLCs with 85% of proven BRCA1-inactivated cases from less rearranged BLCs devoid of proven BRCA1-inactivated cases. The genomic signature we defined was validated in a second independent series of 55 primary BLC cases and 17 BLC-derived tumor cell lines. High numbers of LSTs resembling BRCA1-inactivated BLC were observed in 4 primary BLC cases and 2 BLC cell lines that harbored BRCA2 mutations. Overall, the genomic signature we defined predicted BRCA1/2 inactivation in BLCs with 100% sensitivity and 90% specificity (97% accuracy). This assay may ease the challenge of selecting patients for genetic testing or recruitment to clinical trials of novel emerging therapies that target DNA repair deficiencies in cancer. Cancer Res; 72(21); 5454–62. ©2012 AACR.

PDF file - 511K, Figure S6. Persistence and robustness of the discriminating �window� independently of the method of LSTs evalutation (supplementary to Figure 2B). Figure S7. Two tumors with similar total numbers of breakpoints. Figure S8. Distribution of LSTs along the genome, GC content and common fragile site for the chromosome bands with LSTs detected in more than 6 tumors. Figure S9. Somatic mutation in BRCA1 detected in two BLCs. Figure S10. LSTs in xenograft passages from GSE32530.

Supplementary Table 5 from High Frequency of TP53 Mutation in BRCA1 and Sporadic Basal-like Carcinomas but not in BRCA1 Luminal Breast Tumors

Supplementary Legends from High Frequency of TP53 Mutation in BRCA1 and Sporadic Basal-like Carcinomas but not in BRCA1 Luminal Breast Tumors

Summary for structural alterations detected by paired-end WGS for 25 TCGA ovarian tumors

The list of genes differentially expressed in CDK12 inactivated tumors (raw p-values are shown)

Supplementary Table 1 from High Frequency of TP53 Mutation in BRCA1 and Sporadic Basal-like Carcinomas but not in BRCA1 Luminal Breast Tumors

Structural alterations detected by mate-pair WGS in 3 in-house ovarian cancer cases

Legends of the 22 Supplementary Figures

PDF file - 198K, Table S1. Number of chromosomes in the cell lines according to ATCC description, SKY images, and GAP estimation. Table S2. Tumor ploidy and percentage of genomic states in tumor genome. Table S3. Validation of LSTs by NGS, PCR and Sanger sequencing. Table S4. Final results obtained on the Experimental set of BLCs. Table S5. Final results obtained on the Validation set of BLCs. Table S6. LSTs fit validated rearrangements in triple-negative cell lines. Table S7. LSTs are conserved in xenografts.

International audience; The clinical actionability of circulating tumor DNA requires sensitive detection methods with a short turnaround time. In the PADA-1 phase 3 trial (NCT03079011), metastatic breast cancer patients treated with an aromatase inhibitor and palbociclib were screened every 2 months for activating ESR1 mutations in blood (bESR1mut). We report the feasibility of the droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) and cross-validation with next-generation sequencing (NGS). bESR1mut testing was centralized in two platforms using the same ddPCR assay. Results were reported as copies/mL of plasma and mutant allele frequency (MAF). We analyzed 200 positive ddPCR samples with an NGS assay (0.5-1% sensitivity). Overall, 12,552 blood samples were collected from 1017 patients from 83 centers. Among the 12,525 available samples with ddPCR results, 11,533 (92%) were bESR1mut-negative. A total of 267 patients newly displayed bESR1mut (26% patients/2% samples) with a median copy number of 14/mL (range: 4-1225) and a median MAF of 0.83% (0.11-35), 648 samples (20% patients/5% samples) displayed persistent bESR1mut, and 77 (