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This study investigated for the first time the anthelmintic efficacy of therapeutic baths with Copaifera reticulata oleoresin and nanoemulsion with this oleoresin against monogeneans of Colossoma macropomum, as well as the haematological and histological effects in this fish. In the therapeutic baths of three consecutives were used 100 mg/L of C. reticulata oleoresin or 250 mg/L of nanoemulsion containing C. reticulata oleoresin. Therapeutic baths with 100 mg/L of C. reticulata oleoresin had anthelmintic an efficacy of 48.5% against monogeneans (Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri), while baths with nanoemulsion of C. reticulata oleoresin had not anthelmintic efficacy, which was discussed. Baths for 1 h with 100 mg/L of C. reticulata oleoresin or 2 h with 250 mg/L of C. reticulata nanoemulsion increased levels of plasma total protein and glucose, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and neutrophils number in C. macropomum and decreased in the number of total leucocytes and lymphocytes. In the gills of fish exposed and controls occurred detachment of the epithelium, hyperplasia and hypertrophy, resulting in moderate fusion of the secondary lamellae. Therefore, therapeutic baths with C. reticulata oleoresin and nanoemulsion of C. reticulata oleoresin have a low toxicity to C. macropomum, as there were few changes to the blood parameters. Made available in DSpace on 2022-10-05T15:05:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAF-AP-2022-Anthelmintic-efficacy-of-copaifera.pdf: 8899 bytes, checksum: 0f3389755155f9f911cd0f87b1ff00b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

Intraspecific variation of the gross morphology of the retractor muscle was studied in 60 specimens of Parathyone braziliensis and 17 specimens of Thyonidium seguroensis. Specimens were dissected to expose the retractor muscle or were analyzed by micro-computed tomography. Early expectations that the point of origin of the retractor muscle at the longitudinal muscle relative to the midpoint of the body length was age-related and that the split of the retractor muscle into separate muscle bands could be used as taxonomic characters to separate species were not supported by anatomical evidence.

This paper describes an array of eight Yagi–Uda antennas, a beamforming circuit (BFC) and an antenna control system (ACS), which form a switched smart antenna structure, the principal feature of which is that its main lobe is maximized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method, while its side lobes are minimized. The application of the PSO integrated with the 3D electromagnetic simulation software Ansys HFSS has achieved excellent results, and has been validated in practical experiments. The results measured in the open field are in agreement with the simulations and are comparable with the arrangement of the energy distribution concessionaires. As expected, the gains obtained proved to be greater when the main lobes were pointed toward the objective angles. These characteristics meet the needs of supervisory control systems used by electricity distribution companies, which require high-gain RF communication networks in order to monitor electric switches in a distant area covered by the respective base transceiver stations. The entire setup herein described and tested has performed extremely well, and is certainly a promising approach by which to control the outstations of electricity distribution companies without the need to install additional repeaters.

A indústria automotiva está entre as mais impactantes ao meio ambiente. Dentro desse segmento, existe a indústria de veículos comerciais, que normalmente não retorna ao mercado peças de produtos em final de vida. Nesse contexto, a remanufatura é um processo que contribui restaurando peças para a condição de novos, as retornando para o ciclo de vida. A Economia Circular é uma alternativa ao modelo linear, buscando desenvolver modelos de negócios que dissociem o crescimento econômico dos impactos ambientais negativos. A Remanufatura já é reconhecida como um meio de apoio à circularidade, mas há uma carência de estudos que apresentem a relação entre os dois temas com dados empíricos. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é analisar um processo de remanufatura do setor automotivo e elementos da Economia Circular nele presentes. O método utilizado foi um estudo de caso em uma indústria de veículos comerciais e as fontes de evidências foram entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação direta, pesquisa documental e registros em arquivo. Os resultados mostram diversos elementos do ciclo técnico da Economia Circular no processo de Remanufatura, sendo eles a conservação do capital natural, a desmaterialização, o reuso e a redistribuição, a reciclagem e a externalidade positiva, além do próprio loop de materiais remanufaturados.

Forty species of shore and shallow water brachyuran crabs are reported from the remote oceanic Archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz (TMV), 11 of which were previously known from Trindade Island, 28 are recorded from the Archipelago for the first time, and one is a new species, Epialtus parvulus sp. nov. This brings the total known shore and shallow water decapod fauna of TMV to 99 species. The opportunity is taken here to elaborate on the taxonomy of the species reported from TMV. One new genus, Mecataleptodius, is recognized for two species, Cancer parvulus Fabricius, 1793, its type species, and Cataleptodius olsoni Manning & Chace, 1990, endemic to Ascension Island. The following seven nominal species are synonymized: Acanthonyx dissimulatus Coelho in Coelho & Torres, 1993; A. scutiformis (Dana, 1851a); Dromia gouveai Melo & Campos Junior, 1999; Epialtus portoricensis Rathbun, 1923; Ranilia guinotae Melo & Campos Junior, 1994; R. saldanhai H. Rodrigues da Costa, 1970; and Omalacantha garthi (Lemos de Castro, 1953). TMV is a subset of the western Atlantic crab fauna (23 species or 57.5%), also including 8 (20%) amphi-Atlantic species, 3 (7.5%) amphi-American, 3 (7.5%) endemic, 2 (5%) cosmopolitan, 1 (2.5%) known from both sides of the Atlantic and the Indo-West Pacific. The crab fauna of TMV, Ascension (AS) and Saint Helena (SH) are compared with one another as well as with that of the oceanic islands Fernando de Noronha (FN) and the Rocas Atoll (RA) by means of nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) applied to a dissimilarity matrix generated by Jaccard’s coefficient. TMV-FN-RA and AS-SH clustered into two distinct groups according to the composition of their crab fauna. The NMDS analysis ranked the species that cause segregation of the crab faunal assemblages among TMV, AS, and SH, while revealing a gradient in species composition between the two groups of islands (TMV-FN-RA and AS-SH) formed by the amphi-Atlantic species. Island isolation, age and size alone do not explain the existing differences in species richness among TMV, AS and SH. The taxonomic composition of the shallow water fauna in these islands is likely to have been determined by several variables that were interwoven differently along their evolutionary history.

A distribuição das espécies sempre foi uma preocupação central da ecologia. Este estudo visa compreender a relação entre fatores abióticos e a distribuição espacial e sazonal da ictiofauna do rio Matapi, um afluente da margem esquerda do rio Amazonas na região central do Estado do Amapá, região oriental da Amazônia, Brasil, em um trecho de aproximadamente 90 km, em 4 áreas de amostragem. Os peixes foram coletados bimestralmente durante um ciclo anual, com redes de emalhar de diferentes tamanhos, matapis (armadilhas típicas para a pesca da região), tarrafas, linhas de mão e espinhel de fundo, em um raio de 1.000 metros de cada ponto de amostragem. pH, condutividade elétrica, sólidos suspensos, transparência e outros fatores secundários, como profundidade e largura do rio, também foram medidos. No total, 104 espécies foram identificadas, mas apenas espécies com frequência de 0,5% foram incluídas na análise. Portanto, apenas 29 espécies foram utilizadas. As matrizes foram submetidas à análise multivariada de ordenação (Co-inércia) a fim de se encontrar padrões na estrutura da ictiofauna relacionados aos diferentes fatores abióticos pesquisados. Os resultados indicaram que os parâmetros ambientais não apresentaram diferenças sazonais, mas sim discrepâncias entre as áreas de coleta. A ictiofauna apresentou diferenças sazonais e espaciais. A análise da co-inércia resumiu de forma eficiente que a estrutura da ictiofauna e os fatores ambientais ocorreram espacialmente, independentemente da sazonalidade, e que os fatores determinantes dessa distribuição foram transparência e condutividade da água, largura do rio e sólidos suspensos. Esses estudos podem contribuir para orientar os esforços de gestão e conservação ambiental em todo este importante afluente do rio Amazonas.

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Mansoa alliacea hydroalcoholic extracts on growth, blood and immune parameters of Arapaima gigas. Fish were fed for 30 days with diets enriched with 0, 4, 8, and 12 g kg-1 of M. alliacea hydroalcoholic extract and subjected to infection with Aeromonas hydrophila and handling stress. Fish fed with 8 g kg-1 of extract showed significant increase in final weight, specific growth rate and feed efficiency when compared to the other groups. Glucose, triglycerides, total proteins, and globulins increased significantly in fish fed with 8 g kg-1 of extract, whereas albumin decreased. The number of thrombocytes increased significantly with the dietary supplementation of 8 and 12 g kg-1 of extract. After the challenge with A. hydrophila and handling stress, fish fed with 8 g kg-1 of extract had significantly higher levels of glucose, globulins, and albumins, and fish fed with 8 and 12 g kg-1 of extract showed an increment of respiratory burst. Triglyceride levels dropped significantly in fish fed with 4, 8, and 12 g kg-1 of extract, whereas the number of neutrophils increased, and total thrombocytes, leukocytes and lymphocytes were higher in fish fed with 12 g kg-1 of extract. Dietary supplementation with M. alliacea extract at 8 g kg-1 was efficient in improving the growth and innate immunity of A. gigas, being potentially useful in fish farming to control the development of A. hydrophila infections. RESUMO Investigou-se os efeitos da suplementação com extrato hidroalcólico de Mansoa alliacea sobre o crescimento e parâmetros sanguíneos e imunológicos de Arapaima gigas. Os peixes foram alimentados por 30 dias com dietas enriquecidas com 0, 4, 8 e 12 g kg-1 de extrato hidroalcoólico de M. alliacea e submetidos à infecção por Aeromonas hydrophila e estresse de manejo. Os peixes alimentados com 8 g kg-1 de extrato apresentaram aumento significativo no peso final, taxa de crescimento específico e eficiência alimentar quando comparados aos demais grupos. Glicose, triglicerídeos, proteínas totais e globulinas aumentaram significativamente nos peixes alimentados com 8 g kg-1 de extrato, enquanto a albumina diminuiu. O número de trombócitos aumentou significativamente com a suplementação dietética de 8 e 12 g kg-1 de extrato. Após infecção com A. hydrophila e estresse de manejo, os peixes alimentados com 8 g kg-1 de extrato apresentaram níveis significativamente mais altos de glicose, globulinas e albuminas, e os peixes alimentados com 8 e 12 g kg-1 de extrato apresentaram incremento de explosão respiratória. Os níveis de triglicerídeos decresceram nos peixes alimentados com 4, 8 e 12 g kg-1 de extrato, enquanto o número de neutrófilos aumentou, e o número total de trombócitos, leucócitos e linfócitos foi maior nos peixes alimentados com 12 g kg-1 de extrato. A suplementação com a 8 g kg-1 de extrato de M. alliacea foi eficiente em melhorar o crescimento e a imunidade inata de A. gigas, sendo potencialmente útil na piscicultura para controlar o desenvolvimento de infecções por A. hydrophila.

This study investigated the growth performance parameters and parasites of Colossoma macropomum farmed in an aquaponic system constructed semi-dry wetland. Fingerling of C. macropomum (8.3 ± 0.9 g) were stocked in three experimental densities: 334, 668 and 1,002 g m− 3 g using four replicates by each treatment. The initial weight of C. macropomum was similar between fish densities tested. Electrical conductivity, nitrite, nitrate, potassium, and magnesium, turbidity, phosphate, total ammonia, and alkalinity increased with fish density. Dissolved oxygen concentrations showed a reduction, reflecting on fish growth. The final weight was different and that it was negatively impacted with increased density. The specific growth rate was similar between treatments with 334 and 668 g m− 3, but it differed significantly from treatment with and 1,002 g m− 3 of fish. The mean weight gain decreased with increased of fish density, while feed conversion ratio increased. Relative condition factor and survival of fish were not affected by the densities of fish. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri were parasites found on C. macropomum gills in low abundance, which was not influenced by different densities of fish. Our results showed that fish yield was negatively impacted with increased density and differed between the by different density of fish, while the sanity was not affected.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-04-20T02:18:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAF-AP-2021-Cultivable-autochthonous-bacteria.pdf: 699774 bytes, checksum: c6eeae5597be3ee5d4c9fb517030bef7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o padrão da precipitação, da vazão e do nível de marés semidiurnas na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Matapi em 2015, quando ocorreu o mais intenso fenômeno El Niño dos últimos 100 anos. Para tanto, foram quantificados os índices pluviométricos da área da bacia, monitorada a vazão em uma seção do manancial com um Accustic Doppler Profiller e acompanhada a variação do nível da coluna d?água com um sensor de pressão durante ciclos completos de marés semidiurnas ocorridos nos meses de abril, junho, setembro, outubro e dezembro/2015. Os dados climáticos foram estatisticamente testados para a série temporal de precipitação 1961-2010, bem como comparados com os da literatura. Os resultados confirmaram 2015 como um ano climatologicamente atípico, promovendo descargas líquidas significativamente reduzidas em relação às séries disponíveis (Friedman: a

Obtaining uncultured Escherichia coli from natural waters is an important step in the study of microbes in the environment, which are critical for bacterial decay and microbial source tracking. The quality of the samples used can influence the assays, because high contaminant concentrations, differing cell ages, and physiologic states can impair results. The proposed separation is based on a three-step filtration method applied to replicates of seven samples from a sewage plant affluent, collected in different periods. Aliquots of the leachate were inoculated into microcosms, aiming to observe the cultivability of the cells. The assay resulted in colimetry values ranging between 104 and 105 cells. In the leachate, averages of 1.05% of total coliforms and 1.10% of Escherichia coli were recovered from original samples. Although enduring unfavorable temperatures, salinities, and nutritional conditions, the inoculated microcosm populations grew approximately 310 times after 24 h. The final leachate contained cultivable cells in appropriate physiological states and quantities for inoculum in microcosm sets. The bacteria obtained from the leachate were also appropriate for surveys of microbial source tracking, because, in the developed procedure, organisms were separated from contaminants, while cell concentrations were sufficient for inocula. Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-08T09:04:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Separation-of-Escherichia-coli-from-natural-samples-2020.pdf: 483657 bytes, checksum: f8d6cb67fb8f10346d404517e996bb2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

This study compared the in vitro anthelmintic activity of Copaifera reticulata oleoresin (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1,000 mg/L) and of nanoemulsions prepared with this oleoresin (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/L) against monogeneans on the gills of Colossoma macropomum. The major compounds present in the oleoresin of C. reticulata were γ-macrocarpene (14.2%), α-bergamotene (13.6%), β-selinene (13.4%) and β-caryophyllene (11.7%). All concentrations of the nanoemulsion and the oleoresin without nanoformulation showed anthelmintic efficacy against monogeneans, and higher concentrations led to more rapid parasite mortality. Structural damages to the tegument of the parasites exposed to C. reticulata oleoresin were observed with scanning electron microscopy. At two hours of exposure, fish showed 100% tolerance to all nanoemulsion concentrations used in the in vitro assays, whereas 100% mortality was shown in the fish exposed to the oleoresin without nanoformulation after one hour. The results of this study suggest that nanoemulsions with oleoresin of C. reticulata have advantages in the control and treatment of monogenean infections in C. macropomum when compared to the oleoresin without nanoformulation. In addition, since nanoemulsions with the C. reticulata oleoresin are safe to control monogeneans, the efficacy of these nanoformulations may be assayed in therapeutic baths to treat C. macropomum infected by monogeneans.

Since the taxonomic revision of the Ophidiasteridae by H.L. Clark (1921), in which 20 genera were recognized as valid, several new genera and species were included in this family, and the boundaries between some of them became largely arbitrary. This also applies toNarcissiaGray, 1840, whose morphology and taxonomy are still very poorly understood today. The main goals of this research were: review the taxonomy of the genusNarcissia, from morphological studies; redescribeN.trigonariaSladen, 1889s.str.; characterizeN.canariensis(d'Orbigny, 1839) andN.gracilisA.H. Clark, 1916, the two valid species most similar toN.trigonaria; review the validity ofN.ahearnaePawson, 2007 andN.trigonariavar.helenaeMortensen, 1933; review the validity ofN.gracilis malpeloensisDowney, 1975. Altogether 370 specimens were analysed. All morphological structures of taxonomic importance have been illustrated, and, for the first time, the internal characters of this group were studied, from electron microscopy and microtomography. A new diagnosis for the genusNarcissiawas constructed.Narcissia trigonariawas redescribed from a large specimen, from the type locality (Bahia, Brazil).Narcissia ahearnaeis considered a valid species, andN.canariensisandN.trigonariadistinct entities.Narcissia trigonariavar.helenaeis placed in the synonymy ofN.trigonaria, andN.gracilis malpeloensisinto the synonymy ofN.gracilis. The dataset obtained in this work is by far the most complete acquired for the genusNarcissia.

The land crab Johngarthia lagostoma is endemic to the Atlantic oceanic islands of Ascencion, Trindade and Martin Vaz, Fernando de Noronha and the Rocas Atoll. A previous study found significant genetic structure in J. lagostoma between the oceanic islands of Trindade and Fernando de Noronha/Rocas Atoll. Likewise, the first stage zoea, herein described and illustrated based on material from the remote oceanic of Trindade, is reported differ morphologically in minor details from J. lagostoma zoea I previously described from Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll. Johngarthia lagostoma and J. planata from the eastern tropical Pacific are shown to differ in the setation of the antenna and coxae of the maxillule and maxilla. No characters from the first zoeal stage and from the adult morphology can be set forth as diagnostic for Johngarthia. The uncommon large eye of the first zoea of J. lagostoma is here suggested as an autapomorphy to J. lagostoma but future research may reveal that this character is actually more widely distributed within the genus Johngarthia.

This study investigated the efficacy of trichlorfon against Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae, as well as its palatability, residue analysis, and the blood parameters of Colossoma macropomum. At the beginning of the experiment, all previously examined fish were infected with N. buttnerae. There were no differences in mean intensity and mean abundance of N. buttnerae within each treated group and the control group; however, efficacy of 53.4% was found in fish fed with diets containing 1.0 g kg−1 of trichlorfon. Treated fish presented an increase in plasma glucose, while fish fed with diets containing 0.75 and 1.0 g kg−1 of trichlorfon presented an increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase levels. In the higher of the two concentrations, an increase in plasma aspartate aminotransferase levels also occurred. After 96 h, trichlorfon residues were found in the muscle of fish fed with diets containing 0.75 and 1.0 g kg−1 of trichlorfon. No mortality of fish was observed; however, since adverse reactions occurred, and due to palatability problems associated with treatments, 1.0 g kg−1 of trichlorfon could be used for 15 days to control infections by N. buttnerae, though, due to the risk of toxicity, this treatment is not recommended for regular use. As such, precautions should be taken even when using low concentrations of trichlorfon for treatments against this acanthocephalan, as well as in relation to the period of elimination of the trichlorfon residues from fish muscle in order to guarantee safe consumption.

Crustaceans of the subclass Copepoda are an important component of the invertebrate aquatic fauna. They occur in all aquatic environments and include some representatives that are free-living organisms and others that have a parasitic lifestyle. The genus Therodamas comprises marine and freshwater copepods whose females are parasites of fish in their adult phase, with only seven species described so far. During a field survey of fish parasites in the Jari River, a large tributary of the Amazon River system, in Brazil, we found a new species of the genus Therodamas infecting Leporinus fasciatus. Therodamas longicollum n. sp. is the second strictly freshwater species known. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the new species is grouped in the family Ergasilidae, and divergence estimates showed that T. longicollum n. sp. diverged from its ancestor at around 66.34 Ma, in the late Upper Cretaceous. Therodamas longicollum n. sp. differs from its congeneric in that it does not have lobes and/or expansion of the anterior neck region. Besides describing a new Therodamas species, thereby increasing the diversity of the genus to eight species, this study points out the existence of a lineage of these copepods that has adapted to the freshwater environment of the Amazon. This study also corroborates the genus Therodamas as part of the family Ergasilidae.

Parasite infections in fish require constant surveillance and strategies for efficient treatments which guarantee the fish health, their sale value and the non-propagation of pathogens in new environments. Fish treatments based on nanotechnology become of increasing interest since nanoparticles have been shown as efficient materials for optimizing administration of bioactives. In this study a chitosan derivative, alginate and praziquantel conjugated nanobioparticle of effective action for oral treatment of digenetic trematodes in highly infected Corydoras schwartzi was evaluated in terms of histological and hematological safety. The inherent absence of alterations in intestinal tissue and the reversible blood cells counting during a period up to 35 days showed the safety of the drug delivery nanobioparticles, which thus represent a promising strategy for effective applications in pathogens treatments by oral administration.

Lissosabinea tridentata (Pequegnat, 1970) known hitherto from the Gulf of Mexico off Florida (24°N) and only western Atlantic representative of the genus, is reported here for the first time from much further south, Brazil off the coast of Espírito Santo, Vitória-Trindade Seamount Chain, Montague Bank (20°S), between 310 and 391 m. A second western Atlantic species, Lissosabinea christofferseni sp. nov., is described here as new from material collected in the Abrolhos Bank, at depth between 340–360 m. One exuviae and one damaged specimen, reported in 1988 from off the coast of Chuí, Brazil (34°S) (at that time mistakenly referred to as Uruguay) and attributed to “Lissosabinea cf. tridentata” are herein referred to the new species. It has been clarified that Lissosabinea christofferseni sp. nov. and L. tridentata have a transverse row of teeth adjacent to the posterior margin of the sixth pleonal sternite; in crangonids, such a feature is so far known only in Placopsicrangron formosa Komai & Chan, 2009.

This study presents the freshwater and estuarine shrimp species that occur in the state of Amapá, in the eastern region of the Brazilian Amazon. The data were obtained through information contained in the Brazilian crustacean collections of the Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá (IEPA) and the National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA) and the detailed examination of the listed specimens. All information contained in the log book and specimen labels were noted for the identification and mapping of occurrence areas in the region. A survey in the literature of the species previously recorded for Amapá was carried out. The diversity of freshwater and estuarine shrimp was composed of 21 species distributed in the following families: Alpheidae (Alpheus nuttingi), Euryrhynchidae (Euryrhynchus amazoniensis, Euryrhynchus burchelli, Euryrhynchus tomasi and Euryrhynchus wrzesniowskii), Lysmatidae (Exhippolysmata oplophoroides), Palaemonidae (Macrobrachium acanthurus, Macrobrachium amazonicum, Macrobrachium brasiliense, Macrobrachium carcinus, Macrobrachium jelskii, Macrobrachium inpa, Macrobrachium olfersii, Macrobrachium surinamicum, Nematopalemon schmitti, Palaemon carteri, Pseudopalaemon amazoniensis, Pseudopalaemon chryseus, Leander tenuicornis), Penaeidae (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri and Sergestidae) (Acetes marinus and Acetes paraguayensis). Alpheus nuttingi and L. tenuicornis were new records for the state of Amapá. This study contributes to the knowledge of the diversity and geographic distribution of decapod crustaceans in Amapá and highlights areas where there are gaps in collection, thus contributing to a better understanding of these invertebrates in the region.

This study aimed to characterize the prevalence, mean abundance, and mean intensity of potential fish-borne zoonotic nematode larvae infecting the predator fish Hoplias aff. malabaricus from the Tapajós River, in the municipality of Santarém, in the Brazilian Amazon. After capture, the specimens of H. aff. malabaricus were analyzed for infection by Contracaecum sp. and Eustrongylides sp. third-stage larvae, and the prevalence, mean abundance, and mean intensity were calculated. A literature search was carried out to clarify the relationship between these indicators and eventual human cases of infection in the Amazon region. Third-stage larvae of nematodes of the Contracaecum and Eustrongylides genera were found in the specimens of H. aff. malabaricus sampled from the Tapajós River. The prevalence of Contracaecum larvae was 100%, while its mean abundance and mean intensity were both 54.8 larvae/fish. The prevalence of Eustrongylides larvae was 62.9%, and its mean abundance and mean intensity were 1.8 and 2.8 larvae/fish, respectively. Despite the high prevalence and intensity values, there are no cases of human infection by these nematode larvae in the Brazilian Amazon reported. The absence of human infections by these nematode larvae in the Brazilian Amazon despite the high prevalence/intensity of Contracaecum and Eustrongylides larvae and the high consumption of fish in the region, is most probably due to the fact that the local populations do not eat raw or undercooked fish. However, it is noteworthy that the absence of zoonotic cases in the region is based only on the examination of the available published papers. A better knowledge of the situation would require surveying hospitals and clinics, and data from the region’s medical treatment facilities. However, the authors consider that cases of human infection, if any, are extremely rare, mainly due to the eating habits of the local population. KEY WORDS: Amazon basin; freshwater fish; public health; parasitic infection; zoonosis.

Raising of Muscovy ducks Cairina moschata domestica for subsistence of human populations is common in northern Brazil, although their helminth infections have been poorly investigated, despite the possible presence of helminths with zoonotic potential. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of parasite endohelminths in C. moschata domestica raised in the Marajo Island region, state of Para, Brazilian Amazon region. Of 33 specimens examined, 90.9% were parasitized by one or more parasite species, for a total of 926 parasites recorded. The species mean richness of endohelminths varied from 0 to 6, and there was a predominance of hosts with 1 to 2 species of parasite endohelminths and low prevalence and low abundance of parasites. This was the first report of larvae of Anisakis sp., Contracaecum sp., Hysterotylacium sp., Raphidascaris sp., Eustrongylides sp., Syngamus sp., Ascocotyle sp. and Athesmia heterolecithodes for C. moschata domestica. The parasitic community of C. moschata domestica was composed of 11 species, with a high species richness for nematode species and a small number of digeneans.

DEAR EDITORS AND COLLEAGUES When analyzing the literature published on thyroidectomy using a “timeline” we can observe that we have notoriously progressed from a procedure that was almost prohibited in the mid-nineteenth century due to complications to a point where it is considered safe, resolutive, and highly efficient. This progress is especially due to the advances in surgical techniques. Theodore Kocher (Nobel Prize in 1909 for his contribution to thyroidectomies) flawlessly described the anatomical basis for the success of this [...]

This study investigated the diversity and ecology of endohelminth parasites in an assemblage of 15 omnivorous and four piscivorous fish species in a tributary of the Amazon River (Brazil). Fish were collected bimonthly to evaluate the diversity and ecology of endohelminth parasites in omnivorous and piscivorous fish species in a tributary of the Amazon River using traditional methods and other methods. A total of 4,234 parasites of 19 species (8 Nematoda, 5 Acanthocephala, 4 Digenea and 2 Cestoda) were sampled from 531 fish specimens. Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus and Contracaecum sp. were the predominant parasite species, and the parasites showed an aggregated dispersion pattern. Positive correlation was shown between the abundance of Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium patagonense and P. (S.) inopinatus, and the body size of 15.8% of the host fish examined. No difference was shown for Shannon diversity index and evenness between omnivorous and piscivorous hosts, but the richness, abundance and intensity of parasites were greater in piscivorous host fish. In the fish assemblage, the presence of parasites in the larval and adult stages suggests that these are intermediate, paratenic and definitive hosts, reflecting the feeding habits of the omnivorous and piscivorous host species. 74.1% of the parasite species were new records for the different host species examined. The size of the hosts, trophic level and diet had an influence on the structuring of endohelminth communities and infracommunities.

This review investigated information about metacercariae of Clinostomum Leidy, 1856 published over 91 years (1928 to 2019) to search for infection and geographic distribution patterns of this digen...

In this study, we evaluated the chemical composition and the in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of the essential oils (EOs) of the plants Aloysia triphylla, Adenocalymna alliaceum, Allium sativum, Crot...

Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food production industry both in Brazil and globally. Such growth has led to an increase in parasitic diseases such as those caused by monogeneans in farmed fish. Monogenean infection can cause high mortality among commercially farmed fish and therefore significant financial losses. The present study investigated the efficacy of albendazole in therapeutic baths against monogeneans of Piaractus brachypomus and Leporinus macrocephalus. For both fish, a 24h hourtherapeutic bath with albendazole concentrations of 150, 300 and 500 mg/L was tested against monogeneans in the gills. The baths had an efficacy ranging from 30.7 to 96.1% against monogeneans of P. brachypomus, and from 89.2 to 100% against monogeneans of L. macrocephalus. In P. brachypomus, the hepatosomatic index (HSI) in fish exposed to 150 mg/L of albendazole was higher than in fish exposed to 300 mg/L. The splenosomatic index (SSI) values in fish exposed to 150 mg/L of albendazole were lower than in fish exposed to 0 and 300 mg/L. In L. macrocephalus, the HSI and SSI values decreased in treatments with 150, 300 and 500 mg/L of albendazole. For L. macrocephalus, 150 mg/L de albendazole may be used to control and treat of infection by monogeneans, while in P. brachypomus, 500 mg/L of albendazole may be used in a 24 h bath.

This study was carried out to evaluate the anthelminthic efficacy of seeds of Cucurbita maxima and Carica papaya for controlling monogeneans in the gills of Leporinus macrocephalus, besides hepatosomatic and splenosomatic index and condition factor of host. The fish were fed with seeds of C. maxima or C. papaya for seven days, and these treatments did not cause any mortality among them. Jainus leporini, Urocleidoides paradoxus, Urocleidoides eremitus and Tereancistrum parvus were the monogeneans found, and their prevalence in fish fed with seeds of C. papaya was 100%, while in fish fed with C. maxima the prevalence was 42.8%. Fish fed with seeds of C. papaya showed decreased in intensity and abundance of monogeneans, while fish fed with seeds of C. maxima presented decreased in abundance. Feeding of L. macrocephalus with seeds of C. maxima or C. papaya had efficacy of 69.6 and 67.8%, respectively. The hepatosomatic index of fish fed with seeds of C. maxima or C. papaya was not affected by the treatments. However, the splenosomatic index and condition factor of fish fed with C. maxima seeds decreased. Seeds of C. maxima and C. papaya may be used for controlling monogeneans of L. macrocephalus in fish farming. Resumo Este estudo avaliou a eficácia antihelmíntica de sementes de Cucurbita maxima e Carica papaya no controle de monogenéticos das brânquias de Leporinus macrocephalus, além do índice hepatossomático e esplenossomático e do fator de condição do hospedeiro. Os peixes foram alimentados com sementes de C. maxima ou C. papaya durante sete dias, e os tratamentos não causaram mortalidade. Monogenéticos Jainus leporini, Urocleidoides paradoxus, Urocleidoides eremitus e Tereancistrum parvus tiveram prevalência de 100% nos peixes alimentados com sementes de C. papaya, enquanto nos peixes alimentados com C. maxima a prevalência foi de 42,8%. Os peixes alimentados com sementes de C. papaya apresentaram diminuição na intensidade média e abundância média de monogenéticos, enquanto os peixes alimentados com sementes de C. maxima apresentaram uma diminuição na abundância média. A alimentação de L. macrocephalus com sementes de C. maxima ou C. papaya teve eficácia de 69,6 e 67,8%, respectivamente. O índice hepatossomático dos peixes alimentados com sementes de C. maxima ou C. papaya não foi afetada pelos tratamentos. No entanto, o índice esplenossomático e o fator de condição dos peixes alimentados com sementes de C. maxima diminuíram. Sementes de C. maxima e C. papaya podem ser usadas no controle de monogenéticos das brânquias de L. macrocephalus em piscicultura.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of red, yellow, green, violet, blue, and white light in Macrobrachium amazonicum larviculture. The trials were composed of six treatments (i.e., colors red, yellow, green, blue, violet, and white light in tanks) with four replicates each. Transparent tanks of 1 L of water, 10 salinity, and 2400 newly hatched larvae were used in trials. The larvae were fed Artemia salina nauplii and complemented with commercial shrimp feed daily. The light color affected the temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen in the water culture and nauplii consumption, survival, and productivity of M. amazonicum. In the tanks with red light, the mean temperature was lower, while the oxygen and pH levels were higher than those with other colors. The mean consumption of A. salina nauplii was 15% higher by M. amazonicum in tanks with blue and violet light than red light. No difference in larval development was observed; however, larvae cultured under white light completed the larval cycle four days earlier than those cultured under red light. The productivity of larvae cultivated under white and violet light was 45% greater than larvae cultured under red light, and the survival was > 75%. Results indicated that M. amazonicum larval cultivation should be performed in tanks under bright light, preferably white, since other colors may negatively affect the larval development. Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-18T00:41:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2019EffectsofEnvironmentallight.pdf: 378122 bytes, checksum: 7504e8b00604bf99a58a22281307ba01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

This study compared the structure of helminth parasite communities in two populations of Astronotus ocellatus from two localities in Pará State, eastern Amazon (Brazil). Hosts from the Tapajós River were infected by Posthodiplostomum sp. metacercarie, larvae of Contracaecum sp. and Pseudoproleptus sp., with predominance of Contracaecum sp. Hosts from Iara Lake were infected by Procamallanus spiculastriatus, Proteocephalus sp. and Acanthocephala gen. sp., with predominance of P. spiculastriatus. Parasites had an aggregated dispersion and there were differences in Shannon diversity index and the evenness between both host populations, because the parasite component community showed no similarity. The existence of variation in infracommunity and community of parasites for A. ocellatus from different localities indicates the presence of an uneven distribution in terms of species and density of parasites, as well as of intermediate hosts in the localities surveyed. Resumo Este estudo comparou a estrutura das comunidades de helmintos parasitos em duas populações de Astronotus ocellatus de duas localidades do Estado do Pará, leste da Amazônia brasileira. Hospedeiros do rio Tapajós foram infectados por Posthodiplostomum sp. metacercarie, larvas de Contracaecum sp. e Pseudoproleptus sp., com predomínio de Contracaecum sp. Hospedeiros do lago Iara foram infectados por Procamallanus spiculastriatus, Proteocephalus sp. e Acanthocephala gen. sp., com predomínio de P. spiculastriatus. Os parasitos tiveram uma dispersão agregada e houve diferenças no índice de diversidade de Shannon e na uniformidade entre as duas populações hospedeiras, porque a comunidade de componentes dos parasitos não mostrou similaridade. A existência de variação nas infracomunidades e comunidades de parasitos para uma mesma espécie hospedeira de diferentes localidades indica a presença de uma distribuição desigual em termos de espécies e densidade de parasitos em A. ocellatus, bem como de hospedeiros intermediários nas localidades pesquisadas.

The aim of this study was to report the first occurrence of Unibarra paranoplatensis Suriano & Incorvaia, 1995 on Sorubim lima Bloch & Schneider, 1801 from Brazil. On the gills of S. lima, U. paranoplatensis presented similar morphological and morphometric features to those described for conspecifics infesting Zungaro zungaro Humboldt, 1921 except the length, which was higher in the present study, as well as ventral bar shape that was V-shaped open, and with the upper and lower end of the rod relatively sinuous. This study expands the geographic distribution of U.paranoplatensis to Brazil, a parasite that has a wide occurrence across South America. Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-18T00:40:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2019FirstrecordofUnibarra.pdf: 3715817 bytes, checksum: 208ea3c696778b3f3ffb37508d6f9ffa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 Short Communications.

The male of Philometroides acreanensis, parasitic in the anterior intestine external wall of the freshwater catfish Pimelodus blochii, from the Brazilian Amazon, is described for the first time. Additional data on the morphology of females is given. The new morphological data strengthened the validity of the species as well as its first genetic characterization, using three nuclear genetic markers (18S and 28S of the rDNA and ITS1-58S-ITS2), confirmed the high genetic resemblance of male and female specimens. Philometroides acreanensis shows morphological features of the generic diagnosis of Neophilometroides, Alinema, Philometra and Philometroides. Phylogenetic analyses using sequences of the18S rDNA from representatives of Dracunculoidea confirmed the validity of P. acreanensis and its close relatedness with Alinema rather than with other genera. The validity of Philonemidae was confirmed, as was the monophyly of Philometridae and Clavinema. However, Dentiphilometra, Philometra and Philometroides appear not to be monophyletic. Host taxa, habitat and geographic occurrence seem to have some relationship with the evolutionary traits of certain phylogenetic assemblages of philometrids, which were highly supported in the phylogentic reconstructions. Even though interesting aspects of the phylogeny and taxonomy of Philometridae came to light, further integrative approaches should be used that include additional genetic markers, due to the loose boundaries between some genera as observed here. Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-12T23:49:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CPAFAP2019Firstdescriptionofthemale.pdf: 1887334 bytes, checksum: 5a8e56136649b52d0969add8f5f0e4b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-02-12

Summary This study compared the monogeneans community in C. monoculus from the Tapajós River (state of Pará) and Jari River (state of Amapá), northern Brazil. A total of 2188 monogeneans belonging to eight taxa were collected from the gills of fish: Gussevia arilla, Gussevia longihaptor, Gussevia tucunarense, Gussevia undulata, Sciadicleithrum ergensi, Sciadicleithrum umbilicum, Sciadicleithrum uncinatum and Tucunarella cichlae. Gussevia arilla was the dominant species for C. monoculus from the Tapajós River basin, while S. umbilicum predominated among the hosts from the Jari River basin. For the two populations of C. monoculus, the prevalence, mean intensity and mean abundance of monogeneans were different and the of parasites community had a high qualitative similarity (87.5 %). The monogeneans community of C. monoculus was characterized by high species richness, with infection values varying from low to moderate. The geographic distance and differences in environmental characteristics arising from the same did not influence the richness of species of monogeneans infesting C. monoculus in the Tapajós and Jari rivers, but appear to have been determinants in the differences observed in the structure of the monogenean communities in each region.

In both Brazilian and European regulations, the impact assessment of sewage discharges into coastal waters is based on microbiological analyses of fecal indicators such as Escherichia coli, frequently used in prevision hydrodynamic models. However, the decay rates of E. coli vary depending on environmental conditions, and analysis may lead to inaccurate conclusions. This study aimed to analyze the decay of culturable and viable (but not culturable) E. coli in outdoor conditions, by creating microcosms inoculated with pre-treated sewage. The microcosms were filled with 9.88 L of filtered water (0.22 μm membrane), 3.5% salt, 0.1-0.2% BHI, and 1% bacterial suspension obtained by reverse filtration. PMA-qPCR of E. coli uidA gene and Colilert measurements were applied to evaluate population counts after 2 h, 4 h, and 26 h. After nine hours of exposure to solar radiation, the viable cells decreased to 2.76% (interpolated value) of the initial population, and the cultivable fraction of the viable population accounted for 0.50%. In the dark period, the bacteria grew again, and viable cells reached 8.54%, while cultivable cells grew to 48.14% of initial population. This behavior is possibly due to the use of nutrients recycled from dead cells. Likewise, populations of E. coli in sewage outfalls remain viable in the sediments, where resuspension can renew blooming.

O cultivo de peixes em tanques-rede e uma atividade sensivel a poluicao ambiental, mas tambem apresenta capacidade de causar poluicao ao meio. Nosso objetivo foi investigar as variacoes espaco-sazonais de parâmetros fisico-quimicos e microbiologicos da qualidade da agua (QA) em um trecho do Rio Matapi (AP), utilizado para piscicultura de tanque-rede. Tres sitios amostrais distribuidos em ≈15 km de extensao do Rio Matapi foram estudados para monitorar variacoes espaco-temporais da QA, sendo o ponto central utilizado para medidas de descargas liquidas e parâmetros hidrodinâmicos. Observou-se significativa influencia sazonal hidrodinâmica sobre QA (p 0,05). Observou-se que o periodo hidrologico-sazonal, a fase da mare e a localizacao dos sitios, explicam a variacao de QA nestes ambientes estuarinos (p 0.05). We observed that both the hydrological-seasonal condictions, tide phase and site localization, explain the variation of WQ in these floodplans area (p

Fish are among the vertebrate groups most susceptible to parasitic infections due to environmental characteristics that can favor the development of parasites; also, position of the host in food web has been associated with the parasitism. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecology of parasites endohelminth in Metynnis lippincottianus from the Curiaú River, in eastern Amazon (Brazil), as well as to evaluate the parasite-host interactions. From 110 specimens of M. lippincottianus examined, 76.3% were infected by one or more parasite species, and a total of 146 parasites such as Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus (Nematoda), larvae of Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda) and Neoechinorhynchus pterodoridis (Acanthocephala) were collected in intestine. However, the dominance was of nematode species, and the parasites had uniform or random dispersion. The parasitic infracommunities showed low Shannon-Wiener diversity (0.2 ± 0.3), low evenness (0.2 ± 0.3) and low species richness of parasites (1.1 ± 0.8). The abundance of Contracaecum sp. presented a weak positive correlation with the weight of hosts, and relative condition factor was not affected by the parasitism. This first study about parasites of M. lippincottianus from Curiaí River basin is the first report of N. pterodoridis for this host.

The diet composition of the electric eel Electrophorus voltai was studied in specimens collected from the River Jari, state of Amapá, eastern Amazon region, Brazil. Analysis on their stomach contents revealed that fish, especially Megalechis thoracata, were the most frequent prey item, whereas arthropods and plant material were the least frequent intakes. This is the first stomach content analysis on E. voltai, and it corroborates that electric eel species are piscivorous.