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In 2020, social workers across the world responded to the global COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent strict lockdown procedures over several months. In many countries, including Australia and New Zealand, this virtual shutdown period necessitated a reframing of social work practice to incorporate factors including delivery of services via virtual means and more limited access for vulnerable clients. This article draws on the integration of two methods designed to address the research question: ‘How has social work practice in Australia and New Zealand been affected by COVID-19?’ These include (i) a narrative review of papers published during 2020 on social work practice and the COVID-19 pandemic and (ii) an online survey, undertaken from October to December 2020, of Australian and New Zealand social workers. The questionnaire data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and thematic analysis. The findings of this article details include the significant impacts of COVID-19 on practice, the increased needs of clients, including a rise in health issues, violence, homelessness and financial concerns, and the resulting critical changes to social work workloads. Social workers also reported greater use of technologies to deliver services and fears for their families and themselves if exposed to COVID-19., This article examines how Australian and New Zealand social workers have adjusted to the COVID-19 pandemic. The article draws on a literature review of international social work papers published during 2020 and a survey of social workers in Australia and New Zealand to determine the impacts on social workers. We find there are similarities in responses noted by social workers across the world including the enhanced use of technologies, difficulties supporting vulnerable clients and personal impacts in both work and home environments. There are also differences brought about by Australian and New Zealand social workers’ prior experiences of disasters as well as issues with technology.

In 2017, sleep-related infant deaths (SRID) accounted for about 3600 deaths in the USA. The SRID rate for African American infants (186. 41 per 100,000 live births) is more than twice that of Caucasian American infants (85. 43 per 100,000 live births) (Centers for Disease and Prevention, July 2020). The purpose of this article is to develop a case for considering the relationship between racial disparities in SRID and social determinants of health (SDOH) in impoverished communities. The later has been related to chronic stress impacting biological and psychological functioning. The authors advocate that undesirable SDOH be regarded when developing safe sleep strategies for at risk communities, since chronic stress can impact psychological and biologic functioning, possibly manifesting in inconsistent safe sleep practices by caregivers. An adapted environmental scan (AES), using SRID and SDOH data from impoverished communities, was used to illustrate the comparison of SRID and SDOH in contrasting Baltimore neighborhoods. The AES revealed a match between disparities in SRID and SDOH (e.g., educational achievement, unemployment, poverty, poor housing, and violence). The comparison between the SDOH and SRID increases together for named impoverished neighborhoods, as compared to those with low SRID rates in Baltimore. Rather than limit safe sleep interventions to crib and infant sleeper give-aways, for example, hazardous SDOH seen in impoverished communities should be addressed. We posit that these results will stimulate discussion for well-placed and financed programs, along with policies that focus on decreasing SRID by improving poor SDOH.

Background: Despite recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) regarding infant safe sleep practices, 39% of sleep-related infant deaths (SRID) occur among African American (AA) families each year. Effective interventions that promote AA parents/caregivers’ safe sleep practices for infants could help reduce SRID. Objective: To identify appropriate safe sleep interventions that increased compliance of AAP recommendations to reduce the risk of SRID among AA mothers/caregivers, a literature review was conducted. Methods: PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar search engines were utilized to identify evidence-based research studies, published in English from 2000-2019 in the U.S that demonstrated the effectiveness of safe sleep interventions for AA parents/caregivers based on the AAP recommendations. Findings: The literature review revealed that multiple-element interventions such as free cribs and related materials, and safe sleep education increased adherence to AAP recommendations as evidenced by the majority mothers using the crib and adopting safe sleep recommendations. Conclusion and Recommendations: Although multiple interventions including education are valuable, culturally appropriate research is needed to better understand what specific intervention(s) will work to increase adherence to the AAP safe sleep recommendations among the remaining 39% of AA parents/caregivers who contribute disproportionately to the SRID disparity. Behavioral and environmental barriers preventing the adoption of safe sleep interventions also need to be studied in this target group of AA parents/caregivers. It is recommended that findings from these highly targeted evidence-based culturally appropriate studies be used to focus on funding, prevention programming, and policies toward the causes of SRID to close the disparity gap.

The aim of this study was to understand the extent, range and nature of social work research activity after natural disasters and to identify the implications for future research and practice. A Scoping review methodology framework was used search of three databases: Web of Science, ProQuest and Informit was conducted to identify relevant studies between 2000 and 2018. Selection of studies was based on empirical research about social work and natural disasters and/or authored by social workers. Study selection found a total of 38 relevant articles. Charting the data was conducted and the following areas of focus were summarised: (1) interventions relating to psychosocial care, aid work and community work; (2) the effects of disasters on people and mediators of these effects; (3) social work education and challenges in disaster relief; and (4) measuring mental health outcomes of people who have experienced a disaster event. This scoping review has established that there is a range of social work literature focused on natural disasters that primarily examines social work interventions, the effects of disasters and social work education. Future social work research and practice needs to focus on the types and timing of interventions that promote positive recovery following natural disasters.

The realization of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development requires local governments globally to integrate Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into their policy and practice. In the case of the Hunter Valley Region of Australia, a key sustainable development issue is climate change-induced flooding. The localization and mainstreaming of SDG 13 on climate action can support tangible municipal climate actions in the Region. However, while it is acknowledged that SDG localization is needed to address sustainable development challenges, there is a gap in research and practice to guide local government attempts at SDG localization. This research analyzes literature on SDG localization to understand strategies, challenges and gaps that can inform localization approaches for the Hunter Valley. An analysis of the literature revealed that the implementation of SDG 13 at the local government level is a sparsely researched area, and in practice, efforts to implement SDG 13 have not been publicly communicated. Research-based recommendations for SDG 13 localization are presented to highlight the potential of integrating SDGs into pre-existing local policy so that the SDGs and their targets can support climate action and decrease disaster risk of future floods in Hunter Valley communities.

Women and girls are disproportionately impacted by climate change, not because of innate characteristics but as a result of the social structures and cultural norms that shape gender inequalities. Feminist activists and transnational organizations continue to voice their concerns regarding the need for greater attention to gender inequalities in the context of climate change. Gender mainstreaming is a policy process designed to address the gendered consequences of any planned actions—the ultimate aim being to achieve gender equality. Gender mainstreaming emerged in the late 1990s at the Beijing Women’s Conference as a result of the frustrations of feminist activists and international nongovernmental organizations about the lack of attention to gender equality. Yet its implementation has been hampered both by a lack of vision as to its purpose and by ongoing tensions, particularly between those who espouse equality and those who support the mainstream. This has led to resistance to gender mainstreaming within departments and units that are charged with its implementation, and indeed a reluctance of key players to commit to gender equality. Yet there is still strong support for the original feminist intent from activists and researchers addressing the impacts of climate change. The transformational potential of gender mainstreaming is still viewed as a process that could address and challenge gender inequalities in the context of increasing climate challenges. However, there are barriers that must be overcome for the transformational potential of gender mainstreaming to be realized. These include equating climate justice with gender justice, ensuring that the radical feminist intent of gender mainstreaming is not co-opted by the neoliberal agenda of maximizing economic development over gender equality and women’s empowerment, and ensuring that organizations tasked with facilitating gender mainstreaming not only understand its intent but also address gender inequalities within their own organizational structures and practices.

This chapter focuses on gendered vulnerabilities in the context of environmental disasters. Particularly vulnerable are rural women living in poverty. However, while there is a tendency to view “women” as vulnerable, the chapter notes the critical need to assess the intersectional factors that shape gendered vulnerability in the context of varying disasters. Noting the gendered implications of livelihood and labour realignment following disasters, and the need for increased out-migration to secure much needed income, the chapter draws out the implications of disasters for women in the areas of ongoing food security, forced child marriages, increased gender-based violence, and health impacts. Further feminist-focused research is required to ensure that gendered analyses are mainstreamed in climate actions and policies.

Climate change results from a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a result of the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation; these have increased by over 70 per cent since 1970. The climate events outlined —the drought and extreme weather events—have exposed already-vulnerable rural people to increasing uncertainty. In summary, while processes of change and restructuring have been evident in rural inland areas for decades, climate change/variability has exacerbated and accelerated these processes. Social workers would work with governments and communities to develop sustainable adaptations to climate events and to reframe rural communities as viable and attractive places to live. The culmination of this work was a forum held in Melbourne in 2009, just prior to the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference. Policies and programs have exacerbated socio-economic disadvantage, reducing the ability of people to adapt to climate change and ongoing restructuring in proactive ways.

According to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED, 2016), a disaster is technically defined as “a situation or event that overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a reques...

There is a need to better understand long-term disaster recovery and reconstruction challenges in diverse communities. This case study was part of a larger study undertaken by the Rebuilding Lives ...

In this paper we examine the nature of loss in the context of environmental disasters. When the places people call home are irrevocably changed by disasters, people experience a profound sense of loss—loss that includes both tangible and intangible elements. Tangible aspects of loss include the loss of homes and infrastructure. Intangible losses are less evident but are associated with a loss of identity, of social cohesion, of belonging and community, and of health and wellbeing that are so integrally linked to one’s place. Social work academics across the world are developing environmental and ecological theories for practice that signal the need for social workers to be more engaged with the physical environment and the significance of place. Drawing on research conducted following the Black Saturday bushfires in Victoria, we highlight the nature of loss in the context of damaged “places”. IMPLICATIONS Social workers and others involved in disaster recovery need to be aware of both tangible and intangible losses and their impact on post-traumatic stress and growth. In the immediate postdisaster period, tangible losses such as homes and infrastructure are often the focus of disaster recovery efforts. Intangible losses of identity, community, and a sense of place and belonging may be of equal or greater significance than tangible losses for those affected by disasters.

In the wake of climate change, environmental degradation, and increasing global populations, food and water security are under threat throughout the world. This chapter focuses on the impacts of climate change on water security in Australia and Bangladesh, noting in particular the gendered implications and the way policies influence and shape gendered responses. In Bangladesh, for example, following disasters, access to safe, uncontaminated water may involve women walking significant distances. Australian research has examined the impact of water policies on gendered livelihood strategies as farming families readjust to their reduced access to irrigation water. A critical feature of this chapter is an examination of the way water has become “commodified” and reconfigured around new forms of market value. The chapter poses questions about the ongoing impact of water insecurity in the face of predicted and extreme climate events.

Food security remains a critical global issue, made more difficult because of the rising world population, climate challenges affecting food production and a focus on market-based solutions that undermine subsistence production in vulnerable rural areas. Particularly affected are countries across Asia where poverty, hunger and malnourishment affect a significant proportion of the population. Drawing on Sen’s entitlement theory, we argue that a shift in focus from national food production to intra-household food access enables a critical reflection on consumption smoothing strategies adopted at this level. In particular, we draw attention to the tendency for women and girls to eat less as an intra-household adaptation strategy. We present findings from our research in rural areas of Bangladesh and note that adaptation strategies adopted by households in response to food insecurity. We note that strategies designed to address food insecurity must include gender mainstreaming to ensure that women and...