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The article argues that family laws in India that allow nullity and divorce on grounds of ‘unsoundness of mind’ and ‘mental disorder’ discriminate against persons with mental disability and violate international law on rights of the disabled. Drawing from international human rights law, contemporary disability rights principles and models of disability, the article presents a critical overview of family law and judgements on nullity and divorce on grounds of ‘unsoundness of mind’ and ‘mental disorder’ and builds a case for removal of mental disability as a ground for annulment and divorce.

On 8th November 2016, Prime Minister Sh. Narendra Modi announced demonetization of Rs.500 and Rs. 1000 currency notes with a aim to target corruption, black money, terror funding and counterfeit currency. Demonetization took everyone by surprise. Many people are seen to support this bold move of Prime Minister Modi, the rest have not welcomed it with open arms. Many people are seen standing in long queues outside ATM's, rushing to petrol pumps, rushing to the grocery stores. A start-up company is potentially feasible commercial venture which is generally a newly transpired, rapidly growing business model that focuses to achieve a market requirement by promoting or offering an innovative and extraordinary product, process or service. Startup is usually an enterprise such as a partnership, private limited company or an organization purposely designed for the rapid development of a potentially viable entrepreneurial venture. startup companies exploit technologies such as telecommunications, e-commerce, Internet, computers or robotics in a more innovative and out of the box processes of the development, validation and research for target markets. Government has taken lot of initiative to boost Startups through various supportive schemes such as Make in India, Stand up India, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojna, Mudra Yojna, etc. The Banking sector has to play significant role in mounting their reach for facilitating sustainable growth in Startup sector. In this research paper the author tries to find out both positive as well as negative impact of demonetization on startup industries.

The chapter deals with women’s unequal rights to housing and draws on the related concepts of security of tenure and ownership rights, to explores the interlink between housing rights and domestic violence to show that protection of right to housing enhances and positively impacts women’s negotiating capacity in dealing with domestic violence. Locating domestic violence within the right to housing under international law the author demonstrates that domestic violence in the absence of security of tenure in the form of ownership or tenancy rights for women is a major cause of forced eviction and homelessness. The PWDVA provides security of tenure through Right to Reside and Residence Orders, in some situations barring the violent household member from remaining on the premises. Analysis of jurisprudence under ‘right to reside’ unmasks the complex nature of the Indian household and the nuances in the way the right has been interpreted and enforced by courts.

Drug discovery and development to date has relied on animal models, which are useful, but fail to resemble human physiology. The discovery of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of drug screening using human disease-specific organ-models. One promising approach to produce these systems is employing microfluidic devices, which can simulate 3D tissue structure and function. Using microfabrication techniques we have developed two microphysiological platforms (MPSs) that incorporate in vitro models of human cardiac and adipose tissue. Both MPSs consist of three functional components: a tissue culture chamber mimicking geometrical organ-specific in vivo properties; ""vasculature-like"" media channels enabling a precise and computationally predictable delivery of compounds (nutrients, drugs); ""endothelial-like"" barriers protecting the tissues from shear forces while allowing diffusive transport. Both organ-chips are able to create physiological micro-tissues that are viable and functional for multiple weeks. The developed chips are the first systems that combine human genetic background, physiologically relevant tissue structure and ""vasculature-like"" perfusion. Pharmacological studies on the heart-chip show IC50/EC50 values more consistent with data from primary tissue references compared to cellular scale studies. Both MPSs are extremely versatile and can be applied for drug toxicity screening and fundamental research.

This thesis describes the effect of geometries with controlled radius of curvature on cellular behavior, a novel approach to measure and map protrusive forces in cells and the application of fabrication techniques like wet etching and microcontact printing to answer fundamental biological problems. In order to isolate the effects of curvature from other factors, we have developed a technique to create features with nominally identical dimensions but varying radius of curvature. Using these substrates, we analyzed the effect of curvature on cell morphology. Cell area and aspect ratio were examined on various substrates, and immunostaining of focal adhesions, stress fibers and microtubules were used to show the effect of curvature on these cytoskeleton components. We show that feature curvature has an effect on both cell morphology and cytoskeleton organization. Using this technique, it may be possible to engineer precise geometries that can lead to better design of scaffolds and biomaterials for tissue engineering. The motivation behind measuring cellular forces was two fold, first to measure the protrusive forces locally and with spatial resolution and second to measure them at the same time as traction forces. This is important because cell motility is a result of forces generated within a cell and various biological processes like cancer metastasis, wound healing and immune response are a result of cell motility. Thus, measuring theses forces precisely and simultaneously will help us designing and develop devices that can have application in cancer diagnostics and wound healing therapies. The magnitude of protrusive force measured was 1.0 nN and traction force was computed to be 2.7 nN. Furthermore we also estimated the number of actin filaments per micron square which agree with previously reported values thus confirming the accuracy of this method. The approach presented here is the first study to simultaneously measure the protrusive and traction forces in cells. In chapter 4, I describe in detail the fabrication process for making high aspect ratio grooves and ridges by wet etching Silicon using boiling potassium hydroxide. The etched substrates were used as imprint masters and were faithfully replicated and molded in a silicone elastomer. Next the substrates were plasma fluorinated and used to form elastomer stamps for microcontact printing and other applications requiring easy mold release. In chapter 5, I have used microcontact printing to fabricate substrates to help us understand plasma membrane dynamics. The role of plasma membrane (PM) area as a critical factor during cell motility is poorly understood, mainly due to an inability to precisely follow PM area dynamics. To address this fundamental question, we developed static and dynamic assays to follow PM area changes during fibroblast spreading.