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Additional file 2: Figure S1. The single-cell landscape of the peripheral immune cells in cows with low (LNF) and high lipolysis (HNF). A. T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (T-SNE) plot map of cell type clustering from the peripheral immune cells of LNF and HNF cows. B. The violin plot of the marker genes expressed in each clusters. Figure S2. Top ten representative immune biological pathways that enriched from the up-regulated differential expressed genes of immune cells isolated from HNF cow. Pathways are presented as log10 p-value and color scheme is used to indicate immune cell population. MON: monocyte; NEU: neutrophil. Figure S3. The bile acid profile in plasma and feces of cows with low (LNF) and high lipolysis (HNF). A. The percentage of plasma bile acid in two groups. B. The percentage of fecal bile acid in two groups. TDCA: Taurodeoxycholic acid; TCA: Taurocholic acid; CDCA: Chenodeoxycholic acid; CA: Cholic acid; TCDCA: Taurochenodeoxycholic acid; GCA: Glycocholic acid; GCDCA: Glycochenodeoxycholic acid; HDCA: Hyodeoxycholic acid; THDCA: Taurohyodeoxycholic acid; AlloCA: Allocholic acid; UDCA: Ursodeoxycholic acid; DCA: Deoxycholic acid; LCA: Lithocholic acid; ApoCA: Apocholic acid; GDCA: Glycodeoxycholic acid; 7-KDCA: 7-ketodeoxycholic acid; 7-KLCA: 7-Ketolithocholic acid; 12-KLCA: 12-ketolithocholic acid; 3-DHCA: 3-dehydrocholic acid; TLCA: Taurolithocholic acid; GLCA: Glycolithocholic acid; Total α-MCA: α-Muricholic acid; γ-MCA: γ-muricholic acid; isoLCA: Isolithocholic acid; TMCA: Tauro-muricholic acid; TUDCA: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid. LNF: cows with low lipolysis; HNF: cows with high lipolysis. * P-value < 0.05; # 0.05 < P-value < 0.10. Figure S4. The functional changes and associations with bile acid related gene set. A. The enriched decreased biological process of FCGR3A+MON in HFNC compared to LFNC. B. Correlation of bile acid metabolism to the major decreased functions in FCGR3A+MON. LNFC: cow with low lipolysis; HNFC: cow with excessive lipolysis; MON: monocyte.

Despite the importance of high-latitude surface energy budgets (SEBs) for land-climate interactions in the rapidly changing Arctic, uncertainties in their prediction persist. Here, we harmonize SEB observations across a network of vegetated and glaciated sites at circumpolar scale (1994-2021). Our variance-partitioning analysis identifies vegetation type as an important predictor for SEB-components during Arctic summer (June-August), compared to other SEB-drivers including climate, latitude and permafrost characteristics. Differences among vegetation types can be of similar magnitude as between vegetation and glacier surfaces and are especially high for summer sensible and latent heat fluxes. The timing of SEB-flux summer-regimes (when daily mean values exceed 0 Wm(-2)) relative to snow-free and -onset dates varies substantially depending on vegetation type, implying vegetation controls on snow-cover and SEB-flux seasonality. Our results indicate complex shifts in surface energy fluxes with land-cover transitions and a lengthening summer season, and highlight the potential for improving future Earth system models via a refined representation of Arctic vegetation types.An international team of researchers finds high potential for improving climate projections by a more comprehensive treatment of largely ignored Arctic vegetation types, underscoring the importance of Arctic energy exchange measuring stations.

There is a growing need to simulate the effect of urban planning on both local climate and greenhouse gas emissions. Here, a new urban surface carbon dioxide (CO2) flux module for the Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) is described and evaluated using eddy covariance (EC) observations at two sites in Helsinki in 2012. The spatial variability and magnitude of local-scale anthropogenic and biogenic CO2 flux components at high spatial (250 m x 250 m) and temporal (hourly) resolution are examined by combining high-resolution (down to 2 m) airborne lidar derived land use data and mobility data to account for people’s movement. Urban effects are included in the biogenic components parameterised using urban EC and chamber observations.\ud SUEWS reproduces the seasonal and diurnal variability of the CO2 flux well. Annual totals deviate 3 % from observations in the city centre and 2 % in a suburban location. In the latter, traffic is the dominant CO2 source but summertime vegetation partly offsets traffic-related emissions. In city centre, emissions from traffic and human metabolism dominate and the vegetation effect is minor due to the low proportion of vegetation surface cover (22 %). Within central Helsinki human metabolism accounts for 39 % of the net local-scale emissions and together with road traffic is to a large extent responsible for the spatial variability of the emissions. Annually, the biogenic emissions and sinks are in near balance and thus the effect of vegetation on carbon balance is small in this high-latitude city.

The vernal equinox total solar eclipse of 20 March 2015 produced a maximum occultation of 65.8 to 70.1 % over Switzerland during the morning hours (09:22 to 11:48 CET). Skies were generally clear over the Swiss Alps due to a persistent high-pressure band between the UK and Russia associated with a rather weak pressure gradient over the continent. To assess the effects of penumbral shading on near-surface meteorology across Switzerland, air temperature data measured at 10-minute intervals at 184 MeteoSwiss weather stations that reported air temperature at 10-minute intervals were used. Wind speed and direction data were available from 165 of these stations. Additionally, six Swiss FluxNet eddy covariance flux (ECF) sites provided turbulent measurements at 20 Hz resolution. During maximum occultation the temperature drop was up to 5.8 K at a mountain site where cold air can pool in the topographic depression of the weather station. The bootstrapped average of the maximum temperature drops of all 184 MeteoSwiss sites during the solar eclipse was 1.51 ± 0.02 K (mean ± SE). A detailed comparison with literature values since 1834 showed a temperature decrease by 2.6 ± 1.7 K (average of all reports) with extreme values up to 11 K. On fair weather days under weak larger scale pressure gradients, local thermo-topographic wind systems develop that are driven by small-scale pressure and temperature gradients. At one ECF site, the penumbral shading delayed the morning transition from down-valley to up-valley wind conditions, and at another site, it prevented this transition from occurring at all. Data from the 165 MeteoSwiss sites measuring wind direction did not show a consistent pattern of wind direction response to the passing of the penumbral shadow. These results suggest that the local topographic setting had an important influence on the temperature drop and the wind flow patterns during the eclipse. Still, results tend to lend support to a recent theory that the anticyclonic cold-air outflow from the center of the eclipse only extends ≈ 1600 km outwards, with cyclonic flow beyond that distance. This contrasts with an earlier theory that the anticyclonic outflow should reach as far as ≈ 2400 km from the center of the eclipse, which would have included all of Switzerland during the 2015 eclipse. Nevertheless, a significant cyclonic effect of the passing penumbral shadow was found in the elevation range ≈ 1700–2700 m a.s.l., but not at lower elevations of the Swiss Plateau. Thus, measurable effects of penumbral shading on the local wind system could be even found at ≈ 2000 km from the path of the eclipse (that is, Switzerland during the 2015 eclipse)., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, ISSN:1680-7375, ISSN:1680-7367

Consumer demand for milk fat has declined due to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with consuming a high saturated fat diet. Milk fat synthesis is energetically expensive for the dairy cow, especially during early lactation or periods of poor nutrition. Thus, manipulating milk fat production and composition may promote the synthesis of more market-valuable milk components and improve energy utilization in dairy cows during periods of increased energy demand. Therefore, the objective of the present studies was to identify molecular proteins that regulate fatty acid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. The regulation of lipogenic genes including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) is controlled by transcription factors including sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP1) and liver X receptor (LXR). In vivo, diet-induced milk fat depression or supplementing diets with polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibits milk fat synthesis by regulating SREBP1 expression. Results confirm that polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit fatty acid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells by regulating the expression of SREBP1. In hepatocytes, LXR can regulate the transcription of SREBP1 in addition to ACC and FAS. Results confirm that LXR activation enhanced synthesis of fatty acids in bovine mammary epithelial cells by promoting the transcription of FAS and SREBP1. Activation of LXR was unable to prevent the inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on fatty acid synthesis. In the lactating mammary gland, LXR may contribute to the synthesis of fatty acids by regulating the expression of SREBP1. In addition to modifying the expression of lipogenic genes, some enzymes can be phosphorylated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy-sensing protein, inhibiting their activity. Presence of AMPK mRNA was identified in bovine mammary epithelial cells and activation of AMPK dramatically decreased fatty acid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. In the lactating mammary gland, AMPK may sense energy availability and regulate milk fat synthesis to control energy utilization. Identification of SREBP1, LXR, and AMPK as regulators of fatty acid synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells may lead to the development of technologies allowing dairy producers to modify milk fat production and composition to meet consumer demand and maximize profitability. Ph. D.

The vernal equinox total solar eclipse of 20 March 2015 produced a maximum occultation of 65.8–70.1 % over Switzerland during the morning hours (09:22 to 11:48 CET). Skies were generally clear over the Swiss Alps due to a persistent high-pressure band between the UK and Russia associated with a rather weak pressure gradient over the continent. To assess the effects of penumbral shading on near-surface meteorology across Switzerland, air temperature data measured at 10 min intervals at 184 MeteoSwiss weather stations were used. Wind speed and direction data were available from 165 of these stations. Additionally, six Swiss FluxNet eddy covariance flux (ECF) sites provided turbulent measurements at 20 Hz resolution. During maximum occultation, the temperature drop was up to 5.8 K at a mountain site where cold air can pool in a topographic depression. The bootstrapped average of the maximum temperature drops of all 184 MeteoSwiss sites during the solar eclipse was 1.51 ± 0.02 K (mean ± SE). A detailed comparison with literature values since 1834 showed a temperature decrease of 2.6 ± 1.7 K (average of all reports), with extreme values up to 11 K. On fair weather days under weak larger-scale pressure gradients, local thermo-topographic wind systems develop that are driven by small-scale pressure and temperature gradients. At one ECF site, the penumbral shading delayed the morning transition from down-valley to up-valley wind conditions. At another site, it prevented this transition from occurring at all. Data from the 165 MeteoSwiss sites measuring wind direction did not show a consistent pattern of wind direction response to the passing of the penumbral shadow. These results suggest that the local topographic setting had an important influence on the temperature drop and the wind flow patterns during the eclipse. A significant cyclonic effect of the passing penumbral shadow was found in the elevation range ≈ 1700–2700 m a. s. l., but not at lower elevations of the Swiss Plateau. This contrasts with an earlier theory that the anticyclonic outflow should reach as far as ≈ 2400 km from the center of the eclipse, which would have included all of Switzerland during the 2015 eclipse. Thus, measurable effects of penumbral shading on the local wind system could be even found at ≈ 2000 km from the path of the eclipse (that is, Switzerland during the 2015 eclipse), and our results tend to lend support to a newer theory that the anticyclonic cold-air outflow from the center of the eclipse only extends ≈ 1600 km outwards, with cyclonic flow beyond that distance., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17 (24), ISSN:1680-7375, ISSN:1680-7367

The discovery of novel biomarkers for peripartal diseases in dairy cows can improve our understanding of normal and dysfunctional metabolism, and lead to nutritional interventions that improve health and milk production. Our objectives were to characterize the plasma lipidome and identify metabolites associated with common markers of metabolic disease in peripartal dairy cattle. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 27) were enrolled 30 d prior to expected parturition. Blood and liver samples were routinely collected through to d 14 postpartum. Untargeted lipidomics was performed using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Based on postpartum measures, cows were categorized into low or high total fatty acid area under the curve (total FAAUC, d 1–14 postpartum, 4915 ± 1369 vs. 12,501 ± 2761 (μmol/L × 14 d), n = 18), β-hydroxybutyrate AUC (BHBAAUC, 4583 ± 459 vs. 7901 ± 1206 (μmol/L × 14 d), n = 18), or liver lipid content (d 5 and 14 postpartum, 5 ± 1 vs. 12 ± 2% of wet weight, n = 18). Cows displayed decreases in plasma triacylglycerols and monoalkyl-diacylglycerols, and the majority of phospholipids reached a nadir at parturition. Phosphatidylcholines (PC) 32:3, 35:5, and 37:5 were specific for high total FAAUC, PC 31:3, 32:3, 35:5, and 37:5 were specific for high BHBAAUC, and PC 31:2, 31:3, and 32:3 were specific for high liver lipid content. PC 32:3 was specific for elevated total FA, BHBA, and liver lipid content. Lipidomics revealed a dynamic peripartal lipidome remodeling, and lipid markers associated with elevated total FA, BHBA, and liver lipid content. The effectiveness of nutrition to impact these lipid biomarkers for preventing excess lipolysis and fatty liver warrants evaluation.