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A great deal of research focusing on organizational diversity has explored dynamics that exclude women and minorities from positions of leadership in sport organizations. The relatively little change in diversity in these positions suggests a need to employ ways of engaging in diversity research that do not center on identity categories and primarily focus on practices. Drawing on notions of subtexts and on queer theory, this critical narrative review aims to make visible and to question organizational practices and processes that may contribute to the diversity “problem” within sport organizations. A subtextual analysis of 32 articles published in leading sport management journals reveals how dynamics of organizational culture, such as an uncritical use of the concept of diversity, the invisibility of practices sustaining gender binaries and heteronormativity, and the intersection of heteronormativity and White normativity, contribute to sustaining the status quo in sport organizations. The authors build on these findings to challenge scholars to further explore and address these practices and processes in sport organizations and in their own research by employing queered intersectional approaches.

CrossFit is a relatively new fitness movement/sport, where women and men train together in the same space, performing the same athletic movements and gender equality is celebrated in CrossFit marketing, promoting equal opportunities for men and women. This paper explores how the much emphasized gender-equality narrative in CrossFit unfolds in gender performativity in a Dutch CrossFit gym. To this end, we draw from an ethnographic case study through which we examine the gendered narratives and bodily gestures of CrossFitters. Using Butler’s heterosexual matrix, we found that gender ideologies emerge in explicit and implicit narratives, materials and organizational structure, and embodied performances in the CrossFit gym. CrossFitters, on the one hand, explicitly challenge gender norms and create a space where women can undertake behaviour that is traditionally considered masculine. However, traditional gender norms, including heterosexual desire, are nonetheless implicitly reproduced through performances, narratives and organizational structures present in CrossFit.

Eukaryotic translation elongation factor eEF1A2 is responsible for delivering aminoacylated tRNAs to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Heterozygous de novo missense mutations in EEF1A2 have been identified in individuals with epilepsy, autism and intellectual disability. The primary aim of this thesis was to assess whether these mutations operated through a loss of function, gain of function or dominant negative mechanism. To investigate this, I analysed eEF1A2 protein interactions, how these interactions varied between mutations and the functional consequences of changes in the interactome. I used affinity purification mass spectrometry to identify the interactome of eEF1A2 and compared the changes resulting from mutations in eEF1A2. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments determined that mutations could be grouped by changes in their interaction with the cognate guanine exchange factor eEF1B. One group showed complete or partial loss of binding to all four subunits of the eEF1B complex, whilst another cluster showed no change in binding compared to wildtype eEF1A2. No specific patterns of clinical features or phenotypic severity could be attributed to these groupings. My results suggested that protein synthesis would be impaired by this disrupted interaction. In vivo and in vitro protein synthesis experiments failed to detect any differences that could be attributed to the presence or absence of the D252H mutation. As no apparent differences in protein synthesis could be detected between muscle tissue from Eef1a2⁻/⁻ and Eef1a2⁺/⁺ mice or between eEF1A2⁻/⁻ and wild-type cells, it is likely that in both cases the protein synthesis assay employed was not performing adequately. Comparative analysis of Eef1a2ᴰ²⁵²ᴴ/ᴰ²⁵²ᴴ and Eef1a2⁻/⁻ mouse phenotypes determined that there is a gain of function or dominant negative element to the eEF1A2ᴰ²⁵²ᴴ mutation, highlighting that this mutation does not operate simply through a loss of function mechanism. Interactome was unable to successfully identify what this might be. In conclusion eEF1A2 mutations may operate via both a loss and gain of function mechanism. Depending on the precise mutation, eEF1A2 may be compromised in its ability to operate in protein synthesis, but at least some mutations may also result in a degree of toxicity.

Distribution data for the partition of nitric acid between nitric acid solution and a solventphase comprising various combinations of TODGA, octanol and inert kerosene diluent havebeen generated, covering a range of conditions from 0–9 mol/L HNO3(aq), 0–100% octanol,0–0.4 mol/L TODGA over a temperature range from 10–50 °C. The data have been used toderive a model describing the nitric acid equilibrium between the phases suitable forincorporation in process models of e.g. the innovative SANEX process. For the nitric acid /octanol / diluent system it was found that an accurate prediction of nitric acid distributioncould be achieved using a model allowing 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 nitric acid / octanol adducts. Forthe nitric acid / TODGA / diluent system the best models were found to be those allowing4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1 and 2:2 nitric acid / TODGA adducts. Superimposing the models for nitricacid distribution into the individual extractants and comparing with experimental results forthe nitric acid / octanol / TODGA system showed systematic differences indicative ofantagonistic and synergistic effects applying in the ranges 0.5–1.5 mol/L HNO3 and >1.5 mol/L HNO3 respectively. These effects were modelled by the inclusion of 0:1:2, 1:1:1,2:1:3 and 3:1:2 nitric acid / TODGA / octanol adducts. The effect of temperature on nitricacid extraction was well described by an Arrhenius type expression with an activation energyof −25.7 kJ/mol. No diluent dependence was found for nitric acid extraction.

Guidelines for the design of dementia care facilities tend to focus on colour contrast, often simplistically interpreted as a contrast in hue. Without the involvement of design professionals, the use of guidelines can lead to homogenous, monotonous and under-stimulating environments. Even as spatial orientation declines as the disease progresses, certain abilities, which allow for navigating space, may remain resilient, and it is accepted that further research on wayfinding using colour and 'landmarks' is required. The paper will discuss a live project for a colour installation within the male dementia ward at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital, with reference to the three main user groups: staff, carers and patients. It will suggest that design specificity in response to place and people, supported by knowledge of the potential of colour to modify space, can enhance the everyday lives and well being of long term building users.Keywords: Colour, dementia, wayfinding, design, live project

De novo heterozygous missense mutations in the gene encoding translation elongation factor eEF1A2 have recently been found to give rise to neurodevelopmental disorders. Children with mutations in this gene have developmental delay, epilepsy, intellectual disability and often autism; the most frequently occurring mutation is G70S. It has been known for many years that complete loss of eEF1A2 in mice causes motor neuron degeneration and early death; on the other hand heterozygous null mice are apparently normal. We have used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in the mouse to mutate the gene encoding eEF1A2, obtaining a high frequency of biallelic mutations. Whilst many of the resulting founder (F0) mice developed motor neuron degeneration, others displayed phenotypes consistent with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, including sudden unexplained deaths and audiogenic seizures. The presence of G70S protein was not sufficient to protect mice from neurodegeneration in G70S/− mice, showing that the mutant protein is essentially non-functional.

The paper will explore the transformative capabilities of colour and light in architecture through selected projects of two contemporary architectural practices. Colour, which is generated through the play of light, is never static and has the capability to be used as an instrument to tune and transform architectural space. Coloured glass has been used for centuries, although with the symbolism embodied in the window design as the primary intent and the interaction of the cast colours largely a secondary effect. Drawing on an interview with Ben van Berkel and Caroline Bos of UN Studio, based in Amsterdam, and considering the work of the American architect, Steven Holl, the paper argues that the metaphysical properties of reflected colour can be seen as instrumental to the synergic design of architectural space.

2. (2009) McLachlan, F. ‘Chromachronology: Seriality and the Professional Palette’ at Seriality and Architecture Symposium, Edinburgh (Mar 2009). Submitted as article for publication to Architecture &, September 2010 (see below). ISBN 978-0-9559706-8-9 Keywords: Colour, palette

(2008) McLachlan, F. ‘Cutting the Cloth’ invited paper/ speaker RIBA Research Space at Home Symposium 2008, London. Published online at:http://www.architecture.com/TheRIBA/AboutUs/InfluencingPolicy/ResearchAndDevelopment/ResearchSymposium/RIBAResearchSymposium2008.aspx Keywords: housing, space

The launch of the Curriculum for Excellence in Scotland has resulted in an extensive school building programme to rebuild or refurbish local authority schools nationwide. The Scottish Government has vowed to improve all of the school estate remaining in poor or bad ‘condition’ and ‘suitability’, in addition to constructing new school buildings that reflect 21st-century learning. The encouraging investment however raises questions on the learning experience for children and young people in remaining school buildings with more than a quarter per cent that predate World War II. This study, therefore, focuses on what pre-war schools offer for the pupils by scrutinising the factors that qualify the affordance of pre-war schools in the provision of 21st-century learning. Similar interests have been evident within the context of architecture, but little attention was given concerning educational spaces particularly schools. Prior to investigating what pre-war schools afford, this research gathers evidence on how pupils learn; where learning takes place; and what features support learning. This study incorporates three different methods of qualitative data collection: observation of the pupils’ learning; interview of the classroom teacher; and focus group ‘design charrette’, which is an alternative mean of communication with the Primary 6 pupils through a series of collaborative activities. Three case studies were selected within the City of Edinburgh, constituting two Victorian, and one 1930’s pre-war school. Generally, an analysis of the data showed that pupils learn both actively and passively in pre-war schools. Learning takes place mainly in the individual classroom area and elsewhere within the school building, but rarely in the outdoor area. The pupils highlighted ‘leisure’ as an elementary feature that supports learning in addition to ‘resources’ and ‘furnishing’. The study suggests that for pre-war schools to offer exceptional quality of learning experience as in the new-build schools, three interdependent factors need to be addressed: social, spatial, and physical factors.

The Passivhaus standard is a building methodology that was established in Germany in the 1990s. It uses a passive design strategy to achieve built environment comfort with minimum energy consumption. However, research shows that not every Passivhaus project has been successful in terms of its comfort and energy performance. Passivhaus is a representation of a high-performance, low-energy prototype of sustainable buildings, which, as a new building typology, embraces new ideas of comfort and accommodates a range of occupants who have different attitudes and expectations. Thus, the social grounding of such a new typology needs to be reconsidered. Understanding the phenomenon of Passivhaus living in the UK context forms the starting point of my research. In reflection of existing Passivhaus post-occupancy evaluation (POE) research in the UK, the majority of this research is focused on performance and frequently adopts an approach using prediction and computer simulation. Only a few studies have examined the Passivhaus system from an architectural design point of view. Research into its energy performance lacks a deeper connection with the occupants’ perception of comfort and the architectural design of the Passivhaus. This research focuses on the coherence of Passivhaus living and builds up a theoretical framework to understand the Passivhaus system in relation to occupants’ daily lives. It argues that by providing more possibilities and opportunities within the design of the built environment for adaptive behaviours and norms of sustainable living, as opposed to stressing energy efficiency and technological advances, the sustainability embodied in the Passivhaus standard can be further actualised. Previous research into the POE field of Passivhaus has employed a predominantly quantitative method. However, the small amount of research conducted using a qualitative approach demonstrates the potential benefits of gaining a better understanding of sustainability in people’s perceptions of comfort, their everyday practices and the nature of their energy use. The methodological approach for the proposed research will be qualitative in nature due to the need to understand highly context-bound experiential data. A mixed approach of quantitative and qualitative methods will be explored to collect and analyse data from various aspects related to the subject matter in order to draw valid conclusions. The research uses a combined framework of grounded theory methodology and a multiple case study approach as a way of taking a step back from empirical research and building up an inductive theory-building process. The combination of these two frameworks is tailored for this research, which enables them to complement each other. The research provides an exploration of Passivhaus living and an insight into the delicate relationship between the occupants and their domestic space. The study explores the shifting perception of comfort, the delicate relationship between habitat and inhabitant and the process of adaptation in the Passivhaus to understand the shaping of household behaviour in relation to different contexts and scenarios unique to the Passivhaus industry. The substantive theory that describes this relationship is summarised at the end of the thesis, with the aim of informing potential Passivhaus clients of the system’s holistic sustainable design features and to make recommendations for better Passivhaus design to building professionals.