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Diabetic neuropathies are the most frequent complication of diabetes. While numerous metabolic pathways are disrupted in diabetic neuropathy, oxidative stress has been indicated as a significant reason for this condition. In this study, the effect of carvacrol, which has antioxidant effects, on experimental diabetic neuropathy and neuropathic pain was investigated. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in the experiment. Diabetes was created by administering 120mg/kg of alloxan intraperitoneally (i.p) once a day for 3 days. Rats with a blood glucose concentration above 250mg/kg in the blood taken from the tail veins at the end of three days were considered diabetic. Rats were categorized under healthy control (HG), alloxan-induced hyperglycemia (AG), and alloxan-induced hyperglycemia + carvacrol-treated (ACG) groups. Carvacrol was i.p injected at 50 mg/kg dose to the ACG (n=6) group of rats with hyperglycemia. The same volume of distilled water as the solvent was applied in the same way to AG (n=6) and HG (n=6) rat groups. This procedure was repeated once a day for three months.Carvacrol showed anti-hyperglycemic effect in diabetic rats, protective effect against lowering pain threshold and analgesic activity in rat paws in rats. Carvacrol prevented the oxidant/antioxidant balance from changing in favor of oxidants. The results supported that carvacrol is an agent against alloxan-induced peripheral diabetic neuropathic pain.

International audience; This work focuses on the impact of sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) (sPEEK) membrane pretreatments on fuel cell performance, starting from two different batches of Fumapem E730 from Fumatech, acquired in 2019 and in 2020. sPEEK membranes are possible lower cost alternatives to PerFluoroSulfonic Acid (PFSA) membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) applications. Before use, they must be pretreated to ensure a complete protonic substitution and removal of residual reagents/solvent: the simplest protocol consists in soaking the membrane in an acid solution followed by a rinsing step in water. In addition to this acidification step, hydrothermal (HT) treatments in water at high temperature for a few hours to a few days were also considered herein, as well as a hydro-alcoholic (HA) step, because of their expected effects on membrane nanostructure. Overall, four different protocols were used. The membrane water uptake, water self-diffusion, proton conductivity, and fuel cell performance-under H2/O2-were measured. It was found that in the best case-membranes from the 2020 batch subjected to HA followed by 72 hours HT pretreatments-the fuel cell performances exceeded those obtained with a PFSA membrane (Nafion XL). This is explained by a higher protonic conductivity, probably resulting from a better sPEEK nano-structuration.

Ionometallurgy can be considered as an alternative to conventional hydrometallurgy for precious metals recovery, reducing process hazards and toxic waste production. More specifically, ionic solvents are of particular interest for electrometallurgy processes, since being intrinsically conductive and stable in a broad range of potentials.At the edge of ionic solvents, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are better candidates than regular ionic liquids, being much less expensive and greener, since they are often partially bio-sourced and they exhibit a higher biodegradability, as for betaine, choline-based DES. We recently demonstrated that palladium (Pd) and gold (Au) can be quantitatively leached and recovered in a single electrochemical reactor using Ethaline, a DES composed of choline chloride (ChCl) as hydrogen bond acceptor and ethylene glycol (EG) as hydrogen bond donor, typically in a 1:2 molar ratio. However, if ChCl can be considered as a “green” reactant, this is not the case for EG. Comparable DES with a lower toxic nature than Ethaline can be obtained by replacing EG by other glycols e.g. propylene glycol (PG), widely used in cosmetics and pharmacology: the resulting DES with PG is Propeline. The present paper deals with the potential of this less known DES in the recovery of precious metals.Because the change in the hydrogen bond donor with PG leads to a modification of the DES bulk properties, the first part of this work deals with the determination of Propeline density, viscosity, conductivity and electrochemical stability, which are properties of interest for electrochemical processes. The influence of water content on these properties was thoroughly investigated. Values of the above property parameters are compared to those obtained with Ethaline as a reference DES. In a second part, we present the performances of Propeline for the selective electrochemical leaching of Ag, Pd and Au. The performance of Propeline in leaching was evaluated in ambient atmosphere, i.e. in the presence of water at percent levels. Leaching efficiencies could be studied after thorough development of analytical procedures dedicated to elemental analysis e.g. ICP-EOS in DES. The speciation of leached metals was determined by use of cross-linked analysis, namely UV-vis, and EXAFS/XANES spectroscopic techniques, in both cases with comparison with those in Ethaline. Systems (leached metal species-DES) were then thoroughly studied by electrochemical methods. In particular, diffusion coefficients of the solvated metal species were determined by electrochemical transient and stationary techniques, in the aim of leached metal recovery by electrochemical deposition.

International audience; The design of complex and/or critical systems requires handling the environment constraints in which these systems evolve. Formal methods allow system developers to design models of such systems. They provide constructs for modelling components and views of these systems. However, these formal methods do not include built-in constructs for modelling the environment, and more broadly, domain knowledge associated with system models. Although ontologies have demonstrated their efficiency in modelling domain-specific features, they are not available as built-in constructs in formal methods.This paper shows how formal ontologies can be used to model domain-specific knowledge, as well as how system models may refer to these ontologies through annotation. We rely on the Event-B refinement and proof state-based method, and the associated theories, to define a framework in which domain-specific knowledge ontologies are formalised as Event-B theories defining data types used to type Event-B system design models. Finally, this framework is deployed for the specific case of interactive critical systems. To illustrate the proposed approach, a case study of the Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) is developed.

© 2022 Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science.The methanol metabolite that causes hepatotoxicity is formic acid, generating reactive oxygen radical formation and cell damage. Carvacrol is an antioxidant monoterpenic phenol produced from Thymus vulgaris. This study aimed to investigate the effects of carvacrol on methanol-induced oxidative liver damage in rats. Eighteen rats were divided into three groups. Methotrexate was administered orally for 7 days to methotrexate+methanol (MTM) and methotrexate+methanol+carvacrol (MMC) groups. Methotrexate was given before methanol to cause methanol poisoning. Distilled water was given to the healthy group (HG) as a solvent. At the end of the 7th day, 20% methanol was administered orally at a dose of 3 g/kg to the MTM and MMC groups. Four hours after methanol administration, 50 mg/kg carvacrol was injected intraperitoneally into the MMC group. Animals were sacrificed 8 h after carvacrol injection. Biochemical markers were studied in the excised liver tissue and blood serum samples, and histopathological evaluations were made. Severe hemorrhage, hydropic degeneration, pycnosis, and mononuclear cell infiltration were observed in the liver of the MTM group. Additionally, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly higher, and total glutathione (tGSH) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were significantly lower in the MTM group compared to HG (P

The development of divinylpyrimidine (DVP) reagents for the synthesis of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) with in vivo efficacy and tolerability is reported.

International audience; The cost of proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFCs) comes mainly from the platinum nanoparticles, which are used as catalyst; it represents 40 % of the stack price for a large-scale production. It is thus crucial to reduce their cost to produce cheaper devices, which could compete with fossil energy on the industrial market. One way to reach this goal would be to recover the Pt catalyst from the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for further recycling. For now, current end-of-life (EoL) technologies are mainly based on hydrometallurgical and pyro-hydrometallurgical processes for recovering platinum which are identified to be energy demanding generate high amounts of toxic liquids and gaseous effluents. To meet sustainability and circular economy criteria in the recycling of noble metals, our approach was based on the use of ionic liquids (ILs) to both extract and stabilize platinum in the form of metallic nanoparticles (Pt NPs), thus avoiding the emissions of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and the use of strong acids, which make the waste management of conventional processes complicated. Thirteen different ILs were selected to investigate how their structural composition as well as their physico-chemical properties may affect the extent of Pt extraction, and their ability to stabilize detached nanoparticles. This screening study showed that ionic liquids could interact with all the elements of the active layer and allowed us to delineate the key parameters that ILs should possess to achieve the best extraction performance: hydrophilicity, the hydrogen bonding ability, the coordinating ability of the anions.The best result was obtained with the trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride (P66614Cl) (commercial Cyphos® IL 101) (120 °C and 6 h) which not only led to an extraction extent up to > 90 % of the Pt present initially on the catalytic layer, but also allowed in a single step to detach the Pt NPs from the carbon support. The metallic Pt NPs suspended in P66614Cl were found stable with diameter around 2-3 nm as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analyses. Compared to conventional processes, this safer and convenient route to recover Pt catalyst from MEAs directly in their metallic form by simple immersion of the electrode in the appropriate IL opens up new perspectives in term of rare earth metal recycling from material composites.

Corona viruses can cause a wide range of illnesses in humans and animals, from subclinical infections to serious infections that result in death. Infection can cause various pathological disorders such as respiratory and digestive systems, hepatitis, reproductive disorders, encephalomyelitis and nephritis in sensitive species. Until now, many types of corona virus have been identified that cause infections in animals. With the SARS outbreak that first occurred in humans in China in 2002 and the COVID-19 outbreak in 2019, it has been understood how important corona viruses are also in terms of public health. For this reason, while studies on corona viruses that cause infection in animals are continuing, detailed studies on the connection between coronaviruses in animals and corona viruses infections in humans are also being done. In this study, corona virus infections seen in animals were examined with an approach within the Veterinary Pathology discipline and the importance of COVID-19 emerging in humans recently was emphasized., Coronavirusler, insan ve hayvanlarda subklinik, ölümle sonuçlanan ciddi enfeksiyonlara kadar geniş bir yelpazede hastalığa neden olabilmektedirler. Duyarlı canlı türlerinde enfeksiyon başta solunum ve sindirim sistemi olmak üzere hepatit, üreme bozuklukları, ensefalomiyelit, nefrit gibi patolojik bozuklar oluşturabilmektedir. Hayvanlarda enfeksiyonlara neden olan çok sayıda coronavirus tipi belirlenmiştir. İnsanlarda ilk olarak 2002 yılında Çin’de meydana gelen SARS ve son olarak 2019 yılında ortaya çıkan COVID-19 salgını coronaviruslerin halk sağlığı açısından da önemini göstermiştir. Hayvanlarda enfeksiyon oluşturan coronavirusler ile ilgili çalışmalar devam ederken, bir taraftan da hayvanlardaki coronavirusler ile insanlarda ortaya çıkan coronavirus enfeksiyonları arasındaki bağlantı ile ilgili çalışmalar detaylı araştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hayvanlarda görülen coronavirus enfeksiyonları Veteriner Patoloji disiplini içinde bir yaklaşım ile ele alınarak incelenmiş ve insanlarda son dönemde ortaya çıkan COVID-19’un önemi vurgulanmıştır.

We aimed to investigate the preventive effects of carvacrol against ketamine-induced cardiotoxicity biochemically and histopathologically in an experimental model.The rats were divided into three groups; healthy control (HC), ketamine alone (KG), and ketamine + carvacrol (KCG) groups. Serum Creatine Kinase Myocardial Band (CK-MB) and Troponin I (TP I) levels were determined. Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were measured in the heart tissues of the rats. Heart tissues were also evaluated histopathologically.In the ketamine-treated group, tissue MDA, TNF-α, IL-1beta, and IL-6 levels increased while tissue GSH and SOD levels decreased significantly compared with the control group. However, in the ketamine plus carvacrol applied group, all those alterations were significantly less pronounced, close to the healthy controls. Severe mononuclear cell infiltrations, degenerated myocytes and hemorrhage were determined in the ketamine alone administered group, and these alterations were at a mild level in the carvacrol + ketamine administered group.Prolonged exposure to ketamine resulted in induced oxidative stress in rat heart tissue; concomitant carvacrol application could counteract the negative effects of ketamine by protecting tissues from lipid peroxidation and decreasing the inflammatory response.

© 2022, Seval YILMAZ, Emre KAYA, Harun YONAR, Ali Sefa MENDILDoxorubicin (DOX), which is used in cancer treatment, is an effective chemotherapy agent with many side effects. Cardiotoxicity, on the other hand, is the most important side effect, and it has pushed us to work with kumiss, an alcoholic beverage made from mare’s milk, rich in fermentates, trace elements, antibiotics, vitamins, ethyl alcohol, lactic acid and carbonic acid. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of kumiss on cardiotoxicity caused by DOX. Twenty-eight Wistar-Albino male rats were divided into 4 groups: There was no intervention in the first group (control). The second group received 2 ml/kg/day of kumiss by gavage needle for 7 days, a single dose of 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal DOX to the third group, and kumiss+DOX to the fourth group. Kumiss application was started 7 days before DOX administration and continued for 7 days. On the 7th day of kumiss application, DOX was administered intraperitoneally. The malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were determined in order to determine their effectiveness in the pathogenesis of cardiotoxicity in cardiac and blood tissues. When the DOX group was compared with the control group, an increase in MDA (p

© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Aim: We demonstrate the effect of PDE5 inhibitors in cases of acute lung injury via the relationship between cGMP/NO and the TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 pathway. Materials and Methods: This study was performed with 30 male Wistar albino rats. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered intratracheally to the rats and acute lung injury (ALI) was induced. Twelve hours after LPS administration, avanafil, prepared at suitable doses according to the body weights of the animals, was administered by oral gavage. Lung tissue samples of all groups were examined histopathologically and by immunochemical staining (IL-1β, iNOS, TLR4, and NF-κB). The iNOS, NLRP3, and IL-1B mRNA expression levels in the lung tissues were measured by RT-PCR. The left upper lobes of the rat lungs were dried at 70 °C for 48 h and lung water content was calculated. Result: Statistically significant increases in iNOS, NLRP3, and IL-1β mRNA expressions were observed in the rats with ALI compared to the healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Those increased expressions were reduced at both doses of avanafil (p < 0.0001). This reduction was found to be greater at 20 mg/kg (p < 0.0001). IL-1β, iNOS, TLR4, and NF-κB immunopositivity was moderate/severe in the ALI group and mild in the group with ALI + avanafil at 20 mg/kg (p < 0.05). When the wet/dry lung ratios were calculated, a statistically significant increase was seen in the ALI group compared to the healthy rats (p < 0.05). That increase was decreased with both avanafil doses (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We suggest that avanafil may prevent the progression of ALI and be effective in its treatment. We hope that this study will be supported by future clinical studies to yield a new indication for avanafil.

Zn-Fe layered double hydroxides was prepared by three methods of coprecipitation: coprecipitation at constant pH (pH Cst), coprecipitation at variable pH (pH Var), and direct coprecipitation (DC). The Zn-Fe LDH was utilized as an effective adsorbent for removal of cochineal red dye (CR) from aqueous solutions. The structure of the prepared materials was characterized by XRD and FTIR. The effects of various experimental parameters such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature have been investigated using a batch adsorption technique and their optimum conditions were ascertained to find the optimal conditions for a maximum adsorption. At 50 mg/l cochineal red dye concentration and 50 mg of adsorbent mass, Zn-Fe LDH prepared by coprecipitation at constant pH had 1.09 and 1.31 times more adsorption capacity than Zn-Fe LDH prepared by direct coprecipitation and coprecipitation at variable pH, respectively. The adsorption capacity of the studied adsorbents was in the order pH Cst > DC > pH Var. The removal of Cochineal Red dye reaches its maximum of 96.74 %, 95.70 %, and 92.48 % after 40 min, 50 min, and 80 min for Zn-Fe LDH prepared by coprecipitation at constant pH, direct coprecipitation, and coprecipitation at variable pH respectively with the use of the optimum masses of 50 mg, 80 mg, and 100 mg for these respective materials. Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were applied to describe the equilibrium adsorption experimental data. The cochineal red dye adsorption follows the Temkin model for the materials synthesized by coprecipitation at variable pH and direct coprecipitation. This indicates that the adsorption is characterized by a uniform distribution of binding energies between the molecules adsorbed and adsorbents. The Zn-Fe LDH prepared by coprecipitation at constant pH follows the Freundlich model, indicating the heterogeneous nature of adsorption sites. The adsorption kinetics of the dye obeyed pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic study indicates that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

PurposeThe drill string vibrations can create harmful effects on drilling performance because they generate the stick-slip phenomenon which reduces the quality of drilling and decreases the penetration rate and may affect the robustness of the designed controller. For this reason, it is necessary to carefully test the different rock-bit contact models and analyze their influences on system stability in order to mitigate the vibrations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of rock-bit interaction on high-frequency stick-slip vibration severity in rotary drilling systems.Design/methodology/approachThe main objective of this study is an overview of the influence of the rock-bit interaction models on the bit dynamics. A total of three models have been considered, and the drilling parameters have been varied in order to study the reliability of the models. Moreover, a comparison between these models has allowed the determination of the most reliable function for stick-slip phenomenon.FindingsThe torsional model with three degrees of freedom has been considered in order to highlight the effectiveness of the comparative study. Based on the obtained results, it has been concluded that the rock-bit interaction model has big influences on the response of the rotary drilling system. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the results of this study in order to design and implement a robust control system to mitigate harmful vibrations; the practical implementation of this model can be advantageous in designing a smart rotary drilling system.Originality/valueMany rock-bit functions have been proposed in the literature, but no study has been dedicated to compare them; this is the main contribution of this study. Moreover, a case study of harmonic torsional vibrations analysis has been carried out in well-A, which is located in an Algerian hydrocarbons field, the indices of vibrations detection are given with their preventions.

Listeria genus are Gram positive facultative intracellular bacteria that are found in the soil as saprophytes but also contain species that have pathogenic effects in their last host. Listeria monocytogenes is the major pathogen in Listeria species that is responsible for the majority of Listeriosis cases in humans and animals. In this study, it was aimed to investigate L. monocytogenes with histopathological and immunofluorescence methods in brain and liver tissues taken from sheep and cattle with clinical signs of suspicious Listeriosis. In the study, isolation and identification of L. monocytogenes with cultural methods were also applied. The material of the study consisted of 16 sheep and 2 bovine tissue samples. As a result of cultural analysis, L. monocytogenes was identified from 12 (66.6%) of the samples. Within the framework of histopathological and macroscopic findings, 16 (88.8%) of 18 cases with suspected Listeriosis were positive with the immunofluorescence method. These findings reveal that the immunofluorescent staining method is a reliable and sensitive method in the diagnosis of Listeriosis.

The main objective of this paper is to suppress the stick–slip vibrations in the drilling system so that the drill bit can follow the desired nominal angular velocity of the Top Drive in an optimal...

Ischemia-reperfusion-induced (I/R) renal damage is a pathogenic process that starts with ischemia, then progresses through oxidative stress and inflammation. Tocilizumab (TCZ), a recombinant human monoclonal antibody produced against the IL-6 receptor, will be tested against renal I/R injury. TCZ is known to lower the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidant mediators while raising the amounts of antioxidant molecules. Our purpose is to evaluate the biochemical and histological effects of TCZ against I/R-induced oxido-inflammatory kidney damage and dysfunction in rats. Animals were divided into 3 groups as renal I/R (RIR), I/R+ TCZ (IRT), and healthy group (HG). TCZ was administered at a dose of 8 mg/kg to the IRT group (n=6) of the animals, and distilled water as a solvent was administered intraperitoneally (ip) to the RIR (n=6) and HG (n=6) groups. Then, two hours of ischemia and six hours of reperfusion were applied to the left kidneys of IRT and RIR animals. TCZ significantly inhibited the increase in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear kappa B (NF-κB), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), IL-6, creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and decrease in total glutathione (tGSH) with I/R in renal tissue. TCZ also attenuated severe histopathological damage due to I/R in renal tissue. TCZ protected renal tissue from I/R-induced oxidative and inflammatory damage. These results indicate that TCZ may be useful in the treatment of renal I/R injury.

International audience; Precious metal refining from ore or electronic devices includes hydrometallurgical processes with major concern about toxicity or wastewater production. As an alternative, one-step electroleaching-electrochemical deposition process (EL-ECD) using ionic liquid mixtures was evaluated for palladium and gold recovery. A halide based ionic liquid combined with a diluting ionic liquid was chosen among ten electrolytes after cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic experiments. These low viscous electrolytes allow complexing Au and Pd, leading to metal leaching at low anodic potential. Moreover, the complexes formed could be simultaneously deposited at the cathode. Metal behaviour is similar for all halide anions tested (chloride, bromide and iodide). Results show that chloride based mixtures are the more suitable electrolyte providing the highest leaching faradic yield. This process appears more sustainable than conventional processes (chlorination, cyanide leaching) thanks to the electrolyte stability limiting solvent losses but also workers exposition.

International audience; Event-B offers a rigorous state-based framework for designing critical systems. Models describe state changes (transitions), and invariant preservation is ensured by inductive proofs over execution traces. In a correct model, such changes transform safe states into safe states, effectively defining a partial function, whose domain prevents ill-defined state changes. Moreover, a state can be formalised as a complex data type, and as such it is accompanied by operators whose correct use is ensured by well-definedness (WD) conditions (partial functions).This paper proposes to define transitions explicitly as partial functions in an Event-B theory. WD conditions associated to these functions prevent ill-defined transitions in a more effective way than usual Event-B events. We advocate that these WD conditions are sufficient to define transitions that preserve (inductive) invariants and safety properties, thus providing easier and reusable proof methods for model invariant preservation. We rely on the finite automata example to illustrate our approach.

This paper proposes a distributed energy management task allocation strategy for a multi-robot system (MRS) involved in goods transportation. The main goal in such type of application is maximizing...

© 2021The patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis is poorly detected due to invasive and slow growth. Thus, early diagnosis of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis is so important for patients. Circular RNAs are crucial types of the non-coding RNA. Recent studies have provided serum-derived exosomal circRNAs as potential biomarkers for detection of various diseases. The clinical importance of exosomal circRNAs in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis have never been explored before. Here, we investigated the serum-derived exosomal circRNAs in the diagnosis of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Firstly, High-throughput Sequencing was performed using 9 hepatic alveolar echinococcosis and 9 control samples to detect hepatic alveolar echinococcosis related circRNAs. Afterwards, bioinformatic analyzes were performed to identify differentially expressed circRNAs and pathway analyzes were performed. Finally, validation of the determined circRNAs was performed using RT-PCR. The sequencing data indicated that 59 differentially expressed circRNAs; 31 up-regulated and 28 down-regulated circRNA in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis patients. The top 5 up-regulated and down-regulated circRNAs were selected for validation by RT-qPCR assay. As a result of the verification, circRNAs that were significantly up- and down-regulated showed an expression profile consistent with the results obtained. Importantly, our findings suggested that identified exosomal circRNAs could be a potential biomarker for the detection of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis serum and may help to understand the pathogenesis of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.

The development of divinylpyrimidine (DVP) reagents for the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with in vivo efficacy and tolerability is reported. Detailed structural characterisation of the synthesised ADCs was first conducted followed by in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the ADCs' ability to safely and selectively eradicate target-positive tumours.

International audience; Precious metal refining from ore or electronic devices includes hydrometallurgical processes with major concern about toxicity or wastewater production. As an alternative, one-step electroleaching-electrochemical deposition process (EL-ECD) using ionic liquid mixtures was evaluated for palladium and gold recovery. A halide based ionic liquid combined with a diluting ionic liquid was chosen among ten electrolytes after cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic experiments. These low viscous electrolytes allow complexing Au and Pd, leading to metal leaching at low anodic potential. Moreover, the complexes formed could be simultaneously deposited at the cathode. Metal behaviour is similar for all halide anions tested (chloride, bromide and iodide). Results show that chloride based mixtures are the more suitable electrolyte providing the highest leaching faradic yield. This process appears more sustainable than conventional processes (chlorination, cyanide leaching) thanks to the electrolyte stability limiting solvent losses but also workers exposition.

En Algerie, la population jeune âgee de moins de 25 ans constitue une opportunite a valoriser pour assurer un developpement durable. Les jeunes sont les premieres victimes du chomage alors que des politiques ont ete elaborees pour promouvoir la creation d’emplois. Les politiques menees depuis plus de trois decennies se sont traduites par un mouvement continu de la baisse du taux de chomage, sans pour autant qu’il s’agisse d’emplois durables. Une analyse des differentes politiques d’emploi entreprises par les autorites eclaire sur le lien entre l’emploi et la sphere macro-economique. Cette etude nous permet de faire le constat que, pour le cas de l’Algerie, l’investissement dans le domaine des energies renouvelables et le developpement des investissements directs etrangers peut etre un moteur de creation d’emplois durables. Classification JEL : J08, J64, E24

Hot-dip aluminum coating technique has been applied to improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of steels. This method is adopted widely due to the low cost and good performance. The purpose of this paper is to study the formation of intermetallic layers during the hot dipping of mild steel into a molten aluminum bath. Mild steel specimens were immersed into molten aluminum alloy baths at 750 °C for 1 h, 2 h and 3 h. Intermetallic compounds were analyzed by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. This study was completed by microhardness testing. The results showed that the hot-dip aluminized layer was divided into an outer pure aluminum or aluminum–silicon topcoat and an intermetallic layer. In the bath of pure aluminum, the intermetallic layer was the thickest and consisted of an outer FeAl3 layer and an inner Fe2Al5 layer adjacent to the steel substrate with tongue-/finger-like morphology, while in the Al–Si alloy bath, the thickness of the intermetallic layer decreased substantially and the interface intermetallic/steel substrate becomes flat. The ternary phases Al8Fe2Si and Fe3Al2Si3 are identified in addition to FeAl3 and Fe2Al5. The microhardness testing recorded high values of the intermetallic layers, up to 800Hv01, which confirms the high brittleness of the intermetallic compounds.

This article deals with a new hybrid approach combining a Moment Method (MOM), with the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD), this approach evaluates the currents surface on the microstrip anten...

Interactive system development does not follow the same life cycle as other system developments. The essential differences lie in the iterative nature of such system development. Throughout iterations, the requirements undergo many changes due to the evolution of customer’s needs and user feedback after experiencing prototypes. The challenge is tougher in the case of critical HCI (aircraft cockpits, medical systems, nuclear power plant etc.). Indeed, critical HCI requires to be designed and built such that safety and security requirements are thoroughly fulfilled. This paper presents a novel development framework featuring formal verification and validation of critical interactive systems at modelling level. It identifies the several challenges of the interactive system development and settles down the main objectives. Furthermore, it sketches the most important traits of the proposed approach to circumvent the enumerated challenges. Hence, we discuss the importance of the pivot language Fluid, the domain theory specific to interactive systems and their modelling using Event-B.

The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of syringic acid on thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy which is a complex serious syndrome with neuropsychiatric abnormalities related to acute liver dysfunctions like cirrhosis. Rats were treated with syringic acid (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 days in treatment groups. Hepatic encephalopathy was induced by three doses of (200 mg/kg i.p.) thioacetamide injection. Syringic acid effectively alleviated thioacetamide-induced hepatic injury via reduction in ammonia, AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and decrease in oxidative stress (decreased MDA, ROS and increased SOD and GSH). Syringic acid also attenuated inflammatory injury by suppressing TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and NF-kappa B and increasing IL-10. The caspase-3 expression was also down-regulated in both liver and brain tissues. Immunohistochemical results confirmed the recovery with syringic acid by downregulation of iNOS, 8-OHdG and GFAP expression. Syringic acid decreased the deteriorating effects of thioacetamide as seen by reduced ammonia concentration and also preserved astrocyte and hepatocyte structure. The behavioral test results from elevated plus maze test, similar to the open-field locomotor test results, confirmed that syringic acid can reverse behavioral impairments. In conclusion, syringic acid exerted hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects against hepatic encephalopathy by mitigating hepatotoxicity biomarkers, exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects in addition to suppressing hyperammonemia., Research Fund of the Ataturk University, This work was supported by Research Fund of the Ataturk University.

© 2022, Colegio de Farmaceuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. All rights reserved.SUMMARY. Ovarian ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury develops due to oxidative stress and inflammation that occurs when tissue is deprived of oxygen. Ovarian I/R damage also causes infertility. The aim of this study is to see the effect of ovarian I/R damage on reproductive functions and to determine the protection of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory cerebrolysin in possible damage. Albino Wistar-type female rats were divided into sham operation (SG), ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and cerebrolysin+ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) groups. After I/R application with cerebrolysin, the ovaries of six animals from each group were taken and biochemical and histopathological examinations were performed. Six animals from each remaining group were left to breed. Our test results showed that cerebrolysin decreased I/R-related oxidant, proinflammatory cytokine and tissue damage and increased antioxidant levels. In addition, cerebrolysis significantly inhibited the delay of the maternity period. These findings indicate that cerebrolysin may be helpful in the treatment of I/R-related ovarian damage and infertility.

© 2022, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru da Universidade de Sao Paulo. All rights reserved.The role of oxidative stress, as well as inflammation in the pathogenesis of methotrexate (MTX)-induced oral mucositis, is a known fact. The anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of taxifolin—the effect we tested against MTX-induced oral mucosal damage—are well known. Objective: Evaluating biochemically and histopathologically the effects of taxifolin on methotrexate-induced oral mucosal damage in rats. Methodology: In the taxifolin+MTX (TMTX) group, 50 mg/kg taxifolin was orally administered to rats by gavage. In the MTX and healthy (HG) groups, normal saline was applied to rats as solvent by the same method. One hour after administration of taxifolin and solvent, 5 mg/kg MTX was orally administered to rats in the MTX and TMTX groups. Taxifolin and methotrexate were administered once a day for 30 days. Macroscopic, biochemical, and histopathological evaluations were performed on the inner cheek and tongue tissues of rats. These parts were removed after rats were killed with a high-dose anesthesia. Results: Taxifolin with MTX prevented the increase in oxidant and pro-inflammatory parameters, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), on the inner cheek and tongue tissues of rats. Moreover, taxifolin antagonized the decrease in total glutathione (tGSH). Taxifolin decreased MTX-induced histopathological damage. Conclusion: These findings suggest that taxifolin may be useful to treat MTX-associated oral mucositis.

Early View = Online Version of Record before inclusion in an issue : e2439; International audience; This paper proposes a unified formal framework, Formal Framework For FLUID (F3FLUID), for the development of safety-critical interactive systems. This framework is based on the Formal Language of User Interface Design (FLUID) pivot modeling language defined in the FORMEDICIS project, which enables high-level system requirements for interactive systems to be specified in the FLUID language. This modeling language is specifically designed for handling concepts of safety-critical interactive systems, including domain knowledge. A FLUID model is used as a source model for the generation of several target models in different modeling languages to support the formal verification methods, such as theorem proving and model checking. In this paper, we use the Event-B modeling language for checking functional behaviors, user interactions, safety properties, and domain properties. A FLUID model is transformed into an Event-B model, and then, the Rodin tool is used to check the internal consistency with respect to the given safety properties. We illustrate the operational semantics of the FLUID language, and the transformation strategy of FLUID models into Event-B models, including the tool development. We use the ProB model checker to analyze the temporal properties and to animate the formalized specification. In addition, an interactive cooperative objects (ICOs) model is derived from the Event-B model for animation, visualization and validation of dynamic behaviors, visual properties, and task analysis. Finally, an industrial case study, complying with the ARINC 661 standard, Multi-Purpose Interactive Applications (MPIA), is used to illustrate the effectiveness of our F3FLUID framework for the development of safety-critical interactive systems.

This article deals with a hybrid method combining the method of moments (MOM) with the general theory of diffraction (GTD). This hybrid approach is used to analyze antennas located near perfectly Bodies of arbitrary curved shape. Some examples, e.g. an antenna mounted near a perfect conductor cylinder with two plates, demonstrates that the hybrid approach is the most suitable technique for modeling large-scale objects and arbitrary shapes. This approach allows us to resolve the problem, that the other methods can’t solve it alone. Generally, random radiation locates on or near an arbitrary form, can be solved using this technique hence the strong advantages of our method.

The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular, biochemical, and histopathological effects of bromelain, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, against cisplatin-induced ocular toxicity. The groups were designed as (1) Control, (2) Cisplatin (7 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), (3) Cisplatin + Bromelain (50 mg/kg, orally for 14 consecutive days), (4) Cisplatin + Bromelain (100 mg/kg, orally for 14 consecutive days). The activity of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-10, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and 8-OHdG were measured in ocular tissue. The mRNA expression of NF-kappa B and Caspase-3 was also evaluated. Also, ocular sections were evaluated histopathologically. Bromelain demonstrated a dose-dependent protective effect in cisplatin-induced toxicity by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage. Our results suggested that bromelain may be a potential adjuvant that can protect the eye from cisplatin-induced toxicity.

Numeric transition stands on the utilization of sophisticated devices like smartphones, computers or server, which contain an important concentration of critical, rare, or precious metals. So on, metal production from primary ores or from end-of-life devices will necessary increase in the next decades. Currently, precious metals production imply many pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical steps and a refining process to obtain pure metals. This refining step is similar using e-waste or primary ores for production, and presents hazardous drawbacks including harmful reagent utilization (cyanide or strong acids) and important wastewater generation. The association of ionic solvents (Ionic Liquids (IL) or Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES)) to electrochemistry could represent a greener solution to this application. These solvents have a low vapor pressure and are non-flammable which considerably reduce fire hazards or worker’s inhalation. Furthermore, they have a great stability (thermal and electrochemical) and act like efficient complexing agents, two very useful properties for precious metals electroleaching without any solvent degradation. These properties have been already used to recover different metals in IL and DES at lab1 or pilot scale2.Recently, CEA Liten and Jean Lamour Institute obtained promising results using a single step electroleaching-electrodeposition (El-Ed) process using ionic liquids for Pt recovery from a membrane electrode assembly (MEA)3.In present work, we evaluate ionic solvent relevance for developing an El-Ed process for gold and palladium electrochemical recovery. We present leaching and deposition performances in IL-mixture and DES for gold and palladium, and electrochemical characteristics which are required for this process. For some ionic liquids, we obtained a gold electroleaching rate comparable to conventional cyanide solution meanwhile DES exhibit faster leaching kinetics. For these promising electrolytes, we focused on the electrodeposition steps (limiting step), and studied metals and ionic species mass transport using Walden plot, PFG-NMR and electroanalytical techniques. Finally, we discussed about relevant experimental parameters (additives, temperature, concentration) to improve mass transport in these solvents. References:1G. R. T. Jenkin, A. Z. M. Al-Bassam, R. C. Harris, A. P. Abbott, D. J. Smith, D. A. Holwell, R. J. Chapman and C. J. Stanley, Minerals Engineering, 2016, 87, 18–24.2A. P. Abbott, G. Frisch and K. S. Ryder, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. A: Inorg. Chem., 2008, 104, 21.3M. Balva, S. Legeai, N. Leclerc, E. Billy and E. Meux, ChemSusChem, 2017, 10, 2922–2935.

International audience

International audience; Checking the conformance of a system design to a standard is a central activity in the system engineering life cycle, a fortiori when the concerned system is deemed critical. Standard conformance checking entails ensuring that a system or a model of a system faithfully meets the requirements of a specification of a standard improving the robustness and trustworthiness of the system model. In this paper, we present a formal framework based on the correct-by-construction Event-B method and related theories for formally checking the conformance of a formal system model to a formalised standard specification by construction. This framework facilitates the formalization of standard concepts and rules as an ontology, as well as the formalization of an engineering domain, using an Event-B theory consisting of data types and a collection of operators and properties. Conformance checking is accomplished by annotating the system model with typing conditions. We address an industrial case study borrowed from the aircraft cockpit engineering domain to demonstrate the feasibility and strengths of our approach. The ARINC 661 standard is formalised as an Event-B theory. This theory formally models and annotates the safety-critical real-world application of a weather radar system for certification purposes.

© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of Centella asiatica (CA) on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity and to clarify the underlying mechanism by biochemical, molecular, immunohistochemical, and histopathological analyses. Rats were pre-treated with two doses of CA (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) for 14 consecutive days. Then, on the 15th day, hepatotoxicity was induced by a single cisplatin injection (10 mg/kg i.p.). On the 18th day, the rats were euthanized. CA effectively alleviated cisplatin-induced hepatic injury via reduction in AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes and a decrease in oxidative stress (decreased MDA and ROS, and increased SOD, CAT, and GSH). CA also mitigated the inflammatory damage by the inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB. The liver expression of caspase-3 and Bax was downregulated, while Bcl-2 was upregulated. Moreover, immunohistochemical results confirmed the recovery with CA by downregulation of iNOS and 8-OHdG expression. These results showed that with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities, CA could help alleviate the hepatotoxic effects of cisplatin chemotherapy.

Summary Background &Aims: Trace elements act as co-factors and/or in co-enzymes in many metabolic pathways and its deficiency contributes to metabolic and infectious complications. The aim of this study was to determine serum zinc, selenium, cobalt, chromium, copper and ceruloplasmin levels for identify the need for post intensive care unit (ICU) nutritional follow-up. Methods This study was prospectively conducted in medical ICU. Adult patients (≥18 years) who stayed in ICU more than 48 hours and transferred to ward were included in the study. Blood samples of trace element levels were sampled at discharge. Results We enrolled 100 patients. The median age was 60 (40-70) years with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score 15 (11-21). The median C-Reactive Protein (CRP) level was 53.9(24.8-116.0) mg/L at discharge. Median serum zinc (24.4 mcg/dl:14.2-38.7) and chromium (0.22 mcg/dl:0.17-0.34,) levels were below reference values, while median copper (111.9 (73.0-152.5) mcg/dl) and selenium (54.8 (36.4-95.25) mcg/L) values were within ranges. Serum concentrations of chromium, zinc, and selenium were lower than the normal values in 98, 90, and 36% of patients, respectively. The 28-day ICU mortality were correlated with low serum selenium levels (p=0.03). Conclusion Serum chromium and zinc levels were below reference values at discharge, but this finding was in context of inflammation. Low serum selenium level observed in 36% was associated to 28-day ICU mortality.

A sepsis model was created, induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), in juvenile rat groups. Milrinone (MIL), which is known to have a modulatory effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines, was administered to the designated rat groups in the early period before severe sepsis developed. The study was aimed at investigating the possible protective effects of milrinone on the lung and kidney tissues of rats in the late phase of sepsis.The rat pups were divided into seven groups with six animals in each group: (1) healthy rats who received no drug; (2) CLP-S12 (sacrificed at hour 12); (3) CLP-S24 (sacrificed at hour 24); (4) CLP-MIL1-S12 (administered with 0.5 mg/kg milrinone at hour 1 and sacrificed at hour 12); (5) CLP-MIL1-S24 (administered with 0.5 mg/kg milrinone at hour 1 and sacrificed at hour 24): (6) CLP-MIL12-S24 (administered with 0.5 mg/kg milrinone at hour 12 and sacrificed at hour 24), (7) and CLP-MIL1,12-S24 (administered with 0.5 mg/kg milrinone at hours 1 and 12 and sacrificed at hour 24).Significant differences were found between the early and late administration of milrinone in terms of both molecular and histopathological results. The results showed that the tissues were significantly preserved in the groups in which milrinone had been started in the early period compared to the sepsis control groups and the groups in which milrinone had been started in the late period.In addition to the positive inotropic effects of milrinone, its immunomodulatory properties that result in decreased cytokine storm can be beneficial during early period of sepsis.