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Les délais d’accès aux soins sont directement associés au pronostic de nombreuses situations et pathologies urgentes telles que l’arrêt cardiaque extrahospitalier, l’accident vasculaire cérébral, l’infarctus du myocarde ou le traumatisme grave. Ils représentent ainsi un critère de qualité et d’efficacité du système préhospitalier. Or, les déterminants de l’accessibilité aux soins urgents, donc des délais de prise en charge préhospitalière jusqu’au soin définitif, sont multiples, intriquant notamment des dimensions organisationnelles, géographiques et socioéconomiques, captées par différentes définitions de l’accessibilité aux soins. La mesure de l’accessibilité aux soins urgents est donc complexe et nécessite l’emploi de méthodes spécifiques. Ses déterminants sont sujets à d’importantes disparités territoriales, tant sur le plan national que local, qui conduisent à de fortes inégalités de santé en situation urgente. L’organisation du système de soins préhospitaliers doit ainsi prendre en compte l’ensemble des définitions de l’accessibilité en vie réelle, afin de répondre à des objectifs de performance ajustés aux enjeux particuliers des pathologies traceuses les plus urgentes. Les prochaines évolutions organisationnelles et technologiques en médecine d’urgence devraient permettre de mieux appréhender les déterminants de l’accessibilité à toutes les phases de la prise en charge préhospitalière, vers un rééquilibrage de l’inadéquation entre les besoins réels et l’offre possible de soins urgents.

The Battle for the High Street porte sur les politiques dites de « régénération commerciale » mises en place en Grande-Bretagne au début des années 2010. La récession consécutive à la crise financière de 2008 s’est en effet traduite par une hausse de la vacance commerciale dans les centres-villes britanniques ainsi que par le développement de magasins bon marché destinés à une clientèle au faible pouvoir d’achat (magasins discount, prêteurs sur salaire, vente à emporter, etc.), conduisant à l...

Eine der größten Herausforderungen des Gesundheitssystems ist es, der Entstehung und Weiterverbreitung multiresistenter Erreger (MRE) entgegenzuwirken. Inzwischen gibt es in Deutschland flächendeckend regionale MRE-Netzwerke, die sich u. a. im Rahmen von Zertifizierungen intensiv mit der Hygiene, den Risikofaktoren von MRE und den Antibiotikaverordnungen in medizinischen und pflegerischen Einrichtungen auseinandersetzen. Das MRE-Netzwerk der Landkreise Altenkirchen, Westerwald und Rhein-Lahn entwickelte erstmals in Deutschland ein auf ambulante Dialysezentren abgestimmtes Zertifizierungs- und Rezertifizierungsverfahren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden der Zertifizierungsprozess und die Ergebnisse aus den sechs Dialysepraxen der drei Landkreise beschrieben und die Notwendigkeit derartiger Zertifizierungen und Schulungen durch die MRE-Netzwerke diskutiert.

Urban studies have predominantly analysed the impact of short-term rental platforms such as Airbnb on cities through the lens of gentrification. However, the concept of gentrification has been applied to this platform-based urban change without considering how platform economy might alter the way scholars think about gentrification. First, this paper shows that short-term rental platforms build on the increasing use of housing by ordinary people to generate income. Second, it explores what this entails for gentrification studies. Contrary to the classical pattern of gentrification, suppliers of short-term rental platforms are not necessarily external investors but may be local homeowners in an area that is appealing to tourists. This puts local homeowners in an ambiguous position regarding gentrification patterns. On the one hand, as stakeholders providing the accommodation supply, they can theoretically benefit from short-term rental platforms by generating income from their housing. On the other hand, as long-term inhabitants, their housing trajectory can also be disrupted by the consequences of Airbnb-driven gentrification that they enable. This paper aims to disentangle the role of local homeowners in Airbnb-driven gentrification by answering the three following questions. (1) Who are the Airbnb hosts? Are they external newcomers or local homeowners? (2) Which host strategies lead to the displacement of long-term inhabitants? (3) What lines of inquiry does the ambiguous position of local hosts (as both driver and victim of Airbnbfication) open for gentrification studies?

This article presents the modified Preisach model of hysteresis for a 3-phase medium frequency transformer in a 100 kW dual active bridge converter. The transformer magnetic core is assembled out of ferrite I-cores, which results in multiple parasitic air gaps. For this transformer, the hysteresis loops were measured and parameters of the Preisach model were determined. The Preisach distribution function is approximated with a two-dimensional Gauss function series and the feedback function is a 3rd-degree polynomial. The optimized identification of Preisach distribution function parameters was prepared. Two sets of parameters were determined based on the analysis of major and minor hysteresis loop. The developed model is used to analyze the transformer core power loss. A new set of Steinmetz equation parameters for multi air gap ferrite core MFT is proposed.

5th CIRP Conference on BioManufacturing (BioM), Calabria, ITALY, JUN 22-24, 2022; International audience; In the hip stem prostheses domain, stress shielding represents a major issue due to its potential implant loosening effect. This phenomenon occurs when the implant is much stiffer than the bone itself. A way to reduce this stiffness difference is to remove material from the implant. In addition, this solution leads to mass reduction of the implant, improving the patient quality of life. To insure the implant will withstand the loading, material must be distributed in a specific way. Bones use the same objectives of lightness and mechanical efficiency while using a minimal amount of material. In addition, these biological structures are well spread and reliable in living beings, especially in mammals and avian species. In this paper, a method bio-inspired by trabecular bone structure is proposed to remove material from parts considering their mechanical stress field. In Nature, trabecular bone is defined as a graded porous material with bone material locally oriented along the local stresses' direction. To mimic this natural behavior, the proposed method generates local porosities bio-inspired in position, shape, size and orientation. To evaluate the proposed method performance, experimental tests were carried out on a hip prosthesis stem. Test results demonstrated that the method can be used to reduce the stiffness of the prosthesis while withstanding the applied constrains. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Behavioral flexibility and timely reactions to salient stimuli are essential for survival. The subcortical thalamic-basolateral amygdala (BLA) pathway serves as a shortcut for salient stimuli ensuring rapid processing. Here, we show that BLA neuronal and thalamic axonal activity mirror the defensive behavior evoked by an innate visual threat as well as an auditory learned threat. Importantly, perturbing this pathway compromises defensive responses to both forms of threats, in that animals fail to switch from exploratory to defensive behavior. Despite the shared pathway between the two forms of threat processing, we observed noticeable differences. Blocking beta-adrenergic receptors impair the defensive response to the innate but not the learned threats. This reduced defensive response, surprisingly, is reflected in the suppression of the activity exclusively in the BLA, as the thalamic input response remains intact. Our side-by-side examination highlights the similarities and differences between innate and learned threat-processing, thus providing new fundamental insights.

In 2023, the European Union will vote on the reauthorization of glyphosate use, renewed in 2017 despite concern on impacts on the environment and public health. A ban is supported by several Member States but rejected by most farmers. What are citizens’ preferences to phase out glyphosate? To assess whether taxation could be an alternative to a ban, we conducted a discrete choice experiment in five European countries. Our results reveal that the general public is strongly willing to pay for a reduction in glyphosate use. However, while 75.5% of respondents stated to support a ban in the pre-experimental survey, experimental results reveal that in 73.35% of cases, earmarked taxation schemes are preferred when they lead to a strong reduction in glyphosate use for an increase in food price lower than that induced by a ban. When glyphosate reduction is balanced against its costs, a tax may be preferred.

Mid-SUN proteins are a neglected family of conserved type III membrane proteins of ancient origin with representatives in plants, animals, and fungi. Previous higher plant studies have associated them with functions at the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this study, high-resolution confocal light microscopy is used to explore the localisation of SUN3 and SUN4 in the perinuclear region, to explore topology, and to study the role of mid-SUNs on endoplasmic reticulum morphology. The role of SUN3 in the ER is reinforced by the identification of a protein interaction between SUN3 and the ER membrane-bound transcription factor maMYB. The results highlight the importance of mid-SUNs as functional components of the ER and outer nuclear membrane.

Attentional control – also referred to as cognitive control, executive control, executive attention, or executive functions – is defined as a person’s ability to maintain and implement a goal and goal-relevant information in the face of distraction (von Bastian et al., 2020). Recent research has put forward the difficulty of measuring attentional control as a general construct leading to success to different tasks and situations (e.g., Draheim et al., 2019; Hedge et al., 2018; Karr et al., 2018; Rey-Mermet et al., 2018, 2019, 2020). This difficulty has been mainly explained by the reliability and validity issues that the tasks used to measure attentional control are facing. One way to overcome these issues may be to improve how attentional control is extracted from reliable and valid tasks. For example, attentional control has been considered as a cognitive process necessary to perform working-memory (WM) tasks correctly (Engle, 2002; Engle & Kane, 2003; Kane et al., 2001; see also Miyake et al., 2000; Miyake & Friedman, 2012). In these studies, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to model attentional control in two ways. On one side, attentional control was assessed as the residual variance of WM after controlling for short-term memory (STM; see, e.g., Engle et al., 1999). Thus, attentional control was conceptualized as the construct that is left once short-term memory has been extracted. On the other side, attentional control was modelled as the common variance shared by all WM and STM tasks (see, e.g., Kane et al., 2004). Here, attentional control was estimated as the common factor across all WM and STM tasks, and the loadings from the WM tasks were higher than those from the STM tasks. Thus, attentional control was conceptualized as a construct that is required in all tasks but this requirement is higher in the WM tasks. So far, there is no systematic comparison of both ways of modelling attentional control. To our knowledge, only two studies have estimated attentional control in both ways (Hale et al., 2011; Rey-Mermet & Rothen, 2022). However, in both studies, special samples were tested (i.e., participants were aged between 20 and 89, and participants had a morning or evening chronotype, respectively). Thus, their results may be confounded by age and chronotype. Moreover, across these studies, there was no systematic investigation of which model fitted best the data, how reliable attentional control was assessed, and how robust the results are. Therefore, it remains unknown which way is best suited to model attentional control.

The synchrony effect - that is, the observation of better cognitive performance at the peak of circadian arousal than at off peak - is accepted as common knowledge. However, empirical evidence for this effect is mixed. This may be explained by two methodical challenges. First, most studies are underpowered. Second, they include one task, but tasks differ across studies. Here, we tested the synchrony effect by focusing on two universal psychological constructs (i.e., the ability to maintain information temporarily and the ability to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information). We addressed the methodical challenges by asking 191 young adults with morning or evening chronotypes to perform eight tasks at on- and off-peak times. Moreover, in addition to analysing at the individual task-level, we estimated the constructs at the latent-variable level (i.e., as the common variance across the tasks without the impact of task-specific requirements). The results showed strong evidence against a synchrony effect. We conclude that the synchrony effect is most likely a methodical artefact and discuss the impact of our research on psychological science and scientific research more widely.

In memory research, different types of memory – such as priming, recognition, and recall – have been put forward, (e.g., Baddeley et al., 2020). Priming refers to the memory through which the presentation of an item facilitates the processing of a subsequent item. Recognition refers to the memory through which an item is identified as having been previously encountered. Recall refers to the memory through which a previously learned item is brought into mind. Typically, recall and recognition measures have been emphasized as relying on a common process (e.g., Unsworth & Brewer, 2009; Yonelinas, 2002). Previous research has also suggested that priming and recognition measures might rely on a common underlying process (e.g., Berry et al., 2008; Henke, 2010; Jacoby, 1991; Wagner & Gabrieli, 1998; Yonelinas, 2002). Both lines of research have so far only focused on two different types of memory, thereby ignoring the full spectrum of different types of memory. Therefore, it is unknown whether a common process between priming and recognition measures can be observed once the more established shared process between recognition and recall measures has been taken into account. Most previous research supporting the assumption of a common underlying process between priming and recognition measures has focused on experimental manipulations, such as, for example, those involving attention or study duration (see Yonelinas, 2002, for an overview). So far, to our knowledge, only one study has used a correlational approach to investigate whether priming, recognition, and recall are associated (Wang & Yonelinas, 2012). In that study, participants first performed a study phase in which they decided whether the word was concrete or abstract. In a second step, they performed a recognition task in which they were asked to decide whether the word was presented in the study phase or not. Half of the words were presented in the study phase. For each word, participants additionally performed subjective confidence ratings about the memory strength (i.e., a receiver operating characteristic confidence rating paradigm in Experiment 1a and a remember/know paradigm in Experiment 1b). These confidence ratings were used to categorize recognition performance as priming- vs. recall-based. In a final step, participants performed a free association task as a priming task. In this task, participants were presented with words and they were asked to respond verbally with the first strongly associated word that came to mind. Similar to the recognition task, half of the words were associated to the words presented in the study phase. In this case, the idea is that participants responded more frequently with the words presented in the study phase. The results revealed moderate to strong correlation between the priming measures and the priming-based recognition measures (i.e., .47 in Experiment 1a and .59 in Experiment 1b). However, the correlations were small and not significant between the priming measures and the recall-based recognition measures (i.e., -.15 in Experiment 1a and .29 in Experiment 1b). In a subsequent experiment, participants were asked to perform a cued-recall task instead of the priming task. In that task, they had to respond only with a previously studied word that was associated with the presented word. The results showed substantial correlations between recall and recognition measures, irrespective of the confidence ratings. Overall, these findings were interpreted as supporting the assumption of a common underlying process between priming and recognition measures. However, there are some challenges in this study. First, although priming, recognition and recall tasks were investigated, these tasks were performed pairwise in distinct experiments. Thus, it does not allow us to determine the impact of recall on the common process observed between priming and recognition measures. Second, the sample sizes were small for a correlational approach (i.e., 49 participants in Experiment 1a, 24 participants in Experiment 1b, and 36 participants in Experiment 2; see Brysbaert, 2019, for current standards in sample sizes). Moreover, the samples only consisted of undergraduate students. In addition to decreasing the generality of the results, this might have decreased the magnitude of some correlations (e.g., the correlations between priming and recall-based recognition measures). The reason is that testing only undergraduate students limits the variability that could be observed in the different processes. Third, the validity of confidence ratings is widely debated, making unclear whether it is legitimate to assess recognition in this particular way (see, e.g., Dunn, 2008; Fiacconi, 2022; Kantner & Dobbins, 2019). Fourth, the reliability of the measures used by Wang and Yonelinas (2012) was not reported. This is, however, critical because the reliability of measures limits the maximum magnitude of a correlation that can be observed between two measures (Parsons et al., 2019). Accordingly, a correlation between two measures cannot be larger than the average reliability of these measures. However, previous research reported low to very low reliability estimates for the priming measures (see, e.g., Buchner & Wippich, 2000; Meier & Perrig, 2000; Waechter et al., 2010). Therefore, it is quite surprising to observe such moderate to strong correlations between a priming measure and a priming-based recognition measure. The goal of the present study is to determine with a correlational approach whether a common process between priming and recognition can be established once the common process between recognition and recall has been taken into account. We will overcome the challenges from Wang and Yonelinas (2012) in four ways. First, we will bypass the challenge of ignoring the full spectrum of memory types by conducting two experiments in which all participants will perform priming tasks, recognition tasks, and free-recall tasks with either words, pseudowords or pictures as material. Second, we will overcome the challenge of small undergraduate samples by having large sample sizes consisting of participants from the general population. Third, we will bypass the challenge of measuring priming- and recall-based recognition with confidence ratings by using structural equation modeling (SEM). That is, following previous research (Brehmer et al., 2020; Quamme et al., 2004; Unsworth & Brewer, 2009; Vann et al., 2009; Yonelinas et al., 2002, 2007), we will model the common process between recall and recognition as the common variance between free-recall and recognition measures. Similarly, we will model the common process between priming and recognition as the common variance between priming and recognition measures. Fourth, we aim to increase the reliability of the priming measures by following the recommendations from Buchner and Wippich (2000). That is, we opted for tasks with clear instructions and responses. To this end, in the first experiment, we will ask participants to perform a word identification and a picture clarification task. In the word-identification task, participants are asked to identify a word that is presented very briefly. In the picture clarification, participants are presented with pictures in their most defragmented versions, and they are asked to identify the object represented in the picture. In case they identify the object correctly, a new picture will be presented. In case they do not identify the object correctly, they are presented with the same picture in a less defragmented version. In both priming tasks, half of the stimuli are presented in a previous study phase, whereas the other half are not. The priming effect will thus be assessed as the performance difference between those stimuli that were presented in the study phase (i.e., “old” stimuli) and those stimuli were not previously presented (i.e., “new” stimuli). In the second experiment, we ask participants to perform a repetition-priming task with words, pseudowords, and pictures as materials. In this task, two stimuli are presented in succession. The first stimulus is presented very briefly, and participants are asked to read the word or pseudoword or to name the picture. After a short delay, the second stimulus is presented until the participants perform a simple decision (i.e., a decision about the pleasantness or about the size of the object). We opt for a procedure in which the stimulus repeats in 25% of the trials. The reason is that Waechter et al. (2010) reported acceptable reliability estimates for a similar procedure. In this experiment, the priming effect will be assessed as the performance difference between trials in which the stimulus repeats and those in which it differs.

Circadian arousal has been assumed to affect maintenance (i.e., the ability to retain access to information) and interference control (i.e., the ability to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information). Accordingly, maintenance and interference control should be best when participants are tested at on-peak times compared to off-peak times. However, the evidence – in particular for interference control – is mixed. Whereas some studies found an impact of circadian arousal, others did not. There are multiple reasons for these mixed results. First, most studies were statistically underpowered (i.e., they included small sample sizes in a between-subjects design). Second, although different tasks were used for each construct across the studies, most studies included only one task. Third, in most tasks used to assess interference control, it is unclear to what extend these tasks measure interference control in a reliable and valid way. In the present study, we aim to test the impact of circadian arousal on maintenance and interference control by examining a large sample (more than 400 participants) in a within-subjects design (i.e., all participants will be tested at on- and off-peak times). In order to asses both constructs reliably and in a task-independent manner, our participants will be asked to perform tasks used to assess short-term memory (STM, i.e., our ability to retain access to a limited amount of information) and working memory (WM, i.e., our ability to retain access to a limited amount of information and manipulate these information in the service of complex tasks). Maintenance will be measured at the latent-variable level by establishing a common factor from all STM and WM tasks. Interference control will be measured at the latent-variable level by separating WM-specific variance from WM and STM maintenance. The impact of circadian arousal will be then assessed using a linear second-order latent growth curve model.

Interference tasks such as the Simon, Flanker, and Stroop tasks have largely been used to investigate cognitive processing, with an emphasis on executive control processes such as the ability to inhibit irrelevant information (i.e., inhibition) and disengage attention from the previous trial (i.e., attentional switching). In the present study, we aim to examine the theoretical issues concerning changes in speed of processing, executive control processes, and modified brain activity patterns underlying physiological ageing, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To this end, we will carry out a meta-analysis of studies that used the mentioned interference tasks and that tested cognitive changes in healthy older adults as well as in older adults with MCI and AD. In addition, we will review the neurophysiological findings obtained by means of electroencephalogram (EEG), event-related brain potentials (ERP), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to shed light on several theoretical issues concerning changes in speed of processing, inhibitory control, and modified brain activity patterns underlying physiological ageing and AD. We conclude by discussing to what extent the results of the present study provide support for neurocognitive theories explaining cognitive and neural changes associated with physiological ageing, MCI, and AD.

Test anxiety refers to the feelings of acute stress and worry experienced during evaluative (i.e., testing) situations (Cassady & Johnson, 2002). Thus, the distinctive feature of test anxiety is its occurrence during evaluative situations (Hembree, 1988). Test anxiety has been shown to be associated with decreased memory and learning performance (Hembree, 1988). Retrieval practice is a learning strategy in which one actively recalls information from memory and is consistently associated with memory enhancement (Roediger & Karpicke, 2006). Recent evidence suggests that retrieval practice may reduce the detrimental effects of acute stress on memory (Smith et al., 2016). Currently, there is no experimental evidence investigating the impact of learning with retrieval practice during test-like conditions. The present study investigates whether learning with retrieval practice can overcome the detrimental effects of test anxiety on memory. In the learning session, participants will learn two educational texts using a retrieval practice learning strategy for one text and a restudy learning strategy for the second text. One week later, participants will perform the recall session where they are instructed to recall as many items from both texts as possible. Prior to memory recall, half of the participants are randomly placed in a test-like condition via a set of evaluative instructions (evaluative group). In this group, participants are told that they will perform an IQ test and a memory test in order to evaluate their intelligence and memory. The word “test” is repeated in the instructions in order to further increase the stakes and pressure as during evaluative situations (see attachment in measured variables section for full instruction sets). The other half are placed in a neutral testing condition via control instructions (control group). In this group, participants are told they will perform a puzzle task and a memory task. The word “task” instead of “test” is used to not give off a sense of pressure. Throughout both learning and recall sessions, all participants will fill out a state anxiety questionnaire to capture their levels of state anxiety (i.e., the anxiety felt in the current moment). At the end of both learning and recall sessions, heart rate will be also assessed as a physiological measurement of state anxiety. Finally, at the end of the study, participants will respond to test anxiety questionnaires measuring their propensity for test anxiety. Participants will also complete questionnaires to assess their level of trait anxiety (i.e., their general propensity to feel anxious across different situations). Finally, to control for the possibility that participants have co-morbidity with depression, participants will additionally complete a questionnaire assessing depression.

Attentional control – also referred, for example, to executive functions or cognitive control – is our ability to maintain and implement a goal and goal-relevant information when facing distraction (von Bastian et al., 2020). Recent research has emphasized the difficulty of establishing attentional control as a cognitive psychometric construct (e.g., Draheim et al., 2019, 2020; Karr et al., 2018; Rey-Mermet et al., 2018, 2019, 2020; von Bastian et al., 2020). That is, multiple empirical measures of attentional control did not correlate substantially among each other. Accordingly, attentional control could not be measured as a latent variable (i.e., a factor) representing shared variance across the measures. Several reasons can explain this finding. First, attentional control does not exist as a psychometric construct (Rey-Mermet et al., 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021). Second, the tasks typically used to assess attentional control are so diverse that they may measure task-specific constructs (Rey-Mermet et al., 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021). Third, the previous attentional-control measures do not allow us to differentiate maintaining and implementing goal-relevant information (a process called “proactive control”) from the goal reactivation caused by being distracted by irrelevant information (Braver et al., 2007; a process called “reactive control”; e.g., Braver, 2012). The goal of the present study is to test these possibilities. Specifically, we distinguish between proactive control and reactive control by using the AX-CPT paradigm. Moreover, we diminish the diversity of the attentional-control measures by asking participants to perform this task with different materials (i.e., letters, words, dots, matrices, and pictures). In the letter version of this task, participants are asked to press a target response when the cue A is followed after a delay period by the probe X (i.e., when a so-called “AX trial” is presented); in all other cases, they are asked to press a non-target response. Specifically, these other cases are trials in which the cue A is followed by any other letter than X (i.e., so-called “AY trials”), trials in which any other letter than A is followed by the letter X (i.e., so-called “BX trials”), and trials in which any other letter than A is followed by any other letter than X (i.e., so-called “BY trials”). One key feature of this paradigm is that AX trials are presented very frequently. Accordingly, the presentation of the cue A results in increased expectancy for the probe X and the presentation of the probe X results in a prepotent response tendency to the target response. In this paradigm, different performance indices are typically computed, such as: (1) the “d’ context” or “d’ proactive”, which is computed as a d’ between AX and BX trials, and which is rather used as a measure of proactive control (e.g., Gonthier et al., 2016; Richmond et al., 2015; Snijder, 2021; Stawarczyk et al., 2014); (2) the “d’ reactive”, which is computed as a d’ between AX and AY trials, and which is rather used as a measure of reactive control (Richmond et al., 2015; Stawarczyk et al., 2014); (3) the “BX probe interference”, which is computed as a difference between BX and BY trials, and which is rather used as a measure of reactive control (Snijder, 2021); (4) the proactive behavioral index (PBI), which is computed as [AY – BX]/[AY + BX], and which is considered as a performance index reflecting the balance between proactive and reactive control (e.g., Gonthier et al., 2016; Snijder, 2021); and (5) the “A-cue bias”, which is computed as a C criterion between AX and AY trials, and which is used to measure the bias to press the target response (e.g., Gonthier et al., 2016; Richmond et al., 2015; Snijder, 2021). Previous research has shown that the AX-CPT paradigm and, in particular, the d’ context is related to working memory (WM, i.e., our ability to maintain a limited number of goal-relevant representations; Miyake & Shah, 1999; Oberauer, 2009). For example, the d’ context was reported to be larger for participants with high WM capacity (Redick, 2014; Redick & Engle, 2011; Wiemers & Redick, 2018; but see Richmond et al., 2015, for an exception) or to correlate with WM (Ball, 2015; Boudewyn et al., 2015; MacDonald et al., 2005; Stawarczyk et al., 2014; but see Ball, 2015; and Boudewyn et al., 2015 for two exceptions including a verbal complex span as WM task and the dot pattern or the letter AX-CPT paradigm, respectively). Moreover, at a conceptual level, proactive control and WM seems very similar as they both involve the maintenance of relevant information. Therefore, a further goal of the present study is to investigate to what extend proactive control and WM are related at the latent-variable level in order to determine whether proactive control is a unique and specific construct. To this end, we will ask our participants to perform WM tasks in addition to the AX-CPT paradigms. The WM tasks will be three complex span tasks with either verbal, numerical, or spatial materials, respectively.

To compare walking access times to automated external defibrillators (AEDs) between area-level quintiles of socioeconomic status (SES) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) cases occurring in 2 major urban regions of Canada and France.This was an international, multicenter, retrospective cohort study of adult, non-traumatic OHCA cases in the metropolitan Vancouver (Canada) and Rhône County (France) regions that occurred between 2014 and 2018. We calculated area-level SES for each case, using quintiles of country-specific scores (Q5 = most deprived). We identified AED locations from local registries. The primary outcome was the simulated walking time from the OHCA location to the closest AED (continuous and dichotomized by a 3-minute 1-way threshold). We fit multivariate models to analyze the association between OHCA-to-AED walking time and outcomes (Q5 vs others).A total of 6,187 and 3,239 cases were included from the Metro Vancouver and Rhône County areas, respectively. In Metro Vancouver Q5 areas (vs Q1-Q4), areas, AEDs were farther from (79 % over 400 m from case vs 67 %, p 0.001) and required longer walking times to (97 % above 3 min vs 91 %, p 0.001) cases. In Rhône Q5 areas, AEDs were closer than in other areas (43 % over 400 m from case vs 50 %, p = 0.01), yet similarly poorly accessible (85 % above 3 min vs 86 %, p = 0.79). In multivariate models, AED access time ≥ 3 min was associated with decreased odds of survival at hospital discharge in Metro Vancouver (odds ratio 0.41, 95 % CI [0.23-0.74], p = 0.003).Accessibility of public AEDs was globally poor in Metro Vancouver and Rhône, and even poorer in Metro Vancouver's socioeconomically deprived areas.

A microfluidic platform for the integration of multi-step biological assays has been developed. The presented system is a unique instrument compatible with microfluidic chips for various applications based on bead manipulation. Two examples of microfluidic cartridges are presented here. The first one contains two rows of eight chambers (40 and 80 μL), six reagent inlets, eight testing solution (calibrators and samples) inlets and eight outlets to reproduce precisely each step of a biological assay. This configuration is versatile enough to integrate many different biological assays and save a lot of development time. The second architecture is dedicated to one specific protocol and is completely automated from the standard and sample dilutions to the optical detection. Linear dilutions have been integrated to prepare automatically a range of standard concentrations and outlets have been modified for integrated colorimetric detection. The technology uses pneumatically collapsible chambers to perform all the fluidic operations for a fully automated protocol such as volume calibrations, fluid transport, mixing, and washing steps. A programmable instrument with a software interface has been developed to adapt rapidly a protocol to this cartridge. As an example, these new microfluidic cartridges have been used to successfully perform an immunoassay for gluten detection in the dynamic range of 10-30 ppm with good sensitivity (2 ppm) and specificity.

This article aims to bring empirical evidence to the debate on the redistributive effects of the sharing economy, using Airbnb as an example. Peer-to-peer short-term rental platforms provide every ...

Article disponible en français et en anglais; International audience; Accounting for biodiversity and ecosystems is a new and growing field of research. This is the first time four major areas of leading research in this field have been identified and reviewed simultaneously on the basis of their differences in scope (company, ecosystem or national) and purposes (logics of management accounting or balance sheet). In this paper, the usefulness of pursuing the growth in the developing field of “ecosystem-centric management accounting” is highlighted and makes assessment and monitoring of environmental results possible. In the field of social and environmental accounting, the suggested classification offers one form of response to the main test which arises from discussions over the interlinking of private and collective accounting systems.; Les recherches en comptabilité sur le thème de la biodiversité et des écosystèmes constituent un champ nouveau et en plein essor. Pour la première fois, quatre grands domaines d’innovation en la matière sont ici identifiés et discutés conjointement, sur la base de leurs différences de périmètres (entreprise, de l’écosystème ou national) et de finalités (logiques de comptabilités de gestion ou de bilan). L’importance de poursuivre le développement du domaine émergent des « comptabilités de gestion écosystème-centrées», qui rend possible l’évaluation et le suivi des résultats environnementaux, est mise en lumière. La typologie proposée apporte une forme de réponse au défi majeur de l’articulation entre les comptabilités privées et les comptabilités collectives dans le champ des comptabilités sociales et environnementales.

Night and voices in Journal d’un curé de campagne How the Journal d’un curé de campagne is written is intimately linked to the night because of the narrator’s insomnia. We will demonstrate that this night is the expression of an inner night, through the carmelite mysticism of John of the Cross. The writing is purified by the silence and anguish of the priest's mystical night: we will see that his writing becomes a prayer, that is to say, the hosting of divine and human voices in silence, based on Jean-Louis Chrétien’s phenomenological approach of prayer. This idea of writing will allow us to understand the relationship of Bernanos himself to his own writing: this nightly writing listens and gives voice to those who have none.

Light Management (LM) is essential for metal-halide perovskite solar cells in their race for record performance. In this review, criteria on materials, processes and photonic engineering are established such as to enhance mainly the short circuit current density, towards high energy yields. These criteria are used to analyse a large panel of solutions envisaged in the literature for single junction cells. Moreover, a perspective based on rigorous electromagnetic simulations performed on various comparable structures is proposed in order to clarify the conclusions, and to pave the way to further performance enhancement in the case of all-perovskite, two-terminal tandem cells.

La plupart des aménagements hydroélectriques valaisans arrivent fin de concession. Le but de ce travail est de développer une méthodologie d'analyse permettant d'évaluer la valeur de ces actifs pour une durée d'environ 50 ans après les retours de concessions. Cette valeur devrait comprendre les revenus de la production, les coûts de maintenance estimés en fonction de l'état actuel et les coûts des risques liés à l'exploitation. Le but est de fournir une valeur estimative permettant un arbitrage entre les anciens et les nouveaux concessionnaires et de faciliter la procédure de retour de concession. Ce travail nécessitera l’intégration d’aspects liés à la gestion des actifs hydroélectriques, à leur vieillissement et à la prédiction des prix de l’électricité.

Although thousands of biodiversity indicators have already been designed, scientists and decision-makers are still asking for new versions. Why are we still not satisfied? Our argument is that, if biodiversity indicators aim to improve the effectiveness of science-policy interfaces, it is essential to assess their actual contribution to biodiversity conservation. How? Through an analysis of current uses of indicators in the strategic interactions among a set of actors placed in a given field of biodiversity organized actions This paper presents our investigations into the use of French national and regional red lists of threatened species as a strategic resource for scientists and policy-makers. The manner the red lists are designed, discussed and used is essential so that they can be adapted to suit the way biodiversity is managed in France. The lists systematise information on threatened species in ways that allow users to strategically connect or disconnect knowledge and action, according to the needs of environmental operators in different situations. Their contribution to effective biodiversity actions lies in what we call their potential to act as ‘circuit breakers’ between science and policy. This research suggests new perspectives both for analysing environmental management situations including indicator design and for operators who want to design new indicators.

In most attentional-control tasks, incongruent trials (i.e., trials with a conflict between two responses) are intermixed with congruent trials (i.e., trials without conflict). Typically, performance is slower and more error-prone on incongruent trials than on congruent trials. This congruency effect has been found to be smaller after incongruent trials than after congruent trials. This finding-labeled the congruency sequence effect (CSE)-has been assumed to reflect a dynamic adjustment of attentional control, which enables participants to enhance goal-relevant features and to inhibit irrelevant features. Only a few studies have investigated the impact of aging on the CSE, and their results are mixed. Compared to young adults, older adults were found to show a similar CSE, no CSE, a larger CSE, or a smaller CSE. This discrepancy in results has been interpreted as the consequence of using different tasks. To test for this, we conducted new analyses on 9 tasks-the color Stroop, number Stroop, arrow flanker, letter flanker, Simon, global-local, positive compatibility, and negative compatibility task-from our previous study (Rey-Mermet, Gade, & Oberauer, 2018). Both a null-hypothesis significance testing approach and a Bayesian hypothesis testing approach showed a similar CSE in both age groups for most tasks. Only in the Stroop tasks, the CSE was larger for older adults. These results are incompatible with the hypothesis of a general age-related deficit in attentional control. At the same time, they question the construct validity of the CSE. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

This paper reports the device design, fabrication and characterisation of 10 kV-class Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT). Manufactured devices have been packaged in single BJT, two paralleled BJTs and Darlington configurations. The static and switching characteristics of the resulting devices have been measured. The BJTs (2.4mm² active area) show a specific on-resistance as low as 198 mΩ·cm² at 100 A/cm² and room temperature for a βMax of 9.6, whereas the same active area Darlington beats the unipolar limit with a specific on-resistance of 102 mΩ·cm² at 200 A/cm² (β=11) for a βMax of 69. Double pulse tests reveal state of the art switching with very sharp dV/dt and di/dt. Turn-on is operated at less than 100 ns for an EON lower than 4mJ, whereas the turn-off takes longer times due to tail current resulting in EOFF of 17.2 mJ and 50 mJ for the single BJT and Darlington respectively when operated at high current density. Excellent parallelisation have been achieved.

Increased emergency medical services (EMS) response times and areas of low socioeconomic status are both associated with poorer outcomes for several time-sensitive medical conditions attended to by...

Total hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity measurements were conducted during the LANDEX intensive field campaign in a coniferous temperate forest located in the Landes area, southwestern France, during July 2017. In order to investigate inter-canopy and intra-canopy variability, measurements were performed inside (6 m) and above the canopy level (12 m), as well as at two different locations within the canopy, using a comparative reactivity method (CRM) and a laser photolysis–laser-induced fluorescence (LP-LIF) instrument. The two techniques were intercompared at the end of the campaign by performing measurements at the same location. Volatile organic compounds were also monitored at both levels with a proton transfer time-of-flight mass spectrometer and online gas chromatography instruments to evaluate their contribution to total OH reactivity, with monoterpenes being the main reactive species emitted in this forest dominated by Pinus pinaster Aiton. Total OH reactivity varied diurnally, following the trend of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), the emissions and concentrations of which were dependent on meteorological parameters. Average OH reactivity was around 19.2 and 16.5 s−1 inside and above the canopy, respectively. The highest levels of total OH reactivity were observed during nights with a low turbulence (u*≤0.2 m s−1), leading to lower mixing of emitted species within the canopy and thus an important vertical stratification characterized by a strong concentration gradient. Comparing the measured and the calculated OH reactivity highlighted an average missing OH reactivity of 22 % and 33 % inside and above the canopy, respectively. A day–night variability was observed on missing OH reactivity at both heights. Investigations showed that during daytime, missing OH sinks could be due to primary emissions and secondary products linked to a temperature-enhanced photochemistry. Regarding nighttime missing OH reactivity, higher levels were seen for the stable and warm night of 4–5 July, showing that these conditions could have been favorable for the accumulation of long-lived species (primary and secondary species) during the transport of the air mass from nearby forests.

In this review, we explore recent advances in knowledge of the structure and dynamics of the plant nuclear envelope. As a paradigm, we focused our attention on the Linker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, a structurally conserved bridging complex comprising SUN domain proteins in the inner nuclear membrane and KASH domain proteins in the outer nuclear membrane. Studies have revealed that this bridging complex has multiple functions with structural roles in positioning the nucleus within the cell, conveying signals across the membrane and organizing chromatin in the 3D nuclear space with impact on gene transcription. We also provide an up-to-date survey in nuclear dynamics research achieved so far in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana that highlights its potential impact on several key plant functions such as growth, seed maturation and germination, reproduction and response to biotic and abiotic stress. Finally, we bring evidences that most of the constituents of the LINC Complex and associated components are, with some specificities, conserved in monocot and dicot crop species and are displaying very similar functions to those described for Arabidopsis. This leads us to suggest that a better knowledge of this system and a better account of its potential applications will in the future enhance the resilience and productivity of crop plants.

Le 7 octobre 2021, le Conseil des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies (CDHNU) a mis fin au mandat du Groupe d’éminents experts régionaux et internationaux sur le Yémen. Le Yémen et ses alliés ont décidé de contrecarrer la volonté de certains États et de la société civile de lutter contre l’impunité dans le pays. Si la population civile du Yémen est sans aucun doute la plus directement affectée par ce vote, ce sont plus généralement les mécanismes de responsabilité établis par le CDHNU qui en sont impactés. On 7 October 2021, the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) terminated the mandate of the Group of Regional and International Eminent Experts on Yemen. Yemen and its allies have decided to thwart the willingness of some states and the civil society to fight against impunity in the country. While the civilian population of Yemen is undoubtedly the most directly affected by this vote, it is more generally the accountability mechanisms established by the UNHRC that are challenged.

Vouneuil-sous-Biard doit être resitué dans un cadre déjà riche en sites archéologiques depuis la haute Antiquité. Objet de nombreuses investigations depuis la fin du xixe s., le Poitou recèle aujourd’hui des sites de référence pour l’histoire religieuse, mais également pour cerner les prémices de son habitat avec des villae (Soubise, Port-des-Barques, Montigné, Ruelle...), vicus ou autre castrum bien connu comme celui d’Andone. C’est une occupation rurale et urbaine attestée pour les premiers...

Au cœur du Poitou, le site de Vouneuil-sous-Biard (Vienne) s’inscrit dans un contexte riche en vestiges archéologiques depuis la haute Antiquité. Situé dans un méandre de la rivière Boivre, aux abords sud-ouest de la cité épiscopale de Poitiers, il fait partie d’un dense réseau de sanctuaires chrétiens établi entre le ive et le viie siècles. Avec près de 2 500 fragments de stucs mis au jour entre 1984 et 1986, l’ensemble de Vouneuil-sous-Biard se place – par la quantité recueillie – bien au-delà des lots découverts jusqu’à présent à Bordeaux ou Saint-Denis, qui ne dépassaient pas deux ou trois cents unités. Les comparaisons opérées avec les rares stucs déjà découverts en France et à l’étranger, conduisent vers les sources italiennes de l’Antiquité tardive et notamment Ravenne. Afin de cerner la spécificité du corpus de Vouneuil, chaque élément de stuc a été étudié comme un objet archéologique susceptible de livrer des informations sur sa réalisation et sa place dans un décor complet. Grâce aux relevés dessinés, ont été pris en compte les différents états de réalisation non seulement du matériau stuc lui-même mais aussi des couches picturales et des badigeons. De même que l’étude des traces d’accrochage au dos des stucs, des éléments de fixation, des bordures des pièces, ont été autant d’indices pour comprendre les techniques et les modes de mise en œuvre dans l’espace. C’est à partir de ces indications et du travail en relation avec l’iconographie qu’ont pu être compris progressivement la position des pièces essentielles afin de restituer ce puzzle monumental dispersé. Il est apparu ainsi des jeux d’arcatures monumentales avec personnages et plusieurs registres de décor. Situé entre Loire et Gironde, Vouneuil-sous-Biard n’a pas dû échapper, au ve siècle, à un contexte politique marqué, entre autres, par l’opposition de familles sénatoriales et d’évêques face à l’arianisme wisigoth. Après la victoire des Francs à Vouillé en 507, il apparaissait peut-être utile de réaffirmer l’orthodoxie de la foi, à travers des représentations monumentales (prophètes ou apôtres accompagnés des signes de l’agneau et de la croix). Avec une transformation de son sens au viiie siècle, peu de temps avant sa disparition, par l’adjonction d’inscriptions mentionnant divers martyrs anciens, le décor de stucs de Vouneuil demeure par son nombre, sa qualité, sa datation et l’iconographie représentée un ensemble unique et majeur pour saisir le passage de l’Antiquité au haut Moyen Âge en Europe. Il démontre la permanence des traditions et devient un relais nouveau pour l’histoire des formes et celle des sociétés pré-médiévales.

Friedrich-Wintgen (FW) interference is an atypical coupling mechanism that grants loss exchange between leaky resonances in non-Hermitian classical and quantum systems. Intriguingly, such an mechanism makes it possible for destructive interference scenario in which a radiating wave becomes a bound state in the continuum (BIC) by giving away all of its losses. Here we propose and demonstrate experimentally an original concept to tailor FW-BICs as polarization singularity at on-demand wavevectors in optical metasurface. As a proof-of-concept, using hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite as active material, we empower this novel polarization singularity to obtain lasing emission exhibiting both highly directional emission at oblique angles and polarization vortex in momentum space. Our results pave the way to steerable coherent emission with tailored polarization pattern for applications in optical communication/manipulation in free-space, high-resolution imaging /focusing and data storage.

Mass reduction is a main issue in mechanical design. Over millions of years, Nature had to face this issue. Nature came up with an efficient solution using a stress-driven structure to reduce the mass of bones while saving their mechanical performances. This optimized structure is used in several species and persists throughout Evolution. Thus, it may be considered as optimal for this issue. In this article, a method bio-inspired from both bone medullar cavity and trabecular structure is proposed to reduce the mass of parts subjected to mechanical stresses. The objective of this method is to provide high mass reduction, just like bone does. First, the method removes iteratively unloaded areas of material from the mechanical part to mimic the medullar cavity structure. Second, a final mass reduction is done integrating small holes bio-inspired from trabecular structure in the remaining material. An experimental validation was carried out on a torsion disc and provided a 60% mass reduction. Using this mass reduction rate, the topology optimization method was used to define a standard geometry to evaluate the mechanical performances of the proposed method. Experimental results highlight that regarding torsional stiffness, the bio-inspired part is 27% stiffer than the standard one. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

L’atelier Ligoure constitue l'étape 2 des rencontres - ateliers « Des données aux plateformes géohistoriques en accès libre ». Il est organisé à l’initiative conjointe du consortium de la TGIR Humanum Paris Time Machine (PTM), du projet « Fabrique Numérique du Passé » (FNP) et du laboratoire CRIHAM de l’Université de Limoges. Il profite du soutien de l’UMR ArScAn (Programme ArchéoFab), du Groupe de Travail Systèmes de Peuplement dans le Temps Long (SPTL) du Labex Dynamite, de la plateforme géomatique de l'EHESS et de l’UMR 7266 LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs).Il se tiendra du 27 juin au 1er juillet 2022, au château de Ligoure (Commune du Vigen à 17 km au sud de Limoges, https://chateaudeligoure.wordpress.com/le-gite/).L'événement : L’atelier de Ligoure s'inscrit dans la suite de celui qui s’est déroulé du 28 juin au 2 juillet 2021, à l'abbaye de Royaumont (Asnières-sur-Oise, Val d’Oise). Cette première rencontre avait été mise en place dans le cadre du développement de la plateforme open data Fabrique numérique du passé, autour de la chaîne de traitement et de l’ouverture des données géohistoriques (https://www.fabriquenumeriquedupasse.fr/).L'événement a réuni une cinquantaine de participants issus de diverses unités de recherche et de diverses disciplines (géographes, archéologues, historiens, mathématiciens, statisticiens, géomaticiens, aménageurs) pour une semaine de partage et de réflexion collective autour des données numériques (Voir le programme de Royaumont).La semaine de Royaumont a été articulée autour de quatre thèmes liés qui seront repris au travers d'exercices pratiques durant l'atelier de Ligoure : - Reprise de données anciennes, lacunes, représentativité des données : comment gérer l’imperfection de l’information ?- Catégories, thésaurus, ontologies et harmonisation des objets dans le temps.- En fin de chaîne, data paper, métadonnées, données complémentaires : comment contextualiser efficacement les données déposées ?- En début de chaîne, acquisition/transformation des données : quels impacts sur la mise en ligne et l’utilisation future de la base de données ?Principes généraux de l’atelier de Ligoure 2022Avec ce second atelier « Des données aux plateformes géohistoriques en accès libre » dit « atelier de Ligoure », se met en place un cycle annuel de « rencontres - atelier » autour de la géohistoire, de ses données et de ses outils de travail dans le contexte numérique de la science ouverte. Pour chacun des thèmes évoqués ci-dessus et en suivant le cycle de vie des données de l'acquisition à sa diffusion, l’objectif des ateliers est de faire alterner deux moments : un premier consistant en des exposés d’experts, discutés sous la forme de séminaires ; un second organisé sous la forme d’ateliers, allant du retour d’expérience, à la mise en commun de savoirs faire, voire à l’expérimentation collective.Après l’édition de Royaumont qui nous a permis d’aborder les aspects théoriques du cycle de vie des données, l’atelier de Ligoure s’inscrit dans une perspective plus pratique en s’articulant prioritairement autour de manipulations conçues comme des moments d’apprentissage collectifs. L’atelier de Ligoure s’ouvre par ailleurs à un public différent puisqu’il s’agit cette fois d’accueillir majoritairement un public de chercheurs en devenir (à partir du M2).Les principes des ateliers :- Orienter l’ensemble du séjour sur la pratique des outils et des procédures.- Organiser de courtes conférences, le soir, permettant de préparer les ateliers pratiques du lendemain, de replacer dans des perspectives d'expériences les futurs usages et outils mobilisés lors d’ateliers et de donner place aux débats, d’une durée de 45 min. - 1 heure.- Aborder un grand principe méthodologique par jour.- Participer à des ateliers pratiques longs autour des données et des projets des participants dans l’après-midi ou retours d’expérience durant 3h.- Participer à des ateliers du soir sur l’utilisation des outils d'acquisition.- Laisser la place à un maximum d'échanges entre les activités. Le temps consacré aux pauses café et repas sera suffisamment long pour favoriser la construction de liens.Contenu et aspects logistiques : L’objectif est de centrer l'ensemble de la semaine autour de deux chantiers / terrains (L’abbaye et le bourg de Solignac et le quartier de la Cité à de Limoges) autour desquels s'articuleront des approches pratiques prenant la forme d’ateliers de collecte, de modélisation de diffusion et de dépôts des données. Il s'agit de mener de front l'ensemble de la chaîne de traitement de la donnée de la collecte de terrain jusqu'à son dépôt dans un entrepôt FAIR. Cette approche pratique sera complétée par des exposés d'experts, des retours d'expériences et des discussions sous forme de séminaires de recherche. Parallèlement à ces activités, des visites de sites remarquables environnants seront organisées.