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The quest for invisibility has inspired a deep ardour in the research community over the past decade. The invention of metamaterials has boosted the research on electromagnetic cloaking due to its unusual electromagnetic parameters under plane wave incidence. In this study, we propose a novel cloaking scheme, using dogbone metamaterials, for effectively routing the incident electromagnetic fields around a target metal cylinder under consideration. Notable reduction in the scattered power is observed from the target in comparison to an uncloaked target. Experiments and simulations validate an effective reduction in the scattering cross section of the target and effective guiding of the incident plane wave around the target.

Bridging the terahertz gap requires synergism between the microwave and photonic communities. Advances in each of these two communities are often complementary but sometimes overlooked. One example is the manipulation of waves, known as anomalous diffraction via the use of metamaterials. This is achieved by controlling the surface impedance of each pixel at the interface of two different materials or alternately the phase and magnitude of the wave diffracted off the pixel. In this paper, a review of developments in wave manipulation from microwave to optical frequencies is presented, together with our new results in the terahertz regime. Generation of phase curves for pixel design requires a priori information on material properties at terahertz frequencies. Fabrication of terahertz devices entails micromachining in the clean room while their experimental validation demands both amplitude and phase information. Through judicial selection of practices in microwave and photonic communities, we can further the exploration of wave phenomena at terahertz frequencies.

A modification of effective medium theory for two-component nonmagnetic metal---dielectric metamaterials is developed for use in the microwave frequency range. The metamaterial is represented as an unbounded isotropic dielectric host material with periodically embedded nonmagnetic metallic inclusions of cylindrical or spherical shape. The effective electromagnetic response of the metamaterial is represented by the tensor of the effective relative permittivity and tensor of the effective relative permeability. The losses of the metamaterial are also evaluated in this study. A physical interpretation for the nature of the effective properties of such metamaterials is given. Analytical models of the proposed effective medium theory are benchmarked against numerical simulations using commercial electromagnetic software. Two compact microwave rectangular dual-band patch antennas on such metamaterial substrates are designed in this study.

Metamaterial-based waveguides offer unusual properties compared to conventional metallic and dielectric waveguides. We experimentally investigate a novel waveguide with an air-core and a cladding formed of slotted cylinder resonators, which can have an electric and/or a magnetic response at terahertz (THz) frequencies, depending on their orientation and the polarization of the light, and through these confine radiation to the hollow core. Various interesting phenomena are observed in the experiments, including confinement of radiation through the electric response as well as the magnetic response, spatial dispersion, total internal reflection with refractive indices below 1, and slit resonances. Such waveguides promise future novel THz applications, such as refractive index sensors or dispersion management.

‘Nonlinear invisibility cloak’ using metamaterial is presented in this paper. To comprehend the said, the notion of point source, cylindrical source, perfect metamaterials and reduced metamaterials are taken for cloaking application. Transformation optics to the metamaterial envisages an interesting variation of both clocking shape and cloaking area with respect to aspect ratio. Simulation results revealed that both cloaking area and cloaking configuration are changed nonlinearly in case of (point source, exact metamaterial), (point source, reduced metamaterial), (cylindrical source, exact metamaterial) and (cylindrical source, reduced metamaterial).

Extensive research in the electromagnetics area has been conducted recently with the goal of developing novel artificial metamaterials-or left-handed (LH) materials-at microwave frequencies. The idea of negative magnetic permeability and negative electric permittivity as electromagnetic properties for LH materials was initially theorized by Veselago in 1968 [1]. LH materials are not found in nature, so engineers must modify a structure's geometry to achieve LH behavior.

We study the controversy about the proper determination of the electromagnetic energy-flux field in anisotropic materials, which has been revived due to the relatively recent experiments on negative refraction in metamaterials. Rather than analyzing energy-balance arguments, we use a pragmatic approach inspired by geometrical optics, and compare the predictions on angles of refraction at a flat interface of two possible choices on the energy flux: and . We carry out this comparison for a monochromatic Gaussian beam propagating in an anisotropic non-dissipative anisotropic metamaterial, in which the spatial localization of the electromagnetic field allows a more natural assignment of directions, in contrast to the usual study of plane waves. We compare our approach with the formalism of geometrical optics, which we generalize and analyze numerically the consequences of either choice.

Wireless power transfer and other near-field applications can generate large magnetoquasistatic fields that can potentially be harmful to humans or interact negatively with the environment. Several shields have been proposed for the magnetic near field, such as ferrite sheets or metallic shields. While each can be effective, there are tradeoffs to each, namely loss, weight, and cost. In addition, metallic and ferrite shields are broadband and block large portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this letter, we introduce a new type of magnetic near-field shield, a zero-permeability near-field metamaterial (NF-MM) shield. This shield operates by canceling the incident magnetic flux without significant additional loss to the system. Moreover, the zero-permeability shield is frequency-selective, blocking only a single or small bandwidth of frequencies, enabling shielding only at the desired frequency while allowing the remainder of the electromagnetic spectrum through. We show that a zero-permeability NF-MM shield can reduce magnetic field strength by 22.84 dB in simulation and demonstrate 77% reduction in an experimental prototype.

Absorbers play an important role in protecting sensitive electronic devices from electromagnetic interference by absorbing the energy of incoming waves and reducing unnecessary reflection or transmission. In this paper we introduce new types of absorbers based on periodic structures, or the so-called metamaterials, which give us additional degrees of freedom to design the absorbing performance of absorbers with reduced thicknesses. Specifically, we demonstrate two types of metamaterial absorbers: one allowing us to customize absorption and other scattering parameters at selected frequencies; another absorbing only high-power microwaves and transmitting small signals even at the same frequency to maintain wireless communications. These metamaterial absorbers are expected to facilitate solving modern, complex EM interference issues where different-interdependent requirements exist.

Applications of metamaterials have been limited by parasitic resistive losses. We present the design and measurement of split ring resonators with embedded active field effect transistor circuits comprising a magnetic metamaterial. We show that the imaginary part of the effective permeability changes sign within the bandwidth of the negative differential resistance region, creating a stable gain medium. We present experimental reflection and transmission measurements showing a sign change in the permeability loss term and two applications of such a metamaterial. use as a mu-negative near field parasitic element for small magnetic antennas and as an amplifying material in free space. We show the active metamaterial can provide property enhancement compared with related passive structures in both applications, providing a path to overcoming parasitic loss in previously demonstrated metamaterial structures.

Three-dimensional structure terahertz metamaterial absorbers with the properties of ultrabroadband and polarization-insensitive absorption were proposed. Different from the recent designs of the multilayer horizontal configurations, our design consists of the uniaxial anisotropic gold nanowire arrays that are filled in the frustum pyramid dielectric medium. The principle for the ultrabroadband absorption originates from the overlapping of the different but very closely positioned electromagnetic resonances. Each resonance frequency follows the equation of the odd multiple of the quarter wavelengths, which can be flexibly controlled by varying the height of the corresponding gold nanowires. In addition to the great prospect for the potential applications in terahertz, our design could also be easily extended to the other frequency regimes for a host of applications such as electromagnetic stealth, infrared detection, imaging, and solar cell.

Electromagnetic cloak is a device that has the potential to conceal an object by minimizing its total scattering cross section over a desired frequency. But due to causality constraints the material properties become dispersive which reduces cloaking bandwidth. In this work, the emphasis is on the study of various cloaking parameters like dispersive material properties, cloak dimensions, material losses which influence the real implementation of cloak. This work rigorously investigated the scattering performance at the design frequency and cloaking bandwidth for aforementioned parameters on the cloak design by utilizing a widely accepted term called total scattering cross section.

In this work, we investigate wave propagation through a zero index meta-material (ZIM) waveguide embedded with triangular dielectric defects. We provide a theoretical guidance on how to achieve total reflection and total transmission (i.e., cloaking) by adjusting the defect sizes and/or permittivities of the defects. Our work provides a systematical way in manipulating wave propagation through ZIM in addition to the widely studied dielectric defects with cylindrical and rectangular geometries.

We present spatial frequency maps of power flow in metamaterials and photonic crystals in order to provide insights into their electromagnetic responses and further our understanding of backward power in periodic structures. Since 2001, many different structures across the electromagnetic spectrum have been presented in the literature as exhibiting an isotropic negative effective index. Although these structures all exhibit circular or spherical equifrequency contours that resemble those of left-handed media, here we show through $k$-space diagrams that the distribution of power in the spatial frequency domain can vary considerably across these structures. In particular, we show that backward power arises from high-order right-handed harmonics in photonic crystals, magnetodielectric crystals, and across the layers of coupled-plasmonic-waveguide metamaterials, while arising from left-handed harmonic pairs in split-ring resonator and wire composites, plasmonic crystals, and along the layers of coupled-plasmonic-waveguide metamaterials. We also show that the fishnet structure exhibits the same left-handed harmonic pairs as the latter group. These observations allow us to categorize different metamaterials according to their spatial spectral source of backward power and identify the mechanism behind negative refraction at a given interface. Finally, we discuss how $k$-space maps of power flow can be used to explain the high or low transmittance of power into different metamaterial or photonic crystal structures.

Microwaves are not a simple heat source. Substances are heated directly by electromagnetic waves at energies commensurate with microwaves. Therefore, an understanding of the nature of these electromagnetic waves is the dominating discussion on microwave heating. Moreover, the coffee break continues the discussion regarding relationships between microwaves and foods, and the history of microwave cooking ovens. The chapter explains the basics of electromagnetic waves and how these electromagnetic waves are being used. Furthermore, the characteristics of microwaves in electromagnetic waves are clarified. The coffee break describes the use of microwaves at various frequencies.

Recently, metamaterials with near-zero refractive index have attracted much attention. Light inside these materials experiences no spatial phase change and extremely large phase velocity, makes these peculiar systems applicable for realizing directional emission, tunneling waveguides, large-area single-mode devices and electromagnetic cloaks. In addition, epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metamaterials can also enhance light transmission through a subwavelength aperture. Impedance-matched all-dielectric zero-index metamaterials which exhibit Dirac cone dispersions at center of the Brillouin zone, have been experimentally demonstrated at microwave regime and optical frequencies for transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization of light. More recently, it has been also proved that these systems can be realized in a miniaturized in-plane geometry useful for integrated photonic applications, i.e. these metamaterials can be integrated with other optical elements, including waveguides, resonators and interferometers. In this work, using a zero-index metamaterial at the inner and outer sides of a subwavelength aperture, we numerically and experimental study light transmission through and its extraction from the aperture. The metamaterial consists of a combination of two double-layer arrays of scatterers with dissimilar subwavelength dimensions. The metamaterial exhibits zero-index optical response in microwave region. Our numerical investigation shows that the presence of the metamaterial at the inner side of the aperture leads to a considerable increase in the transmission of light through the subwavelength aperture. This enhancement is related to the amplification of the amplitude of the electromagnetic field inside the metamaterial which drastically increases the coupling between free space and the slit. By obtaining the electric field profile of the light passing through the considered NZI/aperture/NZI system at this frequency we found out that in addition to the enhanced transmission there is an excellent beaming of the extracted light from the structure. We have theoretically and experimentally shown that using a zero-index metamaterial at the inner and outer sides of a metallic subwavelength slit can considerably enhance the transmission of light through the aperture and beam its extraction, respectively. This work has been supported by TUBITAK under Project No 114E505. The author H.C. also acknowledges partial support from the Turkish Academy of Sciences.

Found an exact solution to the problem of electromagnetic radiation of a static charge, rotating at a constant speed. Expressions were obtained for the spectral components of the discrete spectrum of the radiation field frequencies in a «fixed» frame of reference. Shown the results of calculations for the case of the sub-light velocity of the charge. Analyzed elevation polarization characteristics and the dependence of the radiation spectrum on the velocity of the charge.

Transformation optics makes use of coordinate transformations to explore the possibilities offered by artificially structured metamaterials for the manipulation of a wide variety of electromagnetic phenomena. Since a decade, transformation optics has consistently extended its scope. Initially, coordinate transformations were only applied to the transformation of light in the simplest of optical setups, i.e., empty space [1,2]. In particular, straight light trajectories were being transformed into curved ones, e.g., avoiding a specific region in space (invisibility devices), bending over a specific angle (benders and splitters), and focussing to a particular point (lenses). Today, research efforts go beyond the transformation of empty space, allowing metamaterials to further enhance our control on electromagnetic phenomena other than light propagation. In this contribution, I will review our work on transformation optics to manipulate guided modes along and optical forces between metamaterial waveguides [3,4], the emission of Cerenkov radiation due to fast charged particles [5,6], and the Goos-Hanchen shift at metamaterial surfaces [7].

Main relations of microwave RLC-circuit effective medium theory of two-component metamaterials are presented in this paper. The metamaterials are infinite isotropic dielectric host media with periodically embedded non-magnetic metallic wires of circular cross section or non-magnetic metallic spheres. The microwave approximations for the effective linear lumped parameters of equivalent RLC-circuits are obtained for the unit cell of each metamaterial. The validation of the effective linear lumped parameters is made using the test numerical simulation.

In this paper, metamaterials are regarded as a kind of specific medium. The application of three-dimensional electromagnetic field finite element mesh generation methods makes a finite element analysis and calculates the integral to metamaterials and its surrounding spatial structures so as to solve the spatial distribution of meta-materials and its surrounding electromagnetic parameter B and H under a certain frequency. In this way, the spatial distribution of the magnetic pole field in the metamaterials is obtained. Then, the process of making an integral treatment of it would give rise to the equivalent magnetic polarizability of the metamaterials.

We theoretically studied how to directly engineer the constitutive parameters of metamaterials for perfect absorbers of electromagnetic waves. As an example, we numerically investigated the necessary refractive index n and extinction coefficient k and the relative permittivity ε and permeability μ of a metamaterial anti-reflection layer, which could cancel the reflection from a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (α-Si:H) thin film on a metal substrate, within the visible wavelength range from 300 to 800 nm. We found that the metamaterial anti-reflection layer should have a negative refractive index (n 0) for long-wavelength visible light. The relative permittivity ε and permeability μ could be fitted by the Lorentz model, which exhibited electric and magnetic resonances, respectively.

Metamaterials have aroused tremendous interests in recent years owing to their peculiar electromagnetic (EM) properties and fascinating potential applications, e.g., invisibility cloak, perfect lens, etc.

In order to improve the transmission of the energy and broaden the frequency band of an electromagnetic wave in the microwave frequency spectrum propagating through a slab of a polymeric material, we designed an optimized material system where a periodic array of metamaterial unit cells are embedded into a polymeric medium in a sandwich-like configuration. The optimization method targeted the overall size and geometrical characteristics of the metamaterial element that can meet the desired energy transmission requirements given a certain materials thickness and materials dielectric properties. The numerical results conducted on this type of metamaterials in a sandwich-like configuration showed that it is possible to attain a high degree of transparency with broadband characteristics by optimizing the performance of the metamaterials in correspondence of the transmission zeros of the substrate.

An electromagnetic cloaking device made with composite materials and operating in the range of near-infrared light is presented. The invisibility cloak is designed with transformation optics and consists of 15 concentric rings of different anisotropic two-phase metal-dielectric composites. The anisotropic material parameters of the nanocomposites are expressed with the Maxwell-Garnett mixing rule. The finite element simulation of the concealment produced by the multilayer nanocomposite is discussed. The geometry of the inclusions and the material parameters of the composites are determined with differential evolution-based optimization.

In this letter, we present a nonlinear metamaterial capable of transitioning between a broadband reflective and broadband nonreflective state depending on the incident power level. Below the activation voltage, broadband reflectivity is created by forbidding propagation through the metamaterial as a result of the effective permittivity and permeability having different signs. Above the activation voltage, reflection is suppressed by matching the effective permittivity and permeability. Full-wave simulations are performed to analyze the electromagnetic characteristics of the structure, with experimental results presented at S-band frequencies in a WR-284 waveguide. These measurements demonstrate a 10 dB reduction in reflected amplitude over an 18% bandwidth, a 3-dB reduction over a greater than 30% bandwidth, and a maximum difference in reflection of nearly 42 dB.

The approximate cloaking is investigated for time-harmonic Maxwell's equations via the approach of transformation optics. The problem is reduced to certain boundary effect estimates due to an inhomogeneous electromagnetic inclusion with an asymptotically small support but an arbitrary content enclosed by a thin high-conducting layer. Sharp estimates are established in terms of the asymptotic parameter, which are independent of the material tensors of the small electromagnetic inclusion. The result implies that the “blow-up-a-small-region” construction via the transformation optics approach yields a near-cloak for the electromagnetic waves. A novelty lies in the fact that the geometry of the cloaking construction of this work can be very general. Moreover, by incorporating the conducting layer developed in the present paper right between the cloaked region and the cloaking region, arbitrary electromagnetic contents can be nearly cloaked. Our mathematical technique extends the general one developed in [H. Y...

Remarkable progress has been made over the past decade in controlling light propagation and absorption in compact devices using nanophotonic structures and metamaterials. From sensing and modulation, to on-chip communication and light trapping for solar cells, new device applications and opportunities motivate the need for a rigorous understanding of the modal properties of metamaterials over a broad range of frequencies. In this review, we provide an overview of a metamaterial band theory we have developed that rigorously models the behavior of metamaterials made of dispersive materials such as metals. The theory extends traditional photonic band theory for periodic dielectric structures by coupling the mechanical motion of electrons in the metal directly to Maxwell’s equations. The solution for the band structures of metamaterials is then reduced to a standard matrix eigenvalue problem that nevertheless fully takes into account the dispersive properties of the constituent materials. As an application of the metamaterial band theory, we show that one can develop a perturbation formalism based on this theory to physically explain and predict the effect of dielectric refractive index modulation or metallic plasma frequency variation in metamaterials. Furthermore, the metamaterial band theory also provides an intuitive physical picture of the source of modal material loss, as well as a rigorous upper bound on the modal material loss rate of any plasmonic, metamaterial structure. This in turn places fundamental limits on the broadband operation of such devices for applications such as photodetection and absorption.

Microwave metamaterials show promise in numerous low-power applications, ranging from strip lines to antennas. In general, metamaterials allow microwave designers to obtain electromagnetic characteristics not typically available in nature, leading to new behavior as well as reductions in the size of typical devices. High-power microwave (HPM) sources were efficient in the conventional microwave source community. We consider a specific use of metamaterials as a method to reduce the size of waveguide used for power transmission, particularly, a configuration in which an array of split-ring resonators (SRRs), forming a “mu-negative” structure, allows transmission of power in a waveguide well below the cutoff frequency. This configuration would not be used in an actual HPM device, but explores the methods and considerations that might be required for developing a metamaterial structure for either making HPM sources more compact or developing new types of interaction at these high powers. For any HPM application, a microwave structure must be able to sustain high electric and magnetic fields, as well as high peak and possibly average power. The challenge for metamaterials consists of devising the subwavelength structures (a defining characteristic of metamaterials) that can sustain such fields. In particular, one must understand the sensitivity of any metamaterial system to changes in the individual elements, which in high power pertains mainly to the loss of an individual resonator element. As such a sample system, we explore the physical operating characteristics of the waveguide system loaded with an array of SRRs, particularly the role of defects on its properties. Such defects would form an important feature in any high-power application in which subwavelength structures can be damaged by high field stresses.

We achieve strong local-field enhancement within a novel inhomogeneous metamaterial whose graded refractive index is realized using Dirac-cone metamaterials. This transition metamaterial provides a powerful tool for sensing, nonlinear optics, and quantum optics.

From the late 1700s through the 1800s there was intense activity and progress in defining the properties of electrostatic and electromagnetic forces, resulting in what is known as classical electrodynamics. These investigations would prove to be valuable prerequisites in later descriptions of the nature of light.

Theoretical limitations on shielding and reflective properties of a thin passive microwave magneto-dielectric metamaterial absorber layer that follow solely from the boundary conditions were numerically investigated.

SUMMARY A novel stable anisotropic finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm based on the overlapping cells is developed for solving Maxwell's equations of electrodynamics in anisotropic media with interfaces between different types of materials, such as the interface between anisotropic dielectrics and dispersive medium or perfect electric conductor (PEC). The previous proposed conventional anisotropic FDTD methods suffer from the late-time instability due to the extrapolation of the field components near the material interface. The proposed anisotropic overlapping Yee FDTD method is stable, as it relies on the overlapping cells to provide the collocated field values without any interpolation or extrapolation. Our method has been applied to simulate electromagnetic invisibility cloaking devices with both anisotropic dielectrics and PEC included in the computational domain. Numerical results and eigenvalue analysis confirm that the conventional anisotropic FDTD method is weakly unstable, whereas our method is stable. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In this paper,the electromagnetic responses and potential applications of THz metamaterials are reviewed through the focus on fabrication,unit structure design,and material selection,respectively.It describes different kinds of fabrication technologies for obtaining metamaterials with special electromagnetic responses such as magnetic resonance and reconfigurable tunability,which is helpful for further understanding of electromagnetic resonances in metamaterials.The paper analyzes the electromagnetic response characteristics in detail and points out that the unit structure design can be used to obtain desired electromagnetic characteristics,such as anisotropy,bianisotropy,polarization modulation,multiband response,broadband response,asymmetric transmission,optical activity,and perfect absorption,etc.The dependence of electromagnetic responses upon surrounding dielectrics can be used not only to control resonant frequency by a proper substrate selection,but also for sensing applications.Furthermore,the introduction of functional materials with controllable dielectric properties by external optical field,electrical field,magnetic field and temperature has the potential to achieve tunable metamaterials,which is highly desirable for THz functional devices.Finally,the opportunities and challenges for further developments of THz metamaterials are briefly introduced.

A self-assembled metamaterial exhibiting a positive near-zero index of refraction at visible wavelengths is demonstrated. The metamaterial consists of thiolene-functionalized gold nanospheres self-assembled into macroscopic, crosslinked, monolayers. By measuring the real and imaginary parts of the phase shift of light transmitted through the self-assembled films the effective index of refraction is determined as a function of wavelength. These findings may pave a way to simply and efficiently self-assemble and optically characterize multifunctional, multilayer nanoparticle–ligand metamaterials.

A metamaterial is a composite material that has attracted the attention of researchers since the late 1990s-early 2000s. This material contains an artificial periodic structure, which modifies its permittivity and permeability and, thereby, makes it possible to control the dispersion, refraction, and reflection of electromagnetic waves in the metamaterial. Analytical and experimental studies of the properties of metamaterials, as well as their applications, cover a wide frequency range from radio waves to the visible range. In recent years, considerable progress has been made toward the application of these materials in the microwave range (1–100 GHz). Works on development and application of metamaterials in the microwave range published over the last 8–10 years are reviewed. Artificial transmission lines as 1D metamaterials are discussed. Resonators, filters, and phase shifters based on the “metamaterial philosophy” are considered. Special attention is given to the application of metamaterials in the antenna technology.

Electromagnetic metamaterials have demonstrated unprecedented control over light matter interactions and have realized exotic responses difficult to achieve with natural materials. The ability to achieve real-time control of novel responses exhibited by electromagnetic metamaterials has led to the realization of metadevices and metasystems. Here we experimentally demonstrate two realizations of single pixel imaging systems that rely entirely on all-electronic metamaterial spatial light modulators. The metasystem enables images to be digitally encoded with various measurement matrix coefficients, thus permitting high speed and fidelity imaging.

Advances in metamaterials and metasurfaces have enabled unprecedented control of light-matter interactions. Metamaterial constituents support high-frequency electric and magnetic dipoles, which can be used as building blocks for new materials capable of negative refraction, electromagnetic cloaking, strong visible-frequency circular dichroism, and enhanced magnetic or chiral transitions in ions and molecules. However, most metamaterials to date have been limited to solid-state, static, narrow-band, and/or small-area structures. Here, we introduce the design, fabrication, and three-dimensional nano-optical characterization of large-area, dynamically-tunable metamaterials and gram-scale metafluids. First, we use transformation optics to design a broadband metamaterial constituent - a metallo-dielectric nanocrescent - characterized by degenerate electric and magnetic dipoles. A periodic array of nanocrescents exhibits large positive and negative refractive indices at optical frequencies, confirmed through simulations of plane wave refraction through a metamaterial prism. Simulations also reveal that the metamaterial optical properties are largely insensitive to the wavelength, orientation and polarization of incident light. Then, we introduce a new tomographic technique, cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopic tomography, to probe light-matter interactions in individual nanocrescents with nanometer-scale resolution. Two-dimensional CL maps of the three-dimensional nanostructure are obtained at various orientations, while a filtered back projection is used to reconstruct the CL intensity at each wavelength. The resulting tomograms allow us to locate regions of efficient cathodoluminescence in three dimensions across visible and near-infrared wavelengths, with contributions from material luminescence and radiative decay of electromagnetic eigenmodes. Finally, we demonstrate the fabrication of dynamically tunable large-area metamaterials and gram-scale metafluids, using a combination of colloidal synthesis, protein-directed assembly, self-assembly, etching, and stamping. The electric and magnetic response of the bulk metamaterial and metafluid are directly probed with optical scattering and spectroscopy. Using chemical swelling, these metamaterials exhibit reversible, unity-order refractive index changes that may provide a foundation for new adaptive optical materials in sensing, solar, and display applications.

Transformation optics provides a geometry-based tool to create new components taking advantage of artificial metamaterials with optical properties that are not available in nature. Unfortunately, although guided electromagnetic waves are crucial for optical circuitry, transformation optics is not yet compatible with two-dimensional slab waveguides. Indeed, after determining the propagation of confined waves along the waveguide with a two-dimensional coordinate transformation, the conventional application of transformation optics results in metamaterials whose properties are insensitive to the coordinate perpendicular to the waveguide, leading to bulky, and therefore impractical, designs. In this contribution, we formulate an alternative framework that leads to feasible coordinate-based designs of two-dimensional waveguides. To this end, we characterize a guided transverse-magnetic light mode by relevant electromagnetic equations: a Helmholtz equation to account for wave propagation and a dispersion relation to impose a continuous light profile at the interface. By considering how two-dimensional conformal transformations transform these equations, we are able to materialize the coordinate-designed flows with a nonmagnetic metamaterial core of varying thickness, obtaining a two-dimensional device. We numerically demonstrate the effectiveness and versatility of our equivalence relations with three crucial functionalities, a beam bender, a beam splitter and a conformal lens, on a qualitative and quantitative level, by respectively comparing the electromagnetic fields inside and the transmission of our two-dimensional metamaterial devices to that of their three-dimensional counterparts at telecom wavelengths. As a result, we envision that one coordinate-based multifunctional waveguide component may seamlessly split and bend light beams on the landscape of an optical chip. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

While typically designed to manipulate classical light, metamaterials have many potential applications for quantum optics as well. We argue why a quantum optical effective-medium theory is needed. We present such a theory for layered metamaterials that is valid for light propagation in all spatial directions, thereby generalizing earlier work for one-dimensional propagation. In contrast to classical effective-medium theory there is an additional effective parameter that describes quantum noise. Our results for metamaterials are based on a rather general Lagrangian theory for the quantum electrodynamics of media with both loss and gain. In the second part of this paper, we present a new application of transformation optics whereby local spontaneous-emission rates of quantum emitters can be designed. This follows from an analysis how electromagnetic Green functions trans- form under coordinate transformations. Spontaneous-emission rates can be either enhanced or suppressed using invisibility cloaks or gradient index lenses. Furthermore, the anisotropic material profile of the cloak enables the directional control of spontaneous emission. MOE (Min. of Education, S’pore) Published version

The authors present a survey of methods and physical principles applicable in both harvesting the energy of the infrared spectrum within broadband electromagnetic radiation and ensuring the infrared-to-visible wave conversion. Several transformation procedures are analyzed together with different approaches to fabricating resonant structures at the level of nanoparticles or nanoobjects deposited on resonant or reflecting surfaces. The transformation effect can be utilized as a tool for special setting and changes of the visible spectrum in actual measurement and lighting technology applications.

A real-space gauge field provides an alternative way in bending light by shifting the local dispersion surfaces instead of changing their shapes or sizes in conventional gradient index media. Here, we show that such gauge field can be realized by anisotropic metamaterials. A metamaterial structure with balanced electric and magnetic responses is designed to materialize such gauge field. By combining with transformation optics, it allows us to design spin-dependent optical devices. A unidirectional retroreflector is demonstrated as an example.

In this talk, we present two experimental works on transformation optics and metamaterials in microwave frequency and electrostatics. The first is an experimental verification to an all-dielectric semi-spherical lens in the microwave regime, which exhibits extraordinary functions in shaping three-dimensional (3D) wave-propagation paths. On one hand, it was heuristically found that when radiation sources are placed in the central region, the lens behaves as a magnifying device, which resolves the sources in subwavelength scale. On the other hand, when impinging on the same semi-spherical lens from outside, the electromagnetic waves will be guided spirally inwards and absorbed efficiently by a normal absorber on the bottom surface. The 3D lens is composed of isotropic non-resonant metamaterials, which is fabricated by judiciously drilling inhomogeneous air holes in multi-layered dielectric plates. In electrostatics, the transformation optics will degenerate to transformation electrostatics. We present the concept of multi-functional transformation-dc devices, in which the functions of dc metamaterials can be remotely altered by illuminating visible light. We design, fabricate and test the anisotropic and inhomogeneous dc metamaterials using resistor network with light-sensitive semiconductor resistors embedded. When the illuminated light turns off, the dc device acts as an invisibility cloak; when we adjust the light power, the dc device exhibits various electrostatic illusions correspondingly. If the light-induced dc illusion effect is activated, the electrostatic behavior of the original object is perceived as multiple equivalent objects with different predesigned geometries. The experimental results of the functional device are in good agreement with the numerical simulations, which makes it possible to control the sophisticated passive transformation-dc devices using external light illuminations.

Conventional metamaterials are characterized by effective permittivity and permeability with continuous values. In analogy to the digital circuit that has only two distinct states ‘on’ and ‘off’, we proposed the concept of coding metamaterials, which is realized by distributing coding particles ‘0’ and ‘1’ with opposite reflection phases on a metasurface with a certain coding sequence. In this talk, we will introduce the concept of coding metamaterial, broadband diffusion of terahertz waves realized by the coding metamaterials, polarization-controlled anisotropic coding metamaterials, generation of single-beam THz radiations with arbitrary direction, and the information entropy of coding metasurfaces.

This paper presents a double split-ring resonators array fabricated on parylene-C substrates. We designed four structures with different angles of the outer and inner split-ring resonators to achieve tunability of the metamaterial and investigated the effect of polarization direction of terahertz waves on the transmission of metamaterials. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical simulations were conducted to calculate the transmission spectra and the electromagnetic field as well as surface current distributions. In general, our simulation results agree with the measurements to some extent.

Electromagnetic metamaterials (MMs) consisting of highly conducting sub-wavelength metallic resonators enable many unusual electromagnetic properties at user defined frequencies which are not permissible with the naturally occurring materials [1, 2]. Generally the electromagnetic properties of metamaterials are controlled by the design variation of the MM unit cell, often termed as meta-molecule, consisting of single or multiple metallic split ring resonators (SRRs). These metallic resonators are quite often termed as meta-atoms too. The near field electromagnetic coupling between these meta-atoms exhibits an important role in modulating the fundamental resonances of the metamaterials [3–5].