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L’autobiographie intellectuelle du Discours de la méthode fait reposer la vocation philosophique de Descartes sur un événement, souvent associé à la découverte des « fondements de la science admirable », le 10 novembre 1619. L’article rapporte ici cet événement à l’injonction à « l’étude de soi » prescrite par les premières pages de la Sagesse de Charron. Il montre ensuite les similitudes entre la structure narrative du récit cartésien (le voyage, la halte, le choix du chemin, la mathesis comme « chemin sûr ») et les auto-fictions narratives publiées par le mathématicien Caspar Grünewald entre 1617 et 1619. Enfin, il montre que le « désir d’apprendre à distinguer le vrai d’avec le faux » réécrit, sans lyrisme ni fioritures, le récit séminal du placard de la licence en droit (1616), où le récit de la vocation entrecroisait poétiquement les références mythologiques et théologiques. The intellectual autobiography of the Discourse of Method bases Descartes’ philosophical vocation on an event, often associated with the discovery of the “fundamenta scientiae mirabilis” on 10 November 1619. The article relates this event to the injunction to “self-study” prescribed by the first pages of Charron’s treatise On Wisdom. The article then shows the similarities between the narrative structure of the Cartesian story (the journey, the stopover, the choice of the path, the mathematics as a “safe path” and “pharmakon…”) and the narrative self-fictions of the mathematician Caspar Grünewald. Finally, he shows that the “desire to learn how to distinguish the true from the false” rewrites, without lyricism or embellishments, the seminal narrative of the law degree placard (1616), where the vocation narrative poetically intertwined mythological and theological references.

Rural Girls Internet-Ethnography - Netnography - is a relatively new method, which presents both difficulties and opportunities. The difficulties are primarily associated with the breaking of new ground and not having a well-established research practice to lean on as regards the design and implementation of the studies. The opportunities, on the other hand, include the freedom to think freely and formulate new ideas about ethnographic research practice at a time when the Internet, and not least social media, are central spaces for social relationships, culture, and politics. In this article, we discuss three methodological aspects that we have considered in relation to netnography; more specifically, in relation to Facebook research. Our netnographic study of rural femininity in Glesbygdsgirls (Rural Girls) has particularly highlighted issues of spatiality, timeliness and reflexivity, as well as research positions. We have found that the Glesbygdsgirls’ forum makes it possible for individual positions and experiences to become part of something much larger. The digital spatiality is created together by the members. In conjunction with Massey, we want to point out how the space is something that is created on the basis of social relationships, which can be unfinished processes extending across both time and space (Massey (1994) 2014, 2005). However, the virtual space that is created in the user conversations and actions presupposes that there is a "multiple site of location" beyond the reality of Facebook; including physical sites or places that through their sheer numbers indicate a symbolic densification of the network space. According to Miller's view, it is a consequence of the media itself that at the level of society, rural areas become visible as something quite extensive, and at the individual level that one’s own experience is both confirmed and widened (Miller & Horst 2012; Miller 2011). At the same time, our empirical examples show that glesbygsgirl is not a homogeneous position, but rather that there exists conflict within the group about what constitutes an authentic rural femininity. In the discussion about network time, we have focused mainly on the rapid flow by which the internet is characterized, as well as how the network's simultaneousness can bring benefits, but also make new demands on the researcher's presence in the field in ways that have never previously come to the fore. However, it may be relevant to point out that, in addition to being characterized by simultaneousness and rapid flow, the internet also serves as a kind of archive. Posts that are not actively deleted remain available for a long time and can be searched for and read multiple times, long after they were originally published. Once again, it is fruitful to think of Massey's spatial understanding; the spaces created are extended in time and based on social relationships. How researchers act and present themselves in a Facebook forum is something that needs more discussion and exploration. Social networks like Facebook provide remarkable empirical opportunities and connect us with our fields in a very direct and informative way. In this article, we have presented the course of action we chose based on reflexivity and our research ethics. The somewhat problematic confusion between what is public and private that takes place in social forums is something we chose to use based on our roles as being both researchers and personally involved in the empirical field. To pursue Netnographic research on social forums can, at best, open the researcher up to a more participatory research methodology where research participants can be involved and made to participate more in in the research process. In this way, we can also achieve a much greater impact and – provided we listen and generate a dialogue – conduct really important research at a higher level. The Internet facilitates an interactive approach, an opportunity to work more in collaboration with the society and also at regional levels, and, moreover, be more relevant to people's current search for meaning.

IR’s visual turn has emphasised visual analysis over visual method, centring images of war and crisis. Meanwhile security studies centres great power politics and moments of rupture. Together, they reinforce a dominant image of security as spectacular. This article unites two ethnographic projects focused on everyday security: one examining everyday security landscapes in China, and one examining health security at the UK border. Both found a gap between the dominant image of security and what we saw, and explored this gap through photography. Building on the everyday and visual turns, the article introduces interpretive photography as method to make two contributions. The first is methodological: it introduces interpretive photography as a distinct critical qualitative method that operates on five modes: enabling the seeing-capturing-making-sharing of visual artefacts, it also disrupts dominant visions and contributes to the construction of international relations. The second contribution is empirical: a deeper, richer account of what security looks like. While the discipline associates security with emergency politics or a state of exception, Nyman’s photographs show the exception-made-everyday, while Ferhani’s photos reject the exception by showing banal routines. In this way, photography engages the visuality of security, and can change how we see security.

Mobile communication differs from other forms of mediated communication in terms of connectedness, dynamics, omnipresence, and interactivity. Consequently, it can be difficult for scholars to investigate mobile communication using traditional research methods. The main goal of this article is to show how the mobile experience sampling method (MESM), in combination with data donations, can be useful for addressing the challenges of mobile communication research. We explicate the design using an experience-sampling study that was conducted on mobile campaigning during the Dutch 2021 national election. Using this case, we discuss how MESM can be extended and combined with other data sources, such as tracking data, GPS, and sensory data, to address the challenges of mobile communication effects research and facilitate future studies.

Community development faced difficulties to practice during the COVID-19 Pandemicin Miyakonojo City, Miyazaki Prefecture in Japan. Semi-structured interviews wereconducted with three leaders of the social welfare district-councils, and these interviewsubjects were chosen because they have won substantial acclaim in the field of communitydevelopment by contributing to the creation of an inclusive society in Miyakonojo. Thisstudy found that firstly, during the COVID-19 Pandemic, various activities and exchangestook place in the community. The district-council leaders tried hard to conduct possibleactivities, contemplating how such activities could be practiced in the pandemic. Theirdecisions were made with the city council of social welfare. Secondly, while struggling toconduct activities, the leaders faced two major difficulties. One was the difficulty with theorganizations such as the City Council of Social Welfare, the Miyakonojo City, and schools.The other difficulty was what the district itself had. Finally, challenges towards the futurewere identified. It is necessary for each social worker to develop diverse professionalexperiences to support a variety of problems in the community. It is also inevitable forthe city council as an organization to build the method to support each social workerresourcefully. In order to clarify practical methods to deal with the above challenges,further research should be conducted with respect to the younger workers of the councilof social welfare in the city.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Early treatment is very important in terms of preventing diabetes-related late complications with high treatment costs and increasing the patient’s quality of life. In addition to investigating the pathophysiology of the disease studied, animal experiments pave the way for new approaches in treatments. Although there are many methods that can be used when creating a diabetes model, induction of diabetes with alloxan and streptozotocin are the most preferred ones. The aim of this article is to review the available information on diabetes-related methods, common problems and solutions, with known mechanisms of action, dose and time-determined methods.

The impact of globalization causes various kinds of negative behavior and actions in early childhood, causing a degradation of morality and religiosity. The research objective was to determine the concept of Islamic education and the methods and values developed by the Prophet Ibrahim in the education of children in QS aṣ-Ṣāffāt verses 85-113. This study uses a linguistic (philological/semantic) approach regarding the verses of the al-Qur'an Surah Aṣ-Ṣāffāt Verses 85-113, with the type of library research. The primary source in this research is the al-Qur'an surah aṣ-Ṣāffāt verses 85-113, and the secondary sources include the interpretation books, such as: "Tafsir Al-Azhār", Buya Hamka, Tafsir Al-Mishbāh, Quraish Shihab, Al-Qur’an and its Tafseer, and others. The data collection technique uses a library research technique. With the data collection method using documentation method using content analysis (content analysis).The results of the research show that the methods used by Prophet Ibrahim in surah ash-Shaffat verses 85-113 in children education include the tazkiyah method (purification), the method of choosing the environment, the method of having a vision, mission and goals, communication methods, methods of building a spirit of sacrifice to obtain pleasure, love and help of Allah Most High and methods of giving gifts (reward). The values developed by Prophet Ibrahim in surah ash-Shaffat verses 85-113 in children's education include the value of faith, the value of praying, the value of democratic attitudes, the value of patience, the value of tawakal (surrender) and the value of humanization. The concept of Islamic education as a process of a series of activities to humanize humans (humanization), or efforts to help humans to be able to manifest themselves according to their human dignity, based on divine messages with an attitude and personality totality surrendering to Him in all aspects of life to seek pleasure his., Dampak globalisasi menimbulkan berbagai macam perilaku dan tindakan negatif pada anak usia dini, sehingga menyebabkan degradasi moraliltas dan religiusitas. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui konsep pendidikan Islam dan metode serta nilai yang dikembangkan Nabi Ibrahim dalam pendidikan anak QS. aṣ-Ṣāffāt ayat 85-113. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kebahasaan (philologis/semantik). menyangkut ayat al-Qur’an Surat Aṣ-Ṣāffāt Ayat 85-113, dengan jenis penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Adapun Sumber primer dalam penelitian ini adalah al-Qur’an surah aṣ-Ṣāffāt ayat 85-113, dan sumber sekunder mencangkup kitab-kitab tafsir yang , seperti: “Tafsir Al-Azhār”, karya Buya Hamka, Tafsir Al-Mishbāh, karya Quraish Shihab, Al-Qur’an dan Tafsirnya, dan lain-lain. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik kepustakaan (library research). Dengan metode pengumpulan data menggunakan metode dokumentasi dengan menggunakan analisis isi (content analysis).Hasil penelitian bahwa metode yang digunakan Nabi Ibrahim dalam surah ash-Shaffat ayat 85-113 dalam pendidikan anak mencangkup metode tazkiyah (pensucian), metode memilih lingkungan, metode memiliki visi, misi dan tujuan, metode komunikasi, metode membangun semangat berkorban untuk memperoleh keridhahan, kecintaan dan pertolongan Allah Swt., dan metode memberikan hadiah (reward). Adapun Nilai-nilai yang dikembangkan oleh Nabi Ibrahim dalam surah ash-Shaffat ayat 85-113 dalam pendidikan anak ialah mencangkup nilai keimanan, nilai suka berdoa, nilai sikap demokratis, nilai kesabaran, nilai tawakal (pasrah) dan nilai humanisasi. Konsep pendidikan Islam sebagai suatu proses rangkaian kegiatan untuk memanusiakan manusia (humanisasi), atau upaya membantu manusia agar mampu mewujudkan diri sesuai dengan martabat kemanusiannya, berdasarkan pesan-pesan Ilahi dengan sikap dan kepribadian totalitas menyerahkan diri kepada-Nya dalam segala aspek kehidupan untuk mencari keridhahan-Nya

This study aims to examine the application of activity-based costing as an effort to increase company profitability. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with an interpretive paradigm with a case study approach, which uses primary data obtained employing interviews, documentation studies, and observations at PT. Anugrah Ocean Wakatamba to break down the elements that make up the cost of goods and service fees using the Activity Based Costing method and then compare them with the service rates used by companies using traditional methods. The results showed that there was undercoating in setting service rates for the type of Ocean Freight 20 feet dry and Ocean Freight 20 feet refer by 35.56% and 9.45% during the period June-December 2021. This leads to the conclusion that the implementation of Activity Based Costing is less effective in increasing company profitability at PT. Anugrah Ocean Wakatamba, but can help companies identify the costs they incur for determining the cost of their services.

In this paper, the author presents a method to identify Iron Age (500 BC – AD 1050) warfare through farmsteads destroyed by fire. Specific fire patterns on individual houses, combined with abnormally high numbers of contemporary burnt buildings, are used as proxy for raised levels of aggression during certain periods. The Uppsala plain in East Central Sweden forms a case study. With this approach, two periods stand out with relatively high numbers of burnt farms: AD 350-425 and AD 500-575. The results are discussed in relation to some source critical factors and to their possible contribution to questions regarding Gamla Uppsala developing into a central place by the 7th century, as well as to the AD 536 event discourse.

Ne tür bilişsel eylemlerin “bilim” sayılacağı, doğru bilimsel yöntemin ne olduğu ve bilimsel bir geleneğin hangi temel ilkeler üzerinde oluştuğu gibi sorular, bilim felsefesi bağlamında tartışılan temel problemler arsında yer alır. Amerikalı filozof Larry Laudan bilimsel yapıların, deneysel ve kavramsal problemleri çözen araştırma gelenekleri oldukları görüşüyle bu tartışmalara katkıda bulunmuştur. Bu sunum, kelâm ilminin, Laudan’ın görüşü ekseninde bir araştırma geleneği olma niteliği taşıyıp taşımadığını konu edinmektedir. Bu açıdan çalışma, kelâmın bilimsel bir disiplin olup olmadığının tespiti açısından önem arz etmektedir. Çalışma ayrıca kelâmın bilimsel çerçevesinin güncellenmesi çalışmalarına da katkı sunmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, sosyal bilimler içerisinde yer alan kelâmın, kendine özgü yöntemleri ve problem çözme dinamikleriyle bilimsel bir disiplin olduğunu çağdaş filozof Laudan’ın araştırma gelenekleri teorisi üzerinden göstermektir. Bu bağlamda kelâmın, Laudan’ın teorisi ile tam olarak örtüşmeyen yönlerini belirlemek ve bu hususlarda muhtemel çözümler teklif etmek de çalışmanın amaçları arasında yer almaktadır. Çalışmada öncelikle Laudan’ın söz konusu teorisi İlerleme ve Sorunları: Bir Bilimsel Gelişme Kuramına Doğru adlı eseri özelinde serimlenecek akabinde kelâm disiplinin, Laudan’ın sunduğu çerçeve ile örtüştüğü ya da örtüşmediği, kelâmın temel metinlerine müracaat edilerek incelenecektir. Çalışmanın sonucu olarak şunlar söylenebilir: Kelâm ilminin, sosyal-deneysel ve kavramsal açıdan problem çözücü bir disiplin olması, problem çözümünde kendine özgü yöntemlere sahip olması ve kavramsal problemleri belirleyen farklı düşünce ve yöntem geleneklerini kapsaması, Laudan’ın “araştırma gelenekleri” teorisi ile büyük oranda örtüştüğünü ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla beraber nihai kertede kelâmın inanç temelli bir disiplin olması onun bilimsel yapıya ve esnekliğe sahip olup olmadığı ile ilgili bir kuşku barındırmaktadır. Ancak Laudan’ın, ön kabul ve paradigmatik inançların hemen bütün bilimsel geleneklerde mevcut olduğu ana fikri etrafındaki açıklamaları bu kuşkunun izale edilmesinde önemli ip uçları sunmaktadır. Çalışmada kelâmın inanç temelli bir disiplin olmasının, onun objektifliğine ve bilimselliğine bir mania teşkil etmediği de ele alınmıştır., Questions such as what kind of cognitive actions are considered science, what is the correct scientific method, and on what basic principles a scientific tradition is formed, are among the main problems discussed in the context of the philosophy of science. The American philosopher Larry Laudan contributed to these discussions with the view that scientific structures are research traditions that solve experimental and conceptual problems. This paper deals with whether the science of kalām is a research tradition in accordance with Laudan’s view. In this respect, the study is important in terms of determining whether the kalām is a scientific discipline or not. The study also contributes to the updating of the scientific framework of kalām. The aim of the study is to show that kalām, which is included in the social sciences, is a scientific discipline with its unique methods and problem-solving principles through the theory of research traditions of a contemporary philosopher Laudan. In this context, it is among the aims of the study to identify the issues that kalām do not fully overlap with Laudan’s theory and to propose possible solutions on these issues. In the study, first of all, Laudan’s theory will be exposited through his work titled Progress and Its Problems: Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth, and then, whether the discipline of kalām coincides with the framework presented by Laudan or not, will be examined by referring to the basic texts of kalām. As a result of the study, the following can be said: The science of kalām has a social-experimentally and conceptually problem-solving structure and unique methods in solving problems, and it contains different thought and method traditions that determine conceptual problems. These features of kalām reveal that it largely overlaps with Laudan’s theory of "research traditions". However, the fact that kalām is ultimately a faith-based discipline raises doubts about whether it has a scientific structure. However, Laudan’s explanations in the context of the idea that axiomatic and paradigmatic beliefs are present in almost all scientific traditions offer important clues in removing this doubt. In the study, it is also discussed that the belief-based structure of kalām will not prevent its objectivity and scientificity.

In the process of scientific research, it was found that the following bodies of student self-government were active during the studied period: Stage I (1804–1863) – student economic organizations, scientific societies, society of lovers of domestic literature, Bible society, literary circles, public intellectual circles, Slavophile circles, student theater, Kharkiv-Kyiv secret society, social court (court of honor), student libraries and reading rooms, private libraries, Lithuanian Corporation of Kyiv University, mutual aid funds, communes; Stage ІІ (1863–1884) – mutual aid societies, compatriots, student canteens, mutual aid funds, educational circles and public educational organizations, self-education circles, libraries, self-education circles; Stage ІІІ (1884–1900) – fellowships, library associations, cash registers and mutual aid societies, scientific circles, student canteens, Union Councils, Kharkiv Union Council of United Organizations and Fellowships, Ukrainian Student Community, Union Council of United Fellowships and Organizations, and the Executive Committee of the Imperial Novorossiysk University; Stage IV (1900–1917) – elders, student military wives, canteens, professional unions, cash registers and mutual aid societies, student shops, scholarship commissions, social courts, fellows, scientific circles, student senate, Council of Student Deputies of Kharkiv Imperial University. The principles of student self-government (democracy, legality, openness, equality, accountability, responsibility, etc.) are highlighted; methods (communication, introspection, conversation, discussion, the example of an older person, self-control, etc.); forms (associations, communes, communities, mutual aid funds, circles, library associations, partnership courts, etc.); types (general meetings, congresses, gatherings, gatherings, classes, meetings, etc.). Students (the “eternal students” certainly played a special role in it) by combining the traditions and customs of their educational institution, created rules of behavior in the student environment, which were strictly followed, appealed to these rules at student courts of honor. These rules were called “codes of honor”. They were never rigidly fixed and were mostly fixed conventionally. They included a list of the so-called “natural rights of a student”. They are: the right to be called a student and wear a student uniform (the main feature of corporate style); the right to inviolability and impunity; recognition of guilt and punishment for it belonged to the competence of the court of honor only (“presumption of innocence”); the right to board; the right to corporate assistance; the right to create student organizations., У статті на основі архівних матеріалів, наукових джерел теоретично виокремлено й узагальнено принципи, методи, форми, види організації студентського самоврядування в університетах України ХІХ – початку ХХ століття.

Bu çalışmada, P20S plastik kalıp çeliğinin farklı kesme parametreleri ile frezelenmesinde kesme parametrelerinin yüzey pürüzlülüğüne ve yüzey pürüzlülüğüne bağlı teorik yorulma ömrüne etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Verilerin istatiksel analizi için deney tasarımı Merkezi Kompozit Deney tasarımı ile 18 deney olarak belirlenmiştir. Deneyler sonucunda yüzey pürüzlülüğünü ve teorik yorulma ömrünü değerlendirmek için Ra, Rz, Sm ve sertlik gibi çıktı parametreleri ölçülmüştür. Rz, Sm ve sertlik değerleri √𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 modelinde kullanılarak yorulma ömrü hesaplanmış ve kesme parametrelerine bağlı teorik yorulma ömründeki değişimler değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, en düşük yüzey pürüzlülüğü ile en yüksek teorik yorulma ömrü 220 m/dk kesme hızında, 0,05 mm/diş ilerleme miktarında ve 0,5 mm kesme derinliğinde sırası ile 0,188 µm ve 507,796 Mpa olduğu tepit edilmiştir. Kesme hızının artması ve ilerleme miktarı ile kesme derinliğinin azalması yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve teorik yorulma ömrü üzerinde olumlu bir etkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Varyans analizi sonuçlarına göre yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve teorik yorulma ömrü için en etkin kesme parametresi sırası ile %68,6 ve %59,34 oranıyla ilerleme miktarı olmuştur.

Si les historiens ont perçu relativement tôt les mérites des hypothèses contrefactuelles – de Paul Lacombe vantant « l’instabilité vraie » à Raymond Aron se demandant « ce qui aurait pu être » –, il a fallu attendre le début du XXIe siècle pour constater un réinvestissement notable du questionnement par les historiens. Cette interrogation contrefactuelle a été reprise à nouveaux frais par des historiens de périodes différentes, avec la volonté de retrouver les possibles non advenus. Ce dynamisme épistémologique s’inscrit aussi dans un cadre plus large d’hybridation des écritures historiques, notamment par un chassé-croisé de plus en plus marqué avec la littérature. Although historians saw the benefits of counterfactual assumptions early on – from Paul Lacombe extolling « true instability » to Raymond Aron wondering « what could have been », it wasn’t until the beginning of the 21st century that we see a significant reinvestment of questioning by historians. This counterfactual interrogation was taken up again at new expense by historians of different periods, with the intending to find what might have happened. This epistemological dynamism is also part of a broader framework of hybridization of historical writings, in particular through an increasingly marked crossover with literature.

В главе мы рассмотрели такое понятие, как говорение и методы формирования навыков говорения на уроках иностранного языка. Одним из эффективных и продуктивных средств формирования у учащихся данного навыка в процессе изучения английского языка является метод погружения. Данный метод помогает преодолеть страх начала коммуникации, делает процесс обучения более увлекательным, повышает мотивацию школьников и порождает стремление узнать все тонкости изучаемого языка. Как показывает практика, этот метод является наиболее эффективным и позволяет обеспечить всевозрастающую уверенность, облегчить переход от обучения к самообучению., In this chapter, we examined such a phenomenon as speaking and methods of developing speaking skills in foreign language classes. One of the effective and productive means of developing these students’ skills in the process of learning English is the immersion method. This method helps to overcome the fear of starting communication, makes the learning process more exciting, increases the motivation of students and gives rise to the desire of learning all the nuances of the language being studied. As practice shows, this method is the most effective and allows you to provide ever-increasing confidence, facilitate the transition from learning to self-learning.

The goal of our research is to analyze Natorp’s redefinition of the distinction between intuitions and concepts in relation to his conception of the method of philosophy. We will exhibit the connection between the way in which Natorp redefines the Kantian dichotomy and his conception of the method of philosophy. We will investigate how Natorp introduces his position in dialogue with Kant’s position and with contemporary approaches to the problem, psychologism and logicism. We will argue that the question of how a cognition may refer to the object requires rethinking the method of philosophy. It will be shown that the Kantian question of how thinking can have reference to objects was badly posed. The question is how the understanding can be the source of objectivity and not how it relates to the objects. We will study the arguments that led Natorp to argue that the object is the result of a construction of the understanding The hypothesis of this investigation is that Natorp’s redefinition of the distinction between intuitions and concepts is based on a new conception of the philosophical method.

Terrorism is not the ordinary destructive forms of violent crime; it is a crime to the peace and human security. Efforts to eradicate the terrorists in Indonesia were begun with the issuance of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2002, and it has been legalized in the following year, on April 4th into the Law No 15/2003 about Eradication of Terrorist. Prevention and control of terrorism requires a comprehensive cooperation, besides the quality and quantity of instituion that have been established, the government needs support and community's concern. One of the causes of terrorism is the wrong and distorted understanding on ideology or religion, and hence there must be efforts to counter terrorism ideology especially true understanding of jihad

Objective: The article considers the concept and methodology of criminal law science with due regard to the latest scientific achievements in the field of methodological support of criminal law research. Methods: Dialectical, descriptive, and analytical methods, as well as the method of explication (explanation), were the main methods used in this article. Results: In Russian criminal law science, the dialectical method is the most important, which is largely due to the Soviet legacy (when materialistic dialectics was considered a necessary philosophical basis for all specific areas of scientific knowledge). The main materials and methods used in the process of studying the theory of criminal law are briefly listed. Much attention is drawn to the fact that almost all the materials on this issue were in documents and electronic form. The authors have discussed some definitions of such a concept as the methodology of criminal law science presented in scientific literature, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. They have distinguished between two concepts: the methodology of criminal law science and the method of criminal law science. The authors have highlighted the absence of a specific methodology of the theory of criminal law, which distinguishes it from the methodology of other legal sciences. As a result, they have defined the concept of the method of criminal law science, whose main distinction lies in the field of application, i.e. criminal law science. The system of methods of criminal law science is considered and the main principles of its construction are highlighted. This discloses the main methods of criminal law science that are most often used in the research of criminal law issues. Conclusion: The authors have concluded the methodology of criminal law science that should be presented as a result of the research conducted.

In the Differenzschrift, Hegel not only compares Fichte’s with Schelling’s philosophical system. He is also putting forward philosophical insights of his own, such as a concern on Life as a methodological and metaphysical key concept. Thus, more than a mere rejection, Hegel criticism to Fichte’s philosophy means a reevaluation of the task of philosophy and of its method. In Hegel’s view, Fichte’s genetic method (as he presents it in the Grundlage der gesammten Wissenschaftslehre) is problematic. I contend that the organic understanding of the concept of Life influenced Hegel’s own reading of the Fichtean philosophy and that the Hegelian ‘speculation’ echoes Fichte’s methodological terms but implies what Hegel would consider truly organic determinations. The comprehension of what is an organized being constitute one key aspect to understand how Hegel drifts apart from the Fichtean method.

13 p.-4 fig.-1 graph. abst., Understanding how the RNA-binding domains of a protein regulator are used to recognize its RNA targets is a key problem in RNA biology, but RNA-binding domains with very low affinity do not perform well in the methods currently available to characterize protein-RNA interactions. Here, we propose to use conservative mutations that enhance the affinity of RNA-binding domains to overcome this limitation. As a proof of principle, we have designed and validated an affinity-enhanced K-homology (KH) domain mutant of the fragile X syndrome protein FMRP, a key regulator of neuronal development, and used this mutant to determine the domain’s sequence preference and to explain FMRP recognition of specific RNA motifs in the cell. Our results validate our concept and our nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based workflow. While effective mutant design requires an understanding of the underlying principles of RNA recognition by the relevant domain type, we expect the method will be used effectively in many RNA-binding domains., This work was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MC_PC_13051, U117574558, and MR/S000305/1) and the UK BBRSC research grant S014438/1. It was also supported by University College London and by the Francis Crick Institute, which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK (CC2029), the UK Medical Research Council (CC2029), and the Wellcome Trust (CC2029). NMR spectra were recorded at the MRC Biomedical NMR Facility Francis Crick Institute UK, which is funded by Cancer Research UK (CC1078), the UK Medical Research Council (CC1078), and the Wellcome Trust (CC1078) and at UCL NMR facilities.

Introduction. The article notes that the problem of implementing CrossFit into the physical training of militaries has not been sufficiently studied yet and requires theoretical and empirical research in order to find ways to resolve the problem and contradictions that exists or may arise. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to clarify the problematic aspects of the introduction of CrossFit into the program of physical training of cadets of high schools and military personnel based on the analysis of the content of scientific publications published in recent years in peer-reviewed scientific publications. Methods. Analysis, synthesis, generalization. Results. The problematic aspects of implementing of CrossFit into the physical training program of militaries are: lack of a scientifically based definition of the essence of the term “CrossFit”; non-compliance with terminological requirements (accessibility, accuracy, brevity) in the formulation of the definition, which leads to fuzziness, ambiguity and ambiguity in its meaningful notion and application; lack of scientifically substantiated normative and methodological support for the introduction of CrossFit in the physical training of militaries, the lack of development of the methodology for initial CrossFit training, which can lead to injury and overload of military personnel during classes. Originality. The results of the analysis of the use of CrossFit in physical culture and sports classes testify to its positive effect on indicators of physical fitness of student youth, cadets and military personnel. However, not all physical training and sports experts agree with the conclusions of these studies and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using CrossFit in the physical training of cadets and military personnel, and the conclusions are not always ambiguous. In our opinion, the implementing of CrossFit in physical training classes with cadets and servicemen of the security and defence sector is possible under the following conditions: availability of physical training and sports specialists with a basic higher education in the specialization "Coaching activity in the chosen sport" for conducting classes and their certified mastery of the basics of CrossFit; at the first classes, assess the functional state of the cardiovascular system, physical capacity and, if possible, the functional state of the respiratory system; during classes students of higher education should self-monitor their heart rate and blood pressure while the teacher should monitor indicators of their well-being according to external signs (the level of skin redness, coordination of movements, the level of sweating, the colour of the lips and nasolabial triangle, dizziness); in addition to with the presence of various modifications of wireless fitness bracelets and trackers of motor activity other functional indicators should be researched; initial learning of the technique of performing exercises, instruction on their implementation, constant control of the technique of movements, etc. Conclusion. Thereby, it is necessary to focus on the issues of scientific substantiation of notion of “CrossFit”; the methodology for conducting CrossFit training sessions; filling the content of CrossFit classes that contribute to the effective development and improvement of the professionally important physical and mental qualities of militaries, as well as the need for specialists in physical training and sports to obtain the basic higher education in the specialization “Coaching in the chosen sport” for providing classes and certified mastery of the basics of CrossFit by teachers., В статті зазначається, що проблема впровадження кросфіту в фізичну підготовку військовослужбовців є ще недостатньо дослідженою й потребує проведення теоретичних та емпіричних досліджень з метою пошуку шляхів розв’язання проблеми і суперечностей, що існують чи можуть виникнути. Проблемними аспектами впровадження кросфіту у програму фізичної підготовки військовослужбовців є, на нашу думку, відсутність науково обґрунтованого визначення сутності терміну «кросфіт», недотримання термінологічних вимог (доступності, точності, стислості) у формулювання дефініції, що призводить до нечіткості, неясності та неоднозначності в його змістовному визначенні та застосуванні; відсутність наукового обґрунтованого нормативного та методичного забезпечення впровадження кросфіту в фізичну підготовку військовослужбовців, нерозробленість методики початкового навчання кросфіту, що може призвести до травмування та перевантаження особового складу під час занять. У зв’язку з цим необхідно зосередити увагу на проблемах наукового обґрунтування сутності «кросфіту», методики проведення навчальних занять з кросфіту, наповнення змісту занять з кросфіту, що сприяють ефективному розвитку та вдосконаленню професійно важливих фізичних і психічних якостей військовослужбовців, а також необхідності отримання фахівцями з фізичної підготовки і спорту базової вищої освіти за спеціалізацією «Тренерська діяльність в обраному виді спорту» для проведення занять та сертифікованому опануванню викладачами основ кросфіту.

Les systèmes d’information numériques (SIN) sont omniprésents dans tous les types d’organisations. Ils influencent en profondeur, et à long terme, le fonctionnement des organisations et la vie de leurs membres. Le dialogue autour de ces outils est nécessaire dans l’organisation. Ce texte porte sur un outil d’aide à ce dialogue. Il expose une méthode structurée, ISIDOR, construite par l’atelier de recherche SI2D, pour analyser et évaluer précisément l’impact d’un SIN sur la démocratie dans l’organisation. Une expérimentation de la méthode dans une organisation, réalisée dans le cadre d'un projet soutenu par l'ANACT, est ensuite présentée. Un bilan des points forts et des faiblesses de la méthode est établi. Digital information systems (DIS) are ubiquitous in all types of organisations. They have a profound and long-term influence on the functioning of organisations and the lives of their members. Dialogue around these tools is necessary in the organisation. This text focuses on a tool to help with this dialogue. It presents a structured method, ISIDOR, constructed by the SI2D research team, to analyse and precisely evaluate the impact of an DIS on organisational democracy. An experimentation of the method in an organisation, carried out in the framework of a project supported by ANACT, is then presented. An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the method is made.

Hydrogen is playing an important role in many sectors of modern economy (green vehicles, energy conversion and storage in electrical grids, processing industry). Solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) is an emerging technology for the production of hydrogen from steam and electrical energy as well as for renewable energies storage. Unfortunately, operating at high current and electrical transients cause degradation that leads to premature end of life. A remedy is to implement a hardware module capable to perform online condition monitoring and optimization of SOEC systems resulting in improved overall performance and extended lifetime. That is expected to significantly expand their deployment on the market. However, very little has been done so far. The H2020 project REACTT seems to be one of the first attempts to build an embedded system for monitoring, diagnosis, prognostics, and control (MDPC) for SOEC system. The underlying master's thesis contributes to the REACTT project in the segment related to the supervision of different modules of the MDPC system. The supervisor module is aimed to orchestrate the operation of various functional modules (agents) such as data acquisition, system optimization, diagnosis, prognostics, and mitigation. The thesis focuses on the design of the supervisor module and its implementation on a control platform based on Raspberry Pi 4. The main contributions of the thesis are twofold. First, the dynamic operation of the supervisor modelled by using the state transition diagram (STD). Second, the code for implementation of the supervisor on the target platform done in Python in a way that complies with the requirements imposed in the project. Vodik ima pomembno vlogo v številnih panogah sodobnega gospodarstva (zelena vozila, pretvorba in shranjevanje energije v električnih omrežjih, procesna industrija itn.). Trdno-oksidne elektrolizne celice (Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell – SOEC) predstavljajo novo tehnologijo za proizvodnjo vodika iz pare in električne energije. Žal, delovanje pri visokih tokovih in električnih prehodnih pojavih povzroča degradacijo materiala, ki ima za posledico prehitro uničenje celice. En način kako rešiti problem je vgraditev naprave, ki je sposobna sproti spremljati notranje stanje sistema in optimizirati njegovo delovanje. S tem naj bi se povečala zanesljivost sistema in podaljšala življenjska doba, kar bi znatno prispevalo k njihovi komercialni uporabi. Žal je na tem področju doslej narejeno zelo malo. H2020 projekt REACTT je najbrž eden prvih poskusov izdelave vgrajenega sistema za spremljanje, diagnostiko, prognostiko in optimizacijo delovanja (kratica MDPC) za sistem SOEC. Magistrsko delo prispeva k projektu REACTT v delu, ki se nanaša na nadzor različnih modulov sistema MDPC. Za to skrbi enota, ki se imenuje Supervisor. Supervisor je namenjen orkestriranju delovanja različnih funkcionalnih modulov (agentov), kot so npr. agent za zbiranje podatkov, agent za sprotno optimizacijo, razni agenti za diagnostiko, prognostiko in svetovanje korektivnih posegov. Delo se osredotoča na načrtovanje Supervisor-ja in njegovo implementacijo na platformo, ki temelji na Raspberry Pi 4. Dva poglavitna prispevka dela sta: model dinamičnega delovanja Supervisor-ja z uporabo diagrama prehoda stanja (STD), ter koda za njegovo implementacijo na ciljni platformi v jeziku Python skladno z zahtevami projekta.

V današnjem času polno zaposleni starši otroku težko omogočijo bivanje v naravi, saj za obisk narave nimajo časa niti sami. Da bi otrokom ponudili več časa, preživetega v naravi, so začeli nastajati gozdni vrtci. Ob tem smo ugotovili, da bivanje v naravi otroku ponuja mnogo prednosti na vseh področjih njegovega razvoja. V Sloveniji so gozdna varstva še vedno v manjšini, vse več javnih vrtcev, ki želijo gozdno pedagogiko vključiti v svoj program, pa se odloča za pridružitev Mreži gozdnih vrtcev in šol Slovenije. V teoretičnem delu diplomskega dela raziskujem pomen gozdne pedagogike in vpliv bivanja v naravi na otroke, pomen gozdnih vrtcev in kakšno vlogo imajo odrasli pri seznanjanju otrok z naravo. V empiričnem delu sem anketirala starše otrok, vpisanih v vrtce, ki so vključeni v Mrežo gozdnih vrtcev in šol Slovenije. Spraševala sem jih po razlogih, zaradi katerih so se odločili za vpis otroka v gozdni vrtec, ter o njihovem življenjskem slogu v povezavi z naravo, ki bi lahko vplival na to odločitev. Po analizi pridobljenih podatkov sem prišla do ugotovitve, da na odločitev za vpis otroka v gozdni vrtec močno vplivajo bližina doma, želja, da otrok čim več časa v vrtcu preživi v naravi, ter prijazne in strokovne vzgojiteljice. Staršem teh otrok je pomembno bivanje v naravi, prosti čas pa tudi sami radi preživijo ob različnih aktivnostih v naravi. In today's busy world, many parents find it difficult to provide their children with opportunities to spend time in nature due to their own time constraints. To address this issue, forest kindergartens have been established to offer children more time in nature. We have discovered that spending time in nature offers numerous benefits for a child's development in all areas. There are still few forest kingergartens in Slovenia, but more and more public kindergartens are deciding to join the Network of Forest Kindergartens and Schools in Slovenia to incorporate forest pedagogy into their programs. In the theoretical part of my thesis, I explore the importance of forest pedagogy and the impact of nature on children. I also examine the role of forest kindergartens and the importance of adults in introducing children to nature. In the empirical part, I conducted a survey with parents whose children attend kindergartens that are part of the Network of Forest Kindergartens and Schools in Slovenia. I asked them about the reasons for choosing a forest kindergarten and their lifestyle habits related to nature that influenced their decision. After analyzing the data, I found that proximity to home, a desire for their child to spend as much time as possible in nature during kindergarten, and friendly and professional teachers strongly influenced the decision to enroll their child in a forest kindergarten. These parents value spending time in nature, and they also enjoy various outdoor activities in their free time.

Šiais moderniais ir inovacijų laikais, kai vaikai gauną viską ką panorėję net neišėję iš namų, labai svarbi socializacija, o socialinio sąmoningumo ugdymas neatsiejamas nuo ankstyvosios vaikystės. Norint, jog vaikai užaugtų empatiški, bei priimantys kasdieninius rūpesčius, būtina rasti būdus padėsiančius ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikams jau nuo ankstyvosios vaikystės prisitaikyti. Kaip žinia, žaidimo metodas vienas populiariausių darželiuose, kuriuo vaikai augdami užsiima kasdien, nes taip pažįsta juos supančią aplinką. Dėl šios priežasties aktualu žinoti, kaip ikimokyklinio ugdymo pedagogai žaidimo metodą taiko savo darbe ugdant vaikų socialinį sąmoningumą., In these modern and innovative times when children get everything they want, even without leaving their home, socialization plays a very important role. And development of social awareness is inseparable from early childhood. In order for children to grow up to become empathetic personalities and accept day-to-day concerns, it is necessary to find ways, that will help pre-school children to adapt already from early childhood. As we know, children, as they grow up, are engaged on the daily basis in the play method, which is one of the most popular in kindergartens, because in this way they get to know the environment around them. For this reason, it is relevant to know how pre-school teachers apply the play method at work in developing social awareness in children.

Les systèmes d’information numériques (SIN) sont omniprésents dans tous les types d’organisations. Ils influencent en profondeur, et à long terme, le fonctionnement des organisations et la vie de leurs membres. Le dialogue autour de ces outils est nécessaire dans l’organisation. Ce texte porte sur un outil d’aide à ce dialogue. Il expose une méthode structurée, ISIDOR, construite par l’atelier de recherche SI2D, pour analyser et évaluer précisément l’impact d’un SIN sur la démocratie dans l’organisation. Une expérimentation de la méthode dans une organisation, réalisée dans le cadre d'un projet soutenu par l'ANACT, est ensuite présentée. Un bilan des points forts et des faiblesses de la méthode est établi.

English becomes inseparable and crucial in the Ukrainian Higher Education system; it faces the challenge of using a teaching method, that has major advantages in developing the skills in all four types of language activity, namely: reading, writing, listening and speaking; a method, that assists in teaching foreign language students to react quickly in communicative situations and makes the use of basic grammatical phenomena automatic. The authors consider the problem-based teaching method as one of the novelty methods in which foreign language students’ communication skills are improved more effectively than in traditional methods. The central concept of the problem-based teaching method is the problem itself. Students are offered problem situations that have a communicative focus. The authors show the practical usage of this method at each stage (presentation, practice, and production), introducing examples from textbooks for foreign language students of higher education institutions. The role of a teacher in solving problem situations is considered. A critical aspect in the use of problem learning is the cognitive aspect, the relevance of knowledge, information, and sources of information to solving a particular problem situation., Визначено актуальність використання методу проблемного навчання, як методу, що має значні переваги у розвитку навичок усіх чотирьох видів мовленнєвої діяльності, а саме: читання, письма, аудіювання та говоріння; методу, який учить студентів швидко та адекватно реагувати в комунікативних ситуаціях і доводить до автоматизму використання основних граматичних явищ. Обґрунтовано ефективне використання методу проблемного викладання як одного із новітніх методів, за допомогою якого комунікативні навички студентів удосконалюються ефективніше, ніж за допомогою традиційних методів. Акцентовано увагу на понятті «проблемна ситуація» як ключовому понятті проблемного методу навчання. Пропонуються варіанти практичного застосування методу вирішення проблемних ситуацій на кожному етапі заняття (введення, практика, представлення) на основі дієвих підручників з іноземних мов для студентів закладів вищої освіти. Проаналізовано місце викладача у проблемному методі навчання.

The article touches upon the issues of the optimization of public administration methods in the conditions of digitalization. It has been established that the digitalization of public administration leads both to the introduction of new digital methods in public-authority activities and to the qualitative change of already existing and established ones. Among the new digital methods and technologies of public administration, the following are highlighted: the method of big data analysis, which involves the processing of a significant array of large volume and variety of data, which are analyzed with the help of special computer technologies and significantly increase the efficiency of planning and forecasting in public administration; the use of artificial intelligence, chatbots in the process of powerful interaction with private entities for the implementation of the most important public functions and services; use of complex digital solutions.It is noted that the digitalization of public administration methods occurs not only in relation to the external influence of public administration (on private, organizationally separate entities), but also involves updating the methods of intra-organizational activity of public administration entities. The latter requires an updated personnel strategy and the formation of digital competencies among public servants. A conclusion is made regarding the possibility of extrapolation of the “smart working” model to the public service in those areas where it is possible, which uses new technologies to increase the productivity and satisfaction of employees from work, including remote, and digital workplaces.It is stated that the challenges of modernity and technological shifts also change the nature of the established methods of public administration. Tendencies towards their liberalization and flexibility of application have been revealed. The specified changes are characterized by the example of updating the classical methods of public administration: coercion, warning, and encouragement in connection with the digitalization of public administration. It was concluded that digitalization provides an opportunity to make the interaction of public administration quite flexible, due to the possibility of prompt resolution of a wide range of problematic situations and alternative options for the behaviour of participants in legal relations, Статтю присвячено дослідженню оптимізації методів публічного адміністрування в умовах цифровізації. Встановлено, що цифровізація публічного адміністрування призводить як до впровадження нових цифрових методів у публічно-владну діяльність, так і до якісної зміни уже існуючих та усталених. Серед нових цифрових методів та технологій публічного адміністрування виокремлено: метод аналізу великих даних (метод «big data analytics»), що передбачає опрацювання значного масиву даних великого обсягу та різноманіття, які аналізуються за допомогою спеціальних комп’ютерних технологій та значною мірою підвищують ефективність планування та прогнозування у публічному адмініструванні; застосування штучного інтелекту, чат-ботів у процесі владної взаємодії із приватними суб’єктами для провадження найважливіших публічних функцій та послуг; використання комплексних цифрових рішень.Зазначено, що цифровізація методів публічного адміністрування відбувається не тільки щодо зовнішнього впливу публічної адміністрації (на приватних, організаційно відокремлених суб’єктів), але й передбачає оновлення методів внутрішньо-організаційної діяльності суб’єктів публічного адміністрування. Останнє потребує оновленої кадрової стратегії та формування цифрових компетентностей у публічних службовців. Зроблено висновок щодо можливості екстраполяції моделі «smart working» (розумної праці), на публічну службу у тих сферах, де це є можливим, яка використовує нові технології для підвищення продуктивності та задоволеності працівників від роботи, у тому числі віддаленої, та цифрових робочих місць.Встановлено, що виклики сучасності та технологічні зрушення змінюють також і характер усталених застосовуваних методів публічного адміністрування. Виявлено тенденції до їх лібералізації та гнучкості застосування. Зазначені зміни охарактеризовано на прикладі оновлення класичних методів публічного адміністрування: примусу, попередження і заохочення у зв’язку із цифровізацією публічного адміністрування. Зроблено висновок, що цифровізація надає можливість зробити взаємодію публічної адміністрації досить гнучкою, за рахунок можливості оперативного вирішення великого спектру проблемних ситуацій та альтернативних варіантів поведінки учасників правовідносин

Objectives: To provide an overview of the methodological considerations for conducting commercial smartphone health app reviews (mHealth reviews), with the aim of systematising the process and supporting high-quality evaluations of mHealth apps. Design: Synthesis of our research team’s experiences of conducting and publishing various reviews of mHealth apps and hand-searching the top medical informatics journals (e.g., The Lancet Digital Health, npj Digital Medicine, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, and the Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association) over the last five years (2018-2022) to identify other app reviews to contribute to the discussion of this method and supporting framework for developing a research (review) question and determining the eligibility criteria. Results: We present seven steps to support rigour in conducting app reviews in health: 1) writing a research question, 2) conducting scoping searches and developing the protocol, 3) determining the eligibility criteria using the TECH framework, 4) conducting the final search and screening of health apps, 5) data extraction, 6) quality, functionality, and other assessments and 7) analysis and synthesis of findings. We introduce the novel TECH approach to developing review questions and the eligibility criteria, which considers the Target user, Evaluation focus, Connectedness, and the Health domain. Patient and public involvement and engagement opportunities are acknowledged, including co-developing the protocol and undertaking quality or usability assessments. Conclusion: Commercial mHealth app reviews can provide important insights into the health app market, including the availability of apps and their quality and functionality. We have outlined seven key steps for conducting rigorous health app reviews in addition to the TECH acronym, which can support researchers in writing research questions and determining the eligibility criteria. Future work will include a collaborative effort to develop reporting guidelines and a quality appraisal tool to ensure transparency and quality in systematic app reviews.

The historical stone heritage that we inherit must be passed on to future generations, not only in the same conditions that we found it but, if possible, in better ones. Construction also demands better and more durable materials, often stone. The protection of these materials requires knowledge of the types of rocks and their physical properties. The characterization of these properties is often standardized to ensure the quality and reproducibility of the protocols. These must be approved by entities whose purpose is to improve the quality and competitiveness of companies and to protect the environment. Standardized water absorption tests could be envisaged to test the effectiveness of certain coatings in protecting natural stone against water penetration, but we found that some steps of these protocols neglect any surface modification of the stones, and hence may not be completely effective when a hydrophilic protective coating (i.e., graphene oxide) is present. In this work, we analyze the UNE 13755/2008 standard for water absorption and propose alternative steps to adapt the norm for use with coated stones. The properties of coated stones may invalidate the interpretation of the results if the standard protocol is applied as is, so here we pay special attention to the characteristics of the coating applied, the type of water used for the test, the materials used, and the intrinsic heterogeneity of the specimens.

Der Beitrag stellt einen Kommentar zu dem im vorliegenden Heft erschienenen Beitrag von Garz und Lohfeld dar. Die Objektive Hermeneutik steht in beiden Beiträgen im Zentrum der Betrachtung und wird auf ihre Ermöglichungsstruktur und ihre Grenzen hin befragt. Dem Vorgehen von Garz und Lohfeld folgend, entwickelt der Beitrag eine Perspektive auf zentrale Fragen an das methodisch kontrollierte Vorgehen sowie seine Praxis und setzt sich mit den Grenzfällen der Bild- und Textanalyse auseinander. Abschließend werden sehr knapp zwei übergreifende Diskussionspunkte benannt, die für die künftige Entwicklung der Objektiven Hermeneutik relevant scheinen: die Auseinandersetzung mit poststrukturalistischen Verfahren und die Frage nach einer Weiterentwicklung unter Bedingungen der Transnationalisierung. The text is a commentary on the article by Garz and Lohfeld published in this issue. Objective hermeneutics is the focus of attention and is questioned with regard to ist enabling structure and its limits. Following the approach of Garz and Lohfeld, the paper develops a perspective on central questions concerning the methodologically controlled approach and its practice and deals with the borderline cases of image analysis and text analysis. Finally, two overarching points of discussion are raised, which seem to be relevant for the future development of objective hermeneutics: the confrontation with post-structuralist, power-analytical procedures and the question of a further development under conditions of transnationalization.

Ritonavir is an antiretroviral medication used to treat AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)/HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). This article describes the development and validation of spectrophotometric and liquid chromatographic techniques for ritonavir quantification in pharmaceutical formulations. Liquid chromatographic analyzes were carried out using a C18 column and a mobile phase consisted of 20 mM KH2PO4 (pH = 3.0) and acetonitrile (45:55, v/v), with a flow rate of 1.2 mL min-1 and UV detection at 235 nm. For the spectrophotometric analyses, ethanol was employed as a solvent, The UV spectra of the standard and sample solution were scanned between 200 and 800 nm, and λmax was determined as 235 nm. Analytical techniques have been validated in accordance with the processes outlined in the ICH (International Council for Harmonization) recommendations. The results showed that the analytical procedures were linear, accurate, precise, and robust. The recovery values of the methods are within the standard norms (98-102%). Following that, a statistical comparison of analytical techniques was carried out, and the findings revealed no significant difference. Consequently, the developed analytical techniques might be used quality control analysis of ritonavir in pharmaceuticals. KEY WORDS: Ritonavir, Analysis, Method, Validation, Spectrophotometer, HPLC Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(4), 737-747. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i4.2&nbsp

ZEP : Zeitschrift für internationale Bildungsforschung und Entwicklungspädagogik 45 (2022) 1, S. 33-38, In diesem Beitrag wird der Nationale Bildungsbericht Luxemburg 2021 mit dem Schwerpunktthema Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung (BNE) als Grundlage genommen, um neue Perspektiven zur PISA Global Competence-Messung zu entwickeln. Dazu werden in einem ersten Schritt die im Bildungsbericht vorgestellten empirischen Befunde und deren theoretische Fundierung kritisch beleuchtet und Impulse aufgezeigt, die für eine Fortführung der Diskussion um die Global Competence-Messung bedeutsam sind. Basierend hierauf werden in einem zweiten Schritt die im Bildungsbericht sichtbar werdenden Leitkompetenzen von BNE herausgearbeitet und dem im Global Competence Framework dargelegten Ansatz der OECD gegenübergestellt. Dabei rücken die Transformative Kompetenz und die Multiliteracy-Kompetenz in den Mittelpunkt der Diskussion. An diese Reflexion anknüpfend werden Empfehlungen für das Framing der Global Competence-Messung formuliert. (DIPF/Orig.), In this article, the National Education Report Luxembourg 2021 with the focus on Education for Sustainable Develop­ment (ESD) is taken as the basis for developing new perspec­tives on the PISA Global Competence measurement. In a first step, the empirical findings presented in the education report and their theoretical foundation are critically examined and impulses are shown that are significant for continuing the dis­cussion about Global Competence measurement. Based on this, in a second step, the key competencies of ESD that become visible in the education report are worked out and compared with the approach of the OECD presented in the Global Competence­ Framework. The focus of the discussion is on transformative competence and multiliteracy competence. Based on this reflection, recommendations for the framing of the Global Competence measurement are concluded. (DIPF/Orig.)

ZEP : Zeitschrift für internationale Bildungsforschung und Entwicklungspädagogik 45 (2022) 1, S. 11-18, In diesem Beitrag wird die Erfassung globaler Kompetenzen im Rahmen der PISA-Erhebung 2018 näher in den Blick genommen, indem die frei zugänglichen Dokumentationen der OECD (wie die Rahmenkonzeption, der technische Report, die (nationalen) Auswertungen) und ihre Bezüge zueinander näher betrachtet werden. Es wird analytisch zwischen einer inhaltlichen und einer methodischen Ebene unterschieden, um darauf aufbauend sowohl theoretisch-konzeptionelle als auch methodische Herausforderungen in der Modellierung globaler Kompetenzen zu identifizieren. (DIPF/Orig.), This article focuses on the assessment of Global Competencies in the context of the PISA 2018 by examining the available OECD documentation (e.g. the framework, the technical report and the (national) reports) and their relationship. An analytical distinction is made between a content­related and a methodological level in order to identify both theoretical­conceptual and methodological challenges in the modeling of Global Competencies. (DIPF/Orig.)

Solute transport problems, including sequential multi-species transport phenomena, frequently occur in soil systems. The goal of this paper is to present a novel one-dimensional numerical model with a fully implicit form of differential quadrature method for solving multi-species solute transport equations. The analytical results of three multi-species solute dispersion problems with three- and four-chain members are used to analyse the developed model. Simultaneously, the outcomes of the developed model are compared with the performance of the fully implicit fourth-order finite difference method. Finally, the accuracy of the established model is discussed and evaluated. According to the numerical experiments, the derived model is very useful and widely applicable.

Resumen La teología pastoral tiene como desafío propio y vigente la articulación de la reflexión teológica con la acción pastoral y con los procesos epocales. Si bien en América Latina se ha avanzado en esta perspectiva, aún hoy subsisten desafíos metodológicos en este campo disciplinar. Por tal motivo, en la reconfiguración sinodal de la Iglesia en general y de la teología en particular, el artículo fundamenta la recepción en el método ver, juzgar y actuar del enfoque propuesto por Orlando Fals Borda, la investigación-acción participativa (IAP), y da cuenta de algunas recepciones antecedentes. El método ver, juzgar y actuar recupera así la unidad entre el sujeto de reflexión y el sujeto de acción, acorta las distancias entre la reflexión y la acción pastoral, y entre estas con la reflexión teológica académica, y se configura como un método participativo en el que se subraya el diálogo comunitario entre diversos sujetos eclesiales, entre ellos, los teólogos académicos. Abstract Pastoral theology has as its own and current challenge the articulation of theological reflection with pastoral action and with epochal processes. Although in Latin America progress has been made in this perspective, methodological challenges still remain in this disciplinary field. For this reason, within the framework of the synodal reconfiguration of the Church in general and of theology in particular, the article bases reception on the see-judge-act method of the approach proposed by Colombian researcher Orlando Fals Borda, Participatory Action-Research (PAR), accounting for some background receptions. The see-judge-act method, thus, recovers the unity between the subject of reflection and the subject of action, it shortens the distances between reflection and pastoral action, and between these with academic theological reflection. Furthermore, it is configured as a participatory method in which community dialogue between various ecclesial subjects, including academic theologians, is highlighted.

Objective: This article presents the process data research approach as an opportunity to improve management studies and to create a roadmap for beginners. Process research is a sidelined way to conduct qualitative studies. The fundamental concern of the process approach is to capture and apprehend the meanings attributed to organizational phenomena directly in the field of research, aiming to understand and answer the questions of ‘how’ and ‘why’ events change over time. Method: This study reviews selected recent research on innovation management that used process research criteria (temporal orientation, units of analysis, sample, data, analytical strategies, and conceptual products) as the backdrop. Main Results: The main result of this paper is the creation of a roadmap for applying the process research approach. Also, it highlights elements of improvement for management studies from the process data approach. Relevance / Originality: This study provides several examples of qualitative process research in innovation. The proposed roadmap helps increase the rigor and uses of this research approach. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: We offer an academic discussion on process research’s role in improving (innovation) management studies., Objetivo: Este artigo apresenta a abordagem processual como uma oportunidade para aprimorar os estudos de gestão e criar um roteiro para iniciantes. A pesquisa de processo é um método paralelo de conduzir estudos qualitativos. A preocupação fundamental da abordagem de processo é capturar e apreender os significados atribuídos aos fenômenos organizacionais diretamente no campo de pesquisa, visando entender e responder às questões de “como” e “por que” os eventos mudam ao longo do tempo. Método: Este estudo faz uma revisão em pesquisas recentes sobre gestão da inovação que usaram critérios da abordagem processual (orientação temporal, unidades de análise, amostra, dados, estratégias analíticas e produtos conceituais) como pano de fundo. Principais Resultados: O principal resultado deste trabalho é a criação de um roteiro para a aplicação da abordagem da abordagem processual. Além disso, destacam-se elementos de melhoria para estudos de gestão baseados na abordagem de dados de processo. Relevância / Originalidade: Este estudo fornece vários exemplos de pesquisa de processo qualitativo em inovação. O roteiro proposto ajuda a aumentar o rigor e os usos dessa abordagem de pesquisa. Contribuições Teóricas / Metodológicas: Oferecemos uma discussão acadêmica sobre o papel da pesquisa de processos na melhoria dos estudos de gestão (da inovação).

The present upload constitute the Replicability Package for the "Uncovering the Hidden Risks: The Importance of Predicting Bugginess in Untouched Methods" NIER paper.

Le juriste humaniste André Alciat est passé à la postérité comme le créateur du genre littéraire de l’emblème, appelé à une immense fortune à la Renaissance et à l’époque classique. Cependant, son œuvre poétique, mise au service de sa conception de l’enseignement du droit, reflète également les prises de position de son auteur dans le domaine juridique. Par l’entremise d’une lecture hautement personnelle du mythe de Narcisse, Alciat propose en effet dans son emblème Philautia (1546) un véritable manifeste en faveur de l’humanisme juridique, renvoyant dos-à-dos ses adversaires, juristes comme philologues. The jurist and humanist Andrea Alciato went down in history as the creator of the literary genre of the emblem, bound to a great fortune in the Renaissance and in the Classical period. However, his poetic work, put at the service of his conception of the teaching of law, also reflects the views of its author in the legal field. Indeed, in his emblem Philautia (1546), Alciato offers a true manifesto in favor of legal humanism through a very personal reading of the myth of Narcissus, dismissing back-to-back his opponents, jurists as well as philologists.

[ES] Desde hace unos siglos , el uso de las plantas como tratamientos medicinales se ha extendido en nuestra cultura y es foco de investigación de numerosos estudios. El espino blanco (Crataegus spp.) es un arbusto ramificado de hoja caduca perteneciente a la familia Rosaceae y que posee aproximadamente 300 especies distintas. Al espino blanco se le atribuyen propiedades antiinflamatorias, potenciadoras del sueño , y es popular por tratar problemas cardíacos y gastrointestinales. Comercialmente se consume en forma de pastillas, extractos acuosos o en forma de té. En este proyecto realizaré, junto con la empresa ADM, un estudio de diferentes técnicas analíticas de hojas, extractos y productos comerciales presentes en el mercado. Se determinarán los polifenoles totales usando el método de Folin-Ciocalteau y mediante cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia (HPLC) se buscará un método de análisis realizando varias pruebas, para identificar y cuantificar los componentes más relevantes del Crataegus. Así pues , compararemos los extractos realizados de forma manual con extractos de productos que están en venta en el mercado., [EN] For centuries, the use of plants as medicinal treatments has been widespread in our culture and is the focus of numerous research studies. Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) is a branched deciduous shrub belonging to the Rosaceae family with approximately 300 different species. Hawthorn is attributed with anti-inflammatory, sleep-enhancing properties, and is popular for treating heart and gastrointestinal problems. It is commercially consumed in the form of pills, aqueous extracts or as a tea. In this project I will carry out, together with the company ADM, a study of different analytical techniques of leaves, extracts and commercial products on the market. Total polyphenols will be determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) we will search for a method of analysis by performing several tests to identify and quantify the most relevant components of Crataegus. We will compare the extracts made manually with extracts of products that are on sale in the market.

У магістерській дисертації розглядається спосіб підвищення ефективності використання глибинних нейромереж для класифікації фізичних рухів рукою на основі сигналів електроенцефалографії. Проведено порівняльний аналіз метрик та візуалізовано результати для 45 комбінацій елементів глибинного навчання. Результати дозволяють оцінити доцільність або недоцільність подального роозвитку методів гібридизації у певних напрямках. Програмний продукт був створений на мові Python. The master's thesis considers a way to increase the efficiency of using deep neural networks to classify physical hand movements based on electroencephalography signals. A comparative analysis of metrics was carried out and the results for 45 combinations of deep learning elements were visualized. The results allow us to assess the feasibility or inexpediency of the approach of hybridization methods in certain directions. The software product was created in Python.

У магістерській дисертації розглядається спосіб виявлення шахрайських транзакцій, принцип роботи якого полягає в застосуванні методів градієнтного бустингу. Проведено тестування за допомогою розміченого набору даних. Моделювання показує, що даний спосіб є доцільним при проектуванні комплексних систем виявлення та запобігання шахрайства в банківському секторі. Система для тестування розроблена за допомогою наступних інструментів: Python, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost. The master's thesis examines the method of detecting fraudulent transactions, the principle of which is the application of gradient boosting methods. Testing was performed using a labeled data set. The simulation shows that this method is appropriate for designing complex fraud detection and prevention systems in the banking sector. The system for testing is developed using the following tools: Python, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost.

У магістерській дисертації розглянутий спосіб для покращення зображень з метою підвищення ефективності автоматичного розпізнавання тексту на основі глибоких нейронних мереж. Тестування способу показує, що його можна використовувати для задачі покращення затемнених зображень з подальшим їх використанням. Для розробки були використані: Python, TensorFlow, OpenCV. The master's thesis considers the method for image enhancement in order to increase the efficiency of automatic text recognition based on deep neural networks. Testing of the method shows that it can be used for the task of enhancing darkened images and then using them. Python, TensorFlow, OpenCV were used for development.

While diaries as a method have a long tradition in socio logical research, few studies to date have demonstrated its value for studying health and illness. This article intends to illustrate the importance of this method for health research. The implications of the use of solicited diaries to conduct research within the field of health and illness are discussed. The contributions that the method can make to sociologi cal research on health and illness are explored, namely the potential to capture the everyday of ill people and their family members. Indeed, this method offers an opportunity to access the experience of illness in a multidimensional approach which is not easy for researchers to catch using other methods. The article aims to present an overview of the significance of the use of diaries in health research and will make a novel contribution to the sociology of health and illness.

in this article, the rapid development of the educational process requires the use of new methods and innovative technologies every day, especially the traditional and innovative methods of using modern methods and innovative technologies in the educational process in teaching foreign languages to primary school students, the comparative analysis of technologies and their role in practice are explained.

This paper explores how Biologically Inspired Design (BID) can be applied in the development of medical devices through a concrete case study. Nature has been developing, over the last 3.8 billion years, the most efficient mechanisms to fulfil a function and overcome challenges. Based on this giant innovation database, BID has received an exponential increase of interest since the 1950s and has led to innovative solutions in a vast variety of fields. The present study is motivated by a medical device which should be designed for insertion in a cavity, followed by a significant expansion inside the cavity. Once expanded, the device should be able to radiate light for disinfection purposes, while simultaneously allowing air replacement in the cavity. Finally, the device should contract to its original size before being extracted from the cavity. In order to propose radically new ideas for designing such a device, BID is applied to a range of functions namely i) how to expand an object after insertion in a cavity, ii) how to promote air circulation in the cavity, iii) how to radiate light to all surfaces in the cavity and finally iv) how to contract the object again. This paper presents and discusses the BID process as well as the outcomes of this study. 25 biological strategies have been identified throughout the project, 7 ideas were generated and 4 more detailed concepts and physical mock-ups emerged from these ideas. 2 of them were considered interesting for further development, which indicates a good efficacy of the process. The whole study lasted 32 working days, suggesting a high efficiency of the BID process.

The urgency of the problem. Vocal pop ensembles make up a large part of those bands that are present in the contemporary art space. This form of performing associations is quite productive and has considerable potential for expressing the creative potential of performers. However, it needs to take into account various factors related not only to the individual qualities of the singers, but also to create a joint, ensemble and harmonious sound. Also, considerable attention should be paid to extra-musical factors, which need attention from the leaders of the teams. The aim of the article is to highlight the specifics and essential features that are characteristic of vocal pop groups, as well as to highlight the peculiarities of working with them in the context of contemporary artistic practice. In the existing array of works, little attention was paid to all aspects of the functioning of pop vocal groups, including those that concern not only the members of the collective but also the band leader. Methods. We used the analysis method, the synthesis method, and the comparative method to identify the features of working with vocal pop groups. The results. Vocal pop bands are a form that is clearly presented in the domestic and foreign practice. The functioning of these bands is a good alternative to solo vocal practice, because it allows you to cover a wider performing repertoire. The functioning of such ensembles is possible provided that there is an artistic leader who deals with the issue of party distribution among participants, performs pedagogical functions, and promotes the creation of a positive and productive psychological climate. Prospects for further exploration are to cover the peculiarities of the creative methods of various vocal pop groups, which will allow expanding the idea of the functioning of this type of performing compositions., Розглянуто особливості вокального естрадного ансамблю. Наголошено увагу на тих можливостях, що відкриваються завдяки колективній формі вокального виконавства. Відмічено роль даної форми для розвитку слуху та механізму роботи голосового апарату. Зазначено, що для естрадного ансамблевого виконавства важливим є винайдення свого власного та неповторного іміджу, образу, який буде привертати увагу публіки. Для сучасних естрадних виконавців важливими є як аудіальні чинники (регістр, тембр, виконавська манера), так і візуальні чинники (зовнішність, сценічний образ, сценічні рухи, невербальна комунікація). Вказано на важливу роль керівника колективу, який займається питанням розподілу партій між учасниками, виконує педагогічні функції, сприяє створенню позитивного та продуктивного психологічного клімату.

Research methods and concepts in religious studies are conventionally understood as procedures and rules for representing religious and social worlds. However, religious and social worlds are simultaneously messy, lively and elusive, and arguably transreligious ones are especially so. In this essay I reflect on Panagiotopoulos and Roussou’s concept of “transreligiosity” as a means for re-thinking classical and contemporary methodological debates in religious studies, and for reflecting on methods as social practices.

Historical research can be enhanced by methods and resources from various disciplines, ranging from psychology to computer linguistics. With a creative and innovative perspective on »things we think we know«, Milan van Lange presents a computer-assisted historical investigation into the role of emotions in dealing with consequences of World War II in the Netherlands. By »emotion mining« digitised sources, van Lange shows where emotions were present and how they were expressed and discussed in the political engagement with people who experienced long-term effects of the war, such as former collaborators and war criminals, the resistance, and war victims.

Метод дискурс-анализа является одним из основополагающих в таких областях гуманитарных знаний как языкознание, литературоведение, история, философия, культурология, политология и социология. Когнитивно- прагматический анализ текстов, высказываний и извлечение смыслов, а также их интерпретация лежат в основе многих научных дисциплин.В рамках данной статьи предпринимается попытка рассмотреть и описать с точки зрения историографии понятие дискурса в широком и узком смысле с опорой на исследования Мишеля Фуко; представить дискурс-анализ с учетом 4-х наиболее важных и релевантных аспектов в условиях современности, таких как: конструирование знаний, трансформация знаний, условий возможности утверждений, место литературы в дискурсивном анализе., The method of discourse analysis is one of the foundations of the humanities such as linguistics, literary studies, history, philosophy, cultural studies, political science and sociology. The cognitive and pragmatic analysis of texts, utterances and the extraction of meanings, as well as their interpretation, are at the heart of many scientific disciplines.This article makes an attempt to examine and describe, from a historiographical perspective, the concept of discourse in its broad and narrow sense, with reference to Michel Foucault's research; to present discourse analysis with reference to the 4 most important and relevant aspects in the contemporary context, such as those: the construction of knowledge, the transformation of knowledge, the conditions of possibility of assertions, and the place of literature in discourse analysis., Russian Linguistic Bulletin, Выпуск 4 (40) 2023