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The approach presented in this study is about the calculation of the similarities among languages by using the new feature template to be obtained from the syntactic analysis phase. Studies were conducted on 6 different language sets from two different language families in order to show the calculability of similarity of languages with the help of the recommended new feature template. In the first study, triplet-pattern template which is obtained from the syntactic analysis of Turkey, Kazakh, and Uyghur Turkish languages from Turkic languages families belonging to the Ural-Altaic linguistic family, could be formed automatically through developed software, and also similarity analysis of the desired languages could be made thanks to a different module developed within the same software. Consequently, not only similar structural relations of the languages from the same language family but also structural differences among the languages can also be revealed. Even if the first aim is to determine the similarities among languages when developing an approach, the real aim of the desired structure is to form a system independent from the language. In order to show that the formed system has a structure independent from the language, another study was carried out. In the second study, the similarities among the languages were determined by using treebanks of English, Swedish and Norwegian from the Germen language family. When the language family is Turkic and the metrics are Jaccard, Dice, and Similarity Matching, the highest similarity is Turkish-Uyghur, and the values of the metrics are 25.21%, 40.27%, and 50.42%, respectively. When the language family is Germen, the highest similarity is Norwegian-Swedish, and the values of the metrics are 37.15%, 54.17%, and 74.3, respectively.

Mobile data collectors that can be used without a central control mechanism currently have common use in many fields. Because they do not need a central unit, each node in a network can move independently. The field literature offers various group- or entity-based models to define the functioning of mobile data collectors. In this study, a random entity mobility model (REMM) research was performed. The study was based on the models random walk (RW) and random waypoint (RWP), used in several former studies mentioned in the literature. Furthermore, the models random point (RP) and random journey (RJ) proposed by Bilgin [1] for two-dimensional (2D) space were transferred to three-dimensional (3D–cubic) to be used in the study. Study findings obtained by defining a various number of fixed nodes in areas of various sizes were analyzed using 4 different metrics. It was observed that 4 different metric values decreased for 4 REMMs when the cubic area was enlarged by increasing the edge lengths (150–200–250 pixel) of the cubic. When the cubic’s edge length is 150-200-250 pixel, respectively, connected node ratio (CNR) metric value is 98.04%–95.8%–91.34% for RP and 96.83%-83.23%-70% for RJ. Provided that the cubic area remains constant, the increases in the number of nodes generally tend to increase, although there are slight fluctuations on the results. When the cubic edge is 200 and the node numbers are 4–6–8–10, the message delay is 13.345–16.566–27.386–40.050 seconds for RW and 6.579–9.124–11.431–13.456 seconds for RWP. In the comparisons made by taking the average of the values obtained according to the size of the cubic area and the number of nodes, the RP model reached the highest values for all metrics. For example, the visited node ratio (VNR) metric average for the cubic edge 200 pixels is 98.76% for RP and 94.68%–87.38%–94.78% for RW–RWP–RJ. The VNR metric for the cubic edge 250 is 96.55%–93.7%–87.45%–51.27% for the RP–RW–RWP–RJ. Similarly, the average values obtained for other metrics prove this situation. In addition, when the results of the study are examined, it has been measured that the RP model can deliver the message to the base with less delay than other models. The average delay for the cubic edge 150 is 2.933–27.667–23.236–5.698 second for the RP–RW–RWP–RJ and 2.846–24.337–10.148-4.293 second when the edge is 200. When the average results obtained were examined, the success ranking in the delay metric was RP–RJ–RWP and RW, while the other metrics were formed as RP–RJ–RW–RWP. Considering all the obtained results, it was seen that the proposed two models achieved better results than the existing models in 3D after 2D.

In recent years, deep neural networks have been successful in both industry and academia, especially for computer vision tasks. Humans and animals learn much better when gradually presented in a meaningful order showing more concepts and complex samples rather than randomly presenting the information. The use of such training strategies in the context of artificial neural networks is called curriculum learning. In this study, a strategy was developed for curriculum learning. Using the CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 training sets, the last few layers of the pre-trained on ImageNet Xception model were trained to keep the training set knowledge in the model’s weight. Finally, a much smaller model was trained with the sample sorting methods presented using these difficulty levels. The findings obtained in this study show that the accuracy value generated when trained by the method we provided with the accuracy value trained with randomly mixed data was more than 1% for each epoch. Keywords: Curriculum learning, model distillation, deep learning, academia, neural networks.

It has become possible to collect data from geographically large areas with smart devices that are prevalently used today. Sensors that are integrated into smart devices make it possible for these devices to receive and transmit data wirelessly. The most important problem of this model that is known as mobile crowd sensing and that allows inferences on the data obtained from its users is lack of data. The main reason for this problem is the lack of sufficient usage of the sensors on devices by the user. To increase the amount of data collected, while users may be incentivized in various ways, the amount and accuracy of the collected data may be increased by developing random entity mobility models REMMs . In this study, two new models random point and random journey were proposed as alternatives to existing REMMs. In the experiment environment that was created to measure the performances of the proposed models, their performances were compared to those that are currently used prevalently random waypoint RWP , random walk RW , and random direction RD . In the experiment environment, the performances were compared in terms of three different metrics visiting rates of nodes, rates of reaching the basis, and the number of messages they carried to the basis . The greatest increase in differently sized areas and at different numbers of nodes in the RP model in terms of rates of reaching the basis was 2.6% compared to RWP, 7% compared to RW, and 46.34% compared to RD, while these values for the number of nodes that were visited were 3% compared to RWP, 1.5% compared to RW, and 17.67% compared to RD. In the same conditions in terms of the metric on the number of messages, the model collected 1465.4, 2933.46, and 7260.12 more messages than those in respectively RWP, RW, and RD. The greatest increase in differently sized areas and at different numbers of nodes in the RJ model in terms of reaching the basis was 1% compared to RWP, 3.5% compared to RW, and 25% compared to RD, while these values for the number of nodes that were visited were 0.75% compared to RWP, 2% compared to RW, and 21.4% compared to RD. In the same conditions in terms of the metric on the number of messages, the model collected 1109.56, 1534.26, and 4488.5 more messages than those in RWP, RW, and RD, respectively.

In this study, we discuss the solution to the vehicle routing problem for a heterogeneous fleet with a depot and a time window satisfied by meeting customer demands with various constraints. A 3-stage hierarchical method consisting of transportation, routing, and linear correction steps is proposed for the solution. In the first stage, customer demands have the shortest routing. They were clustered using the annealing simulation algorithm and assigned vehicles of appropriate type and equipment. In the second stage, a genetic algorithm was used to find the optimal solution that satisfies both the requirements of the transported goods and the customer requirements. In the third stage, an attempt was made to increase the optimality by linear correction of the optimal solution found in the second stage. The unique feature of the application is the variety of constraints addressed by the problem and the close proximity to real logistics practice.

Object detection applications started to take their places in our lives with the improvements in technology and artificial intelligence. In daily life, some applications such as license plate detection, optical character recognition become indispensable. In parallel with ongoing technological developments today, the technologies which soon will be a part of our daily life such as detection of suspicious situations through security cameras and autonomous cars, are improving rapidly. The studies in the object detection area are have generally focused on opaque objects. The number of studies on transparent objects is very limited. In this study, a system which is trained by the dataset that contains transparent and non-transparent glasses, is used to detect transparency of these glasses. Recently introduced capsule networks are used to develop a proposed system. To compare the obtained results, LeNet, AlexNet, and ResNet are trained and tested with the same dataset. When the result of the study is evaluated, it was seen that CapsNet got better results on classification accuracy than other deep learning methods which are used in this study. The obtained test accuracy, precision, recall, and F-score values for CapsNet are 91.58%, 91.61%, 91.58%, and 91.56%, respectively. The best obtained test accuracies for LeNet, AlexNet, and ResNet are 84.58%, 88.58%, and 87.58%, respectively. Thus, AlexNet got the second-best result on classification accuracy. While the ResNet took third place, LeNet stayed behind all of them.

Named entity recognition is a subject, inside of information retrieval which is a subdomain of natural processing. It pertains to identifying and labeling of location, person, organization, etc., inside of text content. Named entity recognition provides identifying and classifying of person, area, etc. inside of formal and informal text content and it can be used for different purposes as question answering systems and removal of the relation between events. In this work, named entity recognition is performed and one method is suggested and results are discussed for assignment to unlabeled name entities by using OpenNLP library with the help of KNIME program in the data set.

İnternetin günlük hayatımızdaki artan kullanımı ile beraber sosyal medya organlarının gelişimi de paralellik göstermektedir. Mikroblog adı verilen facebook ve twitter benzeri uygulamaları ile anlık duyguları ve düşünceleri ifade etmek son derece yaygın bir hale gelmiştir. Mikroblog sitelerinin en yaygın kullanıma sahip olanlarından birisi de Twitter uygulamasıdır. Twitter üzerinden paylaşılan mesajlar bir ürün ya da hizmet hakkında olabileceği gibi bir kişiyle ilgili bir yorumda olabilmektedir. Yapılan yorumun belirtmek istediği anlamı ve duyguyu belirleyebilmek son dönemdeki gözde konulardan biridir. Bir ürün ya da hizmet hakkında yapılan binlerce yorumun tek tek okunup anlamlandırılması ve yorumlayanların fikirlerinin sınıflandırılması geleneksel yöntemlerde oldukça zaman ve emek alan bir alandır. Gerek makine öğrenmesi ve derin öğrenme algoritmalarındaki gelişmeler gerekse de bunları işleyip yorumlayacak bilgisayar sistemlerinin gelişimine parallel olarak milyonlarca veri üzerinde duygu sınıflandırılması mümkün hale gelmiştir. Gerçekleştirdiğimiz çalışmada Türkçe ve İngilizce tivitler üzerinde duygusal sınıflandırma çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Döküman vektörleri (Doc2Vec) kullanılarak yapılan çalışmada hem DBoW ve DM gibi iki farklı döküman vektörü yönteminin çalışması hemde Yarı Danışmanlı ve Danışmanlı öğrenmenin etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları doğruluk, kesinlik, anma, özgünlük ve F-ölçütü metrikleri ile raporlanmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen çalışma sonucunda Yarı Danışmanlı öğrenme yöntemi hem Türkçe hemde İngilizce veri kümesinde Danışmanlı öğrenmeye göre daha başarılı sonuçlar elde etmiştir.

Bu çalışmada duygu analizi için oluşturulan iki farklı veri kümesi, kelime vektörü algoritması olan Word2Vec ile modellenmiştir. Model oluşturulurken Word2Vec’in iki farklı yöntemi olan CBoW (Continous Bag of Words) ve Skip-Gram kullanılmıştır. Word2Vec ile bir metnin modelini oluşturmak için genellikle Ortalama yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada hem CBoW hem de Skip-Gram yöntemleriyle bir metni modellemek için üç farklı yöntem önerilmiştir. Model oluşturma (eğitim zamanı) süreleri her ikisi içinde ölçülmüştür. Sonuç olarak modelleme süresi açısından CBoW’un Skip-Gram’dan daha başarılı olduğu deneysel olarak gösterilmiştir.

Bu çalışma, yazarı bilinmeyen bir dokümanının yazarını tahmin etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunun için 6 farklı köşe yazarına ait 6 köşe yazısı öncelikle ön-işlem aşamasına sokulmuştur. Ardından bu metinler üzerinden n-gram (2-3) ile özellikler çıkarılmıştır. Çıkarılan özellikler üzerinden sistem 6 farklı makine öğrenmesi üzerinde çapraz geçerleme (10) ile test edilmiştir. Buraya kadar olan kısım literatürde şimdiye kadar uygulanmış olan yöntemdir. Bizim önerimiz ön işlem aşamasının ardından eldeki metinleri LZW algoritması ile kayıpsız sıkıştırarak özellik sayısını azaltmak ve bunun sistemin başarısı üzerindeki etkileri araştırmak üzerinedir. Ön-işlemden geçmiş olan metinler LZW algoritması ile binary (ikili) ve decimal (onlu) olarak sıkıştırılır. Sıkıştırmanın ardından n-gram (2-3) ile çıkarılan özellikler ile sistem 6 farklı makine öğrenmesi yönteminde test edilmiş ve çalışma sonuçları 5 farklı metrik için incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda ikili olarak sıkıştırılmış metinler hem 2-gram hem de 3-gramda, 6 farklı makine öğrenmesi algoritmasında da daha iyi sonuçlar elde etmiştir. Random Tree ve Naïve bayes algoritmasında onlu sıkıştırma, ham verinin gerisinde kalsa da diğer 4 algoritmada daha iyi elde sonuçlar elde etmiş ama ortalama başarı değerlerinde geride kalmıştır. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda ikili sıkıştırma tüm metriklerinde diğer iki yönteme göre daha başarılıdır. Yapılan çalışmada yazar tanıma işlemi yapılmış olsa da önerilen bu yöntemin tüm metin sınıflandırma işlemlerinde kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Dependency Parsing (DP) is the existence of sub-term/upper-term relations between the words that make up that sentence for each sentence in the text. DP serves to produce meaningful information for high-level applications. Correct labeling of the text corpus used in DP studies is very important. There will be mistakes in the results of the studies that will be performed with the wrongly-labeled text corpus. If text corpus is labeled manually or automatically by human beings, then faulty cases will occur. As a result of the cases that may arise from human factors or annotations used for labeling, faulty labels will be on treebanks. In order to prevent these errors, detection, and correction of possible faulty labeling is very important in terms of increasing the accuracy of the studies to be carried out. Manual correction of possible faulty labels requires great effort and time. The purpose of this study is to create a model that automatically finds possible faulty labels and offers new label suggestions for faulty labels. With the help of the proposed model, it is aimed to detect and correct possible faulty labels that are included in a text corpus, and to increase consistency among the text corpus of the same language. With the help of the developed model, suggesting new labels for faulty labels by a language expert will be a great convenient for the specialist. Another advantage of the model is that the developed model provides a language-independent structure. It has succeeded in obtaining successful results in finding and correcting potentially faulty labels in experimental studies for Turkish. An increase in accuracy has been detected in studies carried out for languages other than Turkish. In investigating the accuracy of the results obtained by the system, the results were analyzed with the help of 10 different language experts.

The development of information and communication technologies (ICT) has led to many innovative technologies. The integration of technologies such as the internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, and machine learning concepts have given rise to Industry 4.0. Fog and edge computing have stepped in to fill the areas where cloud computing is inadequate to ensure these systems work quickly and efficiently. The number of connected devices has brought about cybersecurity issues. This study reviewed the current literature regarding edge/fog-based cybersecurity in IoT to display the current state.

In this study, the problem of vehicle routing, which arises from supplying a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles with different capacities and features, is discussed. First, a two-level method has been developed to address the transport-carrying assignment and then the route approach. In the first stage of the proposed method, the transported persons are matched with the transported vehicles considering their suitability. In the second stage, the routing process is completed by using the simulated annealing algorithm, which is a metaheuristic method. The novelty aspect of this study is the creation of a solution model by simulating the scheduling model of parallel machines. The implementation of the study was carried out on the distribution plans obtained from a large-scale logistics company performing cost analysis over the total distance. The proposed solution model is compared with the solution method used by the firm and it is concluded that the total distance and the resulting costs are reduced.

Technology allows individuals and enterprises to share and disseminate their personal financial, legal, and reputational data via various tools. Such usage may cause loss of control over personal data. The protection of personal data is an indispensable obligation of companies. Eventually, Laws on Protection of Personal Data were enacted by parliament in Europe, such as firstly European Union (EU) Directive 95/46/EC and later General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Turkey also adopted a Personal Data Protection Law that was based on EU Directive 95/46/EC on 7 April 2016 as part of its efforts to complement its legislations with the EU. The Turkish Data Protection Law (TDPL) has been leaning more toward the GDPR. European Enterprises and their international business partners should comply with GDPR. In GDPR compliance, Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) plays an important role. In this literature survey study, the compliance process for TPDL is summarized. Then, how PIA can be utilized as a facilitator for business endeavors for GDPR bound companies is emphasized., Teknoloji, bireylerin ve işletmelerin kişisel finansal, yasal ve itibar verilerini çeşitli araçlarla paylaşmalarını ve yaymalarını sağlar. Bu kullanım kişisel veriler üzerinde kontrol kaybına neden olabilir. Kişisel verilerin korunması, şirketlerin kaçınılmaz bir yükümlülüğüdür. Sonunda, Kişisel Verilerin Korunması Hakkında Kanunlar, Avrupa Parlamentosu tarafından ilk önce 95/46 / EC sayılı AB Direktifi ve daha sonra Genel Veri Koruma Yönetmeliği (GDPR) adları altında kabul edildi. Türkiye, mevzuatını Avrupa Birliği ile tamamlama çabalarının bir parçası olarak, 7 Nisan 2016 tarihinde, 95/46 / EC sayılı AB Direktifine dayanan bir Kişisel Veri Koruma Yasasını da kabul etmiştir. Türkiye Veri Koruma Kanunu (KVKK), zaman içinde GDPR’a daha fazla yönelmiştir. Avrupalı İşletmeleri ve onların uluslararası iş ortakları da GDPR’a uymalıdır. GDPR’a uygunluk surecinde, Gizlilik Etki Değerlendirmesi (PIA) önemli bir rol oynar. Bu literatür çalışmasında KVKK için uygunluk süreci özetlenmiştir. Daha sonra ise, PIA’nin GDPR’a bağlı şirketler için ticari çalışmalar açısından ne şekillerde kolaylaştırıcı olabileceği vurgulanmaktadır.

In today’s world, digital transformation enhancement in IT sector becomes crucial for efficient solutions in organizations. Institutions in public sector try to enrich its process solutions with additional products and services. On the other hand, especially in developing countries, there is a high tendency to obtain products with domestic resources in order to reduce financial expenses. Besides, it may be crucial for public and military institutions to develop IT products with domestic resources in order to preserve data security and privacy. Thus, there is a need to develop a reliable scale to measure nationality and domesticity of products. This study attempts to construct a methodology for determining country of origin of IT products. Suggested methodology was verified by interviews with experts in subject area.

Sign language is an argument that has vital importance in the life of hard of hearing people for communication with others. With sign language, a person with disabilities can convey his/her opinions and thoughts by using gestures and mimics to another person. Today, understanding and using sign language of people without disabilities along with the people with disabilities is really important to socialize them. With the development of technology, software tools become usable for identification of sign language and various software products are produced.In this study, recognition of sign language characters via a system, which was trained using images of letters in American sign language, is aimed. Capsule networks, which is proposed in the recent period, are used for training and test processes and compared with LeNet which is one of the first successful and currently using a model of deep learning. As a result of the study, it has been seen that capsule networks are useful for sign language character recognition and produced more successful results than LeNet.

In today’s world, information security is a trending as well as a crucial topic for both individuals and organizations. Experts believe that nothing can guarantee any system’s security unless humans’ information security behavior is taken under consideration. Opening an e-mail attachment without checking its source, sharing account information with other people and browsing websites without checking its reliability can be considered as common mistakes in information security behavior. This study examines the factors affecting information security behavior by scrutinising its relationship with different variables which are information knowledge sharing, information security organization policy, the intention of attending information security training and self-efficacy. The present study extensively analyses the data collected from a survey of 630 people ranging from students to managers aged between 15 to 79 in order to generalize the Turkish context. The results of reliability measures and confirmatory factor analysis support the scale of the study. The present study’s findings show that there is a positive relationship between the factors mentioned above and information security behavior.

One of the main goals of computerized linguistic studies is automatically finding the elements of a sentence. Separation of sentences with too many judgements into their elements is a more complicated process when compared with simple sentences. In this study, instead of separating the whole sentence into its elements, the separation of sub clauses into their own elements is suggested. This approach can be considered as dividing a hard problem into sub parts; and this had higher rate of achievement when compared with dividing the whole sentence into its elements. Condition Random Fields (CRF) algorithm was used for dividing the sentences automatically into subclauses and finding its elements.

In this paper, a novel translinear loop based, high performance Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) second-generation differential current conveyor (DCCII) is introduced. By using super source follower transistors, very low equivalent impedances are obtained at input terminals xn and xp. In addition, new voltage-mode (VM) and current-mode (CM) first-order all-pass filters (APFs) are proposed to highlight the performance of the designed CMOS DCCII. The designed CMOS implementation is simulated with HSpice using AMS 0.35 μm real process parameters. It consumes only 1.3 mW power with using ±1.25 V power supply voltages. The simulation results of the proposed CMOS DCII circuit and the experimental results for designed VM APF are in very good agreement with the theoretical ones.

Twitter is one of the most popular microblog sites developed in recent years. Feelings are analysed on the messages shared on Twitter so that users ideas on the products and companies can be determined. Sentiment analysis helps companies to improve their products and services based on the feedback obtained from the users through Twitter. In this study, it was aimed to perform sentiment analysis on Turkish and English Twitter messages using Doc2Vec. The Doc2Vec algorithm was run on Positive, Negative and Neutral tagged data using the Semi-Supervised learning method and the results were recorded.

Sekans etiketleme bir giris dizisine karsilik bir cikis dizisinin uretimidir. Giris ve cikis dizisinin iceriklerine gore dogal dil islemenin bircok konusu (varlik isim tanima, makine cevirisi, morfolojik analiz, cumleleri ogelerine ayirma vb.) sekans etiketleme olarak tanimlanabilir. Baglilik ayristirmasi, bir cumle icerisindeki sozcukler arasindaki iliskilerin ve iliski turlerinin belirlenmesidir ve bir cumlenin anlamsal analizinin yapilabilmesi icin sarttir. Baglilik ayristirmasi sekans etiketleme problemi olarak tanimlandiginda iki cikis dizisinin (iliski turu, iliskili kelime) birden uretilmesi gerekmektedir. Bizim onerimiz, ozellikle Sekans etiketleme problemlerinin cozumunde siklikla kullanilan Sartli Rastgele Alanlarin baglilik ayristirmasi problemi icinde kullanilabilir oldugudur. Ancak Sartli Rastgele Alanlar tek cikis ureten bir yontemdir. Bu zorlugu asabilmek icin iki cikisli (Baglilik Turu ve Baglanilan Kelime) bir problem olan Baglilik Ayristirmasi iki parcaya bolunerek cozulmustur. Ardindan elde edilen sonuclar birlestirilerek sistemin ciktisi olarak verilmistir. Gerceklestirilen bu calisma ile Turkce icin en yuksek baglilik ayristirmasi sonuclarina ulasilmistir.

AIM: Our aims were to assess the phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in eastern Mediterranean water frogs and to estimate divergence times using different geological scenarios. We related divergence times to past geological events and discuss the relevance of our data for the systematics of eastern Mediterranean water frogs. LOCATION: The eastern Mediterranean region. METHODS: Genetic diversity and divergence were calculated using sequences of two protein-coding mitochondrial (mt) genes: ND2 (1038 bp, 119 sequences) and ND3 (340 bp, 612 sequences). Divergence times were estimated in a Bayesian framework under four geological scenarios representing alternative possible geological histories for the eastern Mediterranean. We then compared the different scenarios using Bayes factors and additional geological data. RESULTS: Extensive genetic diversity in mtDNA divides eastern Mediterranean water frogs into six main haplogroups (MHG). Three MHGs were identified on the Anatolian mainland; the most widespread MHG with the highest diversity is distributed from western Anatolia to the northern shore of the Caspian Sea, including the type locality of Pelophylax ridibundus. The other two Anatolian MHGs are restricted to south-eastern Turkey, occupying localities west and east of the Amanos mountain range. One of the remaining three MHGs is restricted to Cyprus; a second to the Levant; the third was found in the distribution area of European lake frogs (P. ridibundus group), including the Balkans. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Based on geological evidence and estimates of genetic divergence we hypothesize that the water frogs of Cyprus have been isolated from the Anatolian mainland populations since the end of the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC), i.e. since c. 5.5-5.3 Ma, while our divergence time estimates indicate that the isolation of Crete from the mainland populations (Peloponnese, Anatolia) most likely pre-dates the MSC. The observed rates of divergence imply a time window of c. 1.6-1.1 million years for diversification of the largest Anatolian MHG; divergence between the two other Anatolian MHGs may have begun about 3.0 Ma, apparently as a result of uplift of the Amanos Mountains. Our mtDNA data suggest that the Anatolian water frogs and frogs from Cyprus represent several undescribed species.

In this study, on artificial data sets, it was compared condition random fields(CRF) and classical machine learning(CML) types. First part of this study, the performances of CRF and CML types were measured on artificial data sets. As the result of studies, CML types, except Naive Bayes, performanced higher than CRF. The success of NR and CRF is high when the outputs consist of one distribution, in other case it stays low. Besides in this study, it was evaluated the effect of education set size on success. The second study was made to test this situation.

Annotation of the genome sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana has identified a diverse array of 245 full-length cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) genes whose known functions span the synthetic gamut from critical structural components (phenylpropanoids, fatty acids, sterols) to signaling molecules (oxylipins, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, gibberellic acid) and defense compounds (alkaloids, terpenes, coumarins). Numerous others in this collection mediate functions that are now being addressed using microarray and oligoarray technologies, molecular modeling, heterologous expression and insertional mutageneses. Profilings of their constitutive and inducible transcript levels have begun to cluster P450s that are likely to mediate tissue-specific and stress-specific monooxygenations. With proper appreciation of the high identities that exist among some of the most recently duplicated P450 sequences, these studies have begun to differentiate P450s with early response functions leading to production of stress signaling molecules and late response functions leading to the synthesis of protective compounds. Further functional analyses of these P450 sequences with perspectives on their response profiles rely on a variety of theoretical modeling and experimental approaches that can ultimately be tied to the transcriptional profiles and genetic mutants. This review surveys historical and evolutionary aspects of P450 studies, expression variations among Arabidopsis P450 loci, catalytic site regions critical for substrate recognition and, finally, genetic mutations/disruptions that can ultimately tie biochemical reactions to physiological functions in a manner not yet possible in most other organisms.

▪ Abstract Fueled by ever-growing DNA sequence information, proteomics-the large scale analysis of proteins-has become one of the most important disciplines for characterizing gene function, for building functional linkages between protein molecules, and for providing insight into the mechanisms of biological processes in a high-throughput mode. It is now possible to examine the expression of more than 1000 proteins using mass spectrometry technology coupled with various separation methods. High-throughput yeast two-hybrid approaches and analysis of protein complexes using affinity tag purification have yielded valuable protein-protein interaction maps. Large-scale protein tagging and subcellular localization projects have provided considerable information about protein function. Finally, recent developments in protein microarray technology provide a versatile tool to study protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, protein-lipid, enzyme-substrate, and protein-drug interactions. Other types of microarrays, though not fully developed, also show great potential in diagnostics, protein profiling, and drug identification and validation. This review discusses high-throughput technologies for proteome analysis and their applications. Also discussed are the approaches used for the integrated analysis of the voluminous sets of data generated by proteome analysis conducted on a global scale.

To facilitate studies of the yeast proteome, we cloned 5800 open reading frames and overexpressed and purified their corresponding proteins. The proteins were printed onto slides at high spatial density to form a yeast proteome microarray and screened for their ability to interact with proteins and phospholipids. We identified many new calmodulin- and phospholipid-interacting proteins; a common potential binding motif was identified for many of the calmodulin-binding proteins. Thus, microarrays of an entire eukaryotic proteome can be prepared and screened for diverse biochemical activities. The microarrays can also be used to screen protein-drug interactions and to detect posttranslational modifications.

We have studied the activity of a wheat histone H4 promoter in transgenic maize plants produced by direct DNA uptake into embryogenic cell suspension protoplasts. Expression patterns revealed by fluorimetric as well as histochemical GUS reporter enzyme assays and Northern hybridisation indicated the cell division-dependent expression of the GUS gene driven by the histone H4 promoter in proliferating cells and meristems. Changes in gene expression associated with the progression through the cell cycle in maize cell-suspension cultures were also investigated after partial synchronisation of cell division by aphidicolin or hydroxyurea. The transgene expression regulated by the wheat histone H4 promoter coincided with elevated levels of mRNAs from other S phase-associated genes such as maize histone H4, histone H2B and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The reporter gene expression was low during mitosis when accumulation of the transcripts of a B-type mitotic cyclin CycB1;zm;1 could be detected. The presented data indicate that the used 720-bp-long promoter region can provide replication-dependent expression for the GUS reporter gene in transgenic maize. In these maize plants, external hormone stimuli generated by a synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) or abscisic acid (ABA) have modified the histone H4 promoter-driven GUS gene transcription. These findings support the usefulness of the H4::GUS transgenic plants for further studies on cell cycle activation/inactivation by mitogenic or stress related stimuli in maize.

The replication of the geminiviruses depends on the viral encoded early (complementary-sense) proteins and on host genome encoded factors. Additionally, some of the early proteins (the AL2 protein of subgroup III, and the RepA (formerly known as C1) or Rep (C1:C2) proteins of subgroup I geminiviruses) can function as transcriptional activators of virion- (V-)sense gene expression. The yeast two-hybrid system has allowed us to predict some of the functionally important regions of the maize streak virus (MSV) early proteins RepA and Rep. Defined domains of these proteins were shown to act as transactivators in yeast cells. We detected the association of the RepA and Rep proteins, and their subfragments, with the maize retinoblastoma protein (ZmRb1) which is likely to be one of the interacting host proteins. We showed the self-association capability of the MSV proteins and suggest that homo- or hetero-oligomerization may play an important role in virus replication. These results provide new insights into the role of different regions of the MSV proteins in relation to transcriptional activation and regulation of viral DNA replication.

The eukaryotic cell division cycle is coordinated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), represented by a single major serine/threonine kinase in yeasts (Cdc2/CDC28) and a family of kinases (CDK1 to CDK8) in human cells. Previously, two cdc2 homologs, cdc2MsA and cdc2MsB, have been identified in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). By isolating cDNAs using a cdc2MsA probe, we demonstrate here that at least four additional cdc2 homologous genes are expressed in the tetraploid alfalfa. Proteins encoded by the new cdc2MsC to cdc2MsF cDNAs share the characteristic functional domains of CDKs with the conserved and plant-specific sequence elements. Transcripts from cdc2MsA, cdc2MsB, cdc2MsC, and cdc2MsE genes are synthesized throughout the cell cycle, whereas the amounts of cdc2MsD and cdc2MsF mRNAs peak during G2-to-M phases. The translation of Cdc2MsA/B, Cdc2MsD, and Cdc2MsF proteins follows the pattern of transcript accumulation. The multiplicity of kinase complexes with cell cycle phase-dependent activities was revealed by in vitro phosphorylation experiments. Proteins bound to p13suc1-Sepharose or immunoprecipitated with Cdc2MsA/B antibodies from cells at G1-to-S and G2-to-M phase boundaries showed elevated kinase activities. the Cdc2MsF antibodies separated a G2-to-M phase-related kinase complex. Detection of histone H1 phosphorylation activities in fractions immunoprecipitated with antimitotic cyclin (CyclinMs2) antibodies from G2-to-M phase cells indicates the complex formation between this cyclin and a kinase partner in alfalfa. The observed fluctuation of transcript levels, amounts, and activities of kinases in different cell cycle phases reflects a multilevel regulatory system during cell cycle progression in plants.

AIM: Our aims were to assess the phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity in eastern Mediterranean water frogs and to estimate divergence times using different geological scenarios. We related divergence times to past geological events and discuss the relevance of our data for the systematics of eastern Mediterranean water frogs. LOCATION: The eastern Mediterranean region. METHODS: Genetic diversity and divergence were calculated using sequences of two protein-coding mitochondrial (mt) genes: ND2 (1038 bp, 119 sequences) and ND3 (340 bp, 612 sequences). Divergence times were estimated in a Bayesian framework under four geological scenarios representing alternative possible geological histories for the eastern Mediterranean. We then compared the different scenarios using Bayes factors and additional geological data. RESULTS: Extensive genetic diversity in mtDNA divides eastern Mediterranean water frogs into six main haplogroups (MHG). Three MHGs were identified on the Anatolian mainland; the most widespread MHG with the highest diversity is distributed from western Anatolia to the northern shore of the Caspian Sea, including the type locality of Pelophylax ridibundus. The other two Anatolian MHGs are restricted to south-eastern Turkey, occupying localities west and east of the Amanos mountain range. One of the remaining three MHGs is restricted to Cyprus; a second to the Levant; the third was found in the distribution area of European lake frogs (P. ridibundus group), including the Balkans. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Based on geological evidence and estimates of genetic divergence we hypothesize that the water frogs of Cyprus have been isolated from the Anatolian mainland populations since the end of the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC), i.e. since c. 5.5-5.3 Ma, while our divergence time estimates indicate that the isolation of Crete from the mainland populations (Peloponnese, Anatolia) most likely pre-dates the MSC. The observed rates of divergence imply a time window of c. 1.6-1.1 million years for diversification of the largest Anatolian MHG; divergence between the two other Anatolian MHGs may have begun about 3.0 Ma, apparently as a result of uplift of the Amanos Mountains. Our mtDNA data suggest that the Anatolian water frogs and frogs from Cyprus represent several undescribed species.

A species-specific repetitive DNA fragment has been isolated from a genomic library of Solanum brevidens. Sequence analysis revealed a regular organization of three non-homologous subrepeats forming tandemly-arranged composite repetitive units. Interpretation of Southern hybridization patterns based on the known sequence data suggests that the isolated sequence element represents an abundant organization type, although the presence of simple tandem arrays of the subrepeats is also indicated. Seventy-four percent sequence similarity was found between one of the S. brevidens subrepeats (Sb4AX) and a satellite DNA (TGRI) localized as a subtelomeric repeat on almost all Lycopersicon esculentum chromosomes. Insitu hybridization indicated that, similarly to TGRI, the S. brevidens-specific repeats are located at the ends of the arms of several chromosomes. On the basis of the data obtained, a common ancestral sequence can be proposed for the tomato (TGRI) and the S. brevidens (Sb4AX) repeat however, the molecular organization of this element in these two species evolved in a basically different manner.

Background During the life cycle of plants, both embryogenic and post-embryogenic growth are essentially based on cell division and cell expansion that are under the control of inherited developmental programmes modified by hormonal and environmental stimuli. Considering either stimulation or inhibition of plant growth, the key role of plant hormones in the modification of cell division activities or in the initiation of differentiation is well supported by experimental data. At the same time there is only limited insight into the molecular events that provide linkage between the regulation of cell-cycle progression and hormonal and developmental control. Studies indicate that there are several alternative ways by which hormonal signalling networks can influence cell division parameters and establish functional links between regulatory pathways of cell-cycle progression and genes and protein complexes involved in organ development. Scope An overview is given here of key components in plant cell division control as acceptors of hormonal and developmental signals during organ formation and growth. Selected examples are presented to highlight the potential role of Ca(2+)-signalling, the complex actions of auxin and cytokinins, regulation by transcription factors and alteration of retinoblastoma-related proteins by phosphorylation. Conclusions Auxins and abscisic acid can directly influence expression of cyclin, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) genes and activities of CDK complexes. D-type cyclins are primary targets for cytokinins and over-expression of CyclinD3;1 can enhance auxin responses in roots. A set of auxin-activated genes (AXR1-ARGOS-ANT) controls cell number and organ size through modification of CyclinD3;1 gene expression. The SHORT ROOT (SHR) and SCARECROW (SCR) transcriptional factors determine root patterning by activation of the CYCD6;1 gene. Over-expression of the EBP1 gene (plant homologue of the ErbB-3 epidermal growth factor receptor-binding protein) increased biomass by auxin-dependent activation of both D- and B-type cyclins. The direct involvement of auxin-binding protein (ABP1) in the entry into the cell cycle and the regulation of leaf size and morphology is based on the transcriptional control of D-cyclins and retinoblastoma-related protein (RBR) interacting with inhibitory E2FC transcriptional factor. The central role of RBRs in cell-cycle progression is well documented by a variety of experimental approaches. Their function is phosphorylation-dependent and both RBR and phospho-RBR proteins are present in interphase and mitotic phase cells. Immunolocalization studies showed the presence of phospho-RBR protein in spots of interphase nuclei or granules in mitotic prophase cells. The Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation events can be accomplished by the calcium-dependent, calmodulin-independent or calmodulin-like domain protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs) phosphorylating the CDK inhibitor protein (KRP). Dephosphorylation of the phospho-RBR protein by PP2A phosphatase is regulated by a Ca(2+)-binding subunit.

The genomes of a wide variety of organisms have now been sequenced; a major challenge ahead is to understand the function, regulation and modification of the many encoded gene products. We have been carrying out proteomics approaches to the identification and analysis of signalling pathways in yeast. 121 of 122 protein kinases were cloned and purifed from yeast as GST fusions and analyzed for their ability to phosphorylate 60 different yeast substrates. More than 93% of the kinases exhibited activities that are 5 fold or higher, relative to controls, including 18 of 24 previously uncharacterized kinases. Many protein kinases had novel activities; for example 27 yeast kinases were found to phosphorylate Tyr. In addition, we have now cloned 6000 open reading frames and overexpressed their corresponding proteins. The proteins were printed onto slides at high spatial density to form a yeast proteome microarray and screened for their ability to interact with a variety of different proteins, nucleic acids and phospholipids. As examples, we have probed yeast proteome chips with calmodulin and six different phospholipids. These studies revealed many new calmodulin and phospholipid-interacting proteins; a common potential binding motif was identified for many of the calmodulin-binding proteins. Thus, microarrays of an entire eukaryotic proteome can be prepared and screened for diverse biochemical activities. They can also be used to screen protein-drug interactions and to detect posttranslational modifications.

The recent methodology of introducing foreign genes into the genome of monocot cereal plants, including maize, is based on a variety of experimental approaches. Several laboratories have demonstrated the potentials in the use of microprojectile bombardment to transform embryogenic maize tissue cultures (Fromm et al. 1990; Gordon-Kamm et al. 1990; Walters et al. 1992). Furthermore, the production of transgenic maize plants expressing agronomically significant traits was also achieved by this method (Koziel et al. 1993). Regeneration of fertile transgenic maize plants was recently reported by D’Halluin et al. (1992) too, who electroporated plasmid molecules into wounded tissues of immature zygotic embryos or of embryogenic callus cultures. Both of these methods are proposed to be widely applicable for transformation of different breeding stocks. However, the regeneration capability was shown to be genotype-dependent by several tissue culture studies (Tomes and Smith 1985; Lupotto 1986; Petersen et al. 1992).

Akıllı telefonların ve mobil uygulamaların ortaya çıkışından beri özel hayatın gizliliği ile ilgili kaygılar hızla artmaktadır. Günümüzde, bir milyardan fazla insan akıllı telefon kullanmaktadır. Günlük bazda milyonlarca farklı uygulama yüklenmekte ve kullanılmaktadır. Teknik mimarilerinden dolayı, bu uygulamalar işletim sistemindeki farklı kaynakları kullanmak zorundadır. Bu işletim sistemi; Android, IOS, Windows, ya da herhangi bir mobil işletim sisteminden hangisi olursa olsun; uygulamalar telefondaki verilere erişmek için ekstra izin almaya ihtiyaç duyabilir. Hatta çoğunlukla da pazarlama amaçlı kişisel veri toplamak için gereğinden fazla erişim hakkı isteyebilirler. Bu çalışmada Google Play Store'daki Android uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Uygulamada istenen izinler, yüklenme sayısı, incelemeler ve farklı birçok detay gibi parametreleri içeren 5.000'den fazla uygulama hakkındaki detayları toplamak için Python veri kazıma kodu kullanılmıştır. Daha sonrasında veriler SPSS ve AMOS'ta analiz edilmiştir. Analizler; temel göstergelerden tek yönlü varyans analizine, çoklu regresyon ve korelasyona kadar farklılaşmaktadır. Ayrıca, verilerin dağılımını göstermek için analizlere ek olarak grafiklerden de yararlanılmıştır. Veri analizleri, hipotezleri yüksek anlamlılıkla ispatlamış ve çok yararlı olmuştur. Sonuçlar, bir uygulamanın gerektirdiği izin sayısı ile inceleme sayısı, uygulama yüklenme sayısı ve inceleme skoru gibi farklı değişkenlerle ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Privacy Concerns on Mobile Applications Vis-À-Vis the Number of Permissions Requested by Android AppsSince the introduction of smartphones and applications, privacy concerns have been rapidly rising. Today, over one billion people use smartphones with millions of apps. These apps may request different permissions from users. Whether it's Android, IOS, Windows, or any other mobile operating system, apps may mostly request permissions more than necessary. In this study, Android apps from Google Play Store are examined. Python scraping code was used to collect details for over 5,000 apps including different parameters such as permissions requested and number of installs. The data was then analyzed using SPSS, AMOS, and Power BI. The analyses made varied from simple descriptive, to one-way ANOVA, multiple regression, and correlation. Also, graphs were constructed. Data analysis was fruitful and different hypothesis were significantly. The results showed that number of permissions requested is correlated with several other variables such as number of reviews, number of installs, and review score. Also, ANOVA tests showed that different developers and categories can possess statistically different number of permissions requested. The study has several limitations such as the IP address of the computer used in Turkey. Turkish apps were suggested. Also, the number of apps collected was 5,264 which relative to total number of apps on the store might be considered as small and non-representative. 69

Bilişim sektöründe yapılan dijital dönüşüm geliştirmeleri, organizasyonlar için daha verimli çözüm bulabilmeleri açısından her geçen gün daha önemli hale gelmektedir. Kamu sektörü kuruluşları, süreçleri ek ürün ve servislerle zenginleştirip çözüme kavuşturmaya çalışmaktadır. Bunun yanında, özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkeler masraflarını azaltmak için ürün satın alımında yerli kaynaklara yönelmeye büyük önem vermektedir. Özellikle kamu sektörü ve askeri kuruluşlarda bilgi teknolojileri ürünlerinin ve teknoloji altyapısının yerli kaynaklarla geliştirilmesi veri güvenliği ve gizliliği açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Son zamanlarda yaşanan gelişmeler, Google'ın güvenliği sebep göstererek Android ürünlerinin Huawei telefonlarında kullanılmasını yasaklaması ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin veri gizliğinin korunmasını gerekçe göstererek F-35 jetlerinin Türkiye'ye satışını geri çekmesi, yerli üretimin önemi konusunda bir ipucu vermektedir. Bu yüzden yerli üretimin artırılabilmesi için ürünlerin yerliliğini ölçen güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma özellikle bilgi teknoloji ürünleri için menşei ülkesini belirlemek adına bir metodoloji geliştirmeye odaklanmıştır. Önerilen metodoloji aynı zamanda uzman kişilerle yapılan görüşmeler sonucu tasdik edilmiştir. Digital transformation enhancement in IT sector is getting crucial for efficient solutions in organizations. Institutions in public sector try to enrich its process solutions with additional products and services. On the other hand, in order to reduce financial expenses, especially developing countries give high emphasis on obtaining products with domestic resources. In addition to that, it becomes crucial for public and military institutions to develop IT products and technology infrastructure with domestic resources in order to preserve data security and privacy. The recent actions from Google company to ban Android products for Huawei smartphone producer for security reasons and United States withdraw for F-35 fighter jets sales to Turkey for strategic data privacy reasons give clue about the importance of domestic production. Thus, there is a need to develop a reliable scale to measure domesticity of products. This study attempts to construct a methodology for determining country of origin of IT products. Suggested methodology was verified by interviews with experts in subject area. 93

Hem akademik araştırmalarda hem de sektör uygulamalarında bilgi ve bilgi sistemlerini, gelişmiş güvenlik tehditlerine karşı daha efektif ve sofistike yöntemler ile korumanın yollarını bulmak asıl hedeftir. Teknoloji ve yasalar, koruyucu yöntemler için daha akıllı, kullanışlı ve dirençli bir zemine sahip olmak adına geliştirilmektedir. Ayrıca araştırmacılar güvenliğin insan unsurunu, kişilerin davranış ve güvenlik farkındalık düzeylerini ölçmek ve değiştirebilmek için incelemektedirler. Bu eforun arkasındaki sebep, günümüzde ve yakın gelecekte daha çok dijitalleşmiş ortamlara sahip olmamızdır. Bu çalışmada, çalışanların daha fazla dijitalleşmiş bir ortamda bilgi güvenliğinin bir parçası olmaya ne kadar hazır olduklarının görülmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bilgi güvenliği aşinalığının, güvenlik olay farkındalığı üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmış, ardından güvenlik olay farkındalığının güvenlik davranışlarını nasıl etkilediği analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, uzmanlık alanlarında herhangi bir ayrım yapılmaksızın tüm çalışanların davranışlarının ve bilgi güvenliği eğitim programlarının iyileştirilmesine yardımcı olabilir. Amaca istinaden, detaylı bir literatür taraması çalışması yürütülmüş, araştırma modeli geliştirilmiştir. Anket birincil veri kaynağı olarak kullanılmıştır. Anket için soru geliştirmek üzere, literatür taraması dışında bilgi güvenliği uzmanlarının görüşlerine başvurulmuştur. Çevrimiçi anket Türkiye'de bulunan şirketlerde çalışan kişiler üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Alınan toplam 315 yanıt, bu çalışmada önerilen beş adet hipotezin test edilmesi için kullanılmıştır. Finding more sophisticated and effective solutions to protect data and information systems against advanced security threat is essential in both theory and practice. Technologies and laws are evolved to have more useful, robust and smarter protection methods. Also, researchers investigate human element of information security to measure people's behavior and security awareness level. In this study, whether employees are capable to be a part of information security protection in their companies is investigated. Firstly, effect of information security familiarity on security incident awareness is discussed, then how security incident awareness affects security behavior is attempted to analyze. Implications of this study can help to improve employees' behavior without any distinction between professions as well as information security awareness education and training programs. For this purpose, detailed literature review has been conducted and research model has been developed. Primary data source of this study is a survey. In order to develop questions for the survey, security experts' opinion has been consulted besides literature studies. An online survey has been conducted on employees who work in companies located in Turkey. Totally 315 responses have been used to conduct analyses which have been applied to test five hypotheses proposed in this study. 163

Gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki artan operasyonal giderler nedeniyle bilgi teknolojileri (BT) firmaları operasyonel mükemmeliyet konusuna odaklanmaktadır. Operasyonun temel kısımlarından biri olan yedek parça envanter kontrol politikasının doğru belirlenmesi, maliyet ve servis kalitesi açısından büyük fayda sağlamaktadır. Bu tez çalışması kapsamında BT yedek parça envanter yönetimi konulu bir karar destek sistemi (KDS) geliştirilmiştir. Bu KDS aynı tip yedek parça kullanan BT cihazları için ileriki dönemde beklenen ortalama arızaları tahmin eden bir model içermektedir. Bu modele göre toplam ortalama yedek parça talebi belirlenmektedir. Poission dağılımına göre rastgele arızalar üretildikten sonra, bu arızaların giderilmesi için en düşük maliyetli enventer yönetim senaryosu belirlenmektedir. KDS, envanter depolama maliyeti, parça sipariş maliyeti ve ceza maliyeti içeren bir simulasyon ortamı içermektedir ve yaygın kullanılan (Q, r) ve (S, s) envanter politikalarını desteklemektedir. Ayrıca kullanım kolaylığı için grafik arayüz oluşturulmuştur. Bu arayüz üzerinde gerçek bir örnek test edilmiş, maliyet ve performans çıktıları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda mevcut envanter polikası iyileştirilmiş ve operasyonal verimlilik artışı sağlanmıştır. Ayrıca, başlangıç koşullarının toplam maliyete etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu tez çalışması kapsamında geliştirilen KDS, etkili, verimli ve uyumlu bir karar verme ortamı sunmaktadır. Rising operational costs have become a major issue in developing countries, causing many leading information technology (IT) companies to focus on inventory optimization. This thesis research concentrates on inventory policy optimization and decision making process. We develop a decision support system (DSS) that provides an optimal control of IT spare part inventory to minimize the total cost. The system supports a continuous review (Q, r) inventory policy and a periodic review (S, s) inventory policy options for managing the spare parts inventory. The DSS includes a forecast model to estimate the failure rates of different device types purchased in different time periods. It is also enhanced by a simulation environment which evaluates different inventory management scenarios and choses the optimum one. Next, the DSS is applied to a real system and optimum inventory management scenario is determined according to the cost and service performances. Experimental design analysis is performed to measure the sensitivity of optimal total cost with respect to input parameters such as inventory holding cost, part order cost and penalties. The DSS provides an efficient, effective and flexible decision making environment for the optimal control of IT spare parts. 68

Bulut bilişim, paylaşılan kaynak havuzuna elverişli, isteğe bağlı olarak ve kullandığın-kadar-öde sistemi ile erişime olanak veren bir bilgisayar teknolojisidir.Son dönemde, bulut bilişim farklı sektörlerde yer alan şirketler tarafından dikkat çekmektedir. Bulut bilişim geliştikçe, şirketler arasındaki rekabette önemli bir rol almaktadır ve kurum içi sistemlere göre sağladığı avantajlarla birlikte şirketlerin etkinliğini arttırmaktadır. Fakat, bulut bilişim Türkiye'de önemli bir araştırma konusu olarak dikkat çekmemektedir. Azımsanmayacak sayıda şirket bulut bilişimi henüz benimsememiştir çünkü bulut bilişimin sağladığı avantajların yanında, kullanıma engel olarak görülen bazı önemli zorlukları da bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, literatürde yer alan teknik zorlukları analiz etmek ve bunların Türkiye'de çalışmakta olan şirketlerdeki kullanıma olan etkilerini incelemektir. Bu çalışmada kullanılacak olan teknik zorluklar, konu ile ilgili çalışmalardan seçilmiştir. Bu analiz, Türkiye'deki Bilgi Teknolojileri (BT) personellerinin bu zorlukların farkında olup olmadıklarını ve bu zorlukların kullanıma etki edip etmediğini incelemektedir. Yapılan çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, bulut bilişim uygulamaları ve bulut bilişime geçiş süreci hakkındaki zorluklar, bulut bilişim kullanımını negatif olarak etkilemektedir. Bunun yanında, güvenlik ve gizlilik, kullanıcı hesabı kontrolü, bulut bilişiminin yapısı, sanallaştırma, gözlem-takip ve Servis Düzeyi Anlaşması hakkındaki zorluklar ise bulut bilişimin kullanımını negatif yönde etkilememektedir. Cloud computing is a computer technology that enable convenient, on demand and pay-as-you-go access to a pool of shared resources. Recently, cloud computing is taken into consideration by the companies that operate in many different sectors. It has an important role in the competition between the companies as it grows and increases the efficiency of companies by providing advantages more than in-house system. However, number of researches and studies about cloud computing is relatively less in Turkey than other countries. A considerable amount of companies are still not eager to adopt the cloud computing because besides advantages it provides, there are also several crucial challenges that are seen as a barrier to use cloud computing. The aim of this study is analyzing the technical challenges of cloud computing and their effects on usage in companies that operate in Turkey. The technical challenges that are analyzed in this study are gathered and classified by studying the related researches. The analysis results examine that whether Information Technology (IT) personnel in Turkey are aware of these challenges and these challenges affect the usage of cloud computing within their organization.According to the findings, the challenges about cloud applications and cloud migration negatively affect the usage of cloud computing while the challenges about privacy and security, account control, cloud structure, virtualization, monitoring, Internet connection and SLA do not affect the usage of cloud computing in negative way. 143

Günümüzde Bilgi Sistemleri iş dünyasının kalbinde vazgeçilmez bir rol oynamaktadır. Birçok iş bilgi teknolojileri vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirilmektedir. Etkin ve verimli iş süreçleri oluşturarak iş hedeflerine ulaşılması bilgi sistemleri kontrol sistemi ile sıkı sıkıya bağlıdır. Kurumlar bu hedeflere ulaşmak için en iyi uygulamaları içeren çerçeve ve standartları kullanmaktadır. Kurumlarda; istenmeyen olayların ve kayıpların önlenmesi, operasyonların etkin ve verimli bir şekilde yürütülmesinin sağlanması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Geçmişte çeşitli büyük kurumlarda yaşanan vakaların sebebi olarak kurumlarda etkin bir risk yönetiminin yapılamaması ve etkin bir iç kontrol sisteminin eksikliği gösterilmektedir. Kurumların etkin bir risk yönetimi ile riskleri minimize edecek etkin bir iç kontrol sisteminin tasarlanması hem bu türden olayların yaşanmaması hem de operasyonların daha etkin, verimli ve uyumlu şekilde yürütülmesi için çözüm olarak sunulmaktadır. En iyi uygulamalara ilişkin standart ve çerçevelere uyumun önemi, bilgi sistemleri kontrol sistemi, kontrol hedefleri, kontrol uygulamaları konularında çoğu bilgi mevcuttur. Fakat tüm bu bilgileri bilgi sistemleri kontrol sisteminin tasarlanmasına yönelik olarak bir arada ele alan bir çalışma olması bakımından çalışmamız önem taşımaktadır. Bilgi Sistemleri için kontrol sistemi tasarımı, en iyi uygulamalara yönelik standart ve çerçevelere uyum konuları üzerinde çeşitli çalışmalar olmasına rağmen ilgili çerçeve veya standartlara uyumlu bir kontrol sisteminin `Nasıl` tasarlanacağı hususu açıkta kalmıştır. Bu tez çalışması `Bilgi Sistemleri için İç Kontrol Sistemi Nasıl Tasarlanır?` sorusuna cevap sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmamızı temel kritik bilgi sistemleri süreçlerine değinerek Kontrol Öz değerlendirme Metodunu uyumluluk için etkin bir araç olarak sunmaktayız. Bu tez çalışmasında kritik bilgi sistemleri süreçleri için iç kontrol sisteminin Kontrol Öz değerlendirme metodu ile 'Nasıl' tasarlanacağının açıklığa kavuşturulması hedeflenmektedir. Information systems take its crucial role in the heart of business life today. Most of the business operations are held via information technology. Achievement of business objectives are strictly related with information systems (IS) internal control system in order to create effective and efficient business processes. It is very important for organizations to prevent undesirable events and operate activities effectively and efficiently in achieving business objectives. Fraud events took place in some of reputable organizations and the reasons for these events are concluded to be the lack of risk management and effective internal control system. After these fraudulent events in organizations, frameworks developed to manage risks and reconstruct their internal control systems. Designing an effective risk management and an internal control system is proposed as a solution for more effective and efficient operations. Recently, information systems became very important in operational activities since most of them are done by information technology. This dependency forced organizations to manage risks related with information systems and establish an IS internal control system. Control objectives for minimizing risks, their control practices and test steps of these controls are provided in reference guides. Control objectives are located under the IS processes. Risk and control specialists deal with risks in these processes and controls to minimize them. They are expected to work on making organizations compliant with related laws and regulations as well as internal policies and rules by designing controls. Several information can be found about importance of complying with the standards, frameworks, IS internal control system, control objectives, control practices. However, studies lack the answer for `How` to design internal control system in compliance with related frameworks and standards. This thesis provides an answer for the question of `How to design IS internal control system?` In this study `Control Self-Assessment Method` is proposed as an effective method by mentioning essential critical IS processes. Control Self-Assessment method is selected since it provides a flexible solution which is especially appropriate for designing an internal control system to achieve changing objectives of the companies. 123