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Education has been always seen as one of the mechanisms to equalize social disparities. However, despite the efforts over the past decades, the achievement gap between high and low socioeconomic status (SES) students fails to close. Apart from the financial and intellectual differences, socioeconomic groups are expected to differ in more aspects of life. Academic motivation is considered one of the dispositional effects of SES, however, because of its multiformity as a concept its role is not clear yet. The present study builds upon the growing body of research on investigating indirect effects of academic motivation between SES and student outcomes in an effort to better conceptualize this phenomenon. We use data from PISA 2018 to investigate four motivational elements conducting comparative analysis across five countries. Mediating relationships were investigated with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to confirm path models. The results demonstrate that certain but not all motivational elements support the hypothesized partial mediation, significantly reducing the direct effect of SES on academic achievement in all countries. Consistent results for enjoyment of reading and expected occupational status advocate on tergeted practical efforts to foster motivation for lower SES students.

This study describes the risk of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications, both intraoperatively, and up to 1 month following visceral transplantation. Data from 48 adult visceral transplants performed between 2010 and 2017 were retrospectively studied [32 multivisceral (MVTx); 10 isolated intestine; six modified-MVTx]. Intraoperatively, intracardiac thrombosis (ICT)/pulmonary embolism (PE) occurred in 25%, 0% and 0% of MVTx, isolated intestine and modified MVTx, respectively, and was associated with 50% (4/8) mortality. Preoperative portal vein thrombosis (PVT) was a significant risk factor for ICT/PE (P = 0.0073). Thromboelastography resembling disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (r time

Advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) resection has important anesthetic management implications, particularly when tumor extends, suprahepatic, into the right atrium. Use of transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) is essential in identifying tumor extension and guiding resection. Latest surgical approach avoids venovenous and cardiopulmonary bypass yet requires special precautions and interventions on the anesthesiologist's part. We present a case of Level IV RCC resected without cardiopulmonary bypass and salvaged by TEE guidance and detection of residual intracardiac tumor.