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Purpose: This study aims at assessing the determinants of Social Media Marketing adoption in small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Design / Method / Approach: The study seeks to understand the viewpoints and motives for employing social media campaigns. Thus, a structured quantitative questionnaire was provided to 150 respondents to assess social media marketing in their firms, using convenience sampling. A descriptive analysis of data was undertaken using the SPSS. Findings: The study's findings showed that most respondents agreed with items related to Social Media Marketing’s facilitating conditions, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and cost implications. Theoretical Implications: The study contributes to the extant literature on Social Media Marketing during the Covid-19 pandemic in the developing world, wherein poor infrastructure, bureaucracy and culture play an important role in business performance. Practical Implications: SMME owners and managers should encourage their employees and customers to use social media regularly in order to drive traffic towards the business. Originality / Value: The study is unique as it analyses Social Media Marketing during a turbulent time in which the Covid-19 pandemic is wreaking havoc on economies globally. Research Limitations / Future Research: Researchers should consider analysing the effect of Covid-19's lockdown restrictions on specific sectors in an attempt to facilitate tailor-made solutions to the problem. Paper type: Empirical

COVID-19 has created an unprecedented crisis for microenterprises and challenged each single enterprise to reconsider its business operations and to adapt to the new unexpected circumstances. The foremost objective of this study was to determine the business resiliency of micro enterprises in Davao del Sur Philippines during Covid-19 pandemic. A descriptive-correlational design was employed with 100 purposively chosen microenterprises. Data were analyzed using frequency, relative frequency distribution and Pearson Product Moment correlation. Data revealed that majority of microenterprises were operating for not less than three (3) years, employing 1-3 workers and earning more than PhP 20,000.00 monthly. Moreover, the most influencing factor of resiliency in microenterprises amidst pandemic is entrepreneurial characteristics. Furthermore, entrepreneurial characteristics, utilization of technology, government support and crisis management showed significant relationship towards business resiliency among microenterprises., {"references":["Eurostat (2020). How COVID-19 is changing the world: A statistical perspective, the Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities (CCSA). Retrieved from: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ccsa/documents/covid19-report-ccsa.pdf.","Proclamation No. 929, s. 2020. Declaring a state of calamity throughout the Philippines due to corona virus disease 2019. March 16, 2020.","Asgary, A., Ozdemir, A. I. and Özyürek, H. (2020). Small and medium enterprises and global risks: evidence from manufacturing SMEs in Turkey. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11 (1) (2020), pp. 59-73","Bartik et al., 2020; Prasad et al.,( 2015) Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has severely affected national and global economies.","Barazandehh, M., Parvizian, K., Alizadeh, M., &Khosravi, S. (2015). Investigating the accourterments of entrepreneurial competencies.","] Eggers, F. (2020). Masters of disasters? Challenges and opportunities for SMEs in times of crisis. Journal of Business Research, 116 (2020), pp. 199-208.","Prasad, S., Su, H.-C., Altay, N. and Tat, J. (2015). Building disaster-resilient micro enterprises in the developing world. Disasters, 39 (3) (2015), pp. 447-466"]}

Settlement of financial obligations on time and timely collection of receivables are fundamental prerequisites for the liquidity and solvency of companies, as well as the development of entrepreneurship and the economy. By harmonizing the terms of collection of receivables and the terms of payment of liabilities, companies try to avoid a positive cash gap. Liquidity risk analysis for micro, small and medium-sized companies is an important factor in successful business. The analysis of liquidity risk by individual activities of the company provides information that enables more efficient management of the company to achieve profitability. Often, owners of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises are not aware of the importance of implementing financial and accounting analyzes as an important factor in achieving business success. A review of the available scientific and professional literature for the Republic of Croatia reveals the insufficiency of sources, which is also confirmed by the insufficient research on the mentioned topic. In accordance with the above, the aim of this paper is to prove the importance of liquidity risk analysis for achieving profitability of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in the Republic of Croatia. This research will conduct a comparative analysis of the correlation and regression of liquidity risk factors and business performance indicators in order to prove that the continuous implementation of liquidity risk analysis is extremely important for the success of micro, small and medium-sized companies. The research is conducted on a sample of 254 micro, small and medium-sized Croatian companies. The scientific contribution of the work is to prove the connection between liquidity risk analysis and profitability of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, which should cause greater interest of entrepreneurs in implementing liquidity risk analysis in practice.

Existing research emphasises limited success rates for Lean implementation in Small and Medium Sized Organisations. The objective of this research was to test and validate the applicability of Design for Lean Six Sigma methodology in a case study within a micro enterprise. The DFLSS model of Define-Measure-Explore-Develop and Implement was utilised to redesign a new order entry process within the case study organisation. The results confirmed that utilising Define for Lean Six Sigma and the voice of the customer enabled a new order entry design that improved productivity, reduced nonvalue add steps and reduced order turnaround times while increasing revenue. The study demonstrates the applicability of Lean to smaller organisations and the effective application of the Define for Lean Six Sigma methodology. non-peer-reviewed 2024-02-12

PurposeMicro-enterprises have a vital role in the development of a nation by creating employment, encouraging entrepreneurship, balancing social income and educating the workforce. Yet, micro-enterprises face significant operational challenges such as low productivity, high production costs and long changeover times. These challenges are often overlooked by researchers and practitioners but have a drastic impact on micro-enterprises' operational performance. With over 95% of the economy consisting of micro-enterprises, it is vital to improve operational performance and competitiveness of the micro-enterprises.Design/methodology/approachConsidering the data availability and practical challenges of gathering data from micro-enterprises, an action research methodology was selected as a suitable research method. Following the initial diagnostic visits, planned interventions were prepared and results were observed to gather data and draw conclusions.FindingsFindings suggest that commonly adapted performance improvement initiatives by large enterprises cannot be directly applied in micro-enterprises to enhance operational performance. Micro-enterprises lack the critical resources and company culture to easily adapt these initiatives. On the other hand, when these performance improvement initiatives are filtered according to specific needs of micro-enterprises, continuous improvement initiatives were often found to be effective in improving operational performance. Specifically, 5S, single-minute exchange of dies (SMED), suggestion schemes, layout improvements, management coaching, visual management, empowerment were found to be useful and suitable to address command and control culture, low productivity, unorganised workspace, undelegated authority, low skilled employees and unwillingness to take responsibility problems.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research is required to investigate the specific factors that affect the adaptation of continuous improvement initiatives such as culture and industry type.Originality/valueThis research extends and contributes the current literature on continuous improvement initiatives by revealing how performance improvement initiatives need to be filtered according to the specific needs of micro-enterprises, and how these initiatives can be used to address specific problems to improve operational efficiency. It provides a conceptual framework to guide the decision-making process on operational performance improvement in micro-enterprises.

Pesantren and Baitul Māl Wa Tamwīl (BMT) are not seemingly equal things to compare. The first focuses on spiritual and religious education, while the latter concentrates on the economic and financial activities. Nevertheless, Pesantrens have been considering the significance of economic development and empowerment, through a micro-finance institution. Hence, the analysis of its performance, in particular, the efficiency level is inevitable. This paper attempts to analyze the technical efficiency (including pure technical and scale efficiencies) of some Pesantren BMTs by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Additionally, this article also analyses the role of Pesantren BMTs for developing Micro-Entreprises (MEs), as well as toanalyse the roles of Pesantren BMT in ME’s wealth management. The results show that: first, generally, the efficiency of Pesantren BMTs is relatively low. Scale efficiency also indicates that operating of BMTs are still far from the optimal scale. Moreover, the average technical efficiencies (TE), scale efficiency (SE), and pure technical efficiency (PTE) of Pesantren BMTs in terms of intermediation have always been higher than those in terms of production. The possible improvements for inefficient Pesantren BMTs include increasing debitors (Y1) and total financing (Y2). They have to always been struggling to collect sizeable depositors, especially MEs, as well as total financing as their main purpose to empower them and enhance their economic development. The other possible improvements are to increase the collection (X4) and the distribution funds of ZISWAF (Y3). This result suggests that most Pesantren BMTs still focus on baitut tamwīl activities, extending financing as their main business. While the future, BMTs should play a more active role in baitul māl activities as their primary business. Second, Pesantren BMTs are useful for developing MEs and contribute a tremendous social benefit to society in several ways. Although the efficiency of BMTs is relatively low since generally, BMTs have achieved both profit and social benefit. Therefore, Islamic financing might be an appropriate model for MEs.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of functioning of micro and small agribusinesses in Ukraine, to identify the negative factors influencing the result of such enterprises and to formulate directions for the development of small agribusiness. Methodology / approach. The methodological basis of the research is a systematic approach to the study of economic phenomena. Among the special methods, the abstract-logical method was used to highlight the peculiarities of functioning of small enterprises of Ukraine and to formulate conclusions and recommendations; economic-and-statistical, in identifying trends and patterns of development of micro and small enterprises; method of comparison, in the study of the dynamics of individual indicators and graphical, in the analysis and presentation of statistical data. Results. The problems of the current state and dynamics of development of micro and small agricultural enterprises are considered. The results of the analysis of functioning of such enterprises and their importance in agribusiness of Ukraine are presented. The negative factors influencing the result of small business activity and the need for state support are highlighted. The necessity of innovative development of micro and small agribusiness is substantiated. The basic directions of formation and development of small agribusiness for the future are investigated. Originality / scientific novelty. Author’s interpretation of the term «agribusiness» is provided; the peculiarities of the functioning of micro and small enterprises in Ukraine, determination of their main components received further study; the place of such enterprises in the modern agribusiness is determined and the main directions of development are formed. Practical value / implications. The concrete measures on directions of small agribusiness development in Ukraine are offered. Improvement of the tax system and availability of agribusiness lending are among the main ones.

Background to the Report: This report is funded by the Regional Skills West and was developed by National University of Ireland Galway. Regional Skills West is a Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science initiative which serves the counties of Galway, Mayo and Roscommon. The Regional Skills West Forum supports businesses across the West region in assessing and developing skills for their employees. The work of the West Regional Skills Forum is supported by key industry, economic and education partners from across the region, who all work together, through the forum in identifying and implementing pro-active responses to address current and future skills needs. As part of this work, an industry-led Manufacturing Excellence skills network was set up with leading employers with the goal of collaborating in identifying and resolving skills gaps and issues and converting knowledge into best practices, for the manufacturing sector in the West Region. Members include NUI Galway, Atlantic University, Mayo-Sligo-Leitrim and Galway-Roscommon Education and Training Boards, Cobotics Skillnet, ICBE Productivity Skillnet, Industry 4.0 Skillnet, Boston Scientific Ireland, Medtronic, Nádhúra Design, Cambus Medical, Thermoking/Trane Technologies, Penn Engineering, Harmac Medical, CPS, TE Connectivity/Creganna, the IWIN network, Mbryonics and Anecto. This report was commissioned to provide actionable insights into the skills needs, barriers and opportunities faced by Micro & SME manufacturing companies in relation to Industry 4.0. The conclusions presented in this report are those of the authors based on the research presented and analysed. The authors are pleased to acknowledge financial support from the Western Regional Skillnet for funding the research on which this report is based. We wish to thank also the Mayo, Sligo, Leitrim, Education & Training Board as well as the Galway, Roscommon Education and Training Board and the Local Enterprise Offices in helping to disseminate the survey. A special thanks to Ms Una Canney, Research Assistant (NUI Galway) who was instrumental in dissemination of the study and carrying out some follow up interviews. We would also like to thank all the SME’s and Micro Enterprises who kindly completed our survey and took part in interviews non-peer-reviewed

Due to the growing number of micro-enterprises and their contribution to the national economy, there is a need to research the human and IT impact on their performance and maintenance. The aim and purpose of this paper are to emphasise the importance of the successful business of micro- enterprises by presenting the results of empirical research on the presence of continuous education of employees and their use of modern information technology in maintaining and measuring the success of microenterprises. There is a comparison of two surveys, one from 2020 on 121 micro- enterprises and the other from 2016 on a sample of 112 micro-enterprises. The companies included in both surveys are from Slavonia and Baranja and three activities: production, construction and agriculture, fishing and forestry. By applying appropriate statistical and mathematical methods, it was determined that in 2020, compared to 2016, there was an increase in investment in training and education of employees and an increase in monitoring financial performance indicators.

This study is aiming to observe the role of community-services university training program to the participants knowledge on doing a micro enterprises and how effective the program to enhance the participant knowledge. The female micro enterprise group (18 persons) in South Jakarta was observed throughout the 5 months coaching. This study is applying the quantitative data collection based on the questionnaire and distributed prior and after the training programs. The finding of this study was the motivation of the most participant was household financial factors followed by hobby, skill of the participant as well as social factors. Most of the participant has been exposed by information through internet and they are most likely learns from internet. Training is the second sources for them for getting information. Financial investment and information of investment was the main obstacle for them to enhance their business beside managerial issues. This study found that training effectively delivers cognitive knowledge to the participant. This study concludes that training program may enhance the knowledge but further training is needed to enhance their attitude in doing business.

[Resumen]: Los dueños, directivos o gerentes consideran que el capital humano es el elemento más importante y valioso de cualquier empresa,ellos saben que el resultado de las acciones del capital humano tienen un impacto en el desempeño de la empresa, por ello se preocupan de cómo medir su aporte laboral en los resultados empresariales. Por ello el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar si el impacto del capital humano en el desempeño empresarial está determinado por el significado, autodeterminación, competencia y fluidez de la información, de las micro empresas ubicadas en Celaya, Guanajuato, México, sobre una muestra de 80 micro empresas, mediante tres enfoques principales: descriptivo, correlacional y análisis de regresión múltiple por el método de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios. Los resultados indican que para el microempresario son más importantes la autodeterminación y el significado, es decir, para el micro empresario es escencial que el capital humano o grupos de trabajo sean autónomos para realizar las actividades encomendadas (autodeterminación) y es fundamental que alineé los objetivos de la organización con sus metas y creencias personales (significado), y aunque no sean reveladores la competencia y la fluidez en la información de la empresa en este estudio,de manera conjunta todas la variabes propuestas en este estudio son relevantes para explicar el impacto del capital humano en el desempeño empresarial. [Abstract]: Owners, Directors and Managers consider that human capital is the most important and valuable element of any company, they know that the results from the actions of the human capital have a direct impact into the company performance; therefore, they work on how to measure their labor impact into the company’s results. It is then the goal of this paper to determine if the impact of the human capital in the company’s performance is determined by the significance, self-determination, competency and information fluency. The sample consisted on 80 micro enterprises located in Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico, and was analyzed trough three focus points: descriptive, correlational and multiple linear regression analysis trough the Ordinary Least Squares method. The results indicate that, for the micro entrepreneur, it is far more important the self-determination and the meaning, i.e. for the micro entrepreneur it is essential for the human capital or work groups to be autonomous in order to perform the assigned tasks (self-determination) and it is fundamental that they align their goals and personal beliefs with the company’s objectives (Meaning). And even though competency and information fluency are not revealing factors of this research, when combined with all the proposed variables, they become relevant to explain the impact of the human capital in the company’s performance.

In a highly competitive environment businesses interact stakeholders who come from different cultures. The interaction of individuals from different cultures can cause communication problems. In terms of overcoming communication problems caused by cultural differences, cultural intelligence is a developing field of study for management scientists. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of cultural intelligence on entrepreneurship orientation. In order to test the main hypotheses data were collected from micro scale enterprises in Laleli market by questionnaire method. Cultural intelligence scale (Ang, Van Dyne, Koh, Ng, Templer, Tay ve Chandrasekar 2007) and entreprenurial orientation scale (Bouncken vd., 2014; Chen vd., 2015; Hughes ve Morgan, 2007) were used as assesment tools of the questionaire. Hypotheses tested with Smart-PLS 2.0 programme. Tests results show that metacognitive, motivational and behavioral cultural intelligence has a significant effect on some of the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation such as risk taking, innovation and proactivity.

Subject and purpose of work: Micro Enterprises (UMKM) have a great potential to support the economic condition, however, if it is not balanced with managerial abilities, team effectiveness is not maximised. This study investigates increasing team effectiveness through training and mentoring in making Qur’ani job designs of micro enterprises. Materials and methods: The study used a pre-posttest design of control and experimental groups. 74 total respondents were involved and divided into a control and an experimental group. Each group consisted of 37 respondents. The measuring instruments used in the study were a questionnaire developed by the researchers implementing Qur’ani Job Design, as well as the value of team effectiveness in micro enterprises. The data analysis was performed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA), which assessed the magnitude of the effect of training and mentoring team effectiveness. Results: The results indicated that training and assistance of making qurani job designs can help increase the effectiveness of a team. Conclusions: Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that the evaluation that was carried out shows that quranic job design can help increase the effectiveness of micro enterprises teams. Thus the hypothesis in this study was accepted.

The concept of entrepreneurship has become a very important agenda because it touches the life of the majority poor and promotes national and global economy at large. Most of the poor depend on this sector to run their life, including food, shelter, medication and so forth. The life of the Tanzanian is not assured or covered in any national health scheme Getting involved in Micro -small enterprises (MSEs)in Tanzania is not uncommon because many Tanzanians are not in the formal employment system, and this is not because they have no education, because even people with higher education have no jobs. The unemployment rate is still high in Tanzania. MSE's sector is plagued by many challenges, including capital, inadequate business training, infrastructure, and bureaucratic issues from among government officers. Small traders have been harassed all the time in their area and sometimes have been chased from their business area. Apart from harassment, access to credit is another issue for them to move forward. And that forced them to rely on families for economic and living support of which neither is guaranteed because most of these families are poor. Again, MSEs under supervision are gaining knowledge and skills, which lead to more possibilities in term of the local and international market The behavior of the city authorities of disregarding the MSEs and look down on them as poor people of less value has reduced their motivation resulting in loss of purpose and direction. Competitions among micro-small enterprises (MSEs) and Small-Medium Enterprise (SMEs) is another challenge observed. The medium sector is performing well due to many factors, including big capital, access to loan, the location of their business, and they have varieties of goods compare to micro-enterprises. Widespread corruption and thrust formations on several levels hamper independent companies' development by destroying the free local and EastAfrican market and resulting in dysfunctional market mechanisms. Overall, MSEs is an area with many challenges. That's why it is suggested that the government develop different policies instead of using the same approach while they are in two different sectors. Suppose the government does not formulate a separate policy between small traders (MSEs) and medium traders SMEs. In that case, the micro sector will continue to lag regarding progression and development, while medium and macro enterprises will benefit from the many opportunities and accessibilities. M-DS

This article explores women’s entrepreneurship research conducted in Zimbabwe. For this purpose, a literature review approach was adopted where all journal articles published between 1990 and 2018 that addressed the issues of women entrepreneurship in Zimbabwe were searched and analysed. The articles were searched on Google Scholar using the following keywords: women entrepreneurs, women small business owners, women in informal sector and Zimbabwe. In total, 11 articles were retrieved, indicating a dearth of research studies on women entrepreneurship, particularly from the formal sector perspective, giving a glimpse of the entrepreneurship landscape in Zimbabwe. The content analysis of the selected articles resulted in the identification of eight themes: (1) feminism perspective, (2) informal sector trading, (3) motivations for entrepreneurship, (4) entrepreneurship characteristics, (5) obstacles in entrepreneurship, (6) socio-cultural challenges, (7) cross-border trading and (8) coping strategies within the context of women entrepreneurship in Zimbabwe. Discussions on these themes were situated within the broader literature and trends on existing women entrepreneurship literature. The study has implications at a practical and theoretical level. Supporting women entrepreneurship has positive effects on poverty reduction in agreement with the Sustainable Development Goals, and this study suggests women’s empowerment to operate at higher echelons of the business sector with bespoke support mechanism that fosters sustainable development. Also, the study proposed suggestions for future research on women entrepreneurship in Zimbabwe and other African countries.

Mestrado em Marketing Os rápidos avanços dos sistemas de comunicação e tecnologias de informação facilitaram as interacções entre diferentes actores em diferentes áreas do quotidiano, nomeadamente no meio empresarial. Como tal, esses avanços promoveram a criação e utilização de plataformas multilaterais - marketplaces online - que auxiliam as interacções entre produtores/fornecedores e clientes. Um marketplace pode ser visto como uma terceira organização que não possui responsabilidade sobre os produtos ou serviços e tem estruturas económicas e margens próprias. Esta investigação explora como micro e pequenas empresas são afectadas pelas plataformas multilaterais ou marketplaces. Em particular, o presente estudo tem como objectivo compreender o seu impacto nas redes empresariais de relevo. Uma rede empresarial é uma estrutura onde um conjunto de nós estão relacionados entre si e que, dentro das estruturas empresariais, podem ser produtores, clientes, fornecedores, entre outros. Quatro casos de estudo focam quatro empresas: audiovisual, transporte e mudanças, design gráfico e catering, suportados predominantemente por quatro entrevistas semi-estruturadas em profundidade, presenciais ou via electrónica, aos sócios gerentes das empresas. A análise dos casos permite uma melhor compreensão do impacto das plataformas multilaterais nas redes empresariais, nomeadamente na interdependência de algumas empresas em relação à angariação de clientes e, consequentemente, aumento de receita, assim como no valor diferencial de alguns relacionamentos em detrimento de outros dentro da rede. Rapid advances in communication systems and information technology have facilitated interactions between different actors in different areas of daily life, particularly in the business environment. As such, these advances have promoted the creation and use of multisided platforms - online marketplaces - which assist the interactions between producers/suppliers and customers. Marketplaces can be seen as a third-party organisation that has no responsibility for products or services and has high economic structures. This research explores how micro and small companies are affected by multilateral platforms or marketplaces. In particular, this study aims to understand their impact on the relevant network. A business network is a structure where a set of nodes are related to each other and within the business structures can be producers, customers, suppliers, among others. Four case studies focus on four companies: audiovisual, moving and transportation, graphic design and catering, supported predominantly by four semi-structured in-depth face-to-face or electronic interviews with the managing partners of the companies. The analysis of the cases allows a better understanding of the impact of multisided platforms on business networks, namely the interdependence of some companies in relation to customer acquisition and, consequently, increase in revenue, as well as the differential value of certain relationships to the detriment of others within the network. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The Corona Virus Pandemic has awfully impacted tourism sector. Tourism in Uttarakhand has been on knee with scores of people working for this sector are now facing the problem of jobless situation as there is a nationwide lockdown to halt the spread of the deadly virus. All the tourism spots and also Char Dham Yatra have been suffered losses this year. Many hotels and restaurants are on the verge of closing due to the lockdown. Government is working on a plan to revive tourism, which is leading revenue-earning sector of the state. According to tourism vice president Mr. Vijay, there are 20 to 25 lakh people who are involved in tourism and travel directly affected due to corona period. As no one knows how long this global pandemic will last, so administration should ere on the side of caution in their strategic communications and identify how the needs and demand will change post-pandemic travel behaviour. Uttarakhand was facing a great challenge of migration since last decade, only positive effect due to covid-19 is that thousands of migrants who had left Uttarakhand returning their own villages. This can be great opportunity to the state to rebuild their lives to set up rural tourism, eco-tourism and micro-enterprises., {"references":["Brouder, P. (2020). Reset Redux: possible evolutionary pathways towards the transformation of tourism in a COVID-19 world. Tourism Geographies. https://doi:10.1080/14616688.2020.1760928 [Google Scholar] Chanel, S. (2020, April 15). 'It's catastrophic': Fiji's colossal tourism sector devastated by coronavirus. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/16/itscatastrophic-fijis-colossal-tourism-sector-devastated-by-coronavirus [Google Scholar] Glusac, E. (2020, April 15). \"How will COVID-19 affect future travel behavior? A travel crisis expert explains\". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/15/travel/q-and-a-coronavirustravel.html?action=click&module=Features&pgtype=Homepage [Google Scholar] Kumar, Sanjeev (2020, April 29), Uttarakhand Discusses Measures to Ensure Returning Migrant Workers Stay Permanently, https://thewire.in/government/uttarakhand-discusses-measures-toensure-returning-migrant-workers-stay-permanently. Rural Development and migration commission of Uttarakhand , April 2020, http://www.uttarakhandpalayanayog.com/ Verma, Lalmani (2020. April 20) In Covid-19 crisis, Uttarakhand sees 'reverse migration' opportunity, https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-covid-19-crisis-uttarakhand-seesreverse-migration-opportunity-6370059/."]}

Micro Enterprises are the small enterprise consisting of less than 10 employees but the impact on country’s Gross Domestic Product is very massive. Contribution of Micro Enterprise towards country’s economy is consistently growing and the number of micro enterprises is increasing year by year. The pandemic Coronavirus (COVID 19) have impacted entire world economy. The outbreak was declared a public health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020. Due to this, lockdown was declared all over the country from 24 March 2020 which has majorly affect the life of small enterprises. Not only small enterprise it has affected the country’s trade, investments, growth and employment. In this research paper we are going to study and analyse the impact of COVID 19 on micro enterprises especially in Bengaluru city. The economic relief package “Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan” is also considered for the study. The primary data is collected through systematic questionnaire based on research objective. The respondents are collected randomly. The data is analysed through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Statistical tools are applied for accurate results and for analysis. This outbreak may lead the micro enterprises to implement the technology in the form of E-business. &nbsp

Pristupnim pregovorima i ulaskom u Europsku uniju, Republici Hrvatskoj pružile su se brojne mogućnosti financiranja iz pretpristupnih te europskih strukturnih i investicijskih fondova, a samim time i nove prilike za rast i razvoj gospodarstva. Mikro poduzeća imaju značajnu ulogu u gospodarstvu jer su generatori zapošljavanja, pokretači razvoja i inovacija, doprinose povećanju konkurentnosti cjelokupnog gospodarstva te predstavljaju većinu svih registriranih poduzeća u RH. Mikro poduzeća Zadarske županije u 2018. godini zauzimala su udio od 91,5% ukupnog broja registriranih poslovnih subjekata te su zapošljavala 35,5% radnika. Iako su bespovratna sredstva već relativno dugo dostupna, mikro poduzetnici u Zadarskoj županiji su to vrlo slabo iskoristili. Tek u posljednje vrijeme, zadarski poduzetnici su u sve većem broju i sve uspješnije aplicirali za bespovratna sredstva. Ovim radom analizirali su se prihodi i broj zaposlenika mikro poduzeća s područja Zadarske županije kojima su odobrena bespovratna sredstva EU, kako bi se utvrdilo utjecaj bespovratnih sredstava u godinama nakon povlačenja sredstava. Analizom su obuhvaćena mikro poduzeća koja su obveznici javne objave godišnjih financijskih izvještaja, a kako bi se testiralo hipoteze potrebni podaci prikupljeni su s portala FinInfo. Uz navedeno, u radu je dan pregled programa i fondova EU s naglaskom na prilike poduzetništva te osvrt na ulogu i važnost mikro poduzetništva u cjelini i posebno Zadarske županije. Through the accession negotiations and accession to the European Union, Croatia has been offered numerous opportunities for financing from pre-accession and European structural and investment funds, and thus new opportunities for economic growth and development. Micro enterprises play a significant role in the economy because they are generators of employment, drivers of development and innovation, contribute to increasing the competitiveness of the entire economy and represent the majority of all registered companies in Croatia. In Zadar County, micro-enterprises accounted for 91.5% of the total number of registered business entities in 2018., employing 35.5% of employees. Although grants have been available for a relatively long time, micro-entrepreneurs in Zadar County have not utilized enough given possibilities. Only recently, Zadar entrepreneurs have been increasingly applying for grants. This paper analyzed the income and the number of employees, micro-enterprises in the Zadar County area that were granted EU grants, to determine the impact of grants in the years following the withdrawal. The analysis covers micro companies that are required to make public the annual financial statements, and in order to test the hypotheses, the necessary data were collected from FinInfo. In addition, the paper provides an overview of EU programs and funds, with an emphasis on entrepreneurship opportunities, and an overview of the role and importance of micro-entrepreneurship as a whole, and in particular of Zadar County.

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the opinions and recommendations of various experts on the integrated cashwaqfmicro enterprise investment (ICWME-I) model, particularly in terms of its suitability, applicability and prospects in the market.Design/methodology/approachThe research involves primary data which are collected from semi-structured interviews conducted with experts from various backgrounds. Thematic analysis was used to examine the data.FindingsThe experts support the suitability of the ICWME-I model in providing financial services to micro enterprises. They highlight the importance of establishing, managing and operating ICWME-I model under the aegis of the State Islamic Religious Council in Malaysia or the corporate sector. They further emphasize that the characteristics of micro enterprises, the element of sustainable funding, the importance of proper management and administration, legal matters and public awareness are key factors that influence the sustainability of the ICWME-I model.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the literature onwaqfand micro enterprises especially from the Malaysian context. The paper validates the ICWME-I model in terms of its suitability, applicability and prospects in the market by interviewing experts from various backgrounds.

One common problem among Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) is to don’t have at disposal formal and simple approaches for production scheduling, especially in case of an event that introduces the r...

Pazar yönlülük ve yenilik performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi ele alan çalışmalar, genellikle büyük işletmeler düzeyinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu araştırmada, Eskişehir’de faaliyet gösteren mikro ölçekli girişimlerin yenilik performansı üzerinde pazar yönlülüğün etkisi incelenmiştir. Pazar yönlülüğün yanı sıra, mikro girişimlerin yaşadığı işletmecilik sorunlarının da yenilik performansı üzerinde bir etkisi olup olmadığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Farklı sektörlerden 1769 mikro girişimden toplanan verilerden elde edilen bulgulara göre, pazar yönlülüğün rakip odaklılık ve işletme içi koordinasyon boyutu ile mikro işletmelerin yaşadığı genel işletmecilik sorunlarının yenilik performansı üzerinde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma pazar yönlülük yaklaşımının mikro girişimlerde de geçerli olduğunu, ancak değişen işletme koşullarına bağlı olarak, mikro girişimler düzeyinde yeni bir pazar yönlülük uyarlamasının yapılması gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur. Most research on market orientation and its effect on innovation performance are related to large firms. This study aims to investigate the effect of market orientation on innovation performance of micro enterprises operating in Eskisehir. In addition to market orientation, this research also tries to explore whether business problems that micro enterprises encounter would have an impact on innovation performances of these enterprises. To test the proposed relationships, data gathered from 1769 micro enterprises operating in various areas was used, and the analysis revealed that market orientation and business problems micro enterprises encounter have significant impact on innovation performance. The research confirmed that market orientation behavior applies to micro enterprises, however, it also demonstrated that a new approach of market orientation is essential for micro enterprises due to changing business circumstances.

Микро предприятия организуются в основном частными инвесторами, но иногда, они могут быть организованы государством. Но есть моменты, когда у начинающего предпринимателя есть хорошая идея для, но нет финансовых ресурсов, это не значит, что его идея не осуществится. Главное, что эта идея подходит для успешного бизнеса., Micro enterprises are organized mainly by private investors, but sometimes, they can be organized by the state. But there are times when a novice entrepreneur has a good idea for, but there are no financial resources, this does not mean that his idea will not come true. The main thing is that this idea is suitable for a successful business.

Данная работа была посвящена оценке роли малого бизнеса в развитии экспортного потенциала и импортозамещения. Задачи, которые решались в ходе исследования: 1. Исследовать теоретические аспекты экспорта и импортозамещения; 2. Проанализировать статистические данные деятельности малых предприятий Российской Федерации и оценить состояние малого бизнеса в стране; 3. Исследовать роль малых предприятий в импортозамещении; 4. Провести оценку экспортного потенциала предприятий малого бизнеса Российской Федерации; 5. Оценить состояние малого бизнеса в пищевой промышленности в Российской Федерации; 6. На материалах ООО «Плодоимпорт» проанализировать экспортную деятельность предприятия. Работа проведена на базе Федеральной службы государственной статистики, где собиралась значительная часть фактического материала: официальные статистические данные по предпринимательству и показатели, характеризующие импортозамещение в Российской Федерации. Были проведены расчеты, показывающие наглядно, интенсивность изменения таких показателей, как объем производительности, численность предприятий, среднесписочной численности работников предприятий. В результате работы были проанализированы статистические данные деятельности предприятий малого бизнеса, в частности предприятий пищевой промышленности. На основании проведенных анализов деятельности предприятий малого бизнеса Российской Федерации, был сделан вывод в том, что малые предприятия играют важнейшую роль в развитии экспортного потенциала и импортозамещении., The given work is devoted to assessing the role of small business in the development of export potential and import substitution. Tasks that were solved during the study: 1. To study the theoretical aspects of export and import substitution; 2. To analyze the statistical data on the activities of small enterprises of the Russian Federation and assess the state of small business in the country; 3. To investigate the role of small enterprises in import substitution; 4. To assess the export potential of small businesses in the Russian Federation; 5. Assess the state of small business in the food industry in the Russian Federation; 6. Based on the materials of Plodoimport LLC, analyze the export activity of the enterprise. The work was carried out on the basis of the Federal State Statistics Service, where a significant part of the actual material was collected: official statistics of entrepreneurship and indicators characterizing import substitution in the Russian Federation. Calculations were made that clearly demonstrate the intensity of changes in such indicators as the volume of productivity, the number of enterprises, and the average number of employees of enterprises. As a result of the work, statistical data on the activities of small businesses, in particular enterprises involved in the food industry, were analyzed. Based on the analysis of the activities of small enterprises of the Russian Federation, it was concluded that small enterprises play a crucial role in the development of export potential and import substitution.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of functioning of micro and small agribusinesses in Ukraine, to identify the negative factors influencing the result of such enterprises and to formulate directions for the development of small agribusiness. Methodology / approach. The methodological basis of the research is a systematic approach to the study of economic phenomena. Among the special methods, the abstract-logical method was used to highlight the peculiarities of functioning of small enterprises of Ukraine and to formulate conclusions and recommendations; economic-and-statistical, in identifying trends and patterns of development of micro and small enterprises; method of comparison, in the study of the dynamics of individual indicators and graphical, in the analysis and presentation of statistical data. Results. The problems of the current state and dynamics of development of micro and small agricultural enterprises are considered. The results of the analysis of functioning of such enterprises and their importance in agribusiness of Ukraine are presented. The negative factors influencing the result of small business activity and the need for state support are highlighted. The necessity of innovative development of micro and small agribusiness is substantiated. The basic directions of formation and development of small agribusiness for the future are investigated. Originality / scientific novelty. Author’s interpretation of the term «agribusiness» is provided; the peculiarities of the functioning of micro and small enterprises in Ukraine, determination of their main components received further study; the place of such enterprises in the modern agribusiness is determined and the main directions of development are formed. Practical value / implications. The concrete measures on directions of small agribusiness development in Ukraine are offered. Improvement of the tax system and availability of agribusiness lending are among the main ones.

The study employed secondary sources to identify factors that challenge the growth of the women-operated Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in Ethiopia. MSEs play an important role in creating employment opportunities mainly for the urban youth and women, serve as an engine to transform economies from agricultural-led to industrial-led, and are considered the best mechanisms by which citizens accumulate capital and empower women economically. However, in developing countries like Ethiopia, female entrepreneurs are facing various challenges in their day-to-day lives just because of their gender. Financial problems, lack of managerial and entrepreneurial skills, workplace and marketing problems, inadequacy of infrastructural facilities, unpredictable supply of raw materials are among the problems they face. In order to alleviate the situation, the Government of Ethiopia should provide female entrepreneurs with access to credit, supply them with a place to work, create a market link for MSEs with raw material suppliers, medium and large firms, make capacity-building training available to improve their business management skills, and provide information on market opportunities and appropriate/improved technologies.

We live in a complex world and managers of organizations are constantly facing numerous challenges. Good decisions, i.e., better outcomes for organizations, require use of the powerful discipline Operational Research (OR)/Management Science (MS). Organizations applying this discipline have achieved significant benefits such as cost reduction, increased revenues, increased market share, higher quality, improved productivity, improved performance, better customer service, etc. The aim of this paper is to examine whether managers of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in Macedonia use OR models for supporting decision-making processes, where OR models, methods and techniques are commonly used, and what benefits achieved in using quantitative OR models, methods and techniques. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire distributed electronically to 100 managers of micro, 100 managers of small and 100 managers of medium-sized enterprises. The questionnaires were answered completely by 93 managers of the micro, 73 managers of the small and 71 managers of the medium-sized enterprises, and the questionnaire responses were subsequently analyzed. The answers showed that decisions on running enterprises are made intuitively by 90% of managers of the micro, 78% of managers of the small, and 55% of managers of the medium-sized enterprises, while quantitative OR models for supporting the decision-making process are used by 10% of managers of the micro, 22% of managers of the small, and 45% of managers of the medium-sized enterprises. Applied in the micro, small and medium-sized enterprises are inventory models, time series analysis and forecasting, whereas micro and medium-sized enterprises rely on decision analysis. Small and medium-sized enterprises use break-even analysis, assignation, linear programming, and project management. The OR models and methods used in running the respective enterprises led to the following results: optimal inventory level, cost reductions, revenue growth, forecasted sales, increased sales, production optimization, improved quality, better planning of activities, more efficient allocation of staff, absence of complaints and increased customers satisfaction.

The world is watching India with high expectations as India is poised to become economic leader of the region. It is an imperative that India becomes shock proof to the financial crisis and other threats. In this backdrop, India has taken seriously the cause of financial inclusion years ago. However, the results were not encouraging. However, the current times are more pressing. This need of the hour has to be dealt with a serious action towards financial inclusion. To become the strong economy, India needs to eradicate black money, corruption and financial crimes. In this technological era and with largest youth population, this is the best time to strike the chord of second financial reforms. The hurdles are lack of financial inclusion and financial illiteracy. It is very ironical that, though we have largest tech savvy youth population and growing literacy, many are still financially excluded.

Micro and Small enterprises (MiSEs) are the most widespread kinds of company present in the world. As far as these companies’ management structures are concerned, huge variety and fragmentation seem to be critical factors in the effective and efficient implementation of a standard (e.g., BS OHSAS 18001, now ISO 45001) occupational safety and health management system (OHSMS), together with a systematic lack of resources (both economic and in terms of available man-hours). This research identifies and discusses the barriers to and drivers of the implementation of a OSHMS and its impact on MiSEs through a multistep research methodology consisting of: (1) a review of the existent literature; (2) a survey; (3) a dialogue workshop; and (4) follow-up interviews. The results are reported and discussed, so as to underline critical aspects linked to OSHMS implementation, together with practical suggestions aiming at supporting such companies in their implementation process.

Titel: David vs. Goliath Författare: Henriksson, Johannes & Ågehäll, Adam Institution: Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan Program: Ekonomprogrammet inriktning Marknadsföring Kurs: Företagsekonomi III – Marknadsföring, Examensarbete, 15hp Handledare: Leif Rytting Examinator: Kaisa Lund Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka huruvida mikroföretag kan skapa marknadsfördelar av att implementera Search Engine Marketing. Ytterligare en avsikt är att uppsatsen skall bidra med kunskap kring hur mikroföretag kan stärka sitt varumärke genom Search Engine Marketing. Metod: Kvalitativ studie innehavande en mix mellan induktiv- och deduktiv forskningsansats. Även kallad abduktiv forskningsansats. Den empiriska datan är insamlad genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer bestående av tio respondenter. Slutsats: Sökmotormarknadsföring är en grundkomponent i den digitala marknadsföringen. Mikroföretag skapas möjlighet att konkurrera mot större varumärken genom skapad synlighet. Marknadsföring via en nischad marknad visar sig fördelaktig. En sammanstrålad varumärkesidentitet och varumärkesimage bör avspeglas i content. Nyckelord: Sökmotormarknadsföring, SEO, PPC, Google, mikroföretag, sökmotorer, sociala medier, varumärken. Fördelning av arbete: Båda författarna har varit lika delaktiga under alla delar av studien. Title: David vs. Goliath Authors: Henriksson, Johannes & Ågehäll, Adam Institution: Linnaeus University, School of Business and Economics Programme: Business Administration and Economics, specialization Marketing Course: Business Administration III – Marketing, Bachelor Thesis, 15hp Supervisor: Leif Rytting Examiner: Kaisa Lund Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how micro enterprises can create market advantages by implementing Search Engine Marketing. Further intention is that the study will provide knowledge about how micro enterprises can invigorate they brand through Search Engine Marketing. Method: Qualitative study using a mix of both inductive- and deductive research approach. Also known as abductive approach. The empirical data is collected using semi-structured interviews, with ten respondants. Conclusion: Search Engine Marketing is a basic component in digital marketing. Micro enterprises creates the opportunity to compete against larger brands through visibility. Niche marketing is found valueable. A converged brand identity and brand image should be mirrored in content. Keywords: Search engine marketing, SEO, PPC, Google, micro enterprises, search engines, social medias, brands. Allocation of work: Both authors have been equally involved in all parts of the thesis.

Mikrofinans kurumları küçük ve orta boyuttaki işletmelere ve düşük-gelirli müşterilere çok geniş yelpazede hizmetler sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Somali Mogadişu'da mikrofinans kurum hizmetlerinin küçük ve orta boyuttaki işletmelere etkisi araştırmaktır. Mikrofinans kurumları KOBİ'lerin büyümesi üzerinde en büyük ve en önemli etkiye sahiptir. Bu çalışma temel olarak Somali'deki KOBİ'leri ele almaktadır. Toplam 230 anket dağıtıldı ve bunların 148 tanesi karşılık buldu. Elde edilen veriler Sosyal Bilimler İstatistik Programında (SPSS) analiz edildi. Verilerin analizinde çoklu regresyon analizi ve korelasyon kullanıldı. Bulgular mikrofinans kurumu hizmetleri ile KOBİ'lerin büyümesi arasında önemli bir pozitif korelasyon olduğuna delil niteliğindedir. Bu çalışma mikrofinans kurumu hizmetleri ile KOBİ'lerin büyümesi arasında önemli bir pozitif korelasyon olduğunu göstermektedir. Son olarak, araştırmacı literatür taramasına göre kavramsal bir çerçeve geliştirmiştir ve buradan da araştırmanın hipotezini inşa etmiştir. Gelecekteki araştırmalar için teorik öneriler, sınırlamalar, sonuç ve önerilerin de altı çizilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimler: Mikrofinans kurumu, küçük ve orta girişim ve büyüme. The study purpose was to investigate the relationship between microfinance institution services on the growth of the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Mogadishu, Somalia. Microfinance institutions particularly addressed three areas of the study that included microfinance institution services (micro-credit, savings and training on skill development) had a biggest and significant effect on growth of the SMEs. This study basically involved survey of the SMEs, in Somalia. Total of 230 questionnaires were disturbed into the respondent and 148 questionnaires were returned so the data was analyzed through `Statistical Package for Social Science` SPSS. Multiple regression analysis and correlation were used to analyze the data. The findings show evidence of that there is significant and positive correlation between the three dimensions of microfinance institution services on the growth of the SMEs.The findings set up that there was relationship between the independent variables microfinance institution services and the growth of small and medium enterprises and were positive relationships between microfinance institution services and small and medium enterprises growth under the study.Finally, the researcher has developed a conceptual framework based on the literature reviews, and from there the researcher constructed the research`s hypothesis. Foundation on the result, theoretical implications, limitations, conclusion and suggestions for future research are also highlighted.Keywords: Microfinance institution, small and medium enterprise, microcredit, saving and training on skill development. 108

Çeşitli çalışmalara göre, finans eksikliği, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde Mikro ve Küçük İşletmeler'in (MKİ) en baskın kısıtı olarak gözükmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu işletmelerin geliştirmek için finansal kaynağın yönetimi kritik öneme sahiptir. Bunu göz önünde bulundurarak bu çalışma finansal yönetim uygulamasının MKI'lerin büyümesi ve gelişmesi üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Araştırmacı, veri toplamayı kolaylaştırmak amacıyla çalışmanın coğrafi kapsamı Addis Ketema belediyesi, Addis Ababa, Etiyopya olarak seçti.Çalışma, birincil ve ikincil veri kaynaklarını kullanmıştır. Anket verileri, özenle tasarlanmış bir soru formülü aracılığıyla 146 MKİ sahiplerinden / yöneticisinden elde edilmiştir. Bu MKİ'ler, tekstil ve konfeksiyon, gıda işleme ve metal & ahşap işleri olmak üzere 3 ana sektörden orantılı olarak seçilmiştir. Bireysel numune birimleri kolayda örneklem yöntemi olarak adlandırılan olasılık dışı bir örnekleme tekniği kullanılarak seçilmiştir.. Ayrıca, hedef popülasyonu 896 olduğundan, çalışmayı yürütmek için gereken örnek büyüklüğünü belirlemek için bir formül uygulanmıştır.Veri toplandıktan sonra, Betimsel ve Açıklayıcı bir veri analizi yöntemi uygulandı. Genel özellikleri ve değişkenleri tanımlamak için merkezi eğilim ölçüleri kullanılırken, değişken istatistik araçları özellikle Regresyon analizi ve Pearson korelasyon katsayısı değişkenler arasındaki etki ve ilişkileri ölçmek için uygulanmıştır. Buna göre, finansal yönetim ile büyüme ve gelişme arasında güçlü bir ilişki bulunmasına rağmen, MKİ'lerin performansını güçlü bir şekilde etkileyen zayıf finansal yönetim uygulaması gözlenmiştir.Anahtar Sözcükler: MKİ, Fınansal Yönetimi, Büyüme ve Gelişme According to various studies, lack of finance is the most dominant constraint of Micro and Small Business in developing countries. Hence, management of financial resource is critical for small business development. Taking this, the study aimed in assessing the impact of financial management practice on growth and development of MSEs. The researcher chose Addis Ketema sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia as its geographical scope for the study due to its convenient nature to collect data.The study used both primary and secondary sources of data. Survey data was obtained from 146 MSE owners/ managers through carefully designed questioner. These MSEs were proportionally selected from 3 main sectors which are textile and garment, food processing, and metal & wood work. Individual sample units were selected using a non-probability sampling technique called the convenience method. Further, due to definite nature of the population which was 896, a formula was implemented to determine the sample size needed to conduct the study.Once data is collected, a Descriptive and Explanatory method of data analysis was implemented. Measures of central tendency was used to describe the general characteristics and variables while, inferential statistics tools specifically, Regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient was applied to measure the impact and relationships that exist between variables. Accordingly, despite strong relationship found between financial management and growth & development, poor financial management practice which strongly affect performance of MSEs was observed.Key words: MSE, Financial Management, Growth & Development 107

This paper is concerned with designing a practical roadmap for micro andsmall enterprises to build resilience to digital disruption. The paper is basedon theoretical studies of strategic management, innovation management, designtheory and theories on digital disruption from which two initial models ofresilience to digital disruption for MSE is proposed. These models are based onthe general observation that MSE are likely to fall victims to digital disruptionbecause of their lack of strategic horizon, innovation capacity and agility.Because of this, a new and more dynamic framework well suited for MSE isproposed in the paper. This framework however needs to be further developedinto a practical roadmap for resilience to digital disruption and tested empiricallywhich is intended to be the next step of this research. The paper thereforeconcludes with the outline of a few specific areas for desired feedback. This paper is concerned with designing a practical roadmap for micro andsmall enterprises to build resilience to digital disruption. The paper is basedon theoretical studies of strategic management, innovation management, designtheory and theories on digital disruption from which two initial models ofresilience to digital disruption for MSE is proposed. These models are based onthe general observation that MSE are likely to fall victims to digital disruptionbecause of their lack of strategic horizon, innovation capacity and agility.Because of this, a new and more dynamic framework well suited for MSE isproposed in the paper. This framework however needs to be further developedinto a practical roadmap for resilience to digital disruption and tested empiricallywhich is intended to be the next step of this research. The paper thereforeconcludes with the outline of a few specific areas for desired feedback.

Bakgrund: Socialt företagande är en slags organisatorisk hybridform som växt fram under de senaste decennierna. Dessa organisationer bygger sina affärsmodeller med syfte att både generera vinst och skapa nytta för samhället. I och med detta står organisationer inom socialt företagande för utmaningar som berör prestationsmätning och beslutsfattande. Det finns därför ett behov att öka förståelsen för hur dessa typer av organisationer arbetar med prestationsmätning och vad beslutfattandet grundas på. Syfte: Studien ämnar bidra med ökad förståelse för prestationsmätning och internt beslutsfattande inom socialt företagande. Metod: Denna studie har en kvalitativ forskningsansats där utgångspunkt tagits i det konstruktivistiska perspektivet. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre olika företag har ett empiriskt material uppnåtts som bidragit till en nyanserad bild av det studerade området. Slutsats: Socialt företagande arbetar med prestationsmätning, men på olika sätt. Prestationsmätning och beslutsfattande genomsyras främst av de sociala värderingar som finns inom dessa organisationer. Det finns dock en komplexitet vad gäller prestationsmätningen och det interna beslutsfattandet på grund av organisationernas hybridkaraktär. Till exempel kan det vara svårt för dessa organisationer att uppfylla socialt värdeskapandet samtidigt som de finansiella målen måste tas hänsyn till. Background: Social enterprises are a kind of organisational hybrid form that has emerged in recent decades. These organisations build their business models with the purpose of both generating profits and making benefits for society. As such, social enterprises face a variety of challenges, which affect performance measurement and decision-making. There is therefore a need to increase the understanding of how these types of organisations work with performance measurement and what factors underpin their decision-making. Aim: The aim of the study is to contribute to an increased understanding of performance measurement and internal decision-making in social enterprises. Methodology: This study has a qualitative research approach based on the constructivist perspective. Through semi-structured interviews with three different companies empirical material has contributed to a nuanced aspect of the studied area. Conclusion: Social enterprises work with performance measurement, but in different ways. Performance measurement and decision-making are predominantly influenced by the social values found within these organisations. However, complexity arises in terms of performance measurement and internal decision-making due to the organisations' hybrid character. For example, it may be difficult for these organisations to fulfill social value creation while taking the financial goals into account.

Tez (yüksek lisans) - Anadolu Üniversitesi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Halkla İlişkiler ve Reklamcılık Anabilim Dalı, Kayıt no: 481670, Literatürde KOBİ’lerin iletişim faaliyetleri için internet ve dijital medya kullanımları üzerine çeşitli araştırmalar gerçekleştirildiği görülmektedir. KOBİ kategorisi içinde en küçük ölçekli işletmeler olarak tanımlanan mikro işletmelere yönelik betimleyici bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmada mikro işletmelerin, dijital medyada pazarlama iletişimi faaliyetlerini nasıl yürüttüklerine dair genel bir bakış açısı oluşturmak hedeflenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, dar bir örneklem üzerinden geniş çaplı ve derinlemesine bilgi toplamak için nitel teknikler kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışma 4 kısımdan oluşmaktadır; ilk kısımda konuyla ilgili literatüre yer verilmiş, ikinci kısmında ise araştırmanın yöntemi açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü kısımda araştırma bulgularına, dördüncü kısımda ise sonuç ve tartışma bölümlerine yer verilmiştir. Araştırmanın literatür kısmında öncelikle internetin ortaya çıkışı incelenmiş daha sonra geleneksel medyadan dijital medyaya geçiş süreci ele alınmıştır. İnternetin gelişimiyle ortaya çıkan arama motoru, sosyal medya, mobil teknolojiler vb. gibi yeniliklerin pazarlama iletişiminde kullanımı tartışılmıştır. Araştırma kısmında İstanbul’da bulunan mikro işletme tanımına uyan 21 firma ile yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşmelerin sonuçları bulunmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre mikro işletmeler, dijital medyanın sunduğu fırsatları takip etmeye çalışmakta ve kendi imkanları dahilinde bu fırsatlardan yararlanmaktadır.

En este artículo, el capital social organizativo (CSO) es concebido como una competen - cia organizativa determinada por la convergencia de tres activos relacionales (la orienta - ción hacia objetivos colectivos, la confianza mutua y los valores compartidos), la cual per - mite a las organizaciones que la poseen coordinarse y cooperar para el beneficio mutuo y el aumento del desempeño. Cinco estudios de caso de una Pequeña Empresa de Base Tecno - lógica (PEBT) y de cuatro Microempresas de Base Tecnológica (MEBT) fueron efectuados para responder la pregunta de investigación principal: ¿Cómo operacionalizar la noción de CSO para comprenderla y administrarla más efectivamente? De la fase empírica fueron obtenidos los siguientes resultados: primero, un modelo de análisis de la formación de CSO que presenta gráficamente la adopción de un análisis multiniveles (individual, de equi - po y organizativo). Segundo, un conjunto de señales de oportunidad permitió identificar la presencia y caracterizar el rol de seis variables determinantes (competencia relacional, compromiso, ambiente de trabajo, complementariedad de roles, espacios de comunicación y orientación estratégica) en la formación de CSO. Derechos Reservados©2015 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Contaduría y Administración. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the motivation of collaborators based on the Maslow pyramid, in order to have an approach to the subject of motivation in family micro-businesses, such as cybercafé, where business is income from computer systems and the internet. Originality/value: This paper is original to find solutions to the existent gap in motivating collaborators of micro family business dedicated to the service of renting computers for the Internet. The main implication is to generate proposals for the improvement of labor motivation in the aforementioned family micro-enterprises. Design/methodology/approach: A questionnaire elaborated on the scale of Likert is applied to diagnose motivation and job satisfaction starting from the Maslow pyramid. With a sample of 7 employees, who work in the company mentioned above, the questionnaire was applied to Google forms. Summary of key results: The results presented by the study of job motivation in cybercafé are not favorable to the company, due to the representativeness showed by the “indifferent” option chosen by the employees in the scenarios presented in the questionnaire. This can create uncertainty due to the impartiality or to some extent insecurity in the employee when choosing the option “indifferent”. Findings: Labor motivation in the family micro-business partners may be a little complex to address under the Maslow theory, and in general, that of any models, which have been developed, because of to the environment, in which these family companies are set up and operate.

Esta investigación tiene como propósito diseñar una estrategia de servicio al cliente para las empresa micro, son empresas vulnerables a sufrir accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades laborales debido a que no reciben la respectiva asesoría, por consiguiente se identificó que tipo de información reciben las empresas de menos de diez trabajadores, se realizaron entrevistas con el fin de verificar los temas de asesoría en prevención de riesgos laborales que reciben las empresas afiliadas de parte de las administradoras de riesgos laborales. Los resultados aprobaron la hipótesis donde se clarifico que estas empresas no reciben ninguna asesoría excepto cuando ocurre un accidente de trabajo grave o fatal. Dentro de las obligaciones de las ARL según el sistema de riesgos laborales y teniendo en cuenta la normatividad vigente, indican claramente unas actividades encaminadas a la promoción y prevención, por este motivo se diseño la estrategia de servicio al cliente de las ARL donde se propuso realizar una llamada de bienvenida, creación de acceso a la página de la ARL para descargar material de apoyo en gestión preventiva, participación en capacitaciones virtuales y presenciales en materia de prevención de riesgos laborales y un correo informativo frente al proceso y fases de la implementación del sistema de seguridad y salud en el trabajo. La ventaja de llevar a cabo esta estrategia beneficia a las ARL y las empresas micro, como resultado evitan multas o sanciones frente a los entes regulatorios por incumplimiento de la legislación teniendo en cuenta las obligaciones de las dos partes. The purpose of this research is to design a customer service strategy for micro enterprises. They are vulnerable companies to work accidents and occupational diseases because they do not receive the respective advice, therefore it was identified what type of information companies receive less Of ten workers, interviews were conducted in order to verify the issues of advice on prevention of occupational risks that the affiliated companies receive from the managers of labor risks. The results approved the hypothesis where it was clarified that these companies do not receive any advice except when a serious or fatal work accident occurs. Within the obligations of the ARL according to the system of occupational risks and taking into account the current regulations, clearly indicate activities aimed at promotion and prevention, for this reason was designed the customer service strategy of the ARL where it was proposed to carry out A welcome call, creation of access to the ARL page to download support material in preventive management, participation in virtual training and face-to-face in the field of prevention of occupational hazards and an informational mail in front of the process and phases of the implementation of the system Safety and health at work. The advantage of carrying out this strategy benefits ARLs and micro enterprises, as a result avoiding fines or penalties against regulatory bodies for non-compliance with the legislation taking into account the obligations of the two parties.

O Estado enquanto grande consumidor de bens e serviços pode utilizar as compras governamentais como uma política pública para induzir a produtividade, controle de qualidade, transferência de tecnologias, desenvolvimento de micro e pequenas empresas e promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social. Em que pese os governos, órgãos e entidades não governamentais, além pesquisadores do desenvolvimento econômico regional abordarem de diversas formas a relevância das compras governamentais para a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social, pouco foi dito sobre resultados quantitativos que pudessem ser utilizados para mensurar os benefícios de se implementar tal política pública. Apesar dos esforços feitos pelo Governo Federal em promover as compras governamentais como políticas públicas regulatórias, melhorando o acesso das micro e pequenas empresas e agricultores familiares às contratações junto aos Governos, existe a necessidade dos gestores públicos municipais colocarem essas políticas públicas em prática. Ciente das limitações estruturais, orçamentária e de pessoal nos municípios brasileiros, o Governo Federal desenha políticas públicas com imposições e obrigações aos municípios para que as ações aconteçam de fato. Isso faz com que os gestores municipais percebam algumas políticas públicas como normas que deverão ser cumpridas e não como uma possibilidade real de promoção do desenvolvimento de sua região. Entendendo o papel dos decisores políticos nos municípios, em especial na formação de agenda e tomada de decisão, esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o propósito de ser utilizada como instrumento de persuasão junto aos mesmos. Foi analisada as contratações de pessoal realizadas por micro e pequenas empresas sediadas na Microrregião de São João del Rei, em Minas Gerais, que venceram processos de aquisição junto às prefeituras da mesma microrregião no exercício de 2016. Os resultados mostraram que mais de 5 postos de trabalho foram gerados para cada R$ 1.000.000,00 em contratações junto aos governos municipais. The State as a major consumer of goods and services can use government purchases as a public policy to induce productivity, quality control, technology transfer, development of micro and small-sized enterprises, and as the promotion of economic and social development. In spite of the fact that governments, agencies, non-governmental entities and researchers of regional economic development address in various ways the relevance of government purchases for the promotion of economic and social development, there is limited quantitative information to be used as a measure of the benefits of implementing such public policies. Despite the efforts made by the Federal Government to promote government procurement as a regulatory public policy, improving the access of micro and small-sized enterprises and family farmers to government contracts, there is still the need for the Municipal Public Managers to implement and put such public policies into practice. Considering the structural, budgetary and personnel constraints in most Brazilian Municipalities, the Federal Government drafts public policies imposing responsibilities on local governments to ensure such policies are, in fact, executed and carried through. The Municipality, however, perceive these public policies only as additional obligations to be fulfilled, instead of understanding them as a real opportunity to promote and enhance development in their region. This research has the purpose of being an additional tool in the persuasion of policy makers in Brazilian Municipalities, taking into consideration their process of establishing guidelines and decision-making. We analyzed the personnel hiring by micro and small-sized enterprises located in the small town of São João del Rei in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais, which won procurement processes in counties located in the same area for the fiscal year 2016. The results show that more than five jobs were created for each R$ 1,000,000.00 in contracts with local governments.

Urgency of the research. Small business is the structure-forming element of the modern mixed economy. Its subjects promptly react to the changes of market conditions, maintain a competitive environment, create new work places etc. Target setting. The imperfection of classification criteria and artificial narrowing of the economic substance of small business made some of the domestic business entities be out of state regulation. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Both foreign (P. Druker, H. Milenbush, S. Parker, D.Rechmen et al.) and domestic scholars (Z. Varnaliy, T. Kovalchuk, V. Syzonenko, H. Sobol et al.) researched various aspects of the creation and operation of small business. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The< problems of transformation of the economic essence of small business in the modern economy of Ukraine and, on this basis, the feasibility of changes in priorities of state policy and its support need more investigation. The research objective. The objective of the paper is a comprehensive study of the economic essence of small business, providing recommendations on improving its quantitative classification criteria and expanding its structure, formulation of proposals for effective directions of state support for each domestic small business. The statement of basic materials. The weighty role and functions of small business in today's mixed economy are substantiated; its advantages and disadvantages are characterized. On the basis of the critical analysis of existing classification criteria and of the use of the world experience it is suggested to broaden the criteria for its classification. While determining qualitative criteria one should take into account the heterogeneity of small businesses and their contribution to economic development. Size criterion (small sole proprietors, micro enterprises, small businesses) is offered to be complemented with the criterion of conformity to market economy ("forced entrepreneurship", "mature entrepreneurship", "demanding entrepreneurship"). Conclusions. Using updated criteria and taking into account the importance, specificity and heterogeneity of domestic small business, it is proposed to change the priorities of state policy of its maintenance.

Cuáles son los orígenes, definiciones, relación con otros conceptos, teorías que sustentan y dimensiones a evaluar al interpretar la incidencia que tiene el clima organizacional al interior de una microempresa? What are the origins, definitions, relationship with other concepts, theories that sustain and dimensions to evaluate when interpreting the impact that the organizational climate has inside a microenterprise? Pregrado

After the 1991 financial reforms, the Indian MSMEs are finding it difficult to cope with the challenges of globalization mainly because of poor access to financial services. The MSME sector faces financial problems such as low capital, delayed payments, working capital, lack of timely credit, collateral and interest rate, etc. This study attempts to identify the reasons for micro-entrepreneurs failing to obtain institutional finance for their business. Simple random sampling has been used to collect data from 257 micro-entrepreneurs using a well structured interview schedule. Results of the study reveal that quantum of loan requested by the micro-entrepreneurs seems to be too much for the banks to sanction and this is the major factor contributing to these entrepreneurs failing to get bank credit for their business ventures. Using Factor Analysis, three factors such as poor management, credit capacity and inadequate capital and collateral have been identified as the most important reasons for these micro-entrepreneurs failing to get bank credit for their business. Canonical Correlation has been used to find out the most important reasons for the micro-entrepreneurs failing to get bank credit The reasons vary according to their family size, generation of entrepreneurship, family-orientation of business, location of business venture, type of industry, capital employed and number of business ventures owned and managed by the micro-entrepreneurs.

Kredi derecelendirme, borç yükümlülüğünü üstlenen gerçek yada tüzel kişinin, borç ödeme performansını, geçmiş veriler ve anlık görüntü ışığında öngörme faaliyetidir. İlk bakışta, bu faaliyet sadece borç verenin menfaatlerini korumak gerçekleştiriliyor gibi algılansa da her iki tarafın da doğru bir kredi ilişkisi içine girmesini amaçlamaktadır. Mevcut ekonomik konjonktürde finansal kayıtları büyük ölçüde gerçeği yansıtan işletmeler için kredi derecelendirme işlemleri modern analiz yöntemleri ile oldukça sağlıklı sonuçlar ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. Lakin Mikro işletmelerin kredibilitesinin tespiti noktasında, geçmiş verilerine ve anlık görüntüsüne, resmi kayıtlarından ulaşmak neredeyse imkansız olduğu için, bu işletmelerin özel bir analiz yöntemi ile derecelendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Mali tahlil için resmi kayıtlarından verimli sonuç almanın imkansız olduğu Mikro işletmeler, ya yeterince finansman kaynaklarına ulaşamamakta yada ihtiyacından fazla finansman kaynağına ulaşıp borç yükü altında ezilmekte ve her iki durumda da varlığı büyük tehdit altına girmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, mikro işletmelerin kredibilite analizinin MİKROMET adını verdiğim özel bir yöntemle belirlenmesini ve bu şekilde finansal argümanları kullanma noktasında dezavantajlı olarak gördüğüm mikro işletmelerin doğru analiz edilmesine katkı sağlamaktır. Credit rating, debt obligation of an entity, real or holds debt payment performance, in light of historical data and snapshot is forecasting activity. At first glance, this activity is carried out only when the issuer of debt interests as both sides maintain an accurate credit aims to enter into the relationship. In the current economic conjuncture, reflecting the fact that financial records are largely for businesses with credit rating operations, modern analysis methods can be quite healthy results. But the point of the detection of micro enterprises credibility, history data and snapshot, it is nearly impossible to reach the official records, it must be a special analysis method with ranking of enterprises. Are official records for efficient financial analysis results is impossible to Micro businesses, or are never enough funding sources or the need to reach out more funding source, he mixes under the debt load and the presence of large, in either case under threat. In this context, the aim of the present study, analysis of micro-enterprises ' credibility be determined in a special way and I gave the name of MIKROMET in this way, the point of using the financial arguments as disadvantaged is to contribute to a correct analysis of micro-enterprises. 121

Son yıllarda mikro ve küçük ölçekli işletmeler Uganda ve özellikle Arua bölgesinde hızla artan çoğalmaya başlamış fakat bu işletmeleri yürütmek için yetersiz sermaye konusu birçok politika belirleyici (karar alıcı) için artan bir endişe kaynağı olmuştur. Bu sorunu çözebilmek için Uganda hükumeti özelleştirme yoluyla, mikro finans kurumlarının ekonomik yönden aktif, ancak mali yönden kısıtlı ve korunmasız (zayıf) mikro girişimcilere mikro kredi, tasarruf, mikro sigorta ve eğitim gibi finansal hizmetler sunma yönünde teşvik edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Uganda'nın Arua bölgesindeki mikro finans hizmetlerinin mikro ve küçük ölçekli işletmelerin performansı üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Mikro finans hizmetlerinin Uganda'daki müşterileri üzerindeki etkisine ilişkin daha önce birçok çalışma yapılmasına rağmen bu çalışmaların çoğu, yoksul bir kişinin mikro finans kredileri ile başlayabileceği işletmelerin başlıca türü olan mikro işletmeleri dışarıda tutarak küçük ve orta işletmeler üzerine odaklanmıştır. Örnek vermek gerekirse, Arua bölgesinde, özellikle mikro finans hizmetlerinin etkisini ve mikro ve küçük ölçekli işletmelerin performansını yeterli olarak açıklayan bir metodoloji kullanılan sınırlı sayıda araştırma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada mikro finans kurumunun 200'den fazla müşterisinden birincil veri toplama aracı olarak anket yardımı ile nüfustan örnek alınması için basit ve basit rasgele örnekleme tekniğini kullanmış ve ikincil veriler ise dergi makaleleri, seçilmiş metinler ve yayınlardan toplanmıştır. Veriler SPSS aracılığıyla betimsel ve tahminsel istatistikler kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Mikro finans kurumları tarafından sağlanan mikro kredi, tasarruf, mikro sigorta ve eğitim hizmetlerinin mikro ve küçük ölçekli işletmelerin performansını nasıl etkilediğini incelemek için çoklu regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Adı geçen tüm değişkenlerin Arua bölgesinde mikro ve küçük ölçekli işletmelerin performansına olumlu katkıda bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar aynı zamanda, girişimcilerin yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim düzeyi ve medeni hali gibi demografik değişkenlerinin Arua bölgesinde mikro ve küçük ölçekli işletmelerin performansına büyük katkıda bulunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. In the recent years micro and small scale businesses have been rapidly increasing in Uganda and Arua district in particular but the issue of inadequate capital to run these businesses has been a growing concern for many policy makers. In order to solve this problem the government of Uganda through privatization encouraged the development of microfinance institutions to provide financial services such as microcredit, savings, micro insurance and training to micro entrepreneurs who are economically active, but financially constrained and vulnerable. This study was therefore aimed to assess the impact of microfinance services on the performance of micro and small scale businesses in Arua district in Uganda.Although there are many previous studies regarding impact of microfinance services on its clients in Uganda, most of studies focused on small and medium enterprises leaving out micro enterprises which are the major forms of businesses a poor person can afford to start with microfinance loans. For instance Arua district in particular has limited research which used a methodology that adequately explained the impact of microfinance services and the performance of micro and small scale businesses.This study used purposive and simple random sampling technique to draw the sample from the population with the aid of questionnaires as an instrument for primary data collection from 200 clients of microfinance institution and secondary data was gathered from journal articles, selected texts and publications.Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Two models of multiple regression analysis were used to examine the extended to which microcredit, savings, micro insurance and training services provided by microfinance institutions affect the performance of micro and small scale businesses. Most of the mentioned variables contributed positively to the performance of micro and small scale businesses in Arua district. The results also shows that entrepreneur's age, gender, level of education and marital status contributes greatly to the performance of micro and small scale businesses in Arua district. 114

ÖZ: Bu çalışma ile Kıbrıs Türk Esnaf ve Zanaatkârlar Odası (KTEZO)‟na kayıtlı üye esnaf ve zanaatkârların profilini çıkarmak, üyelerin ortak paydada öne çıkan sorunlarını belirlemek ve bu sorunlara ilişkin önerdikleri çözümleri sunmayı amaçlamıştır. Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti‟nde (KKTC) faaliyet gösteren, KTEZO‟na kayıtlı esnaf ve zanaatkârların tamamı araştırma alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada betimsel karşılaştırmalı analiz ve istatistiki analiz yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan veriler KTEZO‟ndan elde edilen üye kayıtları, Genel Sanayi ve İşyerleri Sayımı ikincil verileri ve anket uygulaması ile toplanan birincil verilerdir. Anket çalışmasında odaya üye toplam 4,238 esnaftan 229 kişi ile anket yapılmıştır. Oluşturulan örneklem, üye sayısının %5‟i olarak belirlenmiş olup, “Tabakalı (zümrelere göre) Örnekleme Yöntemi” kullanılarak, her bölge içerisinde toplam üyelerin cinsiyet ve sektördeki temsiliyet oranı gözetilerek belirlenen sayıda yüz yüze görüşme yöntemi ile anket yapılmıştır. KKTC‟deki esnaf ve zanaatkârlar ile ilgili yasal düzenlemelerdeki eksiklikler ve bitmeyen Kıbrıs sorunu nedeniyle uygulanan ekonomik ambargolardan dolayı maruz kalınan dışsal (makro) sorunların yanında, birçok içsel (mikro) sorunlar bu çalışmada özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Esnaf ve zanaatkârların ön planda yer alan sorunları olarak; vergiler, enerji fiyatlarının pahalılığı ve haksız rekabet olduğu belirtilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: KKTC, KOBİ, KTEZO, Esnaf, Zanaatkâr, Mikro İşletmeler. This study aims to create a profile of shopkeepers and artisans who are members of the Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Shopkeepers and Artisans (TCCSA), in order to determine their common problems and solutions to those problems. Members of the TCCSA are taken into account in this research. Descriptive comparisons and variety of statistical methods are applied. The data used for the research contains; membership records of TCCSA, General Census of Industry and Business Establishments stats and primary data collected by survey. Among 4,238 members of the chamber, 229 participants attended to the survey. This sample group is counted as 5% of the total number of members. By applying stratified sampling method, face to face surveys are conducted with the members. The size of the sample is determined by considering gender and industrial representations of the members from each region of the country. Macro (external) and micro (internal) economic problems of shopkeepers and artisans are seem to be appearing due to inefficient regulations and economic sanctions on Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Leading struggles of shopkeepers and artisans are determined as taxes, high energy prices and unfair competition. Keywords: TRNC, SMEs, TCCSA, Shopkeeper, Artisan, Micro Enterprises. Lisansüstü Eğitim, Öğretim ve Araştırma Enstitüsüne İşletme Yönetimi Dalında Yüksek Lisans Tezidir. Tez (Yüksek Lisans)--Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi, İşletme ve Ekonomi Fakültesi, 2017. Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Fatma Güven Lisaniler.

Rekabetin hızla arttığı günümüz iş dünyasında, işletmelerin uluslararası düzeyde faaliyet gösterme zorunluluğu artmaktadır. Söz konusu faaliyetler esnasında, uluslararası alanda karşılaşılacak en büyük problemlerden biri kültürel farklılıkların şekillendirdiği farklı insan topluluklarıdır. Bu engeli aşabilen işletmelerin girişimcilik yönelimlerinin artması beklenmekte ve bu engel kültürel zeka ile aşılabilmektedir. Girişimcilik yönelimi, kişilerin girişimci olma yönünde göstermiş oldukları istekliliktir. Kültürel zeka ise, kişilerin kültürlerarası iletişimlerde, uygun sözlü ve sözsüz davranışlar gösterebilme yeteneğidir. Kültürel zeka düzeyi yüksek olan çalışanlar, risk alma, proaktif olma ve yenilik yapmada rakiplerine göre daha istekli olabilmektedirler. Bu nedenle kültürel zeka kültürel farklılıkların yönetilmesinde ve girişimcilik yöneliminin artmasında önemli bir araç olabilmektedir. Bu varsayımdan yola çıkılarak bu araştırmanın amacı, kültürel zeka ile girişimcilik yönelimi arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemektir. Bu amaçla Laleli pazarında anket yöntemi kullanılarak veriler toplanmıştır. Araştırmada kültürel zeka ölçeği (Ang vd., 2007) ile girişimcilik yönelimi ölçeği (Bouncken vd., 2014; Chen vd., 2015; Hughes ve Morgan, 2007) anket değerlendirme aracı olarak kullanılmıştır ve hipotezler Smart-PLS 2.0 ile test edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları, üstbilişsel, motivasyonel ve davranışsal kültürel zekanın girişimcilik yönelimi boyutlarından bazıları ile arasında önemli bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. In today's highly competitive business environment there is an increasing need to operate on local and international markets. Any business to attempt operate in international environment could face the cultural differences as a new challenge for their employees. Cultural intelligence as the ability to adapt the verbal and nonverbal behaviors to the new culture, enable employee to maintain an effective communication with the other cultures' members. A higher degree of cultural intelligence is also important for the managers and entrepreneurs and managers who develops their skills and capacity for cultural intelligence tens to be willing to take risks, act proactively and innovate more than their competitors. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the relationship between cultural intelligence and entrepreneurial orientation. A survey method was used to collect data form the employees of micro business in Laleli Market in Turkey. Cultural intelligence scale (Ang at al., 2007) and entrepreneurship orientation scale (Bouncken et al., 2014; Chenet al., 2015; Hughes and Morgan, 2007) were used as assessment tools in the questionnaire, and Smart PLS 2.0 was used to test the hypothesis. The research findings show that metacognitive, motivational and behavioral cultural intelligence have a significant relationship with some the dimensions of the entrepreneurial orientation. 177

The study evaluated owner manager characteristics as a determinant of MSE growth. Utilizing a self administered questionnaire, data were collected from two sub-cities of Addis Ababa (Addis ketema an Arada sub-city) where large number of MSEs are located and 99 MSE owner/managers were proportionally selected. Analysis of variance was carried out and hypothesis tested to examine the variation in the growth of MSEs with respect to the variation in each of the independent variables. As two dependent variables were used to measure growth in this study, the result shows different statistical value for both of them. The ANOVA and t-test result indicates, there was a significant variation on the growth of MSEs in relation to the variations of gender, work experience and family back ground if growth is measured using asset growth. If growth is measured using employment growth, the difference in experience and family back ground brings difference in growth. But the study showed no significant difference between MSE growth with respect to the variation in the level of education of the owner/ managers whether growth is measured using asset and employment growth. The study found no evidence to support a common perception linking formal higher education with higher incidence of business success and growth., Journal of Science and Sustainable Development, Vol. 4 No. 2 (2016)

The objective of this comprehensive research is to identify and explore the dissimilarities of gender and education level of entrepreneurs and enterprises’ age with regards to entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in the segment of micro enterprises. All of the dimensions of EO are included such as innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness and autonomy for our analysis. The data that we have used for this study, was collected by a structured questionnaire during 2015 in Czech Republic, and consists of 1141 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and 740 of them are defined as micro enterprises by using the definition of European Commission. The empirical results of our study indicates a that university educated micro-entrepreneurs are more innovative and autonomous comparing with lower educated micro-entrepreneurs and also younger micro firms are more innovative, risk taker and proactive than the older micro firms. However, our results do not show any significant differences between men and women in relation to the all components of EO. Our result can be explained by having higher percentage of university educated women micro entrepreneurs comparing with their men counterparts and education may have a substitution effect on the gender based differences in the segment of micro firms.