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An analysis of the data of the ring recoveries from bean geese (Anser fabalis), ringed from 1960 to 2013 on wintering grounds in the Netherlands, where a subspecies was indicated for a significant part of the birds (A. f. fabalis or A. f. rossicus), is given. Most of the finds were registered on the territory of the former Soviet Union, mainly in the Russian Federation. The hypothesis is tested that the subspecies A. f. fabalis is exposed to more hunting pressure than A. f. rossicus. To test this, a comparison is made of the survival periods of birds of the two subspecies and an analysis of the seasonal distribution of finds of ringed birds. The average life expectancy of A. f. fabalis (compared to A. f. rossicus), a long-term shift in the timing of production in the direction of spring hunting, and the possible change in wintering regions of the bean goose (increase in the importance of Eastern European wintering) as another reason for the sharp decrease in the number of wintering A. f. fabalis in the Netherlands are discussed.

Être une femme ou un homme étranger et noir et souffrir du froid, de la faim et de l’absence de sécurité, ne pas avoir d'existence sociale reconnue : telle est l’expérience des personnes migrantes suivies durant cette enquête au Maroc. Leur point commun est de n’avoir, à certains moments de leur séjour, plus qu'une seule et ultime ressource : leur propre corps. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique menée entre 2016 et 2020 et de l’analyse de corpus biographiques, cet article propose de revenir sur l’expérience vécue de la vulnérabilité extrême et sur les tactiques envisagées pour y faire face. Il présente une analyse centrée sur les corps des migrants conçus comme des surfaces sur lesquelles des « régimes de vérité » s’inscrivent, en tant que lieu de domination et de résistance créative. Being a foreign, black woman or man, suffering from cold, hunger and lack of security, with no recognized social existence: this is the experience of the migrants we followed during this survey in Morocco. What they have in common is that, at certain points in their stay, they have only one ultimate resource left: their own bodies. Based on an ethnographic survey conducted between 2016 and 2020 and the analysis of biographical material, this article proposes to revisit the lived experience of extreme vulnerability and the tactics considered to cope with it. It presents an analysis centered on migrants’ bodies conceived as surfaces on which “regimes of truth” are inscribed, as sites of domination and creative resistance.

This is a compilation of news and notes of relevance for the field of migration., Quarterly on Refugee Problems - AWR Bulletin, Vol. 62 No. 1 (2023): Quarterly on Refugee Problems - AWR Bulletin (QRP)

Summary In 2015 and 2016 four Lesser White-fronted Geese (Anser erythropus), a globally threatened species, were caught and tagged during spring migration representing nearly 10% of the entire Swedish breeding population at the time. Two of the birds were followed over more than one season. Tracking data revealed an unexpected wide network of migration corridors and staging sites. Autumn and spring migration differed by stepping-stone sites and migration speed. So far unknown key stopover sites were discovered in Denmark, northern Germany, and Sweden. By using dynamic Brownian bridge movement models, the potential areas that Lesser White-fronted Geese used during migration are described and conservation implications spotlighted. This study provides another important piece of the puzzle describing the migration of Lesser White-fronted Geese in Western Europe.

Les six articles proposés dans ce dossier répondent à l’appel intitulé « COVID-19, migrations et parcours. Des mobilités aux prismes de l’immobilité : paradoxes et réalités » lancé le 20 janvier 2021. Il a été élaboré autour de la notion de parcours définie comme « un processus se construisant au gré des espaces traversés, des ressources mobilisées et des choix personnels, impliquant une volonté et une intention particulières, selon les opportunités, les contraintes et les risques rencontrés....

Many organisms perform regular migrations over long distances. These movements are often related to feeding and reproductive periods and regulated by oceanographic conditions as well as physiological and behavioural traits. Different individual traits and their associated evolutionary constraints will ultimately shape the migratory strategy (and route) of individuals. Optimality theory can provide a framework to assess these inherent trade-offs in individual migrations and identify optimal migration routes in different conditions. Here, we present a model that describes the behavioural trade-off between migration time and energy expenditure and identifies optimal migration routes in realistic ocean conditions. The model explicitly includes a behavioural factor for individual risk management, including risks associated with moving in a stochastic environment. We test this model in three different case studies, one in an idealized theoretical context and two in realistic conditions for sea turtle migrations. We show that behavioural traits can largely influence the optimal routes in long-distance migrations, resulting in major changes in migratory pathways. Further, we assess the ability of the model to infer back behavioural traits given a set of synthetic individual tracks and show relatively good performances. However, further tests are needed to evaluate performances when accurate observations of migrations are used.

Resumen: La pronunciada desigualdad entre las condiciones de vida en los países europeos y africanos, combinado con las políticas migratorias restrictivas implementadas en la frontera sur de la Unión Europea, provocan las migraciones marítimas irregulares a través de diversas rutas que parten de las costas africanas. En estas rutas desempeñan un papel importante algunas islas del Mediterráneo y del Atlántico. Las Islas Canarias, parte de la ruta atlántica del África occidental, están experimentando actualmente un nuevo episodio con gran afluencia de llegadas. El artículo analiza la inserción de las Islas Canarias en la gestión migratoria de la Unión Europea, identifica las causas de la intensificación de las llegadas y describe las dificultades en la acogida y el tránsito de las personas migrantes. Abstract: The pronounced inequality between living conditions in European and African countries, combined with restrictive migration policies implemented at the southern border of the European Union, cause irregular maritime migrations through various routes that depart from the African coasts. Some islands in the Mediterranean and Atlantic play an important role on these routes. The Canary Islands, part of the West African Atlantic route, are currently experiencing a new episode of large arrivals. The article analyzes the insertion of the Canary Islands in the migration management of the European Union at its southern border, identifies the causes of the intensification of arrivals and describes the difficulties in the reception and transit of migrants.

Migration routes today are deeply questioning anthropology not only theoretically, but also, and above all, about its application. Anthropological research focused on the field of migration on one side "naturally" investigates and breaks through the political and public sphere, on the other contemplates social repercussions and forms of information and dissemination. For this reason, the analysis of migration routes often takes the form of intervention using languages, methodologies and communication channels alternative to the scientific publications, increasingly varied and straightforward. More frequently, techniques such as mapping tools, multi-site information and synchronised data platforms, visual documentation, migrant self-productions, etc. are used to document and analyse migration, involving new methods and communicative languages. Moreover, these works take place within interdisciplinary networks where the research and investigation methods are shared and overlapped with multiple communicative languages and styles. In recent decades, an analytical and communicative approach was built that, although rooted in the anthropological perspective, draws on both languages and unconventional technological tools to investigate and act on the migration routes. In this AP Forum we would like to engage with this parallel world to public anthropology, questioning us first of all about the ways in which professional skills are expressed in the field and on the reasons that led to move towards these styles and languages that re-articulate and overcome conventional forms of scientific communication. What are the methodological and positioning issues of the multiple action planning to deal anthropologically with the issue of migration routes? While on the one side it opens up to a range of research and intervention possibilities through which innovating the discipline itself, on the other conflicts and compromises are often generated by the application of an anthropological perspective. How this relationship between potentiality and limits articulate on such debated issue as migration routes? What tactics can be put in place to articulate this dialectic relationship? Finally, what is the stake that these consolidated ways of doing ethnography of migration bring into the field of questioning cultural and public anthropology? In particular, we are interested in affinities and discontinuities with respect to the conventional methods of research, asking ourselves if could be a dialogue (or not) and a possible way of collaboration between these different worlds of investigation and analysis.

BackgroundThe Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) occurs throughout Eurasia and North and sub-Saharan Africa, with three recognized subspecies and six geographically distributed populations. However, in China, we knew almost nothing about migration routes, habitat use and effectiveness of current site protection measures for this species.MethodsWe deployed Global Positioning System/Global System for Mobile Communications (GPS/GSM) satellite trackers on 29 Eurasian Spoonbills captured in summer in Mongolia and northeastern China, to obtain complete migration routes data from 10 individuals from 19 complete migration episodes.ResultsTracking data showed no geographical overlap during the annual cycle in Eurasian Spoonbills marked in the two main summering areas. Birds marked in the Naoli River Basin in Heilongjiang Province, China, wintered along the Jiangsu coastline in China, while Eurasian Spoonbills from two discrete summering areas (in Inner and western Mongolia) overwintered inland in the Yangtze River floodplain of China. Excluding the single Inner Mongolian bird, spring migration was significantly faster than autumn migration in the other two groups of birds. Eurasian Spoonbills mainly used water, wetland and grassland habitats in summer, but almost exclusively water in winter. Lack of protection of staging sites used by all the birds in spring and poor levels of protection throughout the annual cycle for western Mongolian birds (5–22%) gives considerable cause for concern, although sites used in other time by East Mongolian and Naoli River birds in the rest of their annual life cycle enjoyed good levels of protection (49–95%).ConclusionsThese results revealed previously unknown relationships between summering and wintering areas, migration routes and stopover sites for Eurasian Spoonbills wintering in China, suggesting the existence of discrete biogeographical population units. They also identified winter habitat use of Eurasian Spoonbills in China, confirming open water habitats as being critical throughout the annual cycle, although based on small sample size, gaps in current site safeguard networks for these populations.

The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) is a worldwide migratory pest that threatens food security in China. Previous studies have clarified the general migration regularity of M. separata in East Asia, but knowledge of migration routes over northeast China, especially in autumn as well as the impact by climate change in recent years, is still limited. From 2017 to 2020, we monitored the migration of M. separata in northeast China by searchlight traps and simulated moth trajectories by the HYSPLIT model. The M. separata moths had three main migration periods in northeast China, and there were obvious seasonal differences at different latitudes. The spring and summer migrants (late May to early-mid June and late July to early August) came from the southern Shandong Province and migrated to the north via Hebei/Shandong-Liaoning-Jilin-Heilongjiang. Moreover, more than half of the autumn trapped insects from late August to mid-late September migrated in the provinces where the sites are located, southward via Heilongjiang-Jilin-Liaoning. These results clarified the migration route of M. separata in northeast China and their relationship with the insect source in north China, thereby providing a theoretical basis for regional monitoring, early warning, and management of the pest.

This paper considers issues relating to the emergence of ancient routes of communication in Central Asia. The authors specify the location of roads of regional and transregional significance in the Bronze Age. They categorize the natural and economic factors that led to the migration of the peoples of Central Asia, which contributed to the establishment and development of the first economic ties of this region with India, Iran, Mesopotamia, and China. As part of their work they chart routes through the Urals and around the Volga. They also determine the location of main routes of migration in Central Asia.

Many migratory species have experienced substantial declines that resulted from rapid and massive expansions of human structures and activities, habitat alterations and climate change. Migrants are also recognized as an integral component of biodiversity and provide a multitude of services and disservices that are relevant to human agri-culture, economy and health. The plethora of recently published studies reflects the need for better fundamental knowledge on migrations and for better management of their ecological and human-relevant effects. Yet, where are we in providing answers to fundamental questions and societal challenges?Engaging a broad network of researchers worldwide, we used a horizon-scan approach to identify the most important challenges which need to be overcome in order to gain a fuller understanding of migration ecology, and which could be addressed using radar aeroecological and macroecological approaches. The top challenges include both long-standing and novel topics, ranging from fundamental information on migration routes and phenology, orientation and navigation strategies, and the multitude of effects migrants may have on resident communities, to societal challenges, such as protecting or preventing migrant services and disservices, and the conservation of migrants in the face of environmental changes. We outline these challenges, identify the urgency of addressing them and the primary stakeholders – researchers, policy makers and practitioners, or funders of research

The migration patterns of humpback whales in the southwestern Atlantic have not been studied in detail. Humpback whales that winter off the coast of Brazil migrate south to offshore waters around South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. This project uses data collected from satellite tags attached to humpback whales off the coast of Brazil between 2003 and 2019 to establish what paths they take and whether they use oceanic features, in particular seamounts, during their migrations.The results show that this population of humpbacks leave the Brazilian coast using two different paths, cross over multiple seamounts, including the Rio Grande Rise, and most of them use a direct path to their feeding grounds. The results indicate that humpback whales may use seamounts during their migration, although further research is required to understand their potential use of seamounts during their migration.

The spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus is associated with wild fowl migration in East Asian-Australasian (EA) and Central Asian (CA) flyways. However, the spread of H5N1 virus between the two flyways is still unclear. Here, the movements of wild waterfowl were obtained from satellite tracking data covering seven bar-headed geese and three great black-headed gulls breeding in the Qinghai Lake area (along the EA flyway), and 20 whooper swans wintering in the Sanmenxia Reservoir area (at the CA flyway). From the 2688 samples that were screened from wild birds at Qinghai Lake after an outbreak of H5N1 in July 2015, four genomes of H5N1 virus were obtained from bar-headed geese. The results of phylogenetic analysis indicated that these H5N1 viruses belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c and their gene fragments were highly homologous with A/whooper swan/Henan/SMX1/2015 (H5N1) virus (ranging from 99.76% to 100.00%) isolated from a dead whooper swan from the Sanmenxia Reservoir area along the EA flyway in January 2015. Furthermore, the coincidental timing of the H5N1 outbreak with spring migration, together with phylogenetic evidence, provided new evidence of the east-to-west spread of HPAI H5N1 between the EA and CA migratory flyways of China., GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Toxocariasis is currently considered an important zoonosis in many countries and is usually attributed to larvae of Toxocara canis Werner, 1782 but less frequently, T. cat. This study attempts to compare the migration routes followed by T. canis and Toxocara cati (Schrank, 1788) in Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769 and to determine the percentage of larvae recovered in each organ of experimentally infected rats. Twenty-one 8-week-old, male specimens of R. norvegicus (Wistar) were inoculated orally with 500 embryonated eggs of T. canis, while another 21 rats of the same species were inoculated orally with 300 embryonated eggs of T. cati. On postinfection days 3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 30 and 60, three rats from each group were sacrificed and larval recovery was performed from various organs and the carcass following digestion with 0.5% HCl method. Comparisons of the percentage of recovered larvae revealed that T. cati larvae migrated in greater quantities, as early as day 3 postinfection, to the lungs (23.77%, compared to 0.34% for T. canis), while migration of T. cati larvae to the carcass was observed from day 3 up to day 60 postinoculation. This experiment verified that the larvae of these two species follow distinct migration routes and have different recovery rates. La toxocariasis es actualmente considerada una importante zoonosis en muchos países y es generalmente atribuida a larvas de Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782, entretanto, a pesar de ser menos frecuente, T. cati (Schrank, 1788) puede causar enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar las rutas de migración seguidas por T. canis y T. cati en Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) y determinar el porcentaje de larvas obtenidas en cada órgano de las ratas infectadas experimentalmente. Veintiún especímenes machos de R. norvegicus (Wistar), con ocho semanas de edad fueron inoculados oralmente con 500 huevos larvados de T. canis, en cuanto que otras 21 ratas de la misma especie fueron inoculadas oralmente con 300 huevos embrionados de T. cati. En los días 3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 30 y 60 pos-infección, tres ratas de cada grupo fueron sacrificadas y la recuperación de larvas fue realizada en varios órganos y la musculatura después de la digestión con el método de HCl a 0,5%. La comparación de los porcentajes de larvas recuperadas reveló que las larvas de T. cati migraron para los pulmones en mayor cantidad, luego en el tercer día pos-infección (23,77%, y solamente 0,34% en el caso de T. canis) al paso que la migración de larvas de T. cati para la musculatura fue observada desde el día 3 hasta el día 60 pos-inoculación. Con este experimento se verificó que las larvas de estas dos especies siguen rutas de migración distintas y tienen tasas de recuperación diferentes.

Despite the wealth of studies on seasonal movements of birds between southern nonbreeding locations and High Arctic breeding locations, the key mechanisms of navigation during these migrations remain elusive. A flight along the shortest possible route between pairs of points on a sphere (‘orthodrome’) requires a bird to be able to assess its current location in relation to its migration goal and to make continuous adjustment of heading to reach that goal. Alternatively, birds may navigate along a vector with a fixed orientation (‘loxodrome’) based on magnetic and/or celestial compass mechanisms. Compass navigation is considered especially challenging for summer migrations in Polar regions, as continuous daylight and complexity in the geomagnetic field may complicate the use of both celestial and magnetic compasses here. We examine the possible use of orientation mechanisms during migratory flights across the Greenland Icecap. Using a novel 2 g solar‐powered satellite transmitter, we documented the flight paths travelled by a female red knot Calidris canutus islandica during two northward and two southward migrations. The geometry of the paths suggests that red knots can migrate across the Greenland Icecap along the shortest‐, orthodrome‐like, path instead of the previously suggested loxodrome path. This particular bird's ability to return to locations visited in a previous year, together with its sudden course changes (which would be appropriate responses to ambient wind fields), suggest a map sense that enables red knots to determine location, so that they can tailor their route depending on local conditions.

Gas sensing is crucial for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and is primarily performed by heme-based sensors, including H-NOX domains. These systems may provide a new, alternative mode for transporting gaseous molecules in higher organisms, but for the development of such systems, a detailed understanding of the ligand-binding properties is required. Here, we focused on ligand migration within the protein matrix: we performed molecular dynamics simulations on three bacterial (Ka, Ns and Cs) H-NOX proteins and studied the kinetics of CO, NO and O2 diffusion. We compared the response of the protein structure to the presence of ligands, diffusion rate constants, tunnel systems and storage pockets. We found that the rate constant for diffusion decreases in the O2 &gt, NO &gt, CO order in all proteins, and in the Ns &gt, Ks &gt, Cs order if single-gas is considered. Competition between gases seems to seriously influence the residential time of ligands spent in the distal pocket. The channel system is profoundly determined by the overall fold, but the sidechain pattern has a significant role in blocking certain channels by hydrophobic interactions between bulky groups, cation&ndash, &pi, interactions or hydrogen bonding triads. The majority of storage pockets are determined by local sidechain composition, although certain functional cavities, such as the distal and proximal pockets are found in all systems. A major guideline for the design of gas transport systems is the need to chemically bind the gas molecule to the protein, possibly joining several proteins with several heme groups together.

International audience; Although it is commonly assumed that female sea turtles always return to the beach they hatched, the pathways they use during the years preceding their first reproduction and their natal origins are most often unknown, as it is the case for juvenile green turtles found in Martinique waters in the Caribbean. Given the oceanic circulation of the Guiana current flowing toward Martinique and the presence of important nesting sites for this species in Suriname and French Guiana, we may assume that a large proportion of the juvenile green turtles found in Martinique are originating from the Suriname-French Guiana beaches. To confirm this hypothesis, we performed mixed stock analysis (MSA) on 40 green turtles sampled in Martinique Island and satellite tracked 31 juvenile green turtles tagged in Martinique to (a) assess their natal origin and (b) identify their destination. Our results from MSA confirm that these juveniles are descendant from females laying on several Caribbean and Atlantic beaches, mostly from Suriname and French Guiana, but also from more southern Brazilian beaches. These results were confirmed by the tracking data as the 10 turtles leaving Martinique headed across the Caribbean-Atlantic region in six different directions and 50% of these turtles reached the Brazilian foraging grounds used by the adult green turtles coming from French Guiana. One turtle left the French Guianan coast to perform the first transatlantic migration ever recorded in juvenile green turtles, swimming toward Guinea-Bissau, which is the most important nesting site for green turtles along the African coast. The extensive movements of the migrant turtles evidenced the crossing of international waters and more than 25 exclusive economic zones, reinforcing the need for an international cooperative network to ensure the conservation of future breeders in this endangered species.

Åtgärdsprogram för havsnejonöga (Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758) innehåller en kortfattad kunskapsöversikt och presentation av angelägna åtgärder under 2020−2024 för att i Sverige förbättra rådande bevarandestatus för havsnejonöga. Programmet är ett vägledande dokument och gäller under åren 2020−2024. Havsnejonöga har som andra diadroma arter höga krav på sin levnadsmiljö. Den kräver fria vandringsvägar och en hög strukturell komplexitet i vattendraget med forsar, lugnflytande höljor och död ved. Arten är beroende av större bytesfiskar under sina år i havet och gynnas därmed av välmående fiskbestånd. Sammantaget är havsnejonögat en mycket bra paraplyart att arbeta med för att gynna många av de övriga arter som förekommer i samma livsmiljöer. Vattenkraften och avstängda vandringsvägar i vattendragen bedöms vara en av de viktigaste orsakerna till att antalet havsnejonögon minskat. I de fall fiskvägar anlagts är dessa i regel konstruerade så att svagsimmande arter som havsnejonöga inte kan passera. Vattenkraften medför därutöver ofta snabbt fluktuerande och onaturliga vattenregleringen som gör att lekområden och uppväxtområden riskerar att torrläggas eller att sediment spolas bort vilket leder till att flera generationer nejonögonlarver kan påverkas vid enskilda händelser. Brist på stor bytesfisk förmodas ha en betydande påverkan på tillväxt och överlevnad under den senare delen av tillväxtperioden då avsaknad av stor fisk kan tvinga havsnejonögat att växla till nya byten så ofta att energibalansen kan bli negativ. Viktiga åtgärderna för att stärka de svenska bestånden av havsnejonöga är således att återskapa fria vandringsvägar till åarnas lek- och uppväxtområden, biotopvård i syfte att återskapa och förbättra lek- och uppväxtområden, skydd av viktiga livsmiljöer samt att verka för att fiskebestånden i havet ska ha en storleks- och åldersstruktur som upprätthåller ekosystemens funktioner med god förekomst av stor fisk. Andra åtgärder som föreslås i åtgärdsprogrammet är återintroduktion på platser där arten försvunnit. För att öka kunskapen om havsnejonögats miljökrav föreslås information och kunskapshöjande åtgärder riktat mot myndigheter, fiskare, markägare och privatpersoner. De åtgärder som förutsätts finansieras av Havs- och vattenmyndighetens medel för genomförande av åtgärdsprogram för hotade arter beräknas totalt uppgå till 6 425 000 kr under programmets giltighetsperiod 2020–2024. The sea lamprey has, like other diadromous species, high environmental requirements. In addition to free migration routes the sea lamprey needs high structural complexity in the watercourse with rapids, calm hollows and dead wood. The species is highly dependent on larger fish to prey on during its marine, parasitic phase and is therefore in need of healthy fish populations at sea. All in all, the sea lamprey is a good umbrella species for other species with similar environmental requirements. Salmon, eel and river lamprey are examples of other migrating fish species that benefit from actions proposed in this action plan. Inventories have been conducted along the Swedish West coast from northwestern Skåne to the Norwegian border. Sea lampreys were only found in waterways with presence of salmon, indicating that the two species to a large degree share requirements on their environment. The knowledge of sea lamprey presence in freshwater is more limited in the counties Västra Götaland and Skåne as compared to the county of Halland, and additional inventories are needed for a more complete picture of sea lamprey presence and population status in Sweden. Hydroelectric plants and other obstacles blocking migration routes are considered a main reason for the decline of sea lamprey numbers. In cases were fish passages around hydroelectric plants exist they are usually designed for salmonids and formed as fish ladders with several steps where fish have to jump from one pool to another against the current. This type of passage cannot be passed by the sea lamprey or other species lacking the ability to jump vertical barriers. In addition to creating migration barriers the production of hydroelectric power causes fast and unnatural fluctuations in the water regime risking to either drain or flush the sediments needed sea lamprey larvae. Several generations of lamprey larvae can thus be influenced. Furthermore, dam construction often transforms riverbeds with fast flowing waters used for spawning and as nursery areas to lake-like environments. Lack of large prey is assumed to be a major negative factor too, affecting sea lamprey growth and survival. This may be critical especially during the later part of the growth period, forcing sea lampreys to switch prey often and potentially resulting in a negative energy balance. There is no evidence that sea lampreys exclusively migrate to their own birth stream for spawning after their marine phase. It seems that individuals which are ready to spawn migrate upstream attracted by the smell of sea lamprey larvae. Consequently, regular exchange of individuals between rivers is to be expected and local conservation measures, for example the restauration of new larval habitats, could potentially attract spawners from large areas. In contrast to salmonids which have river specific stocks, there is less need to consider river specific, local adaptations when re-introducing sea lampreys. The re-creation of free migration routes to spawning grounds and nursery areas is the most important measure to strengthen the Swedish population of sea lamprey. However, such measures may affect ongoing water regulations and therefore require high coordination with water management and enforcement. Other actions proposed in this plan are management measures to recreate and improve spawning grounds and nursery areas as well as protection of the species environments and re-introductions. Activities to improve knowledge of the sea lamprey’s environmental requirements and information efforts aimed at authorities, fishermen, land owners and the public are proposed.

This paper reviews new evidence on the trends and patterns of migration between Africa and Europe since the mid-1970s, and discusses their congruency with the changing context of migration policy. Using data from the Determinants of International Migration (DEMIG) and the Migration between Africa and Europe (MAFE) projects, we compare flows and policies of three African and six European destination countries (Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, and Senegal, on the one hand; and Belgium, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, and the UK, on the other). The paper focuses on topics that quantitative studies usually overlook due to the lack of data, namely the propensity to out-migrate, legal status at entry, routes of migration, and propensity to return. We show that times of restrictions in Europe do not correspond to less African out-migration, but rather to more unauthorized migration and fewer returns. We further show that trends in African migration differ greatly between historical and new destination countries in Europe.

In Latvia, during the last 15 years (2000–2015), the area of common ash Fraxinus excelsior forest stands has decreased by 40.6%. The dieback was predominantly caused by the fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Mostly young stands (up to 40 years old) were affected, accounting for 77.3% of the area of dieback. In this paper, we analysed the dynamics of young ash stand area within nature regions in Latvia to attempt to determine patterns of spread and the major migration routes of H. fraxineus. As suggested by the available data, the invasion of the fungal pathogen began in the southern part of Latvia, and then gradually dispersed across the country. The largest decline of young ash stands, during the period 2000–2010, occurred in lowlands. According to our estimate, the average rate of dispersal in Latvia was 40 km per year. At the scale of Latvia, the dispersal routes of fungal pathogen H. fraxineus largely coincide with the major migration corridors of biota and are related to macro-relief forms and their configuration.

Работа посвящена обзору современных методов и алгоритмов, которые могут быть применены для решения задачи трекинга имплантированных стволовых клеток и их визуализации на данных магнитно-резонансной томографии. Эти методы могут найти место при изучении поведения стволовых клеток при различных патологических процессах в организме, что требует воссоздания правдоподобного передвижения этих клеток. Рассмотрены способы решения задачи сопоставления множеств точек, алгоритмы 2Dи 3D-морфинга, методы когнитивной визуализации. В первом разделе дается формальное определение морфинга как процесса и результата движения отдельных точек к своим целевым положениям, описаны методы когнитивной визуализации стволовых клеток, позволяющие пошагово воссоздать картину передвижения скоплений клеток. Во втором разделе дается и раскрывается понятие «регистрации» как процесса и результата сопоставления множеств точек. Рассмотренные методы могут быть использованы для нахождения соответствия между скоплениями стволовых клеток. В третьем разделе раскрыты некоторые математические постановки задач реализации морфинга 2Dи 3D-объектов из различных предметных областей. Обзор позволяет определить направление будущих исследований и выбрать подходящие алгоритмы для их последующей реализации, направленной на развитие методов автоматизации трекинга и когнитивной визуализации движения скоплений стволовых клеток., The paper is devoted to a review of modern methods and algorithms that can be applied to solve the problem of tracking implanted stem cells and visualizing them on magnetic resonance imaging data. These methods can find a place in studying the behavior of stem cells in various pathological processes in the body, which requires reconstructing the plausible movement of these cells. Ways of solving the problem of comparing sets of points, algorithms for 2Dand 3D-morphing, the methods of cognitive visualization are considered. The first section provides a formal definition of morphing as a process and a result of movement of individual points to their target positions, describes methods of cognitive visualization of stem cells, allowing to recreating the pattern of movement of cell clusters step by step. In the second section, the concept of “registration” as a process and the result of matching sets of points is given and revealed. The considered methods can be used to find the correspondence between clusters of stem cells. In the third section, some mathematical statements of the tasks of implementing morphing 2Dand 3D-objects from various subject fields are revealed. The review allows to determining the direction of future research and select suitable algorithms for their subsequent implementation, aimed at developing methods for automating tracking and cognitive visualization of the movement of clusters of stem cells.

Since the mid-1970s, sub-Saharan candidates for migration to Europe have been confronted with increasingly stiff policy measures. This chapter explores how migration between Senegal and Europe has evolved in this context. Taking advantage of the retrospective nature of the data from the MAFE project (Migration between Africa and Europe) in addition to other available sources, it offers a unique quantitative account of the history of Senegalese migration. The results show that, between 1975 and 2008, there was neither a surge in out-migration (despite the widespread belief in an African invasion in Europe) nor the decline that might have been expected if restrictions had been effective. In fact, results tend in many ways to support the hypothesis that the effectiveness of restrictive policies is hampered by a number of unintended effects due to the ability of (would-be) migrants to adapt to new rules. Among these unintended effects are: the decline in intentions to return from Europe, the increase in attempts to migrate to Europe and the growth of irregular migration.

We investigated the impact of past changes in habitat suitability on the current patterns of genetic diversity of two southern beeches (Nothofagus nervosa and Nothofagus obliqua) in their eastern fragmented range in Patagonian Argentina, and model likely future threats to their population genetic structure. Our goal was to develop a spatially-explicit strategy for guiding conservation and management interventions in light of climate change. We combined suitability modelling under current, past (Last Glacial Maximum ~ 21,000 bp), and future (2050s) climatic conditions with genetic characterization data based on chloroplast DNA, isozymes, and microsatellites. We show the complementary usefulness of the distribution of chloroplast haplotypes and locally common allelic richness calculated from microsatellite data for identifying the locations of putative glacial refugia. Our findings suggest that contemporary hotspots of genetic diversity correspond to convergence zones of different expansion routes, most likely as a consequence of admixture processes. Future suitability predictions suggest that climate change might differentially affect both species. All genetically most diverse populations of N. nervosa and several of N. obliqua are located in areas that may be most severely impacted by climate change, calling for forward-looking conservation interventions. We propose a practical spatially- explicit strategy to target conservation interventions distinguishing priority populations for (1) in situ conservation (hotspots of genetic diversity likely to remain suitable under climate change), (2) ex situ conservation in areas where high genetic diversity overlaps with high likelihood of drastic climate change, (3) vulnerable populations (areas expected to be negatively affected by climate change), and (4) potential expansion areas under climate change. Fil: Marchelli, Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Thomas, E.. Bioversity International; Perú Fil: Azpilicueta, María Marta. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Zonneveld, M. van. Bioversity International; Costa Rica Fil: Gallo, L.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina

Las olas migratorias, un fenómeno ampliamente reconocido a nivel mundial, plantea nuevos retos para los Estados, ya que es necesario incluirla en la agenda debido a su crecimiento y muchas veces a la ilegalidad a la cual se ve sometida, es evidente que distintas problemáticas estatales han llevado al incremento del fenómeno, tales como los malos gobiernos, los regímenes, la falta de oportunidades laborales y los altos índices de pobreza y corrupción, esto, ha traído consigo la búsqueda de nuevas oportunidades laborales y personales en otros Estados, como es el caso de Cuba y Haití, los cuales han encontrado en Colombia una ruta más favorable para llegar a Estados Unidos, puesto que Colombia cuenta con algunas ventajas a nivel geográfico y sus fronteras son de fácil acceso, muchas de las rutas que usan Cuba y Haití son viajes aéreos desde estos países hacia territorio ecuatoriano y desde allí con documentación falsa cruzan la frontera hacia el territorio colombiano, haciendo más difícil un reconocimiento de migrantes ilegales, es por esto, que la nueva ruta de migración ilegal se ha hecho más llamativa en los últimos años, generando un problema de seguridad regional, esto visto desde la mala ejecución de políticas migratorias y un débil control en las fronteras nacionales, a su vez, la llegada de estos inmigrantes ha generado un incremento en las tasas de violencia, trata de personas y desempleo, problemáticas que afectan gravemente al Estado colombiano. Migration waves, a phenomenon widely recognized at the global level, poses new challenges for States, which need to be included in the agenda due to their growth and often to the illegality to which some are seen, it is clear that state problems are solved They have led to the increase of the phenomenon, such as bad governments, regimes, lack of job opportunities and high rates of poverty and corruption, this has led to the search for new employment and personal opportunities in other states, as is the case Of Cuba and Haiti, without value, nevertheless, nevertheless, nevertheless, it is not necessary to forget that it is a country, From these countries towards the Ecuadorian territory and from there with the false documentation cross the border towards the Colombian territory , Making Endo so more difficult to recognize illegal migrants, is why the new route of illegal migration has become more striking in recent Years, thus generating a regional security problem, seen from the poor execution of migration policies and a control of national borders, once, the arrival of these immigrants has generated an increase in rates of violence, trafficking and unemployment , Problems that seriously affect the Colombian State. Pregrado

Since the 1990s, Common Cranes migrating in autumn through Italy have increased significantly both in number and in flock size. In the present study we provided a countrywide profile of autumn crane migration across Italy between 2001 and 2007 (486 records). To investigate the association of climatic characteristics with temporal and spatial migration patterns, we used weather data and climate anomalies over 60 years (1948-2007; NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project database). Autumn migration showed different phenological patterns along two main migratory routes: 1) a Southern Italy route and 2) a Northern Italy route. The Southern route, across the lower Adriatic Sea was only partially described before, and more inferred than documented, whereas the Northern route, across the Po River plain, resulted as a new flyway, never described before. Crane migrations along the Northern route occurred 7 to 14 days earlier than along the Southern one. Along both routes, we detected mass migration events concurring with par- ticular weather conditions: the use of Southern route was associated with southward winds in the Balkans, the records along Northern route with high pressure and favourable westward winds in Central Europe and in the main stop-over site (Hortobagy) of likely origin. In the last 60 years, the occurrence of the latter weather configurations has slightly, but consistently, increased, suggesting that the Northern route may have recently established as an alternative route for the cranes migrating from Eastern Europe, joining the two traditional continental routes (the West-European, and the Baltic-Hungarian).

Orobanche coerulescens has a Eurasian distribution. The species is classified as extinct at most of its localities at the western limit of its range. Its populations are very scarce and critically endangered in Central Europe. This work presents the current distribution of O.coerulescens in Poland, based on a critical revision of herbarium and literature data as well as results of original field research, and reviews its distribution in Central Europe (partly in Eastern Europe). Habitats, plant communities, and migration routes of O.coerulescens in Central Europe are discussed. The species was initially known in Poland from now historical localities in Pomerania and the valley of the lower Vistula. In 2000-2011 it was recorded at 9 localities in Podlasie, the Małopolska Upland (Wyżyna Małopolska), and the Łódź Hills (Wzniesienia Łódzkie). Its abundance at the localities ranged from a few to over 1000 shoots. These are the largest populations of O.coerulescens at its western and north-western range limits.

Data on distribution and abundance of Ukraine migratory birds have nonsystematic character. Up to now there is no integrated evaluation of migratory bird populations’ status. The available information is of regional importance or it covers limited time period. Therefore, it is obvious to unite all the relevant information in order to establish monitoring program and work out the methodic on migratory birds abundance estimation concerning the Black-Mediterranean Sea Flyway.

Migratory birds, some small and light weight as matchboxes, engage in seasonal inter-continental journeys in order to take advantage of the long summer days and abundance of food at northern latitudes to breed and raise their young, and then escape the harsh winters by migrating to lower latitudes. This thesis deals with two important aspects of migration, the routes taken during migration and the birds’ behaviour at stopovers. The migratory routes are for many species unknown, whole or in part, and this is especially true for species that migrate nocturnally. At stopovers birds replenish fuel reserves that powers migratory flight, and studying how birds utilise stopovers is important in order to understand how migration is organised. In this thesis I have used modern tracking technology to study both continental wide movements of thrush nightingales (Luscinia luscinia) and common rosefinches (Carpodacus erythrinus) using small light-level geolocators, and smaller scale movements at a single stopover site of garden warblers (Sylvia borin) using miniature radio-transmitters. I have also studied the fuelling behaviour of garden warblers during autumn migration in the field and in the lab, and great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) at a stopover site on Crete during spring migration after the Sahara crossing. The thesis discusses the significance of several aspects of migration shown by the birds that would have been very difficult to detect without the aid of modern tracking technology, such as loop migration, prolonged stops during migration, multiple wintering sites, and nocturnal relocations at stopover sites. Studies carried out at stopover sites also show that garden warblers and great reed warblers can attain large fuel loads even at sites where they have no barrier to cross and this might be a result of good foraging conditions. The thesis also highlights the importance of combining different techniques when studying stopover behaviour to get reliable estimates on stopover durations and fuel deposition rates as well as the importance of choosing sites preferred by birds when planning stopover studies. At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.

Although there is a general understanding of Montagu’s harrier migration routes and wintering areas, detailed information on the species’ migration is still lacking. However, improvements in satellite tracking technology in recent years have enabled the study of medium-sized species by means of satellite telemetry. In 2006, ten adult Montagu’s harriers were fitted with satellite transmitters in north-eastern Spain and tracked during their autumn migration to their wintering grounds in sub-Saharan Africa. The migration took between 10 and 30 days, and the end point was determined using breakpoint regressions. Whereas some birds had stopovers of more than a week, others stayed at the same site for only 1 or 2 days at the most. The tagged birds ultimately established at wintering grounds located along the border of Mauritania with Mali and Senegal, a distance of nearly 3000 km from the breeding sites. These sites are situated within a small range of latitudes (14° and 17°N), although distributed over a wider range of longitudes (–15°E and –4°E), with some birds occupying sites more than 1000 km apart. The distance covered in 1 day during the migration ranged between 93 and 219 km, with peaks of travelling speed of up to 65 km/h. Harriers were recorded travelling only during daytime, covering the longest distances in the late afternoon, suggesting that they are daytime migrants. Most of the distance was covered between 1500 and 2000 hours, and no travelling was recorded between 2000 and 0500 hours. During migration, harriers flew close to the ground (40–100 m on average). Improved knowledge of the harriers’ exact wintering sites may provide insights on the problems Montagu’s harriers face during the winter, highlighting the need to take into account what happens in both the breeding and wintering grounds to implement successful conservation measures. Wenngleich die Zugrouten und Überwinterungsgebiete der Wiesenweihe generell bekannt sind, fehlen immer noch detaillierte Kenntnisse zum Zugverhalten dieser Art. Seit wenigen Jahren ermöglichen Verbesserungen in der Technik der Satelliten-Telemetrie ihre Verwendung auf mittelgroßen Vogelarten. Im Jahr 2006 haben wir 10 adulte Wiesenweihen in Nordost-Spanien mit Satellitensendern ausgerüstet und sie auf ihrem Herbstzug nach Afrika su¨dlich der Sahara verfolgt, der zwischen 10 und 30 Tage dauerte. Das Ende des Zuges wurde mit Hilfe einer Breakpoint-Regression bestimmt. Während einige Vögel Zwischenstopps von über einer Woche einlegten, blieben andere kaum länger als ein oder zwei Tage am selben Ort. Nach Beendigung des Zugs hielten sich die telemetrierten Vögel im Grenzgebiet von Mauretanien mit Mali und Senegal auf, ungefähr 3000 km von ihren Brutplätzen entfernt. Die Winterquartiere liegen in einem schmalen Gürtel zwischen 14° und 17° nördlicher Breite, jedoch breit gestreut im Bereich zwischen –15° und –4° östlicher Länge, wobei einige Vögel mehr als 1000 km weit entfernt überwinterten. Die pro Tag zurückgelegte Strecke betrug zwischen 93 und 219 km, mit Reise-Spitzengeschwindigkeiten von bis zu 65 km/h. Zugbewegung ließ sich bei den Weihen nur am Tag feststellen, und die längsten Strecken legten die Vögel am späten Nachmittag zurück, was den Schluss zulässt, das sie reine Tagzieher sind. Die meisten Ortsveränderungen traten zwischen 15:00 und 20:00 Uhr auf, und zwischen 20:00 und 5:00 Uhr wurde keinerlei Bewegung festgestellt. Auf dem Zug flogen die Weihen bodennah (im Durchschnitt 40–100 Meter hoch). Die genaue Kenntnis der Überwinterungsgebiete gibt womöglich Einblicke in die Probleme, mit denen die Wiesenweihen im Winter konfrontiert sind. Hervorgehoben werden soll damit, wie notwendig es ist, die Geschehnisse in den Brut- und Überwinterungsgebieten gleichermaßen zu betrachten, um erfolgreiche Schutzmaßnahmen durchführen zu können. Fundación Terra Natura; Aeropuerto de Castellón

In order to clarify the historical origin and phylogeographic affinities of Creole cattle matrilineages throughout the American continent, we analysed published D-loop mtDNA sequences (n = 454) from Creole, Iberian and African cattle breeds. The Western European T3 haplogroup was the most common in American Creole cattle (63.6%), followed by the African T1 (32.4%) and the Near Eastern T2 haplogroups (4%). None of the sequences were found in Bos indicus types. Within the African T1 haplogroup there were two subclades, T1a and T1*, whose geographic distribution in America was clearly disjointed. T1a is a highly divergent clade originally reported for Creole cattle from Brazil and the Lesser Antilles, but whose geographic distribution in Africa remains unknown. In contrast, lineages attributable to T1* are restricted in America to the region colonized by the Spaniards. We propose a new hypothesis for the origins of Creole cattle that summarizes all previously published historical and genetic data. While the African T1* fraction in Creole cattle may have arrived in America through the Iberian breeds, the divergent T1a lineages may have been introduced by Portuguese and other European crowns from some unknown, not-yet-sampled African location. Additional molecular studies will be required for pinpointing the specific African regional source. Fil: Liron, Juan Pedro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada; Argentina Fil: Bravi, Claudio Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; Argentina Fil: Mirol, Patricia Monica. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Peral Garcia, Pilar. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Giovambattista, Guillermo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Large ecological barriers such as oceans and deserts have considerably shaped the migratory strategies of birds. The ecological barriers posed by the Alps, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Sahara seem to prevent most long-distance migrants from flying on a direct southward course from Europe to Africa. Migratory routes toward southwest and southeast prevail. These two flyways differ with respect to topography, refueling possibilities, and wind conditions. Aiming at a better understanding of the evolution of both flyways in spite of differing conditions, we studied potential survival of passerine birds on their first autumn migration from northern Europe to tropical Africa by means of a computer simulation. Considering real wind conditions at 850 mb (approximately 1500 m above sea level), the survival rates of birds with southeasterly (SE) migratory directions were much higher than those of birds with southwesterly (SW) directions. With the possibility to choose the altitude (from four levels) with the most favorable wind, both SE and SW migrants had similar high survival, but only with refueling opportunities in northwest (NW) Africa for SW migrants. Our results suggest that the southwestern flyway depends on the selection of days, but especially altitudes, with favorable wind conditions and on refueling opportunities in NW Africa. The SE flyway is privileged by the frequent favorable wind conditions for crossing the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Egyptian desert, where refueling sites are almost absent. Both autumn migration routes would be unlikely without wind assistance. Copyright 2005.

Paleoamerican Odyssey collects 31 papers originally presented at the 2013 Conference by the same name. The book, which provides an up-to-date view of current discussions concerning the initial American peopling, compiles models, reviews of evidence and detailed analyses of sites and archaeological remains. It is organized in five sections. Here, only some chapters will be addressed., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Cet article a pour objectif d’alimenter les connaissances sur les migrations ville-campagne des jeunes adultes. Il éclaire la manière dont leurs parcours migratoires structurent leurs rapports aux mobilités comme aux territoires ruraux. Il se penche aussi sur les politiques d’accueil ou de mobilité mises en œuvre localement pour accompagner ces processus. Nous mobilisons les principes de la théorie ancrée pour analyser deux études de cas, dans le Pays de Saint-Flour Haute Auvergne (France) et au Témiscamingue (Québec). Nous étayons l’hypothèse selon laquelle les départs des jeunes adultes depuis les territoires ruraux ne sont pas nécessairement synonymes de rupture de l’attachement ou de manque d’implication des jeunes dans les territoires ruraux. Nous suggérons que les politiques d’accueil peuvent être associées à des initiatives, conduites dans les territoires ruraux, visant à développer chez les jeunes adultes, des apprentissages liés aux mobilités pour mieux contribuer aux dynamiques des territoires. Les concepts de « motilité » et de « capital spatial des territoires » apparaissent opérants à la fois pour renouveler la compréhension du phénomène de migration des jeunes depuis les territoires ruraux, mais également pour repenser les actions locales pour l’accompagnement des mobilités des jeunes ou leur accueil dans les territoires ruraux, This article aims to develop knowledge about rural-urban migration of young adults. We show how their migration routes structure their relationships to mobility as to rural areas. We also analyze how local welcoming and mobility policies support these processes. We mobilize the principles of grounded theory to analyze two case studies, in the Pays de Saint-Flour Haute Auvergne (France) and Témiscamingue (Québec). We support the hypothesis that the departure of young adults from rural areas does not necessarily mean breaking the attachment or a lack of involvement of young people in rural areas. We suggest that welcoming policies can be based on initiatives, conducted in rural areas, to develop learning concerning mobility and to better contribute to territorial dynamics. The concepts of “motility” and «spatial capital of territory» appear as a good way to renew the understanding of the phenomenon of migration of young people from rural areas, and also to rethink local actions to support young mobilities or welcoming policies.

Previous studies have attempted to explore the origin of the F1 subtype, but the precise origin of the Romanian and South American F1 variants remains controversial. As the F1 subtype is the most frequent non-B variant among Europeans residing in Italy, the aim of this study was to estimate its phylogeography in order to reconstruct its origin and route of dispersion. The phylogeographical analyses, which were made using the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach and BEAST software, revealed two significant clades: the first included all of the Romanian strains together with a few Italian and four African isolates; the second encompassed all of the South American sequences and the large majority of Italian variants. By putting the African reference sequences into two discrete groups based on specific countries, phylogeographic analysis indicated that the F1 epidemic originated in Cameroon/Democratic Republic of Congo in the early 1940s, and was exported to South America 10 years later. Subsequently, the F1 virus spread to Angola and, from there, was exported to Romania in the early 1960s. It reached Italy in the 1970s from South America and Romania. The South American and Romanian variants of F1 have different African countries of origin and different temporal spreads. The South American variant seems to be characterized by multiple introduction events, whereas the Romanian strain probably spread as a result of a single entry. Two different pathways from South America and Romania led the F1 variant to Italy in the 1970s.

In the period from 2003 to August 2012, a total of 138 birds (26.1% of all colour-ringed birds) were observed, with 443 resightings altogether. A total of 46.5% of the birds were observed as juveniles, 32.3% as immatures, and 21.2% as adults. Spoonbills ringed in Croatia were observed in ten countries, with the majority of observations reported from Hungary and Italy, apart from Croatia. Croatian spoonbills wintered in North Africa and southern Italy. Croatian spoonbills fly much shorter distances to wintering grounds compared to the Atlantic metapopulation: 700-1, 100 km to southern Italy and 1, 100 – 1, 500 km to Tunisia. Only a fraction of the immature spoonbills spend summer on the wintering grounds.

[Capsule]: Five Booted Eagles breeding in Spain were tracked by GPS during migration. Autumn routes were generally more eastern than spring routes, showing a typical loop migration. Birds covered on average ca. 200 km/day, and only one individual used a long-term stopover site (for up to 4 weeks). All but one used a single wintering area, located in Sub-Saharan Africa, at 2800-3500 km from their nests. Eagles were forced to stop migration at the Strait of Gibraltar for up to 6 days., Financed by Iberdrola Foundation. U. Mellone is supported by FPU grant of the Spanish Ministry of Education (reference AP2008-0947). P. López-López is supported by a ‘Juan de la Cierva’ postdoctoral grant of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (reference JCI-2011-09588).

Data on the movement of immature Eurasian Spoonbills from the southern Pannonian Basin are presented for the first time and differences in migration patterns between the Atlantic and southern Pannonian breeding populations are identified. Movements of spoonbills from Western Europe are well known, but there is uncertainty about the movements of the eastern metapopulation, of which the southern Pannonian population forms part. Analyses were based on 707 resightings in Europe and North Africa of 272 color-ringed birds. The studied birds wintered in North Africa (predominantly Tunisia) or southern Italy (Sicily and Sardinia). Most birds used the central Mediterranean flyway, but crossed the Adriatic Sea at more northern latitudes than had previously been reported. With increase in age, the ratio of birds spending the breeding period at the wintering sites decreased (54.2% for second- year and 13.6% for third-year birds), while the ratio of those returning to the Pannonian breeding grounds increased (37.5% and 66.6% respectively). Older spoonbills arrived back at their natal areas earlier. Immature spoonbills from the southern Pannonian Basin population visited breeding colonies in Germany, confirming at least sporadic contacts between two metapopulations. Identification of migration routes and wintering areas is a major precondition for the conservation of the eastern metapopulation. Illegal hunting, tourism development on staging areas and lack of suitable feeding habitats along flyway have been identified as the most important threats.

Between 2006 and 2008, 14 Montagu's Harriers (Circus pygargus) were tagged with satellite transmitters at their breeding grounds in NE Spain, recording a total of 18 autumn and 10 spring journeys. In both autumn and spring migrations, harriers migrated between Europe and West Africa along a relatively narrow corridor between the coast of Morocco and Western Sahara and the western border of Algeria. Birds tended to follow a slightly more westerly track during spring migration compared to autumn migration. Harriers started autumn migration in late August-early September, arriving at their wintering grounds in early-mid-September, after travelling between 8 and 25 days, and covering a mean of 187 km a day. Spring migration started in mid-March, with birds arriving at the breeding grounds in mid-April after covering a mean of 114 km a day. On average, spring migration lasted longer, with birds covering longer distances than during autumn migration, and distances travelled in a day tended to be shorter. Significant differences in the routes followed by harriers were observed among seasons and individuals, with the same individuals following different routes in different years. Wintering areas were located in northern Senegal and the southern border of Mauritania with Mali, with some birds breeding in the same colony in Europe separated more than 1,200 km during the wintering season. Birds showed a relatively high fidelity to their wintering areas. Several birds moved from one area to another during the wintering period, which resulted in larger wintering areas, whereas others remained in the same area during the whole wintering season., We are indebted to Aeropuerto de Castellón for supporting and funding the project on the study of the ecology of Montagu’s Harrier in Castellón. R.L. has a postdoctoral grant (reference 10/12-C) co-funded by Consejerí de Educación y Ciencia (Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha) and the European Social Fund.

Scientists tracked sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) within the California Current ecosystem during their summertime feeding period and used the data to locate aggregations of prey species such as anchovy, sardine, krill and squid. Findings are assisting in identifying critical at-sea habitats for the shearwaters and are of direct relevance to developing ecosystem-based management plans of forage species, upon which seabirds and other marine species rely.

Oceania has always been a place of exchanges, of contacs and interactions, in brief of movements. In this session, we have investigated the themes of ancient migration routes through computer simulation; of modes of maritime and terrestrial representations of space; and finally of the dialectic between mobility and enrootedness over the long term and in relation to cultural or colonial hegemony. The primary objective being to question ideas of Oceanic unity and identity through the adaptation of an insular perspective. L’Océanie a toujours été un lieu d’échanges, de contacts et interactions, en somme de mouvements. Dans cette session, nous avons abordé les thèmes des routes migratoires anciennes à travers les modélisations-simulations informatiques ; des modes de représentation de l’espace maritime et terrestre ; enfin de la dialectique mobilité – enracinement sur le long terme en rapport avec les hégémonies culturelles ou coloniales. L’objectif premier étant de questionner l’unité et l’identité océanienne en adoptant une perspective insulaire.

The GPS (Global Positioning System) telemetry was used in Tarangire National Park (Tanzania) to study migration routes and the use of space by elephants (Loxodonta africana). Five female elephants were captured in November 1997 in five different areas of Tarangire National Park and fitted with GPS collars. The collar consists of a 6 channel Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, a radio-modem for data communication, a non volatile memory, and an independent VHF transmitter. The operator can «communicate» with the collar through a command unit connected to a PC. The GPS collar receives signals from different satellites which permits automatic calculation of its position, with an accuracy of 25 m. The data collected in the period November 1997 - April 1998 show that three female elephants mainly used the northern sector of the park, moving sometimes outside the protected area about 10 to 20 km NE of the park boundary. Also the two female elephants captured in the southern sector of the park moved outside, travelling about 80 km SE of the park boundary. Home range size varied between 159 and 660 km² for the northern elephants (n=3), and between 2104 and 3314 km² for the southern elephants (n=2). The elephants whose ranges extended outside the park exhibited their highest movement rate from 4 p.m. to 12 p.m., while those animals within the park had the highest movement rates during daylight hours (from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.). We discuss the advantages and shortcomings of GPS-telemetry as a means of gathering useful information on space use and movements of elephants for the development of long-term conservation strategies for large herbivores in the whole Tarangire area.

The GPS (Global Positioning System) telemetry was used in Tarangire National Park (Tanzania) to study migration routes and the use of space by elephants (Loxodonta africana). Five female elephants were captured in November 1997 in five different areas of Tarangire National Park and fitted with GPS collars. The collar consists of a 6 channel Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, a radio-modem for data communication, a non volatile memory, and an independent VHF transmitter. The operator can «communicate» with the collar through a command unit connected to a PC. The GPS collar receives signals from different satellites which permits automatic calculation of its position, with an accuracy of 25 m. The data collected in the period November 1997 - April 1998 show that three female elephants mainly used the northern sector of the park, moving sometimes outside the protected area about 10 to 20 km NE of the park boundary. Also the two female elephants captured in the southern sector of the park moved outside, travelling about 80 km SE of the park boundary. Home range size varied between 159 and 660 km² for the northern elephants (n=3), and between 2104 and 3314 km² for the southern elephants (n=2). The elephants whose ranges extended outside the park exhibited their highest movement rate from 4 p.m. to 12 p.m., while those animals within the park had the highest movement rates during daylight hours (from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.). We discuss the advantages and shortcomings of GPS-telemetry as a means of gathering useful information on space use and movements of elephants for the development of long-term conservation strategies for large herbivores in the whole Tarangire area.