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In order to assess the degree of pollution of surface water from Boussalem river from the city of Setif, we conducted during 2014; a study of physical and chemical characteristics of surface water. The results showed that water is loaded into mineral matter in terms of electrical conductivity (Avg = 1059,18 μS/cm ± 631,7), in turbidity (Avg = 15,713 NTU ± 22,19), in TSS (Avg = 189 mg/l ± 119,5), with low dissolved oxygen (Avg = 2,98 mg/l ± 2 ,44). The pH is closed to neutrality (Avg = 7,78 ± 0,74), the temperature is 17°C ± 11,13). Also, one revealed according to the results which water of Bousselam river is bad according to the quality standards of surface water and this is directly related to factors anthropic.

With high nutritional value, goji berry is an important fruit for human nutrition and health. Goji berry cultivation is done widely in many countries, farming has become widespread in recent years in Turkey. In study grown goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) in Turkey are determined the physical and chemical characteristics of fruit (pH, titration acidity, dry matter content, ash content, water activity (aw) value, protein content, HMF content, total phenolic content, total sugar content, reducing sugar content, sucrose content, colour values, mineral contents, organic acid contents, amino acid contents and some plant hormone content). Goji berry fruits have pH value 5.18, titration acidity value 2.16%, dry matter content 89.40%, ash content 4.30%, water activity (aw) value 0.35, protein content 13.18%, HMF content 9.38 mg/kg, total phenolic content 9.05 mg GAE/g, total sugar content 59.26%, decreasing sugar content 57.35%, sucrose content 1.90%, L* value 40.33, a* value 22.97, b* value 33.00, C* value 40.21, H° value 55.15. In addition, the mineral content, organic acid content, amino acid content and some plant hormones of goji berry fruits were determined by analysis.

This study was carried out in order to examine a total of 40 drinking water samples taken from 20 locations selected from Mardin and Van provinces in terms of physical properties, heavy metal and mineral contents and to evaluate the quality of drinking water in accordance with the results obtained. Among the ion and mineral analyses of the samples, arsenic, copper, boron, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, lead, selenium and zinc analyses were made with Inductively Coupled Plasma and Mass Spectrometer, and magnesium analyses were made with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer. Fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, bromide, sulfate and phosphate analyses were also performed by Dionex ion chromatography. Conductivity, pH, ORP, TDS and minimum salt analyses were performed with the Myron L device. As a result of the study, the difference between the fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, bromide, boron, cadmium, cobalt, zinc, conductivity, TDS, ORP and temperature values of the water samples of the two provinces was found to be significant. In addition, drinking water containing heavy metals was found to be above the limit values set by the Regulation on Water Intended for Human Consumption, nickel was detected in water samples taken from Van, and phosphate was not detected in samples taken from Mardin. The remarkable issues in water samples taken from 40 different locations in two provinces are presented in articles and it has been emphasized that it is important for the people living in this region to present the detected defects to local governments, environmental and public health units and to eliminate the defects.

Bu çalışmada Kestel Bölgesinde (Kadınhanı-Konya) yaygın olarak yetişen makromantarların ve yetiştikleri topraktaki mineral kompozisyonları ve aralarındaki korelasyonun incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu maksatla bölgede yapılan arazi çalışmaları sonucunda tespit edilen makrofunguslar “Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer (Şemsiye Mantarı), Suillus collinitus (Fr.) Kurtze (Benekli Süngermantarı), Boletus edulis Bull. (Çörek Mantarı)” türleridir. Arazi çalışmalarında elde edilen mantar örneklerinin ve yetiştikleri substratlara ait toprak örnekleri ayrı ayrı polietilen torbalar içinde alınarak, laboratuvar getirilmiştir. Makromantarların ve toprak örneklerinin mineral madde analizinde ICP-MS cihazı kullanılarak 15 elementin varlığı PPB(Parts Per Billion=Milyarda bir) oranında araştırılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda toprakta bulunan elementlerin yoğunlukları ile mantar örneklerindeki element yoğunlukları pozitif yönde korelasyon gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bundan dolayı ağır metal kirliliği veya endüstriyel kirlilik bulunan alanlarda yetişen makromantarların besin olarak tüketilmelerinin sağlık açısından uygun olmadığı yönünde değerlendirme yapılmıştır., In this study, it was aimed to examine the macrofungi that are widely grown in Kestel Region (Kadınhanı-Konya) and the mineral compositions in the soil they grow and the correlation between them. For this purpose, the macrofungi identified as a result of field studies in the region are “Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer (Umbrella Mushroom), Suillus collinitus (Fr.) Kurtze (Spotted Sponge Mushroom), Boletus edulis Bull. (Born Mushroom)” species. Soil samples of the mushroom samples and the substrates they grow were taken separately in polyethylene bags and brought to the laboratory. In the mineral matter analysis of macrofungi and soil samples, the presence of 15 elements was investigated at the rate of PPB (Parts Per Billion=One in a Billion) using ICP-MS device. As a result of the studies, it was determined that the concentrations of the elements in the soil and the element concentrations in the mushroom samples showed a positive correlation. Therefore, it has been evaluated that the consumption of macrofungi grown in areas with heavy metal pollution or industrial pollution is not suitable for health.

The cottonseed cake has the necessary nutritional characteristics to be able to substitute the traditional ingredients (such as soybean meal) and reduce the costs of the diet. However, it is necessary to determine the best level of inclusion of cottonseed cake in the diets of fattening goats to improve meat production and quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate carcass and meat traits of feedlot goats fed diets containing cottonseed cake replacing soybean meal (33 %, 66 % and 100 %). Thirty-two uncastrated Boer crossbred goats (4 months old, 16 ± 2 kg initial body weight) were used in a completely randomized experimental design. Replacing soybean meal with cottonseed did not compromise (P> 0.05) slaughter weight, carcass traits (dressing percentage, loin-eye area and back-fat thickness), primal cuts or carcass morphometric measurements; moisture, protein, or total lipid contents of meat; or the physicochemical traits of color (L*, a* and b* coordinates), pH, shear force, and cooking loss. However, there was a reduction (P=0.001) in the mineral matter content (from 1.08 % to 0.97 %) and an increase (P=0.006) in the cholesterol content (from 50.85 to 70.55 mg/100 g of meat) of the meat as the dietary levels of cottonseed cake were increased. Based on the results of production and meat quality, we recommend using cottonseed cake as an alternative protein source to replace up to 100 % of soybean meal in feedlot goat diets.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of twinship on the mineral matter, immunoglobulin G (IgG), andlamb birth weight in late pregnant ewes and their lambs. The material of the study consisted of the 18 Kıvırcık breedewes, which were 130-150 days pregnant, and their 27 newborn lambs. The ewes included in the study weredivided into two groups by ultrasound as those carrying a single pregnancy (n=9) and a twin pregnancy (n=9). BodyCondition Scores (BCS) were determined and then their blood samples were taken. The lambs born from these eweswere weighed with precision scales as soon as they were born, and blood samples were taken 24 hours after birth.Mineral substance determination from blood samples was made by ICP-OES, and IgG determination was made byELISA. It was found that serum IgG and mineral matter levels were not affected by twinship in ewes (p>0.05).Calcium (Ca) level was significantly higher in twin lambs compared to single lambs (p0.05).Total protein and globulin values were significantly higher in single lambs than twin lambs (P 0.05). As a result, it wasdetermined that twinship and BCS did not affect the mineral substance, total protein, albumin, globulin and IgGlevels in late pregnant ewes, while twinship in lambs affected lamb birth weight, total protein, globulin and Cavalues, but not other mineral and IgG levels. Significantly low total protein and globulin concentrations in twinlambs suggest that these animals cannot absorb enough colostrum.

Foram avaliadas características físico-químicas da carne de novilhos Nelore (NEL) e F1 Rubia Gallega x Nelore (RGN), suplementados com cromo picolinato (Cr), utilizando-se de amostras do M. longissimus thoracis, coletadas entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas de 24 animais. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2. Mensurou-se o pH, espessura de gordura (EG), perdas por cocção (PC) e por exsudação na embalagem (PE), maciez e coloração da carne, bem como os teores de umidade (U), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria mineral (MM) e proteína bruta (PB). Os animais RGN apresentaram carne com pH mais elevado (5,63), menor EG (1,87 mm) e maiores PC (19,08%). A carne dos animais NEL apresentou maior luminosidade e intensidade da coloração vermelha (L*36,70 e a*17,72). Animais suplementados com Cr apresentaram carne com maior percentual de PB (22,14%) e animais RGN apresentaram carne com menor percentual de EE (1,79%) e maior teor de U (73,23%). Assim, a suplementação com Cr influenciou no aumento do percentual de PB da carne e a inserção do genótipo Rubia Gallega reduz o percentual de gordura da mesma, sem, no entanto, afetar outros atributos de qualidade, sendo opção para o mercado cuja carne magra é valorizada.

Seiring dengan meningkatnya harga minyak dan gas bumi maka batubara sebagai bahan bakar alternatif sangat diharapkan dapat mengantisipasi kekurangan energi dengan meningkatkan pemanfaatannya untuk keperluan domestik, bahan bakar pembangkit tenaga listrik, dan lain sebagainya. Beberapa negara memiliki sistem klasifikasi batubara secara spesifik. Klasifikasi tersebut digunakan untuk menggolongkan batubara berdasarkan pemanfaatannya. Berdasarkan standar SNI 13-6011-1999 klasifikasi batubara di indonesia dibagi menjadi dua yaitu brown Coal dan hard coal. Umumnya, untuk mengetahui kualitas batubara dilakukan analisa kimia berupa analisis proksimat atau analisis ultimat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah unuk mengetahui pengaruh kadar abu terhadap nilai kalor pada batubara. Indonesia sebelum mengekspor batubara ke negara-negara lain batubara terlebih dahulu diuji dan dianalisis untuk menentukan layak atau tidak untuk di berikan sesuai permintaan konsumenKadar abu merupakan kotoran yang tidak akan terbakar kandungannya berkisar 5%-40%. Oleh karena itu dilakukan analisis proximate untuk mengetahui pengaruh ash content. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari studi literatur, pengolahan sampel dan analisis data. Pengolahan sampel dengan cara menentukan Ash Content dan nilai kalor pada sampel batubara. Adapun cara menentukan Ash content yaitu dengan menimbang sampel batubara dengan berat tertentu kemudian dipanaskan hingga suhu 750?.dalam menentukan nilai kalor dampel batubara yang dianalisis menggunakan alat bomb calorimeter. Ash Content dan Nilai Kalor pada tujuh sampel yang di analisis yaitu sampel BB1 memiliki Ash Content 5,43 dengan nilai kalor 6007, sampel BB2 memiliki Ash Content 7,96 dengan nilai kalor 5752, sampel BB3 memiliki Ash Content 10,62 dengan nilai kalor 4780, sampel BB4 memiliki Ash Content 13,42 dengan nilai kalor 4712, sampel BB5 memiliki Ash Content 21,82 dengan nilai kalor 4154, sampel BB6 memiliki Ash Content 35.57 dengan nilai kalor 3218 dan sampel BB7 memiliki Ash Content 55,93 dengan nilai kalor 1921. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai Ash Content sangat berpengaruh terhadap nilai kalor yang dihasilkan.

Bu çalışma bazı tek yıllık çim (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) çeşitlerinin Tokat ekolojik şartlarına uyumunu belirlemek amacıyla 2018-2019 yetiştirme sezonunda yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada 11 adet tek yıllık çim çeşidi (Barmultra II, Barspectra II, Bartigra, Baqueano, Caramba, Devis 2017, Pollanum, Trinova, Vallivert, Venüs, Vespolini 2016) kullanılmıştır. Deneme Tokat Merkeze bağlı Bakışlı Köyünde, çiftçi koşullarında, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekrarlı olarak yürütülmüştür. Ekim işlemi 2018 sonbaharında 20 cm sıra aralığında ve her çeşitten 3 kg da-1 olacak şekilde elle yapılmıştır. Hasat bitkilerin başaklanma başlangıcında olmak üzere 3 defa yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, incelenen özellikler (başaklanma gün sayısı (BGS), ana sap uzunluğu (ASU), kuru ot verimi (KOV), ham protein oranı (HPO) ve verimi (HPV) mineral madde, ADF, NDF, sindirilebilir kuru madde oranı (SKMO) ve verimi (SKMV), nispi yem değeri (NYD)) bakımından çeşitler arasında önemli farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma Tokat ekolojik koşullarında tek yıllık çimin başarıyla yetiştirilebileceği, verim ve kalitesinin yüksek olduğunu bir vejetasyon süresinde çok sayıda biçilebileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca çeşit seçiminin önemli olduğu, bu bakımdan Caramba, Venüs, Vallivert çeşitlerinin bölgenin koşullarına daha iyi uyum sağladığı belirlenmiştir.

Objective of this study was to determine the mineral and heavy metal contents of anchovy caught from 3 different regions, namely the Black Sea (Sinop-Samsun coast), Sea of Marmara (Istanbul coast) and the Aegean Sea (Izmir coast). Mineral material and heavy metal contamination levels in anchovy were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The average Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hg and Pb content of the anchovies caught from the Aegean Sea, Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea respectively; 911.04, 975.24, 1181.87; 403.85, 420.45, 509.44; 265.55, 3534.09, 4274.65; 1056.81, 978.26, 1265.53; 0.57, 1.39, 1.55; 13.062, 10.29, 17.93; 0.88, 0.77, 1.31; 20.03, 15.79, 30.72; 0.63, 0.16, 0.14 and

Given the potential of studies related to the nutritional content of freshwater mollusks, the present work aims to analyze different burning times for determination of minerals of the species Prisodon obliquus and Prisodon corrugatus . For firing the muffle furnace (Brand Jung, Model 0612) was used at 550 ° C for 4 h, 6 h and 8 h. A completely randomized design was used, with three burning times for three samples of each species in triplicate. The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using the PAST statistical program (version 3.26). Analyzing the data obtained at 4, 6 and 8 hours, respectively, it can be observed for Prisodon obliquus , a percentage of mineral matter of 1.99; 1.97 and 1.95, and for Prisodon corrugatus 1.45; 1.47 and 1.45. There was no significant difference between the percentages of mineral matter in the different burning times for each species. Thus, the time of 4 hours can be used as a protocol of analysis in determining the mineral matter of the species Prisodon obliquus and Prisodon corrugatus , since it saves cost with electricity and reduces the time of use and maintenance of the equipment.

Hawthorn as a wild plant is an important fruit for human health. In this study, it was aimed to determine some physical and chemical properties of common hawthorn which is native plant of middle Anatolia in Turkey. According to chemical analysis results, crude protein, crude oil, ash, pH, acidity, total phenol contents and antioxidant activity values were found to be 3.03%, 1.22%, 2.77%, 4.08, 1.56%, 9.35 mg g−1 and 67.62% respectively. Some mineral matter contents as K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na and B values were found to be 16,273.88 mg kg−1, 1316.92 mg kg−1, 1263.86 mg kg−1, 934.87 mg kg−1, 62.20 mg kg−1, 57.06 mg kg−1 and 42.28 mg kg−1 respectively. The values of mass, diameter, length, geometric mean diameter and sphericity of Common hawthorn fruit were determined as 0.93 g, 11.37 mm, 12.25 mm, 11.65 mm and 0.95 at 68.98% (db) humidity respectively. In addition, fruit hardness, chroma (C*), hue angle (h*) of hawthorn was found as 1.21 N, 28.94 ve 16.19 under same humidity respectively. According to study results, it can be concluded that the hawthorn fruits are admirable natural food for human nutrition, and it can be considered as reference for the future researches.

The modes of occurrence of elements in coal are important not only because they can provide insights into the sources of mineral matter in coal but also because they are vital in determining the behavior of their environmental and human health impacts. Besides a number of physical and chemical analyses for determining the modes of occurrence in coal, some statistical methods have been commonly adopted to investigate elements in coal. Among many statistical methods, the hierarchy clustering algorithm is the most common method for deducing modes of occurrence of elements in coal. However, different hierarchical clustering algorithms with a number of similarity measures sometimes result in different modes of occurrence of elements in coal, and subsequently in some cases, such results could be confusing. Therefore, which algorithm is more effective in determining the modes of occurrence in coal deserves to be investigated. In this paper, the data sets of coals from the Adaohai coal mine in Inner Mongolia, China, are used for this performance evaluation. From the analytical results with the average linkage hierarchical clustering algorithm on Adaohai coal samples, many instructive and surprising insights can be concluded. For example, selenium, Be, and Tl do not appear to be in agreement with geochemical principles, that is, substituting for P, associated with rare earth elements, and occurring in Fe-sulfides, respectively. In conclusion, the average linkage hierarchical clustering algorithm with correlation similarity is much better in the analysis of the geological processes than the previous statistical method used in Adaohai coal samples, that is, centroid linkage hierarchical clustering algorithm with Pearson correlation similarity.

In an entrained-flow coal gasifier, gasification slag derived from the melting of mineral matter in coal flows along the refractory wall and is tapped out. The refractory of spallation and dissolut...

This research was carried out with 11 different six rowed barley cultivars (Erginel-90, Meric, Kiral-97, Cetin-2000, Avci-2002, Marti, Vamikhoca-98, Akhisar-98, Lord, Epona and Olgun) during 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 growth seasons to determine some grain quality traits such as moisture content, ash content, protein content, fat content, starch content, acid detergent insoluble fiber (ADF), neutral detergent insoluble fiber (NDF) and various mineral matter contents (K, Mg, P) under Gumushane conditions with randomized block design as three replicated. According to the average of two years, the moisture content of the cultivars were 9.21-9.88%, ash content was 2.00-2.31%, protein content was 12.73-15.65%, fat content was 1.36-2.01%, starch content was 52.61-58.60%, ADF and NDF values respectively 5.52-8.65% to 20.42-25.03%, ranged between. The highest starch ratio was obtained from Olgun cultivar (58.60%). Akhisar-98 cultivar had the highest protein content (15.65%).

Pestil (grape leather) is one of the flavors of traditional Turkish cuisine. Pestil, which is mostlymade from grapes, has started to be produced from many different fruits in recent years. Inour study, pestil was obtained by traditional method by using 100% pomegranate, blackmulberry, raspberry and currant fruit juices. The physicochemical, textural and sensoryproperties of the pestil were investigated. According to the results, dry matter of the pestilwere 78.17-82.16 % (w/w); water activity were 0.59-0.61; thickness were 2.09-2.18 mm;protein amounts were 3.09-5.79 % (w/w); the ash were determined between 0.098-0.395 %(w/w) and pH values were between 2.36-3.55. While dry matter, water activity and thicknessvalues were found to be statistically insignificant among the samples, pestil of raspberrysamples were the richest in terms of protein and ash amounts. L (17.38), a (1.80) and b (0.13)color values were the lowest and the total phenolic content (3650.6 mgGAE 100g-1) andantioxidant activity (0.3269 MmolTE 100g-1) were the highest in pestil of pomegranate. Whenthe mineral compositions were examined, pomegranate was the richest pestil in terms of Ca,K, Mg and P, while pestil of raspberry was in terms of Fe, Mn and Zn. The hardest sample interms of texture was black pestil of mulberry. The general acceptable scores were found to bestatistically similar among the all pestil. As a result, acceptable pestil could be produced fromready-made fruit juices in terms of sensory and textural properties., Pestil, geleneksel Türk mutfağının lezzetlerinden biridir. Yaygın olarak üzümden yapılan pestilson yıllarda çok farklı meyvelerden üretilmeye başlanmıştır. Çalışmamızda %100 nar, karadut,ahududu ve frenk üzümü meyve suları kullanılarak geleneksel yöntemle pestiller eldeedilmiştir. Pestillerin fizikokimyasal, tekstürel ve duyusal özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlaragöre pestillerin % kuru madde miktarları 78.17-82.16 (w/w); su aktivitesi 0.59-0.61; kalınlıkları2.09-2.18 mm; % (w/w) protein miktarları 3.09-5.79; % (w/w)kül miktarları 0.098-0.395 ve pHdeğerleri 2.36-3.55 arasında belirlenmiştir. Kuru madde, su aktivitesi ve kalınlık değerleriörnekler arasında istatistiki olarak önemsiz bulunurken, protein ve kül miktarları bakımındanen zengin olan pestil örnekleri ahududu pestilleri olmuştur. L (17.38), a (1.80) ve b (0.13) renkdeğerleri en düşük ve toplam fenolik madde miktarı (3650.6 mgGAE 100g-1) ile antioksidanaktivitesi (0.3269 MmolTE 100g-1) en yüksek olan nar pestilleri olmuştur. Mineral maddebileşimleri incelendiğinde Ca, K, Mg ve P bakımından en zengin pestil nar olmuşken, Fe, Mn veZn bakımından ahududu olmuştur. Tekstürel olarak en sert örnek karadut pestili olmuştur.Duyusal olarak pestiller arasında genel beğeni skorları istatistiksel olarak benzer bulunmuştur.Sonuç olarak hazır meyve sularından duyusal ve tekstürel özellikleri bakımından kabuledilebilir pestiller üretilebilmiştir.

Çalışmada, farklı istasyonlarda yetiştirilen gökkuşağı alabalığının biyokimyasal ve yağ asidi bileşimi ve mineral içeriği karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla besin kompozisyonu açısından A istasyonundan elde edilen gökkuşağı alabalıkları en yüksek protein ve yağ oranına sahiptir. En düşük protein oranı D istasyonunda, en düşük yağ oranı ise C istasyonunda belirlendi. İşletmelerin kullandıkları yemlerin yağ asidi içerikleri kendi aralarında farklılık gösterse de neredeyse birbirine yakındı. Tüm istasyonlarda kültürü yapılan gökkuşağı alabalıklarının fileto yağ asidi kompozisyonlarında meristik, stearik, palmitik, oleik, linoleik, linolenik, araşidonik, EPA ve DHA'nın baskın olduğu belirlendi. Balık kaslarında n-3/n-6 oranı, IA, FLQ ve h/H indeksleri istenilen besinsel kalite değerlerinde olmasına rağmen IT indeksi istenmeyen besinsel kalite değerlerindeydi. Farklı istasyonlardan alınan yemlerin mineral madde miktarlarının Ca>P>K>Na>Fe>Mg>Zn>Mn>Se olduğu belirlendi. Farklı istasyonlardan elde edilen gökkuşağı alabalığının mineral madde miktarları K>P>Mg>Na>Ca>Zn>Zn>Fe>Se olarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm istasyonlardan alınan balık örneklerinde mineral madde miktarlarının oldukça yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç olarak tüm istasyonlardan elde edilen alabalıkların uygun beslenme kriterlerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tüm balıklar iyi besin, yağ asitleri ve mineral kaynakları olarak kabul edilebilir., In the study, the biochemical and fatty acid composition and mineral content of rainbow trout reared at different stations were compared. For this purpose, in terms of nutritional composition, rainbow trouts obtained from the A station had the highest protein and fat ratio. The lowest protein ratio was determined in the D station, and the lowest oil ratio was determined in the C station. Although the fatty acid contents of the feeds used by the enterprises were different between them, they were almost close to each other. Meristic, stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, EPA and DHA were determined to be dominant in the fillet fatty acid compositions of the cultured rainbow trouts at all the stations. Although the n-3/n-6 ratio, IA, FLQ and h/H indexes in fish muscles were at desired nutritional quality values, the IT index was at undesirable nutritional quality values. It was determined that the mineral substance amounts of the feeds obtained from different stations were Ca>P>K>Na>Fe>Mg>Zn>Mn>Se. The mineral substance amounts of rainbow trout obtained from different stations were determined as K>P>Mg>Na>Ca>Zn>Zn>Fe>Se. The amount of mineral substances in the fish samples taken from all the stations was determined to be quite high. As a result, it was determined that the trout obtained from all stations had suitable nutritional criteria. All fish can be considered good sources of nutrients, fatty acids and minerals.

This study aimed to investigate direct and indirect correlations of methodologies of bone quality analysis from brown egg layers, at final of the production cycle. Twelve femurs of Dekalb Brown laying hens, euthanized at 85-week-old, were assessed to evaluate breaking strength (BS), Seedor index (SI), mineral matter (MM), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents, besides cortical (CorD), medullar (MedD) and epiphysis (EpiD) diameters. Correlations and path analysis were obtained with the aid of SAS® University (p ≤ 0.05). The BS directly represented the bone quality and was compared to other methodologies. Greater linear correlations occurred between BS and MM (r = 0.82), MM and Ca (r = 0.72), and BS and Ca (r = 0.70). The MM content displayed the greatest direct effect on the BS (r = 0.53). The Ca content showed a reduced direct effect on the BS (r = 0.18), with indirect effects through MM content (r = 0.44) and EpiD (r = 0.15), however, presented a great total correlation (r = 0.78). Determination of mineral matter content is the main methodology associated with femur breaking strength from brown egg layers at final of the productive cycle. Because of that, this methodology is more reliable to determine bone quality. This study aimed to investigate direct and indirect correlations of methodologies of bone quality analysis from brown egg layers, at final of the production cycle. Twelve femurs of Dekalb Brown laying hens, euthanized at 85-week-old, were assessed to evaluate breaking strength (BS), Seedor index (SI), mineral matter (MM), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents, besides cortical (CorD), medullar (MedD) and epiphysis (EpiD) diameters. Correlations and path analysis were obtained with the aid of SAS® University (p ≤ 0.05). The BS directly represented the bone quality and was compared to other methodologies. Greater linear correlations occurred between BS and MM (r = 0.82), MM and Ca (r = 0.72), and BS and Ca (r = 0.70). The MM content displayed the greatest direct effect on the BS (r = 0.53). The Ca content showed a reduced direct effect on the BS (r = 0.18), with indirect effects through MM content (r = 0.44) and EpiD (r = 0.15), however, presented a great total correlation (r = 0.78). Determination of mineral matter content is the main methodology associated with femur breaking strength from brown egg layers at final of the productive cycle. Because of that, this methodology is more reliable to determine bone quality.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T11:39:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-02-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The aim of this study was to evaluate possible changes in the quality of chicken breast meat containing white stripes during freezing for 12 mo. Samples of Pectoralis major muscle from male Cobb 500 broilers containing white stripes in moderate and severe degrees were used, as well as samples from a control group (normal – absence of myopathies). Part of the samples (n = 60; n = 20 for each severity degree) were analyzed on the day of collection (beginning) and the rest (n = 240) was frozen (−20°C) for up to 12 mo. At the end of each proposed freezing period (3, 6, 9, and 12 mo), color, pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, tenderness, lipid oxidation, chemical composition, cholesterol and collagen concentrations, myofibrillary fragmentation, and sarcomere length were analyzed. Microbiological analysis of samples was performed at the beginning and after 12 mo of freezing. Myopathy linked to freezing showed results of increased meat tenderness, with reduction of crude protein and mineral matter and increase of moisture, fat, and cholesterol, without affecting the meat's collagen percentages. However, these variations with the onset of myopathy do not compromise the consumption of broiled chicken breast meat, kept frozen for up to 12 mo. Paulista State University - UNESP Technology Department Darcy Ribeiro State University of Northern Fluminense – UENF Agricultural Sciences and Technologies Center – CCTA University of São Paulo - USP Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering Paulista State University - UNESP Technology Department FAPESP: 2018/25447-1

Background: The effluents generated by the hospital activities and which are rejected into themunicipal sewerage system without any prior treatment, present a chemical, biological and physicalrisk for public and environmental health. They cause a degradation of the aquatic ecosystem, and favorthe propagation of antibiotic resistant germs. Objective: The aim of this study is to carry out physicochemicaland bacteriological analysis of the effluents of the provincial hospital of Sidi Kacem in Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region, Morocco, in order to evaluate the degree of wastewater pollution and to reduce itsenvironmental impact.Methods: 24 samples of wastewater were collected from the Hospital’s main sewer according toMoroccan Norm NM 03.7.059 and transported to the Provincial Laboratory of Epidemiology andEnvironmental Health (LPEHM) for analysis. These analyses were conducted according to therequirements and methods recommended by Rodier 1996 and 2009.Results: The results of the bacteriological analysis showed a very high bacterial load of fecal coliforms(36,7.104 CFU/100 ml), total coliforms (40.104 CFU/100 ml), and fecal streptococci (21.104 CFU/100ml). The physicochemical parameters revealed a significant load of organic and mineral matter expressedin terms of nitrates (41,59 mg/l), nitrites (0,53 mg/l), sulphates (222,75 mg/l), ammonia (1,95 mg/l),electrical conductivity (3202 μs/cm), hydrogen potential PH (7.82), all of which are well above theupper limit stipulated by the regulations. The COD/BOD5 ratio (7.66) higher than 3 means that theseeffluents are hardly biodegradable.Conclusion: These results show that hospital effluent is loaded with mineral, organic and bacteriologicalpollutants and requires

Bu çalışmada Kestel Bölgesinde (Kadınhanı-Konya) yaygın olarak yetişen makromantarların ve yetiştikleri topraktaki mineral kompozisyonları ve aralarındaki korelasyonun incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu maksatla bölgede yapılan arazi çalışmaları sonucunda tespit edilen makrofunguslar “Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer (Şemsiye Mantarı), Suillus collinitus (Fr.) Kurtze (Benekli Süngermantarı), Boletus edulis Bull. (Çörek Mantarı)” türleridir. Arazi çalışmalarında elde edilen mantar örneklerinin ve yetiştikleri substratlara ait toprak örnekleri ayrı ayrı polietilen torbalar içinde alınarak, laboratuvar getirilmiştir. Makromantarların ve toprak örneklerinin mineral madde analizinde ICP-MS cihazı kullanılarak 15 elementin varlığı PPB(Parts Per Billion=Milyarda bir) oranında araştırılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda toprakta bulunan elementlerin yoğunlukları ile mantar örneklerindeki element yoğunlukları pozitif yönde korelasyon gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bundan dolayı ağır metal kirliliği veya endüstriyel kirlilik bulunan alanlarda yetişen makromantarların besin olarak tüketilmelerinin sağlık açısından uygun olmadığı yönünde değerlendirme yapılmıştır., In this study, it was aimed to examine the macrofungi that are widely grown in Kestel Region (Kadınhanı-Konya) and the mineral compositions in the soil they grow and the correlation between them. For this purpose, the macrofungi identified as a result of field studies in the region are “Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer (Umbrella Mushroom), Suillus collinitus (Fr.) Kurtze (Spotted Sponge Mushroom), Boletus edulis Bull. (Born Mushroom)” species. Soil samples of the mushroom samples and the substrates they grow were taken separately in polyethylene bags and brought to the laboratory. In the mineral matter analysis of macrofungi and soil samples, the presence of 15 elements was investigated at the rate of PPB (Parts Per Billion=One in a Billion) using ICP-MS device. As a result of the studies, it was determined that the concentrations of the elements in the soil and the element concentrations in the mushroom samples showed a positive correlation. Therefore, it has been evaluated that the consumption of macrofungi grown in areas with heavy metal pollution or industrial pollution is not suitable for health.

This article presents the results of predicting of the toxicants’ behavior in gold mining technogenic waste during their draining with seasonal precipitation (case study of the tailings management facility of Tokur Mill, Amur Region, Russia). The predictive assessment was made on characteristic basis of the following tailings management facility material: the geochemical composition, migration ability of elements in model experiments using atomic emission and mass spectral methods, calculation of acid-producing and acid-neutralizing potentials. It is estimated that the total content of geochemically mobile Pb and As forms in the tailings mineral matter makes up 85–92% of their gross content, Mn, Bi – 70–89%, Cd – 64–99%, Co – 50–65%, Cu – дo 46%, Zn, Ni, Fe, Sb – 30–36%, Mo – 17–20%, Cr – 5–7%. The substance of the tailing management facility has a high acid-neutralizing potential due to the carbonates in it (4–11%), which contributes to the neutral and slightly alkaline drainage flows formation. Under these conditions, the migration of Cd, Bi, Pb, Sr, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Sb risk is low, and water migration of oxygen-containing As risk anions is very high, since the share of its mobile compounds in the tailings management facility material is 90–92%.

The ash fusion characteristics and co-gasification activities of different biomasses (corn straw (CS), rice straw (RS) and rice husk (RH)) are investigated in an ash fusion temperature (AFTs) analyzer and a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA). Moreover, the transformation behaviors of mineral matters during CS/RH and RS/RH co-gasification processes are calculated by FactSage software. Results show that the ash fusion characteristic temperatures (AFTs) of CS/RH and RS/RH mixtures both increase with increasing RH ratio, and the maximum ratio of 75% CS and 55% RS in CS/RH and RS/RH mixtures can avoid the melting and slagging problems during co-gasification processes. Under the desirable RH ratio, the gasification activities of CS/RH and RS/RH mixtures increase with increasing CS or RS ratio. Besides, the increased AFTs of CS/RH and RS/RH mixtures are mainly ascribed to the increased contents of high-melting point quartz [SiO2] and tridymite [SiO2] and the decreased content of low-melting point silicate with the increase of RH ratio.

Studies conducted in the delta and lower valley of Senegal river have demonstrated through ethnobotanical surveys, the importance of Nymphaea lotus L. and Nymphaea micrantha Guill. et Perr in the diet and in the pharmacopoeia. The seeds are used with good appreciation by the indigenous population as a welding food. But studies addressing their biochemical and nutritional aspects are still very rare in the literature. This study was initiated in order to fill this gap and allow a better appreciation of the nutritional and energetic potentialities of these seeds. For this purpose, seeds were collected in effluent from the Senegal River, dried in the shade and put into three different batches: a batch of red seeds of N. lotus, a batch of Black seeds of N. lotus and a batch of seeds of N. micrantha. The biochemical analyses gave their moisture content (9.17% ± 0.2% to 13.36% ± 3.46%), aw (0.46% to 0.71%), protein (7.90% ± 1.25% to 8.24% ± 0.5%), lipid (2.32% ± 0.45% to 4.29% ± 1.0%), carbohydrate (74.49% ± 0.9% and 77.66% ± 1.65%), mineral matter (1.77% ± 0.06% to 2.55% ± 0.08%). All three types of seeds have high levels of potassium (481.10% ± 17.62% to 770.81% ± 42.33%), magnesium (312.71% ± 14.08% to 518.67% ± 15.23%) and calcium (188.81% ± 8.52% to 296.52% ± 16%. Their energy values (350.54 ± 15.21 kcal/100g to 375.7 ± 3.48 Kcal/100g), are closed to other cereals consumed in the human diet in Senegal. Therefore, these seeds offer the opportunity to diversify the diet in the delta and lower valley of the Senegal River.

Coal in North Korean (NKC) is one of the most important products; however, based on various strategic policies its detail properties remain opaque even for general researchers. Since there are some signs for opening of the North Korea economy, this investigation as a modest effort is going to explore principle relationships among some essential parameters of NKCs such as gross calorific value (GCV), valuable elements and conventional properties by different statistical methods. Correlations indicated that ultimate parameters (carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen) are the best GCV predictors for NKCs in comparison with proximate parameters (ash, moisture and volatile matter). Multivariable regression demonstrated that predicted GCV based on ultimate properties has a quite accuracy when correlation of determination was 0.99. Descriptive statistics processes showed that on average, the contents of valuable elements such as Ga and V for NKCs are higher than the world coal ranges and they can be considered as byproducts of combustion of NKCs. Pearson correlations indicated that Y may have a mixed organic-inorganic affinity while Ga and V mainly occur in the inorganic part (mineral matter) of NKCs. High inter-correlations between Ga-V and Al showed that aluminosilicates can be considered as their main bring minerals. Keywords: Yttrium, Gallium, Vanadium, Calorific value, Energy, By product

Coal mineral matter is the leading cause of inevitable ash problems (fouling and slagging) during the combustion of coal. Low-temperature ash (LTA) samples of feed coals and the density separated fractions were subjected to high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) to identify the mineral reactions occurred at elevated temperatures under oxidizing conditions. Excluded minerals were mainly contained in the sink fractions, while included minerals were mainly present in the float fractions. QEMSCAN results indicate that the mineral associations in carbominerites and included minerals in Feeds A, B and C and sinks B and C are responsible for the melt formation during HT-XRD experiments. HT-XRD results indicate the presence of mullite, anorthite, and amorphous aluminosilicate materials formed in the thermally treated LTA samples. The formation of these slagging crystalline and glassy phases could be attributed to either crystallization during the cooling of the molten solution, or via solid-state reactions at elevated temperatures. A comprehensive knowledge of the included and excluded minerals can be used to prepare a blended feedstock for combustion processes. The operational ash-related problems in the combustion and gasification processes could be minimized by implementing this comprehensive knowledge of the transformation of coal minerals at elevated temperatures

Introduction−The non-energy use of high-range carbons (an-thracite) has great potential in industries such as metallurgy and in the synthesis of new carbonaceous materials. However, before being used in these applications, they must be treated to remove impurities or unwanted compounds.Objective−To evaluate the efficiency of the process of chemi-cal demineralization of semianthracites through the use of different acids varying the operating conditions of the process.Method−Two samples were chemically characterized: Boavita (B) and Capitanejo (C) from the Boyacá and Santander (Colom-bia) mines, respectively. Ash and mineral matter removal from the samples was evaluated using [HCl] = 5M, HF 40% and HCl 38% at two different reaction times (45 and 60 minutes) and two particle sizes of the material (250 and 500 μm). Results−The minimum values of ash content (bs) reached through the demineralization process for samples B and C, were 0.65 and 0.76% respectively, which were obtained with a particle size of 250 μm and 60 minutes of exposure in each of the acids used in this study. Conclusions−A smaller particle size increases the contact surface and improves the degree of demineralization, regard-less of the time of exposure to acids. The efficiency of the chemi-cal benefit shows yields in the reduction of silicates, aluminates and aluminosilicates to 100%, while for ferric minerals it is above 50%

Introduction− The non-energy use of high-range carbons (anthracite) has great potential in industries such as metallurgy and in the synthesis of new carbonaceous materials. However, before being used in these applications, they must be treated to remove impurities or unwanted compounds. Objective− To evaluate the efficiency of the process of chemical demineralization of semianthracites through the use of different acids varying the operating conditions of the process. Method− Two samples were chemically characterized: Boavita (B) and Capitanejo (C) from the Boyacá and Santander (Colombia) mines, respectively. Ash and mineral matter removal from the samples was evaluated using [HCl] = 5M, HF 40% and HCl 38% at two different reaction times (45 and 60 minutes) and two particle sizes of the material (250 and 500 µm). Results− The minimum values of ash content (bs) reached through the demineralization process for samples B and C, were 0.65 and 0.76% respectively, which were obtained with a particle size of 250 µm and 60 minutes of exposure in each of the acids used in this study. Conclusions− A smaller particle size increases the contact surface and improves the degree of demineralization, regardless of the time of exposure to acids. The efficiency of the chemical benefit shows yields in the reduction of silicates, aluminates and aluminosilicates to 100%, while for ferric minerals it is above 50%. Introducción− El uso no energético de carbones de alto rango (antracitas) tiene un gran potencial en industrias tales como la metalurgia y en la síntesis de nuevos materiales carbonosos. Sin embargo, antes de su uso en estas aplicaciones, estos deben ser tratados para eliminar impurezas o compuestos no deseados. Objetivo− Evaluar la eficiencia del proceso de desmineralización química de semiantracitas mediante el uso de diferentes ácidos variando las condiciones de operación del proceso. Metodología− Se realizó la caracterización química de dos muestras: Boavita (B) y Capitanejo (C) provenientes de minas de Boyacá y Santander (Colombia), respectivamente. Se evaluó la remoción de cenizas y materia mineral de las muestras utilizando [HCl] = 5M, HF 40% y HCl 38% a dos diferentes tiempos de reacción (45 y 60 minutos) y dos tamaños de partícula del material (250 y 500 µm). Resultados− Los valores mínimos de contenido de cenizas (bs) alcanzados mediante el proceso de desmineralización para las muestras B y C, fueron 0,65 y 0,76% respectivamente, los cuales se obtuvieron con tamaño de partícula de 250 µm y 60 minutos de exposición en cada uno de los ácidos empleados en este estudio. Conclusiones− A menor tamaño de partícula se incrementa la superficie de contacto y mejora el grado de desmineralización, independientemente del tiempo de exposición a los ácidos. La eficiencia del beneficio químico muestra rendimientos en la reducción de silicatos, aluminatos y aluminosilicatos al 100%, mientras que para minerales férricos está por encima del 50%.

Mineral matter in coals has been found to host valuable elements including germanium, lithium and rare-earth elements (REE), but such content of Australian coals remains under-explored. The aim of ...

Inhalation of particulate matter (PM) has been linked to serious adverse health effects, such as asthma, cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. In the present study, coarse (PM10-2.5), accumulation mode (PM2.5-0.25), and quasi-ultrafine (PM0.25) particulates were collected inside twelve educative centers of Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain) during two seasons (cold and warm). Chemical characterization of PM, as well as risk assessment were subsequently conducted in order to evaluate respiratory and digestive risks during school time for children. Levels and chemical composition of PM were very different among the 12 centers. Average PM levels were higher during the cold season, as well as the concentrations of most toxic metals. In most schools, PM levels were below the daily PM10 threshold established in the regulation (50 μg/m3), with the exception of school number 1 during the cold season. On average, and regardless of season, coarse PM was highly influenced by mineral matter, while organic matter and elemental carbon were prevalent in quasi-ultrafine PM. The concentrations of the toxic elements considered by the legislation (As, Cd, Pb, and Ni) were below their correspondent regulatory annual limits. Calculated risks were below the safety thresholds, being fine fractions (PM2.5-0.25 and PM0.25) the main contributors to both digestive and respiratory risks.

Evaluamos los efectos del transporte y del sistema de alimentación automática sobre las características químicas y físicas de los alimentos peletizados para pollos de engorde en la etapa final de producción. Las muestras se recogieron en dos días y en dos gallineros diferentes, ambos equipados con el mismo tipo de sistema automático de alimentación de placas. Las muestras se recolectaron a la salida del secador de peletización (PEL), a la salida del camión a granel (CAM) y a los 0 (LIN0), 50 (LIN50) y 100 (LIN100) metros de la línea de alimentación, para el análisis de actividad del agua, materia seca, materia mineral, proteína bruta, MEP (Método de Evaluación de Pelletización, Embrapa), IDB (Índice de Durabilidad del Bolita) y porcentajes gruesos y finos. Empleamos un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cinco tratamientos (puntos de recolección) y cinco repeticiones. Los resultados indican que la calidad física de la alimentación se vio afectada negativamente por los factores involucrados en el proceso de transporte, con mayor actividad de agua (P

The main regularities in the conversion of the mineral matter of coals of different ranks—brown coal from the Kansk-Achinsk Basin and hard coal from the Ekibastuz Basin—upon their crushing in mills with different energy intensities were established. The grinding of brown coals in a disintegrator led to a more uniform distribution of mineral substances in size fractions and to an enrichment of the fine fraction in internal ash components and iron-containing minerals, as compared with crushing in a ball–tube mill. The grinding of Ekibastuz coal in a disintegrator did not lead to significant changes in the distributions of mineral components in size fractions and in terms of density, as compared with crushing in a ball–tube mill.

This research was carried out to determinenutritional content and chemical composition of knotgrass species (Polygonum) consumed as vegetable in theMiddle Black Sea Region. Survey and field studies started in spring of 2011(April-May) and were carried out in Samsun, Amasya, Ordu and Tokat where these species were intense. In the surveystudies, five species were identified in 35 knotgrass samples as Polygonum arenastrum (12 materials), Polygonum aviculare (9 materials), Polygonum salicifolium (9 materials), Polygonum setosum (2 materials) and Polygonum luzuloides (3 materials). Inthe research, the highest amount of dry matter in P. salicifolium (26.68 %), the highest ash content in P. setosum (10.21 %), the highest N andprotein contents in P. luzuloides(3.31 % and 20.70 %) and thehighest Vitamin C in P.aviculare(105.46 mg/100g-1) were determined. The highest K content in P. luzuloides, the highest Zn, Mn and Cacontents in P. setosum, the highest Pand Na contents in P. arenastrum andthe highest Cu, Mg and Fe content in P.salicifolium were determined. Amounts of mineral matter showed variationaccording to plant species, genetic factors and ecology of samples taken from.It was determined that many of nutritional properties studied were richer than some cultivated vegetable species., Buaraştırma, Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde sebze olarak tüketilen madımak türlerininbesin içeriği ve kimyasal bileşimini belirlemek için yürütülmüştür.Sörvey ve arazi çalışmaları 2011 yılının ilkbahar döneminde (Nisan-Mayıs)başlamış olup Samsun, Ordu, Amasya ve Tokat illerinde yürütülmüştür. Sörveyçalışmalarında 35madımak örneğinde 5 tür tespit edilmiş olup bunlar Polygonum arenastrum (12 materyal), Polygonum aviculare (9 materyal), Polygonum salicifolium (9 materyal), Polygonum setosum (2 materyal), ve Polygonum luzuloides (3 materyal)’dir. Araştırmada en yüksek kurumadde miktarı P.salicifolium (% 26.68),en yüksek kül miktarı P. setosum (% 10.21),en yüksek N ve protein miktarı P.luzuloides (% 3.31 ve % 20.70) ve en yüksek C vitamini P. aviculare (105.46 mg/100g)türlerinde belirlenmiştir. En yüksek K miktarı P. luzuloides, en yüksek Zn, Mn ve Ca miktarı P. setosum, en yüksek P ve Na miktarı P. arenastrum ve en yüksek Cu, Mg ve Fe miktarı ise P. salicifolium türlerinde tespitedilmiştir. Mineral madde içerikleri bitki türüne, genetik faktöre ve örneklerin alındığı ekolojiye göre varyasyongöstermiştir. Madımaklarda incelenen besinsel özelliklerin birçoğununbazı kültürü yapılan sebzetürlerine göre daha zengin içeriğe sahip olduklarını tespit edilmiştir.

The fatty acid and mineral matter compositions of the visceral mass and pedal mass of wild and farmed Cornu aspersum were compared. The relative fatty acid amounts of the visceral and pedal masses ...

THE AIM According to statistical data of a number of the countries, have an urolithic disease from 5% to 15% of the population today. A recurrence arises at 50-85% of patients. The purpose of this work was complex studying of morphology, structure, mineral structure of urolit, identification of regularities of their formation, establishment of interrelation between mineral and organic matter in structure of urolit. MATERIALS the urinary stones from the urology departments of hospitals and clinics of the Tomsk region (Russia). METHOD s: crystallomorphological (the study of the surface morphology of uroliths binocular and trinocular microscopes); polarizing optical (study of the mineral composition of uroliths on a polarizing microscope); x-ray crystallography (the study of spectral composition on the apparatus DRON-3); electron microscopic (study of the peculiarities of morphology of crystals in an electron microscope). RESULTS On features of morphology of a surface four types of urolit are allocated: druzovidny, sferolitovy, combined, korallovidny. Structural kinds of urolit: crystal and granular, dendritovidny, combined, rhythmic - zone. In structure of urolit the following types of rhythms are established: zone, granular, combined. In the urolitakh with rhythmic - the zone structure allocated elements of their building: kernel, layer, zone, rhythm. A mineral part of uric stones is presented by the crystals belonging to the classes: oxalates, phosphates, urat . SUMMARY The peculiarities of the morphology of the selected four types of uroliths: druzoid, with, combined, coral. Structural variations uroliths: crystal-grained Shelly, dendritic, combined, rhythmically zoned. In the structure of uroliths, the following types of rhythms: zoned, granular, combined. In urolith with rhythmically zoned structure selected elements of their structure: core, layer, area, rhythm. DISCUSSION Morphological and structural features of the structure of urolites, especially the presence of rhythmic zoning, due to the alternation of layers of mineral and organic matter, indicate a close relationship between the living organism and the organo-mineral aggregate in the human urinary system. With a high degree of confidence we can talk about the symbiosis of living and mineral matter in the human body; as a result of this symbiosis, organic-mineral formations are formed, which are often the further cause of some diseases (for example, urolithiasis and cholelithiasis). CONCLUSION The complex research of uric stones allows to obtain important information on their structure, structure and features of morphology. Morphological and structural features of the structure of urolit, in particular existence of the rhythmic zonality caused by alternation of layers of mineral and organic matter demonstrate close interrelation between a live organism and the organo-mineral unit in an urinary system of the person.

SUMMARY The effects of phytase superdosing on digestibility and bone development of broilers from 1 to 21 d of age were evaluated. Ninety-six male broilers of the Cobb Slow lineage were housed in metaboilic cages, distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 8 replicates. The treatments were positive control without phytase, negative control with phytase (500 FTU), negative control with phytase (1000 FTU), and negative control with phytase (2000 FTU). From 16 to 21 d of age, total excreta samples were collected for digestibility analyses. To evaluate bone quality at 21 d of age, 2 broilers per experimental unit were slaughtered and the femur and tibia were collected. Data were analyzed by regression test. A quadratic effect of phytase inclusion for the diameter and percentage of Ca and P of the femur was observed, in which the inclusion of 1,494 and 1,220 FTU, respectively, showed the best results. For the evaluation of the tibia, the diameter, length and weight linearly increased with the inclusion of phytase, and for resistance a quadratic effect was observed, in which 1265 FTU was the best inclusion. Regarding digestibility, a quadratic effect for EEDC (Ether extract digestibility coefficient), MMDC (mineral matter digestibility coefficient), AME (Apparent metabolizable energy), and AMEn (Nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy) was observed, in which the inclusion of 1,734; 788; 1,204; and 1,255 FTU resulted in the highest values, respectively. Phytase superdosing improved bone development and broiler digestibility at 21 d.

Triticale is an important alternative crop and is largely grown on marginal lands in Turkey to overcome the shortage of rising animal feed problem. Sometimes Triticale is also used as human food. This study was conducted for two years between 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 to determine some grain quality characteristics of nine different Triticale (Tatlicak-97, for cvs. Presto, Karma-2000, Melez-2001, Mihkam-2002, Ege Yildizi, Alperbey, Umranharnm, and Tacettinbey) cultivars under dry farming conditions at Siran-Gumushane (Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey). The experiment was conducted with three replications based on the randomized complete block design. According to two-years average, thousand-grain weight of cultivars changed from 38.85-45.12 g, also, hectoliter weight 74.68-77.21 kg hl(-1), protein contents 10.56-12.09%, starch contents 64.74-68.19%, moisture contents 9.44-9.72%, ash contents 1.25-1.60%, oil contents 0.79-1.27%, ADF (acid detergent fiber) 3.22-4.39%, NDF (neutral detergent fiber) 15.14-16.88%, potassium (K) contents 0.432-0.527%, magnesium (Mg) contents 0.113-0.135%, and phosphorus (P) contents 0.360-0.387%. In terms of quality characteristics, the maximum thousand-grain weight was obtained from Tacettinbey and Ege Yildizi; the maximum grain yield weight from Tatlicak-97; the maximum hectoliter weight from Tatlicak-97, Ege Yildizi and Mihkam-2002 cultivars; Also, cv. Karma-2000 and Alperbey had the maximum protein contents, and Umranhanim and Mihkam-2002 cultivars had the maximum starch content. It is concluded that studies relating to Agronomic practices of these and other Triticale cultivars would help in improving the life style and the livestock sector of the region. WOS:000765037800030

The objective of this study was to evaluate physically and chemically chicken breasts with different degrees of white striping (WS), as well as its effect on the process and quality of nuggets and hamburgers. Chicken breasts fillets were obtained from male chicken broilers weighing approximately 3 kg at the slaughterhouse and classified based on the WS degree as normal, moderate or severe. Chemical composition was evaluated (moisture, crude protein, fat, mineral matter and total collagen), as well as pH, color (CIELab), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, water holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force, dough stability, cooking yield and size reduction of nuggets and hamburgers. The presence of severe WS in chicken breasts changed its chemical composition leading to increased content of fat and collagen, higher lipid oxidation (TBARS), as well as lower crude protein. In addition, breasts with severe WS showed greater cooking loss and lower water holding capacity, besides increased yellow intensity. The presence of WS did not affect significantly the production and quality of chicken nuggets and hamburgers, causing only few changes in hamburger´s cooking loss, and therefore, it is a good destination for this kind of meat.

Ombrotrophic peatlands contain a very small percentage of mineral matter that they receive exclusively from atmospheric deposition. Mineral matter deposited on the Šijec bog was characterized using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). We collected solid atmospheric deposition from snow, rainwater, and using passive samplers. Samples were collected at average atmospheric conditions and after two dust events. Size, morphology, and chemical composition of individual particles were determined. We distinguished four main particle groups: silicates, carbonates, organic particles, and Fe-oxyhydroxides. Silicate particles are further divided into quartz and aluminosilicates. Proportions of these groups vary between samples and between sample types. In all samples, silicate particles predominate. Samples affected by dust events are richer in solid particles. This is well observed in passive deposition samples. Carbonates and organic particles represent smaller fractions and are probably of local origin. Iron-oxyhydroxides make up a smaller, but significant part of particles and are, according to their shape and chemical composition, of both geogenic and anthropogenic origin. Estimated quantity and percentage of main groups vary throughout the year and are highly dependent on weather conditions. Dust events represent periods of increased deposition and contribute significantly to mineral matter input to peatlands.

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and fermentation quality of silage from two sorghum hybrids in different layers of the silo feed-out face, as well as the interference of the aerobic exposure time of structured and/or unstructured silo face (after feed-out). The AG-2005E hybrid silage presented higher crude protein content and higher pH compared to hybrid AG-60298 (6.33% and 4.0 versus 6.06% and 3.8, respectively). Silages from stratum 0 to 20cm had the lowest dry matter content and the highest crude protein content (38% and 6.35%, respectively). The pH did not differ between layers, and the NH3 content was higher in the stratum 60 to 80cm (4.5%). During 72 hours of aerobic exposure, the unstructured silage presented a higher increase in temperature than the silage from the structured face, but this period was not enough to result in differences in dry matter, mineral matter, NH3, and pH. The chemical and fermentation quality of the silage was directly influenced by hybrid and silo stratum. After aerobic exposure, silage from the structured face seems to suffer less interference compared to the silo feed-out face. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade químico-fermentativa da silagem de dois híbridos de sorgo nos diferentes estratos da face do silo e a interferência do tempo de exposição aeróbia da face do silo estruturada e/ou desestruturada (após desensilagem). A silagem do híbrido AG-2005E apresentou maior teor de proteína bruta e pH mais elevado em comparação à do híbrido AG-60298 (6,33% e 4,0 contra 6,06% e 3,8, respectivamente). As silagens do estrato de 0 a 20 cm tinham o menor teor de matéria seca e o maior teor de proteína bruta (38% e 6,35%, respectivamente). O pH não diferiu entre os estratos e o teor de NH3 foi maior no estrato de 60 a 80 cm (4,5%). Com o avanço das 72 horas de exposição aeróbia, a silagem desestruturada apresentou maior incremento de temperatura em relação à silagem da face estruturada, mas esse tempo não foi suficiente para mostrar diferenças entre os teores de matéria seca, matéria mineral, NH3 e pH. O híbrido de sorgo e o estrato do silo interferem diretamente na qualidade químico-fermentativa da silagem. Após a exposição aeróbia, a silagem do painel do silo estruturado parece sofrer menor interferência em relação à silagem após ser desensilada.

Heavy metals belong to a group of substances, which, after reaching a natural habitat, can manifest various negative effects. This paper analyses heavy metals (Cu, Cd, and Pb) in the Una river and fish samples, whereby individuals of grayling (Thymallus thymallus) were used for analysis. The samples were taken at three locations at the Una river: Ripac, Hatinac, and Grmusa. Alongside with the examination of the content of heavy metals, quality of water was tracked, including the following parameters: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter, BPK5, KPK – Cr, total nitrogen – N, total phosphorus P, sulphates, chlorides, nitrites – NO2, nitrates – NO3, fluoride, and heavy metals (Cu, Cd, and Pb). Besides the content of heavy metals, proteins, fats, water, carbohydrates, and mineral matter were found in the grayling fillets. Amount of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Cd) were under maximum allowed concentration (MAC). Key words: heavy metals, water, fish.

Gurma melon (Nubian or Seed melon) Citrullus lantus var. colocynthoides, became animportant crop in Egypt. It was cultivated for seeds only, while the residue of fruits are removed aswaste. The main objective of the study is to investigate the possibility of utilization Gurma melon pulpin an economic nutrient food products as jam. The obtained results declared that Gurma melon wasteswhich represented about 95% of crop contained moisture 94.55%, protein 0.84%, fat 0.19%, crudefiber 0.12%, mineral matter 0.21, TSS 4.32° Brix and acidity 0.18%. Gurma melon pulp were used toprepare both flavored jam by adding up to 1.5% of cinnamon and mixed jam by substituting up to 30%of fig with Gurma melon. All the jam samples were stored in sterilized glass jars at room temperaturefor 6 months and the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics were studied. The resultsindicated that high acceptance jam could be processed from Gurma melon pulp plain or flavored by1% cinnamon. Also Gurma pulp up to 20% could incorporated in blends with fig fruits for producinggood quality fig-melon mixed jam.

There is a growing attention in valuable trace elements (TEs) in coal and coal combustion products as they can potentially be future resources of valuable TEs. Therefore, understanding the mode of occurrences of valuable TEs in coal has several advantages for their economical and industrial extractions. Since there is limited information on the affinity of valuable TEs in the structure of African coals, this study explores correlations between conventional coal properties and concentration of vanadium, yttrium , gallium and lithium as valuable TEs for a wide range of African coal samples (139 samples) from South Africa , Botswana, Egypt, Tanzania, Nigeria and Zambia by statistical methods. Statistical assessments indicated that the concentrations of Y, V, Li and Ga for these countries are higher than their value in the world coal (on average). The outcomes of assessments showed that the Li, Ga and V are associated with the mineral matter fraction (inorganic affinity) of the coal where they have significant positive correlations with ash and Al (as a major element) and potentially clay minerals are their main bearing minerals. However, statistical explorations suggested that Y may have both the organic and inorganic occurrences in the African coal samples.

The relevance of the research is caused by the need to involve renewable biomass (in particular, peat) to generate heat and electrical energy. This will partially solve the problem of resource-deficient regions, depending on the supply of fuel from developed coal deposits. The main aim of the research is the investigation of thermal characteristics and the mineral matter of the peat of a number of large deposits of the Tomsk region to assess the possibility of their energy use. Objects of researches are the samples of low-moor peat from Sukhovskoye and Arkadyevskoye deposits and one of the Tomsk region deposits. Methods. Thermal characteristics of the studied samples were determined according to GOST 33503-2015 (ISO 11722:2013), 55661-2013 (ISO 1171:2010), 55660-2013 (ISO 562:2010). Net calorific values of the peats were determined in the ABK-1 calorimeter (Russia), the elemental composition of the organic matter was determined using the analyzer Vario Micro Cube (Elementar, Germany). Peat mineral matter composition was studied by X-ray fluorescence analysis using an EDX-720-P spectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan) as well as by X-ray diffractometry using a Shimadzu XRD7000 diffractometer (CuKα-radiation) with a Shimadzu CM-3121 monochromator counter. Typical ash melting points were determined according to GOST 2057-94 (ISO 540-81). The structure of the samples under study was examined by scanning electron microscopy using a TM 3000 electron microscope (Hitachi, Japan). Results. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that, due to the high ash content, the use of okolotomsky peat for chamber-type combustion is impractical. However, this resource can be considered as a mineral fertilizer in agriculture due to the presence of such elements as phosphorus, potassium. The high content of carbonates indicates the possibility of its using as an additive to high-sulfur coal to reduce emissions of sulfur oxide SOx. The characteristics of sukhovskoу and аrkadyevsky peat make it possible to consider them as an alternative to imported fuel. The preferred method of energy use of peat from Tomsk region fields is its combustion in a fluidized bed.

In this study, quinoa seeds were processed to flour in ungerminated (raw) and germinated forms. Raw quinoa flour (RQF) and germinated quinoa flour (GQF) were replaced (0, 10, 20 and 30%) with wheat semolina in pasta formulation to improve nutritional and functional properties of pasta. Some chemical (ash, crude fat, crude protein, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and mineral matter), anti-nutritional (phytic acid), physical and sensory properties of pasta samples were determined. With germination of quinoa seed, ash, protein, TPC and AA amount of GQF increased by 51%, 37%, 111%, 123% and 17%, respectively, while phytic acid amount decreased by 77%, in comparison to RQF. As the RQF or GQF ratio increased in pasta formulation, ash, crude protein, TPC, AA and mineral matter amounts significantly (p

Small microplastics (&lt, 1 mm) comprise a great fraction of microplastics (&lt, 5 mm) found in the environment and are often overlooked due to the constrains of transporting and filtering large volumes of water in grab samplings. The objective of this work was to determine the minimum volume for reliable quantification of small microplastics in the environment. Different volumes (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5 L) of laboratory spikes (fresh and saltwater) and environmental samples were filtered. Sampling volumes of 0.5 L or 1 L are a good compromise between drawbacks, such as effort, time, organic and mineral matter, potential contamination, and reliability of results, evaluated by interquartile range, accuracy, coefficient of variation, and recovery rates. Moreover, the observation of Nile Red-stained environmental samples under 470 nm produced six-times higher concentrations than samples under 254 nm, namely, 18 microplastics L&minus, 1 and 3 microplastics L&minus, 1 for the Aveiro Lagoon and 1 microplastics L&minus, 1 and 0 microplastics L&minus, 1 for the Vouga River, Portugal. This work also raises concerns about the underreporting of environmental concentrations of microplastics.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentado com ingredientes vegetais, complementado com enzima fitase granulada e líquida. Para realizar do estudo, utilizou-se 600 juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (peso inicial médio de 1,72 ± 2,21 g e comprimento inicial médio de 9,46 ± 0,64 cm) invertidos sexualmente para machos, durante 64 dias. O design experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis dietas: controle negativo (sem fosfato inorgânico e sem adição de fitase), controle positivo (com fosfato inorgânico), duas dietas (1500 e 3000 FTU/kg) com fitase granuladas e duas dietas (1500 e 3000 FTU/kg) com fitase líquida, com cinco repetições. As dietas foram isoenergéticas com 3100 kcal/kg e isoproteicas com 28% de proteína bruta. A fitase granulada foi adicionada antes e depois da extrusão e a fitase líquida adicionada após o processamento. A forma líquida de fitase forneceu o melhor desempenho e o melhor conteúdo protéico na carcaça. Também foi observado o mesmo quanto aos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de proteína e matéria mineral. A retenção de fósforo no plasma e nas vértebras não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. Com os resultados concluiu-se que a adição de fitase na forma líquida é mais eficiente, podendo ser adicionadas nas dietas níveis mais baixos.