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Happiness is a form of feeling that every individual expects. The existence of happiness experienced by individuals can impact one's performance and enthusiasm for life. In the village of Tegal Bedug, Indramayu district, the economic condition of the residents as farmers affects the happiness that they feel in their lives. The purpose of this study was to describe the happiness of the residents of Tegal Bedug village who work as farmers. The research method used is a mixed method descriptive design. By using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, it was found that from 37 farmer participants the level of happiness of the residents of Tegal Bedug village is average. Happiness in Tegal Bedug village is a mix of interaction between its social environment and individual attributes. The main factors that make them happy are health, interaction with family members, and achieving targets. Some who rate their happiness low give negative evaluations of themselves, their environment, and their future. Recognizing the interaction between individual attributes and social and environmental factors is crucial to maximizing the outcome of the intervention and implications in sociological and psychological studies, specifically for farmers in rural areas.

Rooming in is a joint care between a newborn and his mother who is treated in one room in the same room for 24 full hours so that an early infant mother bonding process occurs immediately due to body touch between the baby and mother (Paninsari, 2020). The research method used is cross sectional. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the implementation of rooming in postpartum mothers with the increase in the frequency of breastfeeding at the RSU. Royal Prima Medan. The sample in this study were 30 respondents with purposive sampling technique. Collecting data using observation and questionnaires. The research was conducted from September to October. The results of the study were the majority of respondents aged 31-40 years were 20 people (66.7%), the minority respondents aged 19-30 years were 10 people (33.3%). And the majority of respondents with D3-S1 education are 17 (56.7%) people, while the minority have elementary-high school education as many as 13 (43.3%) respondents. The majority of respondents who gave birth to normal were 25 (83.3%) people, while the minority type of delivery was caesarean section as many as 5 (16.7) respondents. And the majority who did not carry out hospitalization were 16 (53.3%) while the minority who did hospitalization were 14 (46.7%) respondents. The majority of the frequency 8-12 times a day as many as 19 (63.3%) respondents and the minority of the frequency of breastfeeding 2-6 times a day as many as 11 (36.7) respondents. Data analysis using Chi square results obtained by the value of value = 0.000, with a value of value < (0.05). Conclusion There is a significant relationship between rooming in and an increase in the frequency of breastfeeding for postpartum mothers at the Royal Prima Hospital in Medan.

Background Resting cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in striatum and thalamus is increased in medicated patients with psychosis, but whether this is caused by treatment or illness pathology is unclear. Specifically, effects of partial dopamine agonism, sex, and clinical correlates on rCBF are sparsely investigated. We therefore assessed rCBF in antipsychotic-naïve psychosis patients before and after aripiprazole monotherapy and related findings to sex and symptom improvement. Methods We assessed rCBF with the pseudo-Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling (PCASL) sequence in 49 first-episode patients (22.6 ± 5.2 years, 58% females) and 50 healthy controls (HCs) (22.3 ± 4.4 years, 63% females) at baseline and in 29 patients and 49 HCs after six weeks. RCBF in striatum and thalamus was estimated with a region-of-interest (ROI) approach. Psychopathology was assessed with the positive and negative syndrome scale. Results Baseline rCBF in striatum and thalamus was not altered in the combined patient group compared with HCs, but female patients had lower striatal rCBF compared with male patients (p = 0.009). Treatment with a partial dopamine agonist increased rCBF significantly in striatum (p = 0.006) in the whole patient group, but not significantly in thalamus. Baseline rCBF in nucleus accumbens was negatively associated with improvement in positive symptoms (p = 0.046), but baseline perfusion in whole striatum and thalamus was not related to treatment outcome. Conclusions The findings suggest that striatal perfusion is increased by partial dopamine agonism and decreased in female patients prior to first treatment. This underlines the importance of treatment effects and sex differences when investigating the neurobiology of psychosis.

The magnitude of an epidemic depends on host susceptibility to the disease, a trait influenced by the genetic constitution of the host and its environment. While the genetic basis of disease susceptibility is often associated with immune capacities, environmental effects generally reflect complex physiological trade-offs. We suggest here that in the case of obligate pathogens whose proliferation depends on the cellular machinery of the host (e.g. viruses), disease susceptibility is directly influenced by host growth. To test our hypothesis, we focussed on a viral disease affecting an ecologically relevant model exploited worldwide, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Oysters originating from 3 lines with contrasting resistance to the disease were divided into 3 groups displaying different growth rates and acclimated to 3 food levels and 2 temperatures to generate different growth rates. These oysters were then exposed to the virus, and survival and viral shedding were measured. Finally, we developed a risk model to rank the relative importance of temperature, food, genetic selection and growth on disease-induced mortality. We found that increasing growth through temperature, food level or selection of fast-growing animals all increased mortality, especially in host populations where susceptible phenotypes dominated. Food provisioning was the most influential factor associated with higher viral shedding, followed by temperature, resistance phenotype and growth rate. We suggest that growth-forcing factors may promote the development of obligate intracellular pathogens and epidemic risk, thus opening up avenues for disease management based on the manipulation of host metabolism.

Mathematical modeling ability is one of the important skills prospective teachers and students possess in solving contextual problems. One that often happens around us is climate change. This study aims to develop teaching materials based on mathematical modeling in the context of climate change that is valid and practical. The method used is research and development with the ADDIE development model. This research was conducted at one of the state universities in Indonesia with a total of 53 subjects. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, and tests. Data analysis techniques use qualitative research methods by looking at indicators and mathematical modeling abilities. This research produces teaching material based on mathematical modeling in the context of climate change that is valid and practical for prospective teachers. The evaluation results showed that most of the research subjects could not solve the problems correctly. Teaching materials based on mathematical modeling that have been developed can be input for prospective teachers regarding teaching materials that will be given, especially in the context of climate change, so that later they will help develop students' problem-solving abilities.

The purpose of this study is to analyze Indonesia's commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, to examine carbon tax regulations that have been set by the government, and to analyze the potential for carbon taxes in environmental preservation. The research method used is the descriptive-qualitative method. The research results show that the Indonesian government is committed to reducing GHG emissions. This is contained in sustainable and environmentally sound development activities and is on the agenda of the National Medium-Term Development Plan. The government also stipulates laws and regulations to provide legal certainty and reduce gas emissions. The government has passed a carbon tax regulation as an effort to accelerate climate change mitigation. Carbon tax provisions are applied to the consumption of products that contain carbon or activities that produce carbon emissions. Setting carbon tax rates equal to or higher than the price of carbon in the carbon market per kilogram of carbon dioxide equivalent or equivalent unit Although carbon prices follow price movements in the carbon market, the government sets a floor on carbon tax rates. Thus, carbon taxes serve as a tax instrument used to correct social costs arising from negative externalities due to environmental pollution.

Permasalah utama dalam penjualan ubi talas adalah ketika ubi talas panen melimpah, ubi talas tidak terserap oleh pasar, banyak ubi talas yang lama terjual bahkan tidak laku terjual. Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini diharapkan para warga yang mengikuti kegiatan pelatihan mampu memproduksi atau mengolah ubi talas menjadi kripik talas yang diminati oleh para konsumen dan mampu menerapkan pemasaran dalam menjual produk. Metode Pelaksanaan Pengabdian, pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian dilakukan dengan metode penyuluhan, demostrasi dan praktek. Luaran yang dihasilkan dari pengabdian kepada masayarakat dengan program pelatihan pengolahan dan pemasaran keripik talas di kelurahan Sawagumu ini adalah peningkatan keterampilan pengolahan ubi talas dengan rasa pedas manis dan original.

The present study investigated the mitigative effect of Vitex negundo against sodium fluoride (NaF) induced cardio and nephrotoxicity. The hydroalcoholic extract of Vitex negundo leaves (HAEVNL) was prepared by the maceration method. Group I, Group II, and Group III served as normal, toxic, and plant control groups in the treatment schedule. Group IV and V (200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt, p.o) served as treatment groups. Group II, IV, and V treated with NaF (100ppm) through drinking water for 4 weeks. Cardiac and kidney parameters such as LDH, CK-MB, Lipid profile, Creatinine, Urea, and Uric acid were estimated. The heart and kidney tissues LPO, GSH, SOD, and CAT levels and histopathological studies were performed. Phytochemical investigation showed the alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins. Rats administered with NaF have demonstrated a significant rise in the LDH, CK-MB, TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, Creatinine, Urea, and Uric acid. Tissue LPO levels increased while there was a significant decrease in serum HDL-C and tissue SOD, GSH, and CAT levels. Treatment with HAEVNL showed effective recovery against NaF-induced cardio and nephrotoxicity. The histopathological evaluation also added to the benefits of the Vitex negundo leaves. The study concluded that Vitex negundo leaf extract showed a significant antioxidant and mitigative effect against fluoride- induced cardio and nephrotoxicity in rats.

Statistics is one of the branches of mathematics that is used in almost all professions, in order to estimate more efficient and optimal processes and services, product improvements, processes, or quality of care. Its wide variety of uses makes it a tool of great demand in the knowledge of professionals, in addition to the application of quantitative research, it is a fundamental element for data management. In this work, a detailed bibliographic review is presented, which includes the analysis of statistics in different professional areas and its relevance in research processes. The most outstanding results show that the use of statistics offers better insights into research processes and a better understanding of scientific proposals. Keywords: Use of statistics, quantitative research, data management.

Abstract The first representatives of the genus Parkinsonia previously described from Georgia as P. djanelidzei Kakhadze, 1937 and P. djanelidzei var. dertshiensis Kakhadze, 1937 are revised. P. djanelidzei [M] and P. dertshiensis [m] are described and illustrated. The name P. (Okribites) djanelidzei Kakhadze, 1937 is a junior primary homonym of P. (Parkinsonia) djanelidzei Kakhadze, 1937 and is permanently invalid.

Harold Merle,1 Laurence Béral,2 Maxime Rocher,3 Mitta Pierre,1 Albert Jean-Charles,1 Odile Béra,4 Laurie-Anne Rosamont,4 Pierre-Yves Robert,3 Agnes Lézin4 1Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, French West Indies, France; 2Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Guadeloupe, Pointe à Pitre, French West Indies, France; 3Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Limoges, France; 4Department of Genetics, University Hospital of Martinique, Fort de France, French West Indies, FranceCorrespondence: Harold Merle, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Martinique, Hôpital Pierre Zobda Quitman, BP 632, Martinique, Fort de France, 97261 Cedex, French West Indies, France, Tel +596 596 552 251, Fax +596 596 758 447, Email harold.merle@chu-martinique.frPurpose: To evaluate how the HLA genotype is associated to the polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in a population of patients of Afro-Caribbean descent.Methods: Forty-seven patients were diagnosed with PCV. The number of control patients was 457. All affected patients and control patients were of Afro-Caribbean descent and natives to Martinique. HLA typing was based on blood sample, using the polymerase chain reaction technique. Comparison of HLA alleles between the 2 groups was done using chi-2 test, odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval using Woolf’s method. The Bonferroni correction was considered significant when p-value ≤ 0.05. Alleles frequency was analyzed for DRB1 and DQB1 locus.Results: HLA-DRB1&ast;13 allele was significantly associated to PCV (OR = 2.02, CI = [1.3; 3.13], p = 0.003). In group DRB1, the Bonferroni correction significance threshold was < 0.004. HLA-DQB1&ast;04 allele was significantly associated to PCV (OR = 3.5, CI = [1.48; 8.3], p = 0.006). In group DQB1, the Bonferroni correction significance threshold was < 0.006.Conclusion: Two HLA alleles are positively associated to PCV. The possible association between PCV and certain alleles suggest HLA implication in PCV pathogeny, most likely by modeling the immune system response.Keywords: polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, major histocompatibility complex, human leucocyte antigen, genetic predisposition

Background and Objectives: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is an obstetrical emergency and although the mortality rate from PPH has decreased, it is still considered a challenge in obstetrics. This study aimed to estimate the rate of primary PPH, as well as to investigate the potential risk factors and management options. Material and methods: This was a retrospective case-control study of all cases with PPH (blood loss > 500 mL, irrespective of the mode of delivery) managed in the Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, from 2015 to 2021. The ratio of cases to controls was estimated to be 1:1. The chi-squared test was used to examine if there was any relationship between several variables and PPH, while subgroup multivariate logistic regression analyses of certain causes of PPH were also conducted. Results: During the study period, from a total of 8545 births, 219 (2.5%) pregnancies were complicated with PPH. A maternal age > 35 years (OR: 2.172; 95% CI: 1.206–3.912; p = 0.010), preterm delivery (

In 2022, Indonesia would apply changes in tax brackets and rates for personal income tax. This adjustment is based on the Article 17 Paragraph 1 Tax Harmonization Law Number 7 of 2021. The government tries to accommodate the needs of the community through formulating process of this regulation. In particular, it provides convenience to the lower-middle income community and encourages an even distribution of income. People belonging to the high wealth income will be subject to the highest tariffs that have just been set through this law. Through a qualitative descriptive method in which data collection is carried out by taking from literature review; law, articles, books, and website, the author tries to analyze changes in brackets and rates of personal income tax. This study presents illustrations of the calculation to explain the difference in the amount of income tax payable before and after the implementation of the Tax Harmonization Law. In addition, the analysis of the principles of equity and democracy on the adjustment of layers and tax rates is elaborated in this paper. The results obtained explain that with the application of the new tax rate, taxpayers get a tax burden relief because the tax expense is lower due to the broadening of income range. However, wealthy taxpayers will pay more taxes because of the higher tax rates. This condition proves that the new tax rate supports vertical fairness in the taxation system. In addition, the implementation of regulations related to tax rates adjustment provides evidence that the implementation of democracy has been implemented. The adjustment of tax brackets and rates has a positive impact on the community and the government so that the allocation of tax revenues can run optimally to support the welfare of the community.

Mechanical forces modify the cell membrane potential by opening mechanosensitive ion channels. We report the design and construction of a lipid bilayer tensiometer to study channels that respond to lateral membrane tension, γ , in the range 0.2 to 1.4 k B T nm 2 (0.8 to 5.7 mN m ). The instrument consists of a black-lipid-membrane bilayer, a custom-built microscope, and a high-resolution manometer. Values of γ are obtained from the determination of the bilayer curvature as a function of applied pressure by means of the Young–Laplace equation. We demonstrate that γ can be determined by calculating the bilayer radius of curvature from fluorescence microscopy imaging or from measurements of the bilayer’s electrical capacitance, both yielding similar results. Using electrical capacitance, we show that the mechanosensitive potassium channel TRAAK responds to γ , not curvature. TRAAK channel open probability increases as γ is increased from 0.2 to 1.4 k B T nm 2 but open probability never reaches 0.5. Thus, TRAAK opens over a wide range of γ , but with a tension sensitivity about one-fifth that of the bacterial mechanosensitive channel MscL.

Disease emergence is accelerating in response to human activity-induced global changes. Understanding the mechanisms by which host populations can rapidly adapt to this threat will be crucial for developing future management practices. Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS) imposes a substantial and recurrent selective pressure on oyster populations (Crassostrea gigas). Rapid adaptation to this disease may arise through both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. In this study, we used a combination of whole exome capture of bisulfite-converted DNA, next-generation sequencing, and (epi)genome-wide association mapping, to show that natural oyster populations differentially exposed to POMS displayed signatures of selection both in their genome (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and epigenome (CG-context DNA methylation). Consistent with higher resistance to POMS, the genes targeted by genetic and epigenetic variations were mainly related to host immunity. By combining correlation analyses, DNA methylation quantitative trait loci, and variance partitioning, we revealed that a third of the observed phenotypic variation was explained by interactions between the genetic sequence and epigenetic information, ∼14% by the genetic sequence, and up to 25% by the epigenome alone. Thus, as well as genetic adaptation, epigenetic mechanisms governing immune responses contribute significantly to the rapid adaptation of hosts to emerging infectious diseases.

Background: Pregnancy is a period of physiological and hormonal alterations that can decrease the quality of life (QoL). Women’s subjective perception of QoL is clinically relevant for assessing the effectiveness of interventions and identifying susceptibility to depression. Objective: This review aims to identify, present, and critically appraise the assessment tools of QoL during pregnancy. Methods: A narrative review of the English-language literature was conducted through the PubMed, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Google Scholar electronic databases. Conclusion: Several generic instruments have been proposed, such as pregnancy-specific and disease- specific questionnaires concerning common diseases during pregnancy. Plasma, salivary and hair cortisol, inflammatory, genetic and epigenetic biomarkers and gut microbiome have also been investigated as potential indicators of maternal anxiety. Their use can quantify the association between pregnancy-specific anxiety and QoL. Application of validated assessment tools of QoL during pregnancy could improve QoL, maternal health interventions, and early identification of susceptibility to maternal depression.

Polymicrobial diseases significantly impact the health of humans and animals but remain understudied in natural systems. We recently described the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome (POMS), a polymicrobial disease that impacts oyster production and is prevalent worldwide. Analysis of POMS-infected oysters on the French North Atlantic coast revealed that the disease involves co-infection with the endemic ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and virulent bacterial species such asVibrio crassostreae. However, it is unknown whether consistentVibriopopulations are associated with POMS in different regions, howVibriocontribute to POMS, and how they interact with the OsHV-1 virus during pathogenesis.We resolved theVibriopopulation structure in oysters from a Mediterranean ecosystem and investigated their functions in POMS development. We find thatVibrio harveyiandVibrio rotiferianusare the predominant species found in OsHV-1-diseased oysters and show that OsHV-1 is necessary to reproduce the partition of theVibriocommunity observed in the field. By characterizing the interspecific interactions between OsHV-1,V. harveyiandV. rotiferianus, we find that onlyV. harveyisynergizes with OsHV-1. When co-infected, OsHV-1 andV. harveyibehave cooperatively by promoting mutual growth and accelerating oyster death.V. harveyishowed high virulence potential in oysters and dampened host cellular defenses, making oysters a more favorable niche for microbe colonization. We next investigated the interactions underlying the co-occurrence of diverseVibriospecies in diseased oysters. We found thatV. harveyiharbors genes responsible for the biosynthesis and uptake of a key siderophore called vibrioferrin. This important resource promotes the growth ofV. rotiferianus, a cheater that efficiently colonizes oysters during POMS without costly investment in host manipulation nor metabolite sharing.By connecting field-based approaches, laboratory infection assays and functional genomics, we have uncovered a web of interdependencies that shape the structure and function of the POMS pathobiota. We showed that cooperative behaviors contribute to synergy between bacterial and viral co-infecting partners. Additional cheating behaviors further shape the polymicrobial consortium. Controlling such behaviors or countering their effects opens new avenues for mitigating polymicrobial diseases.

For the quantification of ebastine in pharmaceutical suspension, a simple, quick, accurate, and exact stability-indicating HPLC approach was developed and validated. The drug was determined using a phase reverse system and the separation was performed in an analytical C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consists of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and methanol in a 25:75, v/v ratio. Using a concentration range of 10–90 μg mL-1, the technique demonstrated a strong linear response (r=0.999). Effluents were measured at 262 nm while the flow rate was kept at 1.0 mL min-1. There was a retention time of 3.506 min. The method was statistically validated to determine its accuracy, precision, linearity, ruggedness, robustness, solution stability, selectivity, and forced degradation assessments. The stresses that were used were acid, alkali hydrolysis, water stress, oxidation, photolysis, and heat. Since the degradation products did not affect the capacity to identify ebastine, this technique may be taken as a stability indication. This methodology may be utilized for the analysis of Ebastine in pharmaceutical suspension, since the findings obtained were within the limits set by ICH standards.

Transmissible cancer cell lines are rare biological entities giving rise to diseases at the crossroads of cancer and parasitic diseases. These malignant cells have acquired the amazing capacity to spread from host to host. They have been described only in dogs, Tasmanian devils and marine bivalves. The Mytilus trossulus Bivalve Transmissible Neoplasia 2 (MtrBTN2) lineage has even acquired the capacity to spread inter-specifically between marine mussels of the Mytilus edulis complex worldwide. To identify the oncogenic processes underpinning the biology of these atypical cancers we performed transcriptomics of MtrBTN2 cells. Differential gene expression, enrichment, protein-protein interaction network, and targeted analyses were used. Overall, our results suggests that the long-term evolution of MtrBTN2 has led to the accumulation of multiple cancerous traits. We also highlight that vertebrate and lophotrochozoan cancers share a large panel of common drivers, which supports the hypothesis of an ancient origin of oncogenic processes in bilaterians.TeaserMussel transmissible cancers teach us that cancerous process has a remote origin and that their long-term evolution has made them super-cancers.

Webpages disappear online rapidly. When something like a crisis event occurs, it is very important to retrieve and preserve all web pages related to that event before they disappear in an effort to record their digital history. Web archiving is a technology that enables storing webpages in a format called WARC (Web ARChive). WARC records save all the pertinent information required to replay the webpage as it was online, such as the HTML data, files, and ads. The goal of this project is to implement a web archiving system that can archive a large number of web pages depending on user input. To solve this task, we have implemented two main scripts using Python due to its known scripting capabilities, and a user interface to provide a recording and replaying functionality to our system. The first script’s purpose is to go through user-given websites and archive them in the Web ARChive (WARC) format, with one WARC file per website. It is capable of accepting a URL and a collection name to direct the archived URL to, using various Python libraries and packages to do so like pywb and subprocess, as well as waiting between URLs to not overload a server with requests, avoiding being blocked by the target website(s). It operates by reading URLs from a given text file and utilizes multithreading for an overall faster performance during archival. The second script’s purpose is to replay WARC files, showing the archived webpage(s) as it initially was before archival. It is capable of accepting a WARC file (.warc or .warc.gz) inputted by the user to be displayed using the webbrowser library on the user’s own web browser. Similar Python libraries are used in this script in its implementation. The user interface was created using Node.js and React and is based on pywb’s WebUI, serving to provide the user with an easier way to use the afore- mentioned scripts. A Flask script then used to link the UI and scripts for together, allowing for greater usability, with the functions the scripts have to offer to be available for easier use. Using the UI, a user can search for an archived page using its URL and is presented with a pywb calendar to view the website capture(s) in their local browser. The final deliverables of this project include completed scripts, a user inter- face, a set of presentation slides, and a final report submitted to our professor and client, Mohamed Farag. The report and presentations show the progress our team made throughout the stages of our project’s development.

This training aims to provide assistance in filling out basic education data applications which are useful for the ‘Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal 6 Aimas Kindergarten school. This study uses qualitative data. From the results of the study, it shows that the purpose of this service activity has been achieved, this can be seen from the operators who are very understanding regarding filling out the dapodik application including filling in school data, teachers and education staff and student data correctly (see Figure 5). Filling in the data on the dapodik application provides benefits for the school, including the ease of getting information about schools and public trust in sending their children to study at ‘Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal 6 Aimas Kindergarten.Keyword: Aplication, Basic educational data, Operator,TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal 6

The present study was aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Carissa carandas Linn. Leaves (EECC) in Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. The renal damage was induced by Gentamicin (80mg/kg body weight, i.p.). Nephroprotective activity was investigated by the administration of EECC at two different doses (100 and 200mg/kg body weight, p.o) for 28 days and by assessing serum parameters, renal oxidative stress markers and histopathological studies. Gentamicin-treated animals showed an increase in serum creatinine, uric acid, urea, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decrease in total protein, reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase(CAT) compared to normal control animals, which indicates severe nephrotoxicity. Histopathological studies of kidney Gentamicin-treated animals showed extensive acute tubular necrosis and peri-tubular inflammation. Administration of EECC showed a significant improvement (p

El presente trabajo aborda una revisión bibliográfica sobre los aspectos más relevantes que han motivado los cambios o transiciones sociales en los últimos tiempos. Se revisan diversos documentos académicos con el fin de conocer si estos cambios sociales han afectado de una u otra forma las metodologías educativas, y más aun la enseñanza online, que ha representado un importante cambio en la época reciente. Y, además, si esta metodología online puede garantizar resultados similares o mejores a la educación presencial. Los resultados muestran que la educación tradicional es la que continúa vigente en los tiempos actuales, y es la que ha estado presente durante años, que la sociedad ha sufrido importantes cambios y evoluciones, pero la educación es en esencia la misma.

Background The aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate the effectiveness of intravenous magnesium (IV Mg2+) in rate and rhythm control of rapid atrial fibrillation (AF) when administered in addition to standard-of-care for non-post-operative patients. Previous meta-analyses on this topic have demonstrated the efficacy of IV Mg2+ in achieving rate control, but not rhythm control. Methods Six randomized controlled trials comparing IV Mg2+ to placebo in the treatment of rapid AF were obtained from electronic databases totaling 745 patients. Outcomes were analyzed using a Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model and expressed as odds ratios (OR) for dichotomous outcomes with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Our pooled analysis showed that IV Mg2+ given in addition to standard-of-care was superior in achieving rate control (63% vs 40%; OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.80–3.45) and rhythm conversion to sinus (21% vs. 14%, OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.08–2.84) compared to standard-of-care alone. Flushing was more frequently observed in patients receiving IV Mg2+ compared to placebo (9% vs. 0.4%, OR 19.79, 95% CI 4.30–91.21). Subgroup analysis showed the superiority of a lower dose of IV Mg2+, which we designated as 5 g or lower (24% vs 13%, OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.22–3.61) compared to the higher dose (>5 g) (16% vs 13%, OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.65–2.32) in rhythm control when compared to placebo. Conclusions IV Mg2+ administered in conjunction with standard-of-care is effective for rate control and modestly effective for restoration of sinus rhythm in rapid AF without clinically significant adverse effects.