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Utiliser un système d’information géographique pour cartographier le passé et identifier des éléments de réponse à des problématiques historiques est de plus en plus fréquent de nos jours. Dans le cas toulousain, les équipes des archives municipales de Toulouse puis du FRAMESPA ont structuré le SIG UrbanHist, destiné à la fois à faire progresser la recherche mais aussi à communiquer ses résultats à un public large. L’outil s’est considérablement enrichi depuis sa mise en ligne en 2003 et est mobilisé pour répondre à des questions de plus en plus diverses, ce qui pose la question de sa cohérence et de son unité. Mettre en place une structure à la fois efficace pour répondre aux questions des chercheurs et suffisamment flexible pour épouser la diversité des recherches est un véritable défi mais permet d’obtenir des résultats intéressants comme le prouve l’exemple de l’étude de la criminalité à Toulouse lors de la fête de carnaval à l’époque moderne. Using a geographic information system (GIS) to map the past and identify answers to historical questions is becoming increasingly common nowadays. In the case of Toulouse, the teams form the municipal archives and then from FRAMESPA have created the GIS named « UrbanHist », designed both to advance research and to communicate its results to a wide audience. The tool has evolved a lot since it went online in 2003, and is mobilized to answer increasingly diverse questions, which can compromise its coherence and unity. Establishing a structure that is both efficient in answering researchers' questions and flexible enough to embrace the diversity of research is a real challenge, but produces interesting results, as demonstrated by the study of crime in Toulouse during the carnival festival in early-modern times. Utilizar un sistema de información geográfica para cartografiar el pasado e identificar respuestas a preguntas históricas es cada vez más frecuente. En el caso de Toulouse, los equipos de los archivos municipales de Toulouse y, posteriormente, de FRAMESPA han puesto en marcha el SIG UrbanHist, concebido tanto para hacer avanzar la investigación como para comunicar sus resultados a un público amplio. La herramienta se ha enriquecido considerablemente desde su puesta en línea en 2003 y se utiliza para responder a preguntas cada vez más diversas, lo que plantea la cuestión de su coherencia y unidad. Poner en marcha una estructura que sea a la vez eficaz para responder a las preguntas de los investigadores y lo suficientemente flexible para dar cabida a la diversidad de las investigaciones es un verdadero reto, pero que ha dado algunos resultados interesantes, como demuestra el ejemplo del estudio de la delincuencia en Toulouse durante la fiesta de carnaval en la época moderna.

Michel Foucault argues that new techniques of government that developed in the modern period were distinct from the traditional juridical forms of sovereignty. This chapter examines the key terms of discipline and biopower, and their place in the complex of techniques that Foucault called 'governmentality'. It looks at the concept of power in Foucault's work before addressing the question of how his work can contribute to understanding of law in modern society. Foucault sets out two models of political power: the pre-modern, or classical, model of juridical power, and the modern normalising power. Where discipline works on the individual, 'biopower' is aimed at the administration and production of life. Foucault is making two claims about the law. First, that with the development of governmentality the law is transformed by normalising power. Second, that the basis of sovereignty, which before the modern period was constituted in juridical terms, requires to be rethought.

Bu makale, Osmanlı’da kimsesizlerin nasıl defnedildiklerine odaklanmaktadır. Dönem olarak XVIII. yüzyıl, mekân olarak ise Üsküdar seçilmiştir. Araştırmanın temel kaynağını Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi’nde yer alan belge ve defter serileri ile kadı sicilleri teşkil etmektedir. Konuyla doğrudan ilgisinden dolayı öncelikle kimsesiz mallarının tasarruf hakkına sahip olan beytülmâl birimlerinin mahiyeti incelenmiştir. Ardından çalışmanın mekânsal kapsamını oluşturan Üsküdar’a ait beytülmâl gelirlerinin hangi kurum ve kişiler tarafından tasarruf edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Üsküdar’da beytülmâl gelirlerine ait sınırların belirlenmesinin ardından bu hudutlar dahilinde kimsesiz definlerinin nasıl icra edildiği konusu üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu çerçevede; Üsküdar’ın yalnız olarak vefat eden insanları kimlerdi? Kimsesizler öldüklerinde bunların cenazelerine kimler sahip çıkıyordu? Yılda ortalama kaç kimsesiz vefat ediyordu? Bu insanların cenaze masrafları nasıl finanse ediliyor ve kimler eliyle defnediliyorlardı? sorularına cevap aranmıştır. Tespit edilebilen ölüm sayıları, vefat yerleri ve defin masraflarına ilişkin istatistik veriler de çıkarılmıştır. Ayrıca göç ve salgın hastalıklar ile ölüm oranları arasındaki ilişkiler de tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. This study is based on how the orphans were buried in the Ottoman Empire by focusing on XVIIIth century Üsküdar example. The main source of this study is the documents and notebooks in the Presidency Ottoman Archive and the Ottoman Court Records. In this context, firstly the character of the state treasury units who had the right of action for the orphan’s properties was examined. Then, which individuals and institutions dominated Üsküdar’s treasury revenues were discovered. After determining the scope of treasury incomes in Üsküdar, how the orphan burials were carried out within this context was examined. In this regard, these questions are tried to be answered, who were the orphans of Üsküdar, who organize their funerals, how many orphans died in a year, how the expenses were financed and who buried these people? The identified number of deaths, place of death and funeral costs were given statistically. The connection between migration and epidemic diseases and death rates are tried to be determined.

The study contains an attempt to outline the most expressive models of Ukrainian literature of the Great War, which destroy the usual ideas about freedom and security as an utmost result of economic well-being. Formed under the conditions of experiencing a frontier situation, they are risk-oriented, which not only unfolds the well-known Faustian truth about the daily struggle for freedom as the only guarantee of a real life, a life worthy of a person, but also the positions of modern history of Yale University professor Timothy Snyder, which is determined by the beliefs about the willingness to risk one's own life as the only way to get off the path of unfreedom, but also reveal new nuances of the Ukrainian resistance as a basis for rereading the history of freedom and security. Along with contemporary philosophical and historical speculations, the research contains the ideas of Yuriy Andruhovych, Oksana Zabuzhko and Ostap Slyvinskyi.

[spa] Mi propósito es examinar la reescritura de los tópicos sobre los vicios y errores del mal historiador en el discurso teórico hispánico de los siglos XVI y XVII para explicar cómo se definieron, clasificaron y jerarquizaron las faltas de la profesión. Quisiera, con ello, trazar la evolución de esta crítica en un corpus representativo de tratados de doctrina histórica del tardorenacimiento y de la edad de la Contrarreforma y poner en evidencia que los tópicos clásicos sobre el error historiográfico se reescribieron y actualizaron a la luz de las condiciones en que se desarrolló la disciplina en la monarquía hispánica y en la Europa de la temprana modernidad. [eng] In this article I will examine most of the commonplaces about the vices and errors of the bad historian in the early modern Spanish theoretical discourse on history in order to explain in what ways they were defined, classified and organized hierarchically. My aim is to show the main trends of this discourse in a representative series of late Renaissance and Counter-Reformation theoretical treatises and to demonstrate that the reshaping of Classical ideas about the bad historian was significantly related to the development of historiography in early modern Spain and Europe.

This paper provides an insight into the framework employed to revisit Mongolian modern history. The term “environmental disaster” signifies the social process of entanglement in human-environmental interactions, emphasizing the failure of human actions. The Mongolian pastoral society is vulnerable to various kinds of disasters, among which the most problematic is dzud (cold and snow disaster), resulting in heavy damage to livestock. A severe disaster can be a cue to initiate social change, which emerges at the phase of resilience, as disasters may be recognized as a result of social instability. Although there were two severe dzud, the total number of livestock was relatively stable during the collectivization era (1959–1992). After the collapse of the socialist regime and the end of economic dependency on the USSR, the nation’s total number of livestock increased until 1999. However, it saw a sharp decrease during the nationwide dzud (in 1999–2002), which continued for three years. This unprecedented dzud also brought about a change in pastoralism. Nowadays, even the people in pastoral lands depend on imported commodities associated with globalization. The rural landscape in Outer Mongolia has changed into two types: suburban areas, including areas around cities and near major roads; and remote areas, including typical Mongolian rural areas that do not have up-to-date socio-economic services. This distinction makes it a complex situation, especially when the questions of disasters arise for the Mongolian people.

The paper presents a panorama of Polish studies on Czech and Slovak modern cultural and social history. Referring to the current state of research, it argues particularly for developing studies on Czech and Slovak urban history, environmental history, history of emotions, microhistory, comparative and entangled history. Preoccupied with political history, Polish historians show somewhat limited interest in social history. Instead, many studies focus on the history of collective representations and ideas in historiography or mentality, especially concerning nation-building processes in Czech lands and Slovakia. That is why the “Czech question” and the national rebirth of Slovaks still engage Polish scholars. Other publications, however, go beyond that, introducing the perspective of performative and memory studies to the Polish studies on Czech history.

Pròleg a càrrec de Teresa Abelló i Güell, El llibre fa un recorregut per la trajectòria vital d’una dona visiblement notòria en la seva època tant entre els cercles ideològicament afins com, per motius contraris, entre els opositors. El text transita per la vida privada i professional de Teresa Mañé i en aquest àmbit s’hi barregen activisme i militància. Hi trobem els seus orígens, les primeres experiències professionals en el marc de l’ensenyança racionalista i laica, la iniciació en l’anarquisme, el projecte de vida amb Joan Montseny, les diverses mudances, determinants en l’evolució professional (Cubelles, Vilanova i la Geltrú, Reus, l’exili a Londres i París, Madrid i, finalment, Barcelona fins a l’exili definitiu després de la Guerra Civil a Perpinyà), els daltabaixos judicials en què es va veure immersa per qüestions de militància i, sobretot, el seu paper d’activista militant que la consagra, alhora, com una pensadora fonamental tant en l’àmbit de l’anarquisme com el del feminisme de l’època.

International audience; Translated from : "Marx et les marxistes, fils du XVIIIe siècle français ?", in "Marx, une passion française", La découverte, 2018.

In recent years, the existence of youth centers in Stockholm has been disputed and voices have been raised for their dissolvement. This highlights the question the relevance of youth centers today, and why they were introduced in the first place. Earlier statements have linked the establishment of youth centers due to demographic development during the 1950s. However, previous research has identified the Swedish government’s ambition to assert control over youth through discipline and restrictions in schools and other organizations. Yet, the topic of the city-funded youth centers tends to have been overlooked. Therefore, this thesis aims to study city-funded youth centers in Stockholm during 1947–1962. Moreover, socio-spatial theory has been used to analyze the youth centers as producers of social space. Additionally, the emphasis is on representing space and spatial practices as driving forces in developing a space designed for young people. The thesis concludes that the youth centers aimed to limit the movement of suburban youth into the city center of Stockholm. Furthermore, they acted as an educational tool to secure the future of democratic citizenship.

A Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) le habría parecido una ironía que el dato más relevante de su genealogía personal no se encontrara en el pasado sino en el futuro y que lord Acton (1834-1902) formara parte, aunque de la manera más remota imaginable, de su legado. Al margen de todas las instituciones de su época, salvo la constituida por el mundo de lectores en el naciente mercado editorial, La historia de la declinación y caída del imperio romano (1776-1788) es una obra acabada que lord Acton no lograría emular con su proyecto de una Historia moderna. It would have seemed ironic to Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) that the most relevant element in his personal genealogy lay not in the past but in the future, and that Lord Acton (1834-1902) was, however remotely, a part of his legacy. Aside from all the institutions of its time, except for the only one constituted by the world of readers in the nascent publishing market, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788) is a accomplished work that Lord Acton could not emulate with his project of a Modern History.

The preservation of the historical, urban planning and architectural heritage of the central territories of St. Petersburg requires a special approach to solving the problems of reconstruction and renovation of the historical urban environment. The modern period, characterized by active reconstruction of the historical center, puts forward new requirements for the preservation of cultural heritage sites. The att itude to history as an experience, on which modern practice should be based, presupposes the disclosure of historical architectural and urban planning processes on the basis of systematization of existing and fi lling in missing information. This allows us to analyze the spatial and temporal transformations that the city underwent in the course of its development. Revealing the internal laws of the genesis of these processes is of great importance. The article analyzes the state of urban landscapes within the boundaries of the historical territories of the Petrogradsky district of St. Petersburg.

This article examines the development of social control in the Soviet Union under Leonid Brezhnev, who was General Secretary of the Communist Party from 1964 to 1982. Historians have largely neglected this question, especially with regard to its evolution and efficiency. Research is based on sources in the Russian State Archive of Modern History (RGANI), the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI) and the Moscow Central State Archive (TSGAM). During Brezhnevs rule, Soviet propaganda reached the peak of its development. However, despite the fact that authorities tried to improve it, the system was ritualistic, unconvincing, unwieldy, and favored quantity over quality. The same was true for political education, which did little more than inspire sullen passivity in its students. Although officials recognized these failings, their response was ineffective, and over time Soviet propaganda increasingly lost its potency. At the same time, there were new trends in the system of social control. Authorities tried to have a foot in both camps - to strengthen censorship, and at the same time to get feedback from the public. However, many were afraid to express any criticism openly. In turn, the government used data on peoples sentiments only to try to control their thoughts. As a result, it did not respond to matters that concerned the public. These problems only increased during the era of stagnation and contributed to the decline and subsequent collapse of the Soviet system.

Mansour Fahmy (1886-1959), one of the dramatic figures in modern Arab philosophical and social thought. He was the reformist and enlightenment figure in modern Arab history. He is also the owner of a notable current that was subjected to a violent attack that silenced him for a long time and forced him to "hide" physically. However, this did not eliminate the new opinions and positions that came at the beginning of the twentieth century towards the issue of women. He is the first to write with a scientific methodology - from the point of view of sociology - on Islamic discourse and its dealings with women. he sought to differentiate between religion and the religious establishment, between the personality of the Prophet Muhammad and what later prevailed in the books of jurisprudence and others. When he discussed the headscarf issue, he concluded that it was the product of traditions and customs that the Hijab is not from the Islamic religion. Islamic law has nothing to do with the Hijab. Mansour Fahmy's creativity was at one of the sensitive stages in Egypt's modern history in which the political, social, national, cultural, and revolution clashed in each one. All this, in turn, identified the problem of Mansour Fahmy's intellectual personality in the battles of thought and politics. This research's main task is to redraw the features of his actual personality and the reality of his intellectual, social, and political positions. Besides, this study seeks to uncover the effect of philosophy on crystallizing Mansour Fahmy's critical personality and its role in laying the foundations of the critical vision with its practical, reformist, and enlightening dimensions.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the institution of asylum in practice and interstate relations of the ancient states of the slave-owning period. The author draws attention to the reasons for the emergence of the right to asylum and characterizes the right to asylum on the example of Ancient Egypt, the Kingdom of Israel, Ancient Greece, Rome, India It is concluded that the practice of granting asylum in these states was not the same, which is explained by the difference in the number of persons to whom such asylum was granted. In particular, attention is paid to the provision of asylum to slaves and the difference in its application to a free person. Two forms of asylum are described in ancient states: religious and territorial. When analyzing the religious form of asylum, the author draws attention to the various places where such asylum could be provided, examples of its use are given. The reasons for the impossibility of this type of shelter in ancient India are explained. A description of the territorial asylum is given and examples of international treaties concluded by ancient states that confirm its existence are given. It is concluded that religious asylum, which is currently unknown to modern international law, was the dominant form of asylum in ancient times. This is due to the special role of religion in the life of ancient states. Based on this, the author concludes that the institution of asylum law was more regulated by the rules of canon law than state, positive law. The state only determined the number of persons who could not use religious asylum and other equally important issues of the asylum procedure. As a result, the institution of asylum law emerged more as an institution of domestic rather than international law. However, in ancient times, many elements of the asylum institution that would make up its content in a later period were already present. This indicates the importance in the life of ancient society of the rules of the institution of asylum law. Attention is drawn to the reasons that motivate people to leave their homes and seek protection from harassment in shelters. Their similarity with the modern period is noted, which testifies to the urgency of the research topic.

En Ciudad Juárez, México, los docentes de artes visuales trabajan en un contexto considerado como el más violento de la historia moderna del país. Entre 2008 y 2012, con la presencia de cárteles del narcotráfico y de contingentes militares, este período se distinguió por violencias profundas e irreversibles. En este artículo presentamos resultados de una investigación en la que se emplearon técnicas de recolección y análisis de datos cualitativos con enfoque biográfico-narrativo, realizada con profesores de artes visuales de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. Se analiza la relación inductiva entre las trayectorias personales y profesionales del profesorado y la adopción de estrategias pedagógicas encaminadas a la toma de conciencia por parte de los estudiantes de las problemáticas del contexto social fronterizo. Esto les permite explorar su identidad y fortalecer las experiencias vividas en esta cotidianidad conformada por diversas violencias que socavan el Estado de derecho y restringen el horizonte de bienestar y justicia social. Como resultado, encontramos que las prácticas de estos docentes representan una vía para el cultivo de experiencias, por parte de los estudiantes de artes, que les permitan cuestionar esta situación problemática, mediante metodologías de producción colaborativas que tienen sus raíces en las pedagogías críticas.

Prior to the Second World War, Malta appeared vulnerable to fascist influence due to the connections between the Italian Fascist regime and Malta’s irredentist political movement, then led by Nerik Mizzi. In part this Fascist influence was present in cultural propaganda promoting irredentist ideas such as the ‘Mare Nostrum’, which Mizzi and his conservative political party, the Partito Nazionalista, helped propagate. However, previously unseen British documents also reveal significant financial support by the Italian government to Mizzi and his political activities. Mizzi never disclosed this, including the financial support he was granted by Mussolini after having met him personally in Rome on 30 November 1936. Mizzi never openly expounded fascist views, although he consistently supported an irredentist vision of Malta and openly campaigned for Malta to fall under Italy’s jurisdiction. Meanwhile, support for domestic fascist organisations was negligible. At the onset of the War, the Imperial Government started to clamp down on the irredentists, eventually exiling Mizzi and most of his collaborators. The author argues that Mizzi’s dalliance with fascism was not just a convenient relationship for a greater cause, but also a direct acceptance of fascist politics given that making Malta part of Italy’s jurisdiction would also have meant accepting fascist rule.

Economic development cannot be imagined without oil and petroleum products. The rhythmic and efficient operation of industrial enterprises and other sectors of the national economy depends on uninterrupted supplies, therefore, logistics transport schemes for the delivery of petroleum products are very important. Such types of transportation are well studied in the modern period, but until now no one has considered them in wartime. An attempt is made to analyze the variety of delivery schemes and their diversification during the war with the aim of applying the experience in peacetime.The experience of organizing the transportation of oil cargo during military events is considered, the historical aspects of the use of unique schemes for the delivery of oil cargo are disclosed. The study of schemes for the transportation of oil cargo in transport and logistics systems in the historical context gives an idea of the uniqueness of individual delivery methods. Thanks to the feat of the oilmen and sailors, the supply of the front through the Caspian Sea Baku — Krasnovodsk and Baku — Astrakhan was established. From the very first days of the Great Patriotic War, oil Baku has been supplying the front with oil and oil products without interruption.The study of historical facts shows that the schemes for the transportation of oil cargo have always been aimed at the maximum interaction of modes of transport and the use of their technical advantages. The possibility of using modern transport and technological systems for oil transportation, which have been developed by expanding the development of logistics tools and principles of logistics, is given.

The "hybrid war" of the Russian Federation against Ukraine is one of the events of the XXI century, which has already left a deep mark in the political, economic, national and cultural spheres of our state at the present stage of its development. Systematic character of the "hybrid war" can be traced back to the restoration of Ukraine's independence (1991). Today, it is important for the political elite of our state to realise the fact that the strategic foreign policy goal of the Russian Federation is to establish long-term controlled chaos on the territory of Ukraine with the help of the components of a "hybrid war." Taken into consideration that Ukraine is undergoing the stage of formation of its statehood, a particularly important task for modern military history is to study the historical experience of Russia's "hybrid war" against Ukraine. The armed conflict resolved by the Russian Federation on the eastern borders of our state (2014) actualizes a range of problems related to national security, forces scientists to resort to a theoretical analysis of the causes and possible consequences of "hybrid war", to indicate ways to solve the problem. Russia's permanent aggression, which has not stopped for centuries in the political sphere (implanting integration projects, blocking Ukraine's accession to Euro-Atlantic structures, attempts to influence the alignment of political forces, etc.) has posed a strategic challenge to the Ukrainian state to adapt effectively to the new geopolitical / geo-economics reality implementation of the strategy of international subjectivity. The neo-imperial component of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation has always been an attempt to block Ukraine's integration into European countries. This applies not only to the modern period of the history of our state. The concept that Ukraine has been linked to Russia for centuries is still being promoted today. "In the opinion of an adequate person, it is dangerous and strange to build politics on the events from thousands of year ago, and even more so - on their tendentious interpretation, when well-known historical facts are combined with fakes of modern propaganda…».

This article presents a translation from the Sindhi oral tradition of bhagat. It originates in Sindh, Pakistan. Today it is practiced by Hindu narrators in post-Partition India. The song translated in this paper focuses upon Bhagat Kanvar Ram, who contemporary bhagat narrators mention frequently. This essay exemplifies his influence on the bhagat tradition in the areas of inspiration, authority, and performance style. It offers a glimpse of the dynamics of the live performances of oral texts.

Indo-Muslim history is hybrid. The Hindu Bhil and Kohli communities of Khebar, Sindh, are examples of this hybridity. Before Partition in 1947, when socio-cultural ambivalence was widespread, Bhils and Kohlis lived alongside Muslims. After Partition, the situation changed, and these communities suffered socio-economic isolation. Between 1964 and 1979, Bhils and Kohlis in Kebhar experienced three waves of da’wah (i.e., calling people to embrace Islam). In these waves, Ismaili missionaries targeted Patels (i.e., community headmen). In response, this group recognized the 49th Imam of Shia Ismaili Muslims as a manifestation of the dasa avatara from Hinduism. This article addresses what factors led to this recognition and how groups cross thresholds between Hinduism and Islam.

The article examines the relevance of the problem of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people, its importance in historical science. Ethnographic, anthropological, historiographic, source study, archaeological dissertation research on the topic for the years of independence is analyzed. Scientific views, opinions and approaches to the problem in scientific research are described from a historiographic point of view. During the years of independence, local researchers have carried out a small number of dissertations on this issue. These studies are important for studying the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Uzbek people.Index Terms:ethnos, ethnogenesis, ethnic history, turkic tribes, ethnography, archeology, anthropology, historiography, source study

Is state intervention making a comeback in economic policy? Should it make a comeback in economic policy? And, if so, what should this intervention look like? The relations between the state and the economy are a recurring theme throughout modern history, at least since the invention of the nation-state, but in Covid Europe these questions have made the news headlines for the first time in decades. This has been in addition to the strains and challenges posed to the global economy by climate change, which have increasingly put state intervention at the forefront of economic policy. In this context, it is not surprising that state intervention has been the subject of many new books. The ones under review here, all published between 2014 and 2020, add new food for thought to the topic. They raise important questions at a time when ideas around the relations between state, entrepreneurship and resources are beginning to be rediscussed, even in the most conservative economic circles.

The aim of the three-report review is the historical development of clinical trials, controlled trials (CT) and randomized controlled trials (RCT), and the inclusion of these approaches in health-related disciplines (Medicine and Epidemiology). Report 2 provides a description of the wellknown James Lind Library (JLL), as well as a formed database of sources on the theme. JLL was internationalized, although most of the papers belong to authors from the UK. Many studies on the history of CT and RCT are reflected in JLL publications, but remain unclaimed without changing on common milestones and priorities. Besides, the formed base of sources included 9 studies not reflected in the JLL, of which three are principled. Six of them are given in Report 2.Half of historical milestones on the theme (168 in total) belong to the United Kingdom, 23% to the United States, and 4% to the Italy. The remaining 19 countries, ancient, medieval and modern, contribute 0.6–4% (Russia – 1.2% by the 20th century). The earliest source on the history of CT is J.P. Bull’s dissertation (1951). The formed database as of July 2020 contained more than 260 publications, and only 9 of them were Russian (2005–2018). The base includes 7 western dissertations on the history of CT.The object of the Report 2 study was CT as such, without any attempts at randomization or even quasi-randomization by alternate allocation. The most comprehensive thematic table on non-randomized CTs has been compiled, including studies from the Chinese emperor Shen Nung (2373 BC) and the prophet Daniel (6th century BC), to BCG vaccination for children of Canadian Indians (1941–1949). PubMed search on ‘non-randomized controlled trial’ was made. For the period of 1990–2020 years, 303 publications were found (up to 32 papers in 2020). Compared to RCT, the number of such studies is small (estimated at 0.08%), but it is important to have an appropriate conjuncture in the modern period. Along with the fact that most of the drugs and therapies currently in use are developed without RCT, the revealed ‘immortality’ of CT, even without quasi-randomization, can have social significance, removing complexes and embarrassment in cases where neither RCT nor even quasi-RCT is possible, but social and public needs require the immediate receipt of at least an approximate answer to hot questions of public health (for example, in 2020).

The treatise of Aḥkām al-bay‘ bi al-wafā is written by Mehmed Said, an Ottoman jurist of the late modern period, with the intent of presenting it to the Fatwa Office (Fetvākhāne). The work deals with the loyalty contracts, i.e. bay‘ bi al-wafā. This type of contract, being tackled from various aspects by Hanafi jurists throughout the history of Islamic law, took an important place with its different meanings in Majalla al-Aḥkām al-‘Adliyya, which is considered one of the important works of the late Ottoman law. The contract was quoted in three different articles of Majalla and had distinct meanings in each of them. Drawing attention to this situation in his work, Mehmed Said Bey, at first, briefly articulates the provisions formed in the Hanafi school for the contract of bay‘ bi al-wafā and then makes a choice between these provisions in a way that best suits the needs of his period. Besides, he tries to eliminate the contradiction between the articles by evaluating them within the framework of the preferred provision. Finally, Mehmed Said Bey adds Ahmet Cevdet Pasha’s epistle to the last part of his work and aims to support his own opinion by stating that the al-qavl al-cāmi‘, which is also preferred by Cevdet Pasha.

Hungarian-Serbian relations have never been as cordial as they are now, and this is an opinion shared by the leadership of both countries in spite of the modern history of the two nations. In our paper, we seek explanation for this change and argue that it is a consequence of multiple factors: First, the geopolitical changes in the Western Balkans, which have resulted in a great power competition that has opened up space for small states, like Hungary, to assert their interests. Secondly, the changes in domestic politics in Hungary that have brought national interests into the foreground, resulting, among other outcomes, in more active foreign policy with regard to the Western Balkans region. In this paper, we attempt to give a different, critical view of these relations, discussing migration, economic cooperation and political maneuvers in particular.

Due to their authentic urban and architectural character, the Medinas of Tunis and Marrakesh became listed among the United Nations educational, scientific, and cultural organization (UNESCO) heritage sites in 1979 and 1985, respectively. Nowadays, the urbanization of the surrounding green areas and the climate change impacts on cities are degrading the Medinas’ livability and their characteristic heritage. On the other hand, scientific knowledge and data about the green system in the dense urban cores of Medinas in the Maghreb region is still not a widely apprehended theme in the scientific domain. This research objective is to initiate nature-based and sustainable solutions in these cities by demonstrating the application of the urban green infrastructure (UGI) approach. As a research methodology, an analysis of the historical green system development in the Medinas is given to highlight their tangible and intangible values. The analysis goes over three periods: first, the medieval Islamic era, then the modern period during the French colony, and the contemporary city as a unique urban landscape. Finally, the study proposes a design guideline to prove the applicability of the UGI in the given historical morphologies by implementing the retained historical values of the historic green heritage in Medinas and the aspects of the site.

The entry of women into the theatrical activity is one of the main problematic knots in the process of professionalization of comedians in the Hispanic Monarchy’s territories during the Early Modern Period. Specifically, the incorporation of comediennes into a theatrical company contemplated their inclusion within specific corporate networks and the constitution of a new social identity. In this paper we will trace the tensions, negotiations, ruptures and alliances that unfolded within the framework of the incorporation of female comedians in the Teatro de La Ranchería, the first coliseum of viceregal Buenos Aires, between 1783 and 1792. Based on two cases recorded in court cases, that of Josefa Zamalloa y Escobar and that of María Mercedes González Benavidez, we propose to address some particularities of the entry of women in the rioplatense theatrical activity by analyzing the way in which they construct their own tactics, individually and corporately. El ingreso de las mujeres al universo teatral es uno de los principales nudos problemáticos del proceso de profesionalización de los y las comediantes en los territorios de la Monarquía Hispánica durante la temprana Modernidad. Específicamente, la incorporación de aquellas en una compañía teatral contemplaba su inclusión dentro de entramados corporativos específicos y la constitución de una nueva identidad social. En este trabajo rastrearemos las tensiones, negociaciones, rupturas y alianzas que se desplegaron en el marco de la incorporación de cómicas en el Teatro de La Ranchería, primer coliseo del Buenos Aires virreinal, entre 1783 y 1792. A partir de dos casos registrados en pleitos judiciales, el de Josefa Zamalloa y Escobar y el de María Mercedes González Benavidez, nos proponemos abordar algunas particularidades del ingreso de las mujeres a la actividad teatral rioplatense analizando la manera en que ellas construyen sus propias tácticas, individual y corporativamente.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, education, from the hands of religious congregations, single clergymen, as well as private citizens, became codified, unified, and public. Although these developments would occur transnationally across Europe, they can greatly differ due to the numerous regional circumstances. This long process is even more complex when considering the conditions of female education which was often conducted either at home or in religious institutions with little oversight from the government. Carlotta Ercolina De Saxy Visconti (1733-1805) was a Milanese noblewoman appointed by Joseph II as superintendent of female education in Lombardy, a role she would keep after the arrival of the French troops in 1796. De Saxy, through her published books and political position, tried to translate the educational principles created in the imperian metropole into reforms that were feasible both theoretically and pragmatically in northern Italy. De Saxy devised a free, comprehensive project dedicated to women of all social standing encompassing all aspects of education, she also included plans for funding, in addition to finding teachers, textbooks, and functional school buildings. Her work awarded her praise from intellectuals and politicians alike, and, although she never had her own salon, she succeeded in creating a network of enlightened thinkers across Italy and Europe, including Pietro Verri, Giuseppe Gorani, Pietro Metastasio, and Melchiorre Delfico. She encouraged them to publish their own work by connecting them with each other to further support their aspirations. Moreover, her Jansenist sensibilities prompted a correspondence between herself, philosopher Pietro Verri, and Jansenist bishop of Pistoia Scipione De’ Ricci, a reformer of religious practises who closely collaborated with Peter Leopold in the Tuscan Grand Dutchy. This works aims, with the tools of micro and translational history, to uncover the long-term historical process of female schooling by analysing a local actor moving between Milanese culture and Habsburg government. The shift in the scope and objective of female education at the turn of the nineteenth century in Lombardy is illustrated by examining the connection between people and institutions from the perspective of the individuals involved in changing them.

U ovom radu obrađuje se povijest Grenlanda s fokusom na novi vijek. Na Grenlandu su najprije živjeli Eskimi; u srednjem vijeku su im se pridružili Norsi. Inuiti su nastavili eskimske tradicije, dok su Norsi nestajali s otoka. U 18. stoljeću se nasljednici Norsa (Norvežani/Danci) vraćaju na Grenland. Danas ondje žive Inuiti, Grenlanđani (iz miješanih brakova) i Danci. Kroz cijeli novi vijek Europa se trudila otkrivati svaki kutak Zemlje pa tako i Grenlanda. No, Grenland je prekriven ledenim pokrovom, a klima je ledena, oštra i prevrtljiva. Mnogi su tamo izgubili živote, a mnogi su se vratili bez ostvarenja svojih ciljeva. Tek krajem novog vijeka cijela je obala Grenlanda stavljena na kartu. Rekolonizacija Grenlanda malo se razlikovala od kolonizacije, s obzirom na to da su kolonisti srednjega vijeka potpuno bili nestali. Iz literature se vidi da je Danska držala Grenlanđane i Inuite u podređenom položaju oko dvjesto godina, ali Grenland najviše zamjera Danskoj njezino postupanje njime sredinom 20. stoljeća, kad više nije bio kolonija već integralni dio Kraljevine Danske. This paper deals with the topic of human history in Greenland, focusing on the Modern Period. The Eskimos were the first to live in Greenland; In the Middle Ages, they were joined by the Nors. The Inuit continued Eskimo traditions, while the Nors disappeared from the island. In the 18th century, Nors' heirs (Norwegians/Danes) returned to Greenland. Today, Inuits, Greenlanders (from mixed marriages), and Danes live there. Europe tried to discover every corner of the Earth throughout the Modern Period, including Greenland. But Greenland is covered with an ice sheet, and the climate is icy, sharp, and fickle. Many lost their lives there, and many returned without achieving their goals. It was only at the end of the Modern Period that the entire coast of Greenland was put on the map. The recolonization of Greenland was little different from colonization, given that the colonists of the Middle Ages were completely gone. The literature shows that Denmark kept the Greenlanders and Inuit in a subordinate position for about two hundred years, but Greenland resents Denmark the most for its treatment of it in the middle of the 20th century when it was no longer a colony, but an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark.

Divan şairi ve tarihçi olan Süheyli Ahmed b. Hemdem Kethuda\"nın biyografisine katkıda bulunmak üzere Osmanlı arşiv belgeleri incelenmiş ve çeşitli belgeler tespit edilmiştir. Bu belgeler onun zeamet sahibi olduğunu ve hayatının önemli bir bölümünü çeşitli cephelerde geçirdiğini göstermektedir. Devlet adına çeşitli tahsilatlar yapmak, para taşımak, kale tamiri gibi resmi görevler yapmıştır. Bu hizmetlerde bulunma ve savaşlarda gösterdiği yararlıklar karşılığında terakkiler almış ayrıca Dergah-ı âlî müteferrikalığı görevi elde etmiştir. Daha sonra müteferrikalığı ilaveten Dergah-ı âlî çavuşluğu verilmiştir. Araştırmada babası Hemdem Kethuda ile ilgili bilgiler de elde edilmiştir. Hemdem Kethuda Şam yeniçeriler yayabaşılarından iken Şam eyaleti başta olmak üzere çeşitli yerlerin tahririnde görev almış, bunun sonucu olarak kendisine zeamet verilmiştir. Zaim olarak Hadım Cafer Paşa’nın ordusunda yer almış, daha sonra müteferrika olmuştur. Sonrasında Cafer Paşa’nın kapu kethudalığını yapmıştır. Süheylî ve babas,ı Cafer Paşa’nın maiyetinde olmak hasebiyle cephelerde birlikteydiler. Ancak Hemdem Çelebi h.1005 yılında 40-50 kişilik birliğiyle birlikte Mohaç Meydan Muharebesinde şehit olmuştur. Bu çalışmada her ikisinin de zaim olarak bulundukları savaşlar ve aldıkları görev ve terakkileri ihtiva edenleri ağırlıklı olmak üzere ulaşılabilen çeşitli belgeler ortaya konulmuştur. Süheyli\"nin belgelerden oldukça hareketli bir gençlik devresi geçirmiş olduğu görülmektedir. Bunların incelenmesi eserlerinin daha sağlıklı tahlili ve değerlendirilmesine katkı sağlayacaktır. In order to contribute to the biography of Süheyli Ahmed b. Hemdem Kethuda, a Divan poet and historian, Ottoman archive documents were examined and various documents were identified. These documents show that he owns fief and spent most of his life on various fronts. He performed official duties such as making collections on behalf of the state, carrying money, and repairing the castle. He received \"terakki\"s in return for his services he showed in wars, and he was also appointed as a Dergah-ı Âli Müteferrika. Later, in addition to this appointment, he was given the rank of Dergah-ı âli Çavuş. In the research, information about his father, Hemdem Kethuda, was also obtained. While Hemdem Kethuda was one of the \"yayabaşı\" of the janissaries in Damascus, he took part in the registration of various places, especially in the province of Damascus, and as a result, he was given fief. He took part in the army of Hadım Cafer Paşa as the owner of fief, and later became a \"müteferrika\". Afterwards, he served as the \"Kapu kethuda\" of Cafer Paşa. Süheylî and his father were together in the fronts due to being under the command of Cafer Paşa. However, Hemdem Çelebi was martyred in the Battle of Mohaç with his 40-50 troops in H.1005. In this study, various documents were presented, mainly those containing terakkis, the wars in which both of them were fief owners and their duties. It is seen from the documents that Süheyli had a very active youth period. Examination of these documents will contribute to a healthier analysis and evaluation of his works.

With concepts of participation discussed in multiple disciplines from media studies to anthropology, from political sciences to sociology, the first issue of the new yearbook History of Intellectual Culture (HIC) dedicates a thematic section to the way knowledge can and arguably must be conceptualized as "participatory".Introducing and exploring "participatory knowledge", the volume aims to draw attention to the potential of looking at knowledge formation and circulation through a new lens and to open a dialogue about how and what concepts and theories of participation can contribute to the history of knowledge. By asking who gets to participate in defining what counts as knowledge and in deciding whose knowledge is circulated, modes of participation enter into the examination of knowledge on various levels and within multiple cultural contexts.The articles in this volume attest to the great variety of approaches, contexts, and interpretations of "participatory knowledge", from the sociological projects of the Frankfurt School to the Uppsala-based Institute for Race Biology, from the Argentinian National Folklore Survey to current hashtag activism and Covid-19-archive projects. HIC sees knowledge as rooted in social and political structures, determined by modes of transfer and produced in collaborative processes. The notion of "participatory knowledge" highlights in a compelling way how knowledge is rooted in cultural practices and social configurations.

he article deals with the peculiarities of use of presentism as an approach in historical knowledge connected with the relationship between the past and the present. The essence of presentism, its cognitive potential, types, strengths and weaknesses are revealed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the cognitive capabilities of presentism as a research strategy in history of education, the identification of the risks that arise in connection with its use. It is shown that the main reasons for using presentism in historical and pedagogical research are as follows: substantiation of the relevance of the chosen topic; construction of a methodological research project; substantiation of the practical significance of the results obtained. The emphasis is made on the fact that the presentist approach, the use of which is inevitable, can lead to the distortion of the past, generate bias and tendentiousness in historical analysis, conclusions, generalizations, interpretations, assessments and, thereby, reduce the objectivity, scientific character and theoretical potential of the results obtained. Overcoming the negative consequences of the use of peresentism requires balance and attitude to the historical and pedagogical experience as a unique, inimitable phenomenon that cannot be transferred and repeated in the present in order to solve up-to-date educational problems.

Indigenous plantlore is a manifestation in a given community, based on adaptation and wisdom of local people and environment. It develops over times and continues so also. This treasure of traditional knowledge is used to sustain the community and its bioculture. In long past, people of great understanding, christalized their wisdom in some treatises such as the Panini’s Astadhyayi. This treatise is understood and well known for the genesis and development of Sanskrit knowledge. Ancient Sanskrit scripts usually contain information concerning culture and sustenance based on plant world. The present author analysed it in view of plant invasion on Indian landmass in Panini’s time. Total 45 exotic plant species belonging to 44 genera and 29 angiospermic families are divulged from it. These belong to nearly all corners of the Old and New Worlds. Majority of them (28 species) are cultigens and still continue even in modern period in India. Of course, rest of them are wild, naturalised and presently constitute integral part of Indian biodiversity. The importance of such ancient treatises is dilated in this communication.

The author of The Firebird and the Fox: Russian Culture under Tsars and Bolsheviks (Cambridge University Press, 2019) responds to comments of Michael David-Fox, Muireann Maguire, Kevin Platt, William Mills Todd, and Olga Velikanova. He expresses appreciation for the reflections provided and elaborates on several points raised by the commentators individually and collectively: the theoretical framing of the work and the importance of agency; continuity of culture over episodes of political disjuncture; the applicability of the term “cultural ecosystem;” an alternative treatment of the topic that would have accorded greater emphasis to political power and the life cycle of revolutions; and the relationship of the work to analysis of institutional history and cultural theory. He finds the five commentaries to be valuable companion pieces for readers of The Firebird and the Fox and stimulants to further scholarship.

This article discusses Jeffrey Brooks’ metaphor of an integrated ecosystem to describe Russian cultural history in the late imperial and early Soviet periods. Brooks’s Firebird and the Fox describes an interlocking cultural system marked by high-low interactions, as a rich Russian folkloric tradition based on fable and popular tales was reworked with remarkable creativity in what he calls an “age of genius.” In response, this article argues that this period of Russian cultural creativity can be seen as coinciding with the extended life-cycle of the Russian Revolution. The subversive, satirical humor and irony running through Brooks’s cultural “play-sphere” was complemented by another tradition: a didactic, instructional, enlightening “teach-sphere” that animated a wide range of intelligentsia and cultural forces shaping cultural evolution and cultural revolution. If the play-sphere highlights the rebellious distance between culture and power, the teach-sphere’s project of transforming the masses reveals their many commonalities. The essay reflects on how the intersections of culture and power shaped early Soviet culture, the avant-garde, and successive phases of Stalinist culture. While Socialist Realism promoted the theoretical declaration of a unified socialist culture, the persistence of differing elements of the cultural system raises the question of Soviet cultural syncretism.