Search

Attention is a basic and main mental task and can play an important role in the functioning of other brain abilities such as intelligence, memory, learning, and perception, and its deficit occurs in 80% of patients with traumatic brain injury. The use of game-based tools for rehabilitation is rapidly expanding. Cognitive rehabilitation via video games is an emerging hot topic in cognitive science. Serious games serve a specific purpose in addition to entertainment. They can be more engaging than exercises since they replace reward and motivation systems with real-world motivations as a complement for rehabilitation activities. This study was aimed at identifying and categorizing serious computer games used for attention rehabilitation and evaluating their effects. Six electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, ISI, Embase, IEEE, and Cochrane) were searched in August 2021. The search strategy consisted of three main concepts of “serious game”, “cognitive deficits”, and “cognitive rehabilitation”. The inclusion criteria were (1) journal articles, (2) English language, (3) being published in the last 10 years, (4) human participants, and (5) game-based intervention. In the 30 included studies, 22 unique games were utilized for attention rehabilitation. Lumosity (20%), Brain Age (Dr. Kawashima’s Brain Training) (10%), and MoHRS (6.66%) were the most common games among the studies. There were (57%) casual, (23%) action, (10%) simulation, and (10%) multiple genres. Of the 47 tools used in the studies, 5 utilized cross-modal oddball attention tasks, 4 utilized game performance, 3 utilized the paced auditory serial additional test (PASAT), and the rest employed other tools. A total of 73 outcome measures were related to attention, 42 measures did not have significant results, 30 were significantly improved, 1 was significantly deteriorated, and 4 articles did not have any specific measures for attention evaluation. Thus, the results revealed the positive effect of serious games on attention. However, issues such as absence of scientific teams, the variety of the disorders that cause defects, the variety of criteria, differences in measurements, lack of long-term follow-up, insufficient RCT studies, and small sample sizes should be considered when designing, developing, and using game-based systems to prevent bias.

[eng] This study aimed to compare the fracture resistance of teeth with cervical root resorptions following restoration with resin composite, resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), Biodentine, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Methods: 60 sound extracted single-rooted maxillary premolars were divided into 4 experimental (n=10) and 2 control (n=10) groups. Ten intact teeth served as the negative control group. In the remaining teeth, cavities were prepared with 2 mm depth, extending 1 mm above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), and 2 mm below it. The cavities remained unrestored in the 10 positive control teeth. The cervical cavities in the remaining teeth were restored with Z250 resin composite, Fuji II LC RMGI, ProRoot MTA, and Biodentine. The teeth’ fracture resistance was measured using a universal testing machine and recorded in newton (N). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test with a 95% confidence interval. Results and conclusions: Significant differences were noted in the fracture resistance of composite resin and RMGI with the positive control group (P0.05). Within this study’s limitations, it seems that the resin composite and RMGI restorations can increase the fracture resistance of teeth with artificially-induced cervical resorption defects. However, Biodentine and MTA as bioactive cement have no strengthening effect on the tooth structure. [spa] El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la resistencia a la fractura de dientes con reabsorciones radiculares cervicales tras la restauración con composite de resina, ionómero de vidrio modificado con resina (RMGI), Biodentina y agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA). Metodología: Se dividieron 60 premolares maxilares de una sola raíz extraídos en 4 grupos experimentales (n=10) y 2 de control (n=10). Diez dientes intactos sirvieron de grupo de control negativo. En los dientes restantes, se prepararon cavidades de 2 mm de profundidad, que se extendían 1 mm por encima de la unión cemento-esmalte (CEJ) y 2 mm por debajo de ella. Las cavidades permanecieron sin restaurar en los 10 dientes de control positivo. Las cavidades cervicales de los dientes restantes se restauraron con composite de resina Z250, Fuji II LC RMGI, ProRoot MTA y Biodentine. La resistencia a la fractura de los dientes se midió con una máquina de ensayo universal y se registró en newton (N). Los datos se analizaron mediante un ANOVA unidireccional seguido de la prueba de Tukey con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados y conclusiones: Se observaron diferencias significativas en la resistencia a la fractura de la resina compuesta y la RMGI con el grupo de control positivo (P0,05). Dentro de las limitaciones de este estudio, parece que las restauraciones de resina compuesta y RMGI pueden aumentar la resistencia a la fractura de los dientes con defectos de reabsorción cervical inducidos artificialmente. Sin embargo, la biodentina y el MTA como cemento bioactivo no tienen ningún efecto reforzador sobre la estructura dental.

[eng] This study aimed to compare the fracture resistance of teeth with cervical root resorptions following restoration with resin composite, resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), Biodentine, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Methods: 60 sound extracted single-rooted maxillary premolars were divided into 4 experimental (n=10) and 2 control (n=10) groups. Ten intact teeth served as the negative control group. In the remaining teeth, cavities were prepared with 2 mm depth, extending 1 mm above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), and 2 mm below it. The cavities remained unrestored in the 10 positive control teeth. The cervical cavities in the remaining teeth were restored with Z250 resin composite, Fuji II LC RMGI, ProRoot MTA, and Biodentine. The teeth’ fracture resistance was measured using a universal testing machine and recorded in newton (N). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test with a 95% confidence interval. Results and conclusions: Significant differences were noted in the fracture resistance of composite resin and RMGI with the positive control group (P0.05). Within this study’s limitations, it seems that the resin composite and RMGI restorations can increase the fracture resistance of teeth with artificially-induced cervical resorption defects. However, Biodentine and MTA as bioactive cement have no strengthening effect on the tooth structure., [spa] El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la resistencia a la fractura de dientes con reabsorciones radiculares cervicales tras la restauración con composite de resina, ionómero de vidrio modificado con resina (RMGI), Biodentina y agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA). Metodología: Se dividieron 60 premolares maxilares de una sola raíz extraídos en 4 grupos experimentales (n=10) y 2 de control (n=10). Diez dientes intactos sirvieron de grupo de control negativo. En los dientes restantes, se prepararon cavidades de 2 mm de profundidad, que se extendían 1 mm por encima de la unión cemento-esmalte (CEJ) y 2 mm por debajo de ella. Las cavidades permanecieron sin restaurar en los 10 dientes de control positivo. Las cavidades cervicales de los dientes restantes se restauraron con composite de resina Z250, Fuji II LC RMGI, ProRoot MTA y Biodentine. La resistencia a la fractura de los dientes se midió con una máquina de ensayo universal y se registró en newton (N). Los datos se analizaron mediante un ANOVA unidireccional seguido de la prueba de Tukey con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados y conclusiones: Se observaron diferencias significativas en la resistencia a la fractura de la resina compuesta y la RMGI con el grupo de control positivo (P0,05). Dentro de las limitaciones de este estudio, parece que las restauraciones de resina compuesta y RMGI pueden aumentar la resistencia a la fractura de los dientes con defectos de reabsorción cervical inducidos artificialmente. Sin embargo, la biodentina y el MTA como cemento bioactivo no tienen ningún efecto reforzador sobre la estructura dental.

Introduction: Success of root canal treatment depends on several factors; among which, maintaining the original canal path during mechanical preparation is extremely important. This in vitro study aimed to compare apical transportation using RaCe NiTi rotary system and precurved stainless steel (SS) hand files in a reciprocating handpiece. Methods and Materials: Mesiobuccal canals of 40 extracted human mandibular first and second molars with 20 to 45° curvatures and 3 to 7 mm curve radius were chosen for this study. After working length determination, the teeth were divided into two groups (n=20). Root canals were prepared with RaCe in group 1 and NSK handpiece and precurved SS hand files in group 2 up to #30 with 2% taper in both groups. Radiographs were taken of teeth before and after instrumentation from buccolingual and mesiodistal directions. The images were superimposed using Adobe Photoshop CS3 software. Degree of straightening and amount of apical transportation at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mm levels short of the working length were determined using digital subtraction radiography. The student’s t test was used to compare the degree of straightening and Mann Whitney test was applied to compare apical transportation (millimeters) between the two groups. Results: No significant difference was noted between the two groups on buccolingual or mesiodistal views in degree of straightening and apical transportation on buccolingual view (P>0.05). However, on mesiodistal view, NSK reciprocating handpiece caused greater apical transportation at 0. 0.5 and 1 mm levels (P

Introduction: Dentinal canal walls are in direct contact with endodontic sealers prior to post space preparation and luting cements after post space preparation. This direct contact may affect the bond strength of intraradicular posts to root dentin. This study aimed to assess the effect of three different sealers on the bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin. Methods and Materials: The canals of 56 extracted single-rooted human premolars after selection and decoronation were prepared. For obturation of the canals, specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n=14) according to the type of sealer used in conjunction with gutta-percha: group 1 (control) without any sealer; group 2 with AH-Plus sealer (resin based); group 3 with Dorifill sealer (ZOE-based); and group 4 with BC Sealer (calcium silicate-based). Nine mm-deep post space was prepared in the canal of each specimen. Intraradicular fiber posts were cemented using dual-cure resin cement (Panavia F2.0). Sections of 1 mm thickness were made at the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the post space of each specimen. The push-out bond strength of post to root dentin was measured in a universal testing machine. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s test. Results: The mean push-out bond strength in the coronal third was significantly lower in Dorifill group compared to AH-Plus (P=0.004). This value was significantly lower in BC Sealer group than AH-Plus (P=0.000) and control group (P=0.03). In middle and apical thirds, the mean push-out bond strength was not significantly different among the four groups (P=0.407, P=0.065, respectively). The mean push-out bond strength was significantly lower in apical than coronal third in AH-Plus group (P=0.001). Conclusion: Application of BC Sealer and Dorifill decreased the mean push-out bond strength of intracanal post to root dentin in the coronal third in comparison to AH-Plus.

Introduction: This in vitro study compared the coronal microleakage of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement and Biodentine as intra-orifice barriers. Methods and Materials: The study was conducted on 76 extracted single-canal human teeth. Their root canals were prepared using ProTaper rotary files and filled with gutta percha and AH-26 sealer using lateral condensation technique. Coronal 3 mm of the gutta percha was removed from the root canals and replaced randomly with MTA, CEM cement or Biodentine in the three experimental groups (n=22). A positive and a negative control group were also included (n=5). The entire root surfaces of all teeth were covered with two layers of nail varnish in such a way that only the access openings were not coated. In the negative control group, the access opening was also coated with nail varnish. All teeth were immersed in India ink and after clearing, the samples were evaluated under a stereomicroscope under ×10 magnification to assess the degree of dye penetration. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The negative control group showed no leakage while the positive control group showed significantly higher microleakage than the test groups (P>0.05). CEM cement had the lowest (0.175±0.068 mm) and MTA showed the highest dye penetration (0.238±0.159 mm) among the experimental groups; although these differences were not statistically significant (P=0.313). Conclusion: CEM cement exhibited the least microleakage as an intra-orifice barrier in endodontically treated teeth.