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Dysmenorrhea disorder is a significant concern of this era in young girls at the stage of the menarche or near menstrual period. Primary dysmenorrhea is prevailing all around the world. Objectives: To evaluate reducing effects of Cinnamon, vitamin D and starch capsules in patients suffering from dysmenorrhea. Methods: The 30 candidates for each group were selected following the minimum sample size rule. The questionnaire and numeric pain rating scale were the main tools for assessing dysmenorrhea severity, reduction in dysmenorrhea, quality of life and other variables in patients. Results: The demographic data showed that the maximum participants belonged to middle-class families, well-educated and living in their own homes. The results depicted that Cinnamon reduced pain severity, bleeding and physical pain and improved physical activity, leisure activities, life satisfaction, health services, meaningful life and body appearance among most participants. Likewise, vitamin D also exhibited a significant reduction in dysmenorrhea symptoms and increased the quality of life among most patients. However, the effects of starch capsules were observed to be less effective than the cinnamon tea and vitamin D. Conclusions: The study concluded that cinnamon tea and vitamin D were the best therapy for reducing dysmenorrhea symptoms.

Diabetes is one of the most prevailing global health issues. Genetic factors, obesity, environmental factors, poor dietary habits and sedentary life style are the main causes of its occurrence that leads to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. In recent years therapeutic effects of dietary flaxseed and blackseed in management of diabetes has been studied. Both possess anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory properties. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is a lignan present in flaxseed that lower the blood glucose level and fiber control insulin secretion and its mechanism of action. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a bioactive component present in flaxseed that control blood glucose level, insulin secretion and maintain glucose hemostasis. Both seeds are considered as highly acceptable with the great safety profile in management of type II diabetes. Therefore, this article highlights the therapeutic effects of flaxseed and blackseed supplementation in management of type II diabetes.

Garlic's pungent flavor has made it a prominent component in cuisines throughout the globe for decades. When chopped and put on the tongue or lips, raw garlic triggers unpleasant burning and prickling sensations by unknown processes. In this study, we demonstrate that raw garlic activates TRPA1 and TRPV1, two temperature-activated ion channels that belong to the (TRP) transient receptor potential. The allicin, a volatile component of fresh garlic, is the chemical responsible for TRPA1 and TRPV1 activation. Garlic, a member of the Allium produces organosulfur compounds inclusive of allicin and diallyl disulfide (DADS), which are accountable for garlic's spice and spicy fragrance. Allium extracts have been shown to provide a variety of health advantages, including hypotensive and vasorelaxant properties. Intriguingly, allicin and DADS have structural affinity with allyl isothiocyanate that exhibit ache and inflammation by TRPA1 activation.

Genistein, a polyphenolic isoflavone compound found abundantly in soy or soy-based products, is widely consumed in the Asian population. Genistein has poor bioavailability, to overcome this problem many advanced nano-drug delivery carrier systems are designed to enhance its water solubility and stability. However, further research is required to develop more efficient bioavailability improvement strategies. Genistein is a phytoestrogen which has been associated with reducing the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetes mellitus. This plant-based bioactive compound possesses numerous biological activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, and anti-diabetic activities to treat various disease states. Genistein has been used as an active therapeutic agent in many medications. Moreover, several clinical trials are in the ongoing stage to develop more efficient treatment therapies, especially for cancer treatment. This article highlights the protective and therapeutic benefits of genistein in the treatment of different ailments, and more specifically elaborates on the anti-cancer potential of genistein regarding various types of cancers. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Genistein possesses versatile biological activities, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-angiogenic. The most studied activity is anti-cancer. Currently, a number of pre-clinical and clinical trials are being carried out on anti-neoplastic and cytotoxic activities of genistein to develop novel therapeutic agents with excellent anti-cancer potential for the treatment of various kinds of cancer. Moreover, many bioavailability enhancement strategies have been developed to improve the bioavailability of genistein. Genistein shows significant hypoglycemic effects alone or in combination with other anti-diabetic agents. Genistein in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents is used for the treatment of prostate, bone, colorectal, glioma, breast, and bladder cancer.

Angiotensinogen (AGT) is one of the most significant enzymes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) which is involved in the regulation and maintenance of blood pressure. AGT is involved in the production of angiotensin I which is then converted into angiotensin II that leads to renal homeostasis. However, various genetic polymorphisms in AGT have been discovered in recent times which have shown an association with various diseases. Genetic polymorphism increases the level of circulating AGT in blood which exaggerates the effects produced by AGT. The associated diseases occur due to various effects produced by increased AGT levels. Several cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertrophy, etc. are associated with AGT polymorphism. Other diseases such as depression, obesity, diabetic nephropathy, pre-eclampsia, and liver injury are also associated with some variants of AGT gene. The most common variants of AGT polymorphism are M235T and T174M. The two variants are associated with many diseases. Some other variants such as G-217A, A-6G, A-20C and G-152A, are also present but they are not as significant as that of M235T and T174M variants. These variants increase the level of circulating AGT and are associated with prevalence of different diseases. These diseases occur through various pathological pathways, but the initial reason remains the same, i.e., increased level of AGT in the blood. In this article, we have majorly focused on how genetic polymorphism of different variants of AGT gene is associated with the prevalence of different diseases.

Honey is a sweet liquid produced by honeybees from the nectar of flowers. The nutritional composition of honey makes it one of the most health beneficial foods for human being. Many different brands of honey are available in the market and are probably processed. The present study was experimental based study. The objective this study was to check the quality of honey through moisture content, ash content, sugar content and pH value of honey and to seek acceptability of consumer on the basis of its sweetness, taste, color and viscosity. Different samples of honey include branded honey (Langnese and Marhaba) and local honey from the markets of Okara and Shiekhupura. Experiments proximate and physiochemical were performed in the PCSIR lab. Hedonic scale was used for sensory evaluation of the product made from these honeys. Honey bars developed from processed or brands of honey were far more accepted and appreciated. It is quite evident that good quality honey should be promoted and marketed to be used as a healthy food instead of junk food. Key Words: Honey, Proximate analysis, Physiochemical Analysis, Sensory Evaluation

There are many causes and factors that lead to hypertension, including a high intake of sodium and alcohol, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, deficiency of some water-soluble vitamins such as B9, B2, and fat-soluble vitamins such as C and D and a sedentary lifestyle. In recent years, therapeutic effect of dietary nitrate and allicin emerged as an essential component for normal physiological as well as pathological functioning to treat hypertension. NO3- being a potent dilator, administrates systemic blood pressure and subsequently delays atherogenesis. Various cardiovascular diseases are associated with its bioactivity including pre-hypertension, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and stroke. Allicin has antibacterial, anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant effect and acts against many microorganisms. It also has angiotensin II–inhibiting and vasodilating effects. Garlic involves two nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide signaling pathways that lower BP. It has the ability to enhance arterial inflammation, stiffness, and other cardiovascular indicators. Both components are considered as highly acceptable with the great safety profile as an antihypertensive treatment. Therefore, this article aimed to highlight the important role of nitrate and allicin in modulating hypertension. Keywords: Dietary Nitrate, Allicin, Hypertension, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Systolic Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases

Autophagy is an important biological mechanism involved in the regulation of numerous fundamental cellular processes that are mainly associated with cellular growth and differentiation. Autophagic pathways are vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis by enhancing the turnover of nonfunctional proteins and organelles. Neuronal cells, like other eukaryotic cells, are dependent on autophagy for neuroprotection in response to stress, but can also induce cell death in cerebral ischemia. Recent studies have demonstrated that autophagy may induce neuroprotection following acute brain injury, including ischemic stroke. However in some special circumstances, activation of autophagy can induce cell death, playing a deleterious role in the etiology and progression of ischemic stroke. Currently, there are no therapeutic options against stroke that demonstrate efficient neuroprotective abilities. In the present work, we will review the significance of autophagy in the context of ischemic stroke by first outlining its role in ischemic neuronal death. We will also highlight the potential therapeutic applications of pharmacological modulators of autophagy, including some naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds that can target this catabolic process. Our findings provide renewed insight on the mechanism of action of autophagy in stroke together with potential neuroprotective compounds, which may partially exert their function through enhancing mitochondrial function and attenuating damaging autophagic processes.