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The European Alps are a major mountain range in Europe with a long history of dense in-situ observations of snow cover, whose analysis is hampered by the fragmentation of observer networks and the varying quality and availability of their data. Here we present a collation of in-situ observations of snow depth and depth of snowfall across the whole Alps. We employed novel quality checks and gap-filling procedures based on spatial correlation, which work in areas with a moderate to high density of stations. We show how the climatology of in-situ snow depth and remotely sensed snow cover duration matches the expected climatic forcing zones. These large-scale climatic zones not only influenced day-to-day variability but also long-term trends. A multivariate attribution study highlights the impact of temperature and precipitation variability on snowfall patterns in a smaller subregion. Finally, future snow cover information is derived from an ensemble of regional climate models.

Background: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries. Methods: We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group. Results: Since ∼1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at ∼0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as ∼0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to ∼26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China. Conclusions: HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.

International audience; A considerable number of drug candidates is from marine bio-prospection and highlights the blue biotechnologies field. World Health Organization, aware of the serious global environmental crisis, encourages countries holding local species to do a pharmacological screening (bioprospection) work focusing on the current "4 global scourges": Cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer, Malaria. Since 2011, Martinique, a Caribbean island, is undergoing a massive seaweed Sargassum invasion (Blunt et al., 2008). Global climate change might have forced the Sargasso Sea to move further south, closer to the Caribbean Sea (Velasco, 2015). The species involved are Sargassum natans (SN) and Sargassum fluitans (SF). It is known that, among the more than 350 species of Sargasso around the world, many species contain biologically active marine natural products exhibiting various biological activities (Yende, Harle, & Chaugule, 2014). This project will aim to 1) Detect potential pharmaceutical uses (screening) of Sargassum natans and Sargassum fluitans on diseases widely spread in Caribbean, 2) Characterize the influence of Sargassum natans and Sargassum fluitans exposure on the evolution of the targeted pathologies 3) Sensitize the local authorities to the utility of fundamental research for the development and the attractivity of Martinique.The international teams engaged are experts in their respective area of research. This intimate collaboration between biologists and chemists provides an optimal interdisciplinary environment opening the perspective to rely biological activities to molecular identification and represents an opportunity for developing the research topic with high originality and novel concepts.

International audience; Diatom teratologies have intrigued scientists since the XIXth century, with respect to their causes and origins. These deformities, mainly observed in long-term cultures or under high levels of pollution, were poorly considered, until they were recently found to be potential indicators of toxic impairment of freshwaters. However, very little is known about their ecology. In this study, the growth and fitness of morphologically distinct descendants of the same cell line of Gomphonema gracile (teratological vs. non teratological forms) were compared over a typical growth cycle. Contrary to expectations, teratological populations grew slightly faster, at a rate of 0.47 ± 0.03 divisions.day-1, versus 0.41 ± 0.04 for the normal morphotype. They had similar physiological performances as non-teratological forms. They did not differ in their movement velocities, but the trajectory of teratological forms was more linear, likely as a consequence of their elongated outline. Under the same culture conditions, no competitive exclusion of one phenotype over the other was demonstrated on the time scale of an exponential growth cycle (9 days). Moreover, the deformities were faithfully reproduced over time, and no evidence of decreased viability in teratological forms was provided. These new insights call into question the common hypothesis that deformed diatoms are altered individuals produced by unfavorable conditions and thus highlight ecosystem dysfunction. They call for further investigations of their ecology.

The cryosphere (including, snow, glaciers, permafrost, lake and river ice) is an integral element of high- mountain regions, which are home to roughly 10% of the global population. Widespread cryosphere changes affect physical, biological and human systems in the mountains and surrounding lowlands, with impacts evident even in the ocean. Building on the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), this chapter assesses new evidence on observed recent and projected changes in the mountain cryosphere as well as associated impacts, risks and adaptation measures related to natural and human systems. Impacts in response to climate changes independently of changes in the cryosphere are not assessed in this chapter. Polar mountains are included in Chapter 3, except those in Alaska and adjacent Yukon, Iceland, and Scandinavia, which are included in this chapter.

International audience; Fatty acids (FA) are crucial for the maintenance of membrane fluidity and play a central role in metabolic energy storage. Polyunsaturated fatty acids play an essential ecological role since they are key parameters in the nutritional value of algae. Pesticide impacts on fatty acid profiles have been documented in marine microalgae, but remain understudied in freshwater diatoms. The aims of this study were to: 1) investigate the impact of diuron and S-metolachlor on "classical descriptors" (photosynthesis, growth rate, pigment contents, and on the expression levels of target genes in freshwater diatoms), 2) examine the impact of these pesticides on diatom fatty acid profiles and finally, 3) compare fatty acid profiles and "classical descriptor" responses in order to evaluate their complementarity and ecological role. To address this issue, the model freshwater diatom Gomphonema gracile was exposed during seven days to diuron and S-metolachlor at 10 µg.L.

International audience; Nunavik (Northern Quebec, Canada) is experiencing a mining boom. While several studies have been conducted in the region in relation to climate change, the effects of mining have received much less attention. In this study, we explored the use of biofilms in natural streams as an indicator of potential stress on living organisms caused by metal contamination from nickel mining activities. More specifically, we assessed diatom assemblages and the presence of teratologies (morphologic abnormalities) as a response to metals in streams located in close proximity to mining sites. Metal concentrations (as well as other cations), anions and pH values varied markedly among stations. Different diatom assemblage structures (four biotypes, i.e., groups of samples with similar diatom species composition) were observed depending on the level and the type of contamination. The frequency of diatom teratologies was higher in metal contaminated sites. The present study lays the foundation for bioassessment of metal contamination in low Arctic streams using diatom-based approaches, and will serve as a point in time reference for future evaluation of ecosystems degradation or recovery in Nunavik.

The French critical zone initiative, called OZCAR (Observatoires de la Zone Critique–Application et Recherche or Critical Zone Observatories–Application and Research) is a National Research Infrastructure (RI). OZCAR-RI is a network of instrumented sites, bringing together 21 pre-existing research observatories monitoring different compartments of the zone situated between “the rock and the sky,” the Earth’s skin or critical zone (CZ), over the long term. These observatories are regionally based and have specific initial scientific questions, monitoring strategies, databases, and modeling activities. The diversity of OZCAR-RI observatories and sites is well representative of the heterogeneity of the CZ and of the scientific communities studying it. Despite this diversity, all OZCAR-RI sites share a main overarching mandate, which is to monitor, understand, and predict (“earthcast”) the fluxes of water and matter of the Earth’s near surface and how they will change in response to the “new climatic regime.” The vision for OZCAR strategic development aims at designing an open infrastructure, building a national CZ community able to share a systemic representation of the CZ , and educating a new generation of scientists more apt to tackle the wicked problem of the Anthropocene. OZCAR articulates around: (i) a set of common scientific questions and cross-cutting scientific activities using the wealth of OZCAR-RI observatories, (ii) an ambitious instrumental development program, and (iii) a better interaction between data and models to integrate the different time and spatial scales. Internationally, OZCAR-RI aims at strengthening the CZ community by providing a model of organization for pre-existing observatories and by offering CZ instrumented sites. OZCAR is one of two French mirrors of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructure (eLTER-ESFRI) project.

National audience; Les connaissances des contaminations métalliques sur les écosystèmes d'eau douce ont énormément progressées ces dernières décennies mais les études concernant les métaux tétravalents comme le zirconium restent rares malgré l'augmentation de la demande globale de ces éléments. Les communautés de microorganismes benthiques (périphyton) présentent un bon potentiel comme outil de biosuivi des expositions métalliques des organismes dulcicoles. L'effet du Zr sur le biofilm a été examiné pour déterminer si ce dernier est un bon bio indicateur des éléments tétravalents et mieux comprendre leurs éventuels dangers sur les écosystèmes aquatiques. Des lames de verre ont été mises à coloniser pendant un mois dans un étang (Cestas, France). Elles ont ensuite été réparties dans trois aquariums contenant un milieu de culture contaminé en Zr (n=3) à 0,2 ± 0,1 nM (C0), 0,5 ± 0,3 nM (C1) et 2,9 ± 0,3 nM (C2) et prélevées à 1, 2 et 4 semaines d'exposition (t1, t2 et t4). La production de biomasse, de protéines et polysaccharides apparaissaient plus faibles pour C1 et C2 à t2 et t4 ainsi que le taux de croissance des diatomées pour C2 au cours du temps. Le comptage des prédateurs primaires du périphyton a montré un effet de C2 sur la composition de la microméiofaune. Les résultats obtenus dans ces travaux montrent qu'une exposition au Zr peut perturber la structure taxonomique du biofilm et ses fonctions clefs. Une meilleure compréhension des effets des métaux sur la microméiofaune permettra d'améliorer l'évaluation des risques des expositions métalliques dans les milieux aquatiques.

Fatty acids are essential elements for the structure of biological membranes and for the storage of metabolic energy. They are used as a source of energy by metabolism at each trophic level, making fatty acids biochemically and physiologically important compounds (Neves et al. 2015). In the trophic chain, many fatty acids are only synthesized by microalgae and bacteria before being transferred via herbivorous invertebrates to fish and ultimately to humans (Arts et al. 2001). For example, highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5n3), cannot be synthesized de novo or in insufficient proportions by animals (Saito and Aono 2014). That is why fatty acid analysis is commonly used to study trophic interactions in food chains. Generally, microalgae with a high proportion of EPA, such as diatoms, are an excellent source of food for animals but the concentrations of these different fatty acids can vary according to different environmental parameters including temperature, and may be affected by pesticide exposure (Brett et al. 2006, Robert et al. 2007, Burns et al. 2011, Li et al. 2014, Filimonova et al. 2016). The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of two herbicides combined to a 3°C-temperature increase on diatom's fatty acids and photosynthesis. To address this issue, two model freshwater diatoms (Gomphonema gracile and Nitzschia palea) were exposed to two herbicides, with two different cellular targets, at high concentration (diuron and s-metolachlor, C=10 µg/L) and two temperatures (T1=17,5 °C and T2=20,5°C). After a 1-week exposure, the analysis of photosynthesis was carried out by PhytoPAM measurements, and fatty acid composition of diatom cultures was determined by gas chromatography. For the control samples, the photosynthesis increased with the temperature for the both species mainly for Gomphonema gracile. Concerning the fatty acids composition of the both species, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids decreased with temperature while polyunsaturated fatty acids increased. The 3°C increase in temperature enhanced the toxicity of diuron towards the photosynthesis of both species, while it reduced the effect of S-metolachlor for Gomphonema gracile. Fatty acids analysis are still ongoing. Our results highlight contrasting effects of a moderate increase of temperature on the toxicity of pesticides towards diatoms, at the physiological (photosynthesis) and structural (fatty acid content) levels.

International audience; The herbicide diuron and the insecticide imidacloprid are amongst the most frequently detected pesticides in French rivers, and each is known to affect many aquatic organisms. However, it is less examined whether and how both pesticides together might induce multistress conditions, which could induce indirect effects such as modification of biological interactions within freshwater microbial communities. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of diuron and imidacloprid alone and in combination on the feeding behavior of chironomid larvae. A first experiment measured the impact of the different contamination conditions at environmental concentrations (5µg L-1 for each pesticide) on the grazing rate of chironomids on three microalgae species, independently. Therefore, two diatom species, Gomphonema gracile (two different morphotype: normal (GG) and teratogen (GT)) and Planothidium lanceolatum (PL), and one green algae Pseudokirchneriella supcapitata (PS) were offered as food, during 24h. Protein and lipid contents in microalgae were analysed subsequently. Each pesticide condition elicited a different grazing rate in chironomids with regards to algal species and their nutritional quality, with a general preference for Gomphonema gracile with teratogen shape and Pseudokirchneriella supcapitata. In a second experiment (cafeteria), food selectivity of chironomids was determined under similar contamination conditions during 4h: Under diuron, larvae switched equally among microalgae, then were as mobile as in the control without pesticide. However, imidacloprid and the pesticide mixture condition altered chironomids' movements and grazing behaviour. In these experiments, we highlighted that chironomids feeding behaviour and food preferences are impacted by pesticides. Herbicide and insecticide exposure, alone or in combination, had contrasting effects on grazing, both directly on the larvae or indirectly (food selectivity according to its quality). Our study illustrates the value of considering the impacts of toxicants on target and non-target organisms across trophic levels to improve ecotoxicological risk assessment in an ecosystemic perspective.

International audience; Aquatic ecosystems are generally subjected to multiple perturbations due to simultaneous or successive combinations of various natural and anthropogenic environmental pressures. To better assess and predict the resulting ecological consequences, increasing attention should be given to the accumulation of stresses on freshwater ecosystems and its effects on the vulnerability of aquatic organisms, including microbial communities, which play crucial functional roles. Here we used a microcosm study to assess the influence of an experimental warming on the vulnerability of phototrophic and heterotrophic periphytic communities to acute and chronic copper (Cu) toxicity. Natural periphytic communities were submitted for 4 weeks to three different temperatures (18, 23, and 28°C) in microcosms contaminated (at about 15 µg L-1) or not with Cu. The vulnerability of both phototrophic and heterotrophic microbial communities to subsequent acute Cu stress was then assessed by measuring their levels of sensitivity to Cu from bioassays targeting phototrophic (photosynthetic activity) and heterotrophic (β-glucosidase and leucine aminopeptidase extracellular enzymatic activities) microbial functions. We postulated that both the increase in temperature and the chronic Cu exposure would modify microbial community structure, thus leading to changes in the capacity of phototrophic and heterotrophic communities to tolerate subsequent acute exposure to Cu. Our results demonstrated that the influence of temperature on the vulnerability of phototrophic and heterotrophic microbial communities to Cu toxicity can vary greatly according to function studied. These findings emphasize the importance of considering different functional compartments and different functional descriptors to better assess the vulnerability of periphyton to multiple stresses and predict the risks induced by multiple stressors for ecosystem balance and functioning.

Youth represent a large proportion of new HIV infections worldwide, yet their utilization of HIV testing and counseling (HTC) remains low. Using the post-intervention, cross-sectional, population-based household survey done in 2011 as part of HPTN 043/NIMH Project Accept, a cluster-randomized trial of community mobilization and mobile HTC in South Africa (Soweto and KwaZulu Natal), Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Thailand, we evaluated age-related differences among socio-demographic and behavioral determinants of HTC in study participants by study arm, site, and gender. A multivariate logistic regression model was developed using complete individual data from 13,755 participants with recent HIV testing (prior 12 months) as the outcome. Youth (18–24 years) was not predictive of recent HTC, except for high-risk youth with multiple concurrent partners, who were less likely (aOR 0.75; 95% CI 0.61–0.92) to have recently been tested than youth reporting a single partner. Importantly, the intervention was successful in reaching men with site specific success ranging from aOR 1.27 (95% CI 1.05–1.53) in South Africa to aOR 2.30 in Thailand (95% CI 1.85–2.84). Finally, across a diverse range of settings, higher education (aOR 1.67; 95% CI 1.42, 1.96), higher socio-economic status (aOR 1.21; 95% CI 1.08–1.36), and marriage (aOR 1.55; 95% CI 1.37–1.75) were all predictive of recent HTC, which did not significantly vary across study arm, site, gender or age category (18–24 vs. 25–32 years).

To assess the lethal effects of diuron (herbicide) and imidacloprid (insecticide) on ubiquist organisms at the basis of food webs, we performed multispecies toxicity tests using nematode species commonly found in soil and freshwater benthic ecosystems. Diuron and imidacloprid belong to the top 15 of the most frequently detected pesticides in French rivers. Both chemicals show an elevated DT50 (time to 50% degradation) in sediments, about 130 days for imidacloprid and more than 30 days for diuron. A standardized toxicity test with Caenorhabditis elegans, a representative for the response of nematode species to toxic stress, showed no significant response to imidacloprid at high concentrations up to 119 mg L-1 regarding growth or reproduction. Diuron inhibited 82% of reproduction success of C. elegans, but showed no significant effect on growth at high concentration (33 mg L-1). Then, we compared the lethal effects of diuron and imidacloprid on eight species of free-living nematodes: Aphelenchoides sp, Caenorhabditis elegans, Pristionchus pacificus, Diploscapter coronatus, Rhabditoides sp, Plectus velox, Plectus opisthocirculus, Plectus acuminatus. Nematodes were exposed in water for 48h to two concentrations (35 and 350 mg L-1 for imidacloprid and 10 and 100 mg L-1 for diuron). Results indicated a low risk of these pesticides to nematodes, as the chemicals did not affect significantly the survivorship at their solubility limit in water for every tested species.

Dans un contexte où les pressions anthropiques n'ont pas cessé d'augmenter depuis la fin du 18ème siècle, il est primordial de disposer d'outils de bio-indication robustes. Ces derniers nous permettent de suivre l'évolution de l'état de santé des écosystèmes lacustres français sous l'impulsion de l'Union européenne, par l'intermédiaire de la Directive Cadre Européenne sur l'Eau (DCE, 2000). Le présent travail s'insère dans la continuité des développements d'un indice multi-métrique pour l'évaluation de l'état écologique des plans d'eau en ce qui concerne le compartiment phytoplancton. Dans ce rapport, nous expliquons les modifications que nous avons apportées à la base de données « phytoplancton » d'Aix-en-Provence. Puis nous montrons comment il est possible d'utiliser des modèles de « machine learning » pour résoudre diverses problématiques : séparation de la base de données en groupes géographiques, extraction de seuils physico-chimiques et essais d'élaboration d'une nouvelle métrique. Nous avons mis en évidence qu'il était possible de diviser notre base de données modifiée en quatre groupes typologiques via la méthode des « k-means ». Une refonte de la méthode des « Gradient Forest » nous a permis d'extraire des seuils physico-chimiques dans chacun de ces quatre groupes. De plus, nous avons montré que les modèles « Random Forest » pouvaient être une bonne alternative aux méthodes classiques, pour le développement d'une métrique de bio-indication ou de diagnostic. Dans ce cadre-là, nous pensons que ces méthodes innovantes d'intelligence artificielle peuvent être un atout de taille dans l'aide au développement d'indices de bio-indication lacustres. Ces outils de diagnostic sont indissociables de la protection des écosystèmes aquatiques, étant donné qu'ils permettent de rendre compte des pressions anthropiques subies par ces systèmes aquatiques complexes.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU [ADD1_IRSTEA]Hydrosystèmes et risques naturels [Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU [ADD1_IRSTEA]Hydrosystèmes et risques naturelsSpecial Section: Hydrological Observatories; International audience; The French critical zone initiative, called OZCAR (Observatoires de la Zone Critique-Application et Recherche or Critical Zone Observatories-Application and Research) is a National Research Infrastructure (RI). OZCAR-RI is a network of instrumented sites, bringing together 21 pre-existing research observatories monitoring different compartments of the zone situated between "the rock and the sky," the Earth's skin or critical zone (CZ), over the long term. These observatories are regionally based and have specific initial scientific questions, monitoring strategies, databases, and modeling activities. The diversity of OZCAR-RI observatories and sites is well representative of the heterogeneity of the CZ and of the scientific communities studying it. Despite this diversity, all OZCAR-RI sites share a main overarching mandate, which is to monitor, understand, and predict ("earthcast") the fluxes of water and matter of the Earth's near surface and how they will change in response to the "new climatic regime." The vision for OZCAR strategic development aims at designing an open infrastructure, building a national CZ community able to share a systemic representation of the CZ , and educating a new generation of scientists more apt to tackle the wicked problem of the Anthropocene. OZCAR articulates around: (i) a set of common scientific questions and cross-cutting scientific activities using the wealth of OZCAR-RI observatories, (ii) an ambitious instrumental development program, and (iii) a better interaction between data and models to integrate the different time and spatial scales. Internationally, OZCAR-RI aims at strengthening the CZ community by providing a model of organization for pre-existing observatories and by offering CZ instrumented sites. OZCAR is one of two French mirrors of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructure (eLTER-ESFRI) project.

International audience; Les diatomées benthiques constituent une source alimentaire de choix pour la microméiofaune des biofilms. Le régime alimentaire traduit un compromis entre dépense d'énergie pour la capture et l'assimilation des proies, et apport nutritif par l'alimentation. La qualité nutritive des microalgues peut varier entre espèces (composition en acides gras, par exemple), mais également être impactée en cas de pollution toxique : altération du contenu lipidique et/ou accumulation intracellulaire des contaminants. Pour déterminer les préférences alimentaires de larves de chironomes (tribu des Tanytarsinae) et leurs modifications éventuelles en cas de contamination des proies, deux expériences complémentaires ont été mises en oeuvre afin de : i) quantifier la consommation (taux d'ingestion) des chironomes en présence d'une seule source de nourriture à volonté, et ii) déterminer le choix des proies (sélectivité ou non) des chironomes dans un dispositif de « cafétéria » (choix simultané possible entre diverses sources). Pour ces expériences, quatre cultures de microalgues ont été utilisées : une algue verte et trois diatomées de dimensions individuelles variables. Les chironomes ont eu accès ad libitum aux algues (concentrations cellulaires élevées), dans un milieu sain ou contaminé par un herbicide, un insecticide, ou leur mélange, à des concentrations environnementales. En conditions témoin, les taux de broutage les plus élevés (en termes de biomasse ingérée) ont été observés en faveur de Gomphonema, en conditions de monodiète. La contamination de la nourriture par les pesticides a modifié significativement les taux d'ingestion de chaque microalgue : pour chaque source de nourriture, la biomasse ingérée par chironome était significativement réduite en présence de l'insecticide en lien avec une mortalité accrue des consommateurs, et des survivants amorphes. En présence de pesticides, le comportement alimentaire des chironomes a également été modifié. En conditions témoins, les chironomes présentaient une certaine sélectivité (préférence pour la forme tératogène de Gomphonema), pouvant s'expliquer par ses grandes dimensions et son contenu riche en oméga 3. En présence d'herbicide ou d'insecticide, au contraire, les chironomes avaient tendance à diversifier les sources de nourriture, pouvant traduire une compensation de la perte de qualité de la nourriture par une diversification des apports. L'énergie consacrée à la recherche de nourriture était également impactée, de manière variable selon le contaminant. Ces résultats illustrent, pour un réseau trophique simplifié, la propagation des impacts de pesticides de la nourriture vers les consommateurs. Ils soulignent la nécessité de prendre en compte l'altération de la qualité des microalgues et le transfert potentiel des contaminants dans l'évaluation du risque lié aux pesticides, pour l'environnement aquatique.

International audience; Sudbury (Ontario, Canada) has a long mining history that has left the region with a distinctive legacy of environmental impacts. Several actions have been undertaken since the 1970s to rehabilitate this deteriorated environment, in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Despite a marked increase in environmental health, we show that the Junction Creek system remains under multiple stressors from present and past mining operations, and from urban-related pressures such as municipal wastewater treatment plants, golf courses and stormwater runoff. Water samples have elevated metal concentrations, with values reaching up to 1 mg·L

International audience; Le pourcentage de déformations des diatomées est de plus en plus utilisé comme un indicateur de stress toxique dans les cours d'eau. Cependant, ce pourcentage ne permet pas de quantifier directement l'importance de ce stress, et certains auteurs suggèrent que la quantification de la « sévérité » des déformations pourrait améliorer les relations de cause à effet. Dans cette optique, nous avons testé l'applicabilité de la morphométrie géométrique pour évaluer l'intensité de déformation chez différents spécimens de diatomées déformées. Cette méthode a pour but d'étudier des variations subtiles de formes et a été utilisée dans le but de mettre en évidence un gradient de déformations chez les diatomées. Sur la base de microphotographies d'individus normaux et déformés, le positionnement des points-repères a été optimisé, puis la méthode de superposition de Procruste a été utilisée pour mettre en évidence les variations morphologiques, en s'affranchissant des différences de taille, d'orientation mais aussi de position. Les résultats de ces analyses montrent l'efficacité de la méthode pour discriminer les individus normaux et déformés, avec un nombre limité de points-repères. A partir des caractéristiques morphométriques des individus déformés, la méthode permet de mettre en évidence un gradient de déformations au sein des individus déformés, en concordance avec une classification préalable de la sévérité des déformations réalisée visuellement. De plus, elle permet de mettre en évidence une relation entre l'intensité d'une pression toxique du milieu et les déformations des diatomées face à ce stress.

International audience; European Union represents 45% of world’s pesticide tonnage. Just a little part of pesticides really hit their target organisms; the remaining reaches the environment by several phenomena as leaching, ending up in aquatic ecosystems: the final receptors of microcontaminants. Chemicals stressors induce taxonomic changes on fauna and flora, which are now the focus of many biomonitoring studies. However, water quality indices only take one biological compartment into account, and put combination of abiotic and biotic factors aside. We tested separately four factors (predation, competition, diuron and imidaclopride) on two diatom species exhibiting distinct morphotypes: Planothidium lanceolatum and Gomphonema gracile (normal and teratogen forms), to quantify daily their growth kinetics under varied pressures. The predator used was a nematod from freshwater Aquitaine biofilms: Aphelenchoides bicaudatus. We reproduced experiments combining the factors, to determine if they acted synergistically or antagonistically. P. lanceolatum is strongly impacted by interalgal competition. Nevertheless, under herbicide treatment, A. bicaudatus enhanced its growth thanks to medium enrichment with nutrients (feces, mucus trail agglutinating), and acted negatively on Gomphonema gracile, by grazing it. On the contrary, exposure to imidaclopride improved microalgal defence mechanisms, by forming associations, making them less accessible. Ecological relationships in freshwater biofilms (competition, predation) have non negligible effect on community composition, population behavior and impacts usually observed without considering these factors. These results call for a new approach concerning bioassessment methods of water quality and fundamental studies to improve our understanding of ecosystems functioning, for restoration and environment protection.

National audience; Background. - Medico-administrative databases represent a very interesting source of information in the field of endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases. The objective of this article is to describe the early works of the Redsiam working group in this field. Methods. - Algorithms developed in France in the field of diabetes, the treatment of dyslipidemia, precocious puberty, and bariatric surgery based on the National Inter-schema Information System on Health Insurance (SNIIRAM) data were identified and described. Results. - Three algorithms for identifying people with diabetes are available in France. These algorithms are based either on full insurance coverage for diabetes or on claims of diabetes treatments, or on the combination of these two methods associated with hospitalizations related to diabetes. Each of these algorithms has a different purpose, and the choice should depend on the goal of the study. Algorithms for identifying people treated for dyslipidemia or precocious puberty or who underwent bariatric surgery are also available. Conclusion. - Early work from the Redsiam working group in the field of endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases produced an inventory of existing algorithms in France, linked with their goals, together with a presentation of their limitations and advantages, providing useful information for the scientific community. This work will continue with discussions about algorithms on the incidence of diabetes in children, thyroidectomy for thyroid nodules, hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, and amyloidosis.

Le pourcentage de déformations des diatomées est de plus en plus utilisé comme un indicateur de stress toxique dans les cours d'eau. Cependant, ce pourcentage ne permet pas de quantifier directement l'importance de ce stress, et certains auteurs suggèrent que la quantification de la « sévérité » des déformations pourrait améliorer les relations de cause à effet. Dans cette optique, nous avons testé l'applicabilité de la morphométrie géométrique pour évaluer l'intensité de déformation chez différents spécimens de diatomées déformées. Cette méthode a pour but d'étudier des variations subtiles de formes et a été utilisée dans le but de mettre en évidence un gradient de déformations chez les diatomées. Sur la base de microphotographies d'individus normaux et déformés, le positionnement des points-repères a été optimisé, puis la méthode de superposition de Procruste a été utilisée pour mettre en évidence les variations morphologiques, en s'affranchissant des différences de taille, d'orientation mais aussi de position. Les résultats de ces analyses montrent l'efficacité de la méthode pour discriminer les individus normaux et déformés, avec un nombre limité de points-repères (6). A partir des caractéristiques morphométriques des individus déformés, la méthode permet de mettre en évidence un gradient de déformations au sein des individus déformés, en concordance avec une classification préalable de la sévérité des déformations réalisée visuellement. De plus, elle permet de mettre en évidence une relation entre l'intensité d'une pression toxique du milieu et les déformations des diatomées face à ce stress.

International audience; As primary producers, microalgae are the basis of aquatic food webs. Thus, they can be directly impacted by herbicides which are, in turn, affected by complex and changing conditions of freshwater environments. For instance, dissolved organic matter (DOM) may interact with pesticides and affect their fate and ecotoxicity. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether the natural DOM influences the toxicity of herbicide mixtures towards two freshwater microalgae. To that aim, a diatom (Gomphonema gracile) and a chlorophyte (Sphaerellopsis sp.) isolated from a pristine river were exposed to a mixture of three herbicides, with or without natural DOM. Herbicide concentrations were selected to represent environmentally realistic conditions (0.05µg/L for irgarol and diuron, 0.5µg/L for metolachlor) and a 10-times higher exposure. The responses of the microalgae were assessed over a growth cycle, by monitoring daily their growth and photosynthetic efficiency. On the last day, the intracellular relative lipid content was quantified, as well as the proportion of bacteria in the microcosms to ensure no bloom had occurred. In the absence of DOM, photosynthetic activity decreased in Sphaerellopsis at both concentrations of herbicides, whereas Gomphonema was only impacted at the highest one. DOM alone had no influence on the parameters measured for Gomphonema, but significantly stimulated the growth of Sphaerellopsis. Surprisingly, combined exposure to DOM and herbicides removed the toxic impacts observed without DOM for both species. Our results demonstrate species-specific responses to DOM and herbicides, and highlight a mitigation of pesticides impacts towards microalgae in the presence of natural DOM.

Material design and synthesis are key steps in the development of catalysts. They are usually based on an empiric and/or theoretical approach. The recently developed high-throughput experimentation can accelerate optimisation of new catalytic formulations by systematic screening in a predefined study domain. This work aims at developing a QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) method based on kinetic and mechanistic descriptors for metal and acid catalysis. Physico-chemicalfeatures of approximately sixty bimetallic catalysts have been measured according to their performance in two model reactions: xylene hydrogenation for catalysis on metallic sites and isomerisation of 3,3-dimethyl-l-butene for catalysis on acid sites. These descriptors were finally used to model the performances of around twenty catalysts for a more complex reaction: n-decane dehydrogenation. La définition et la préparation de matériaux sont des étapes clés dans le développement de catalyseurs. Celles-ci peuvent être effectuées de façon empirique et/ou à partir de bases théoriques. Par ailleurs, l’expérimentation à haut débit, technologie récente, permet d’accélérer l’optimisation de formulations catalytiques par exemple par criblage systématique d’un espace d’étude prédéfini. Cet article a pour objet de développer une méthode QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) basée sur la recherche de descripteurs cinétiques et mécanistiques, dans le domaine de la catalyse acide et métallique supportée. Des caractéristiques physico-chimiques (descripteurs) d’une soixantaine de catalyseurs bimétalliques ont été mesurées suivant leur performance dans deux réactions modèles : l’hydrogénation de ro-xylène pour rendre compte de la catalyse par le métal et l’isomérisation du diméthyl-3,3butène-1 pour la catalyse par les sites acides. Ces descripteurs ont été ensuite mis à profit pour modéliser les performances d’une vingtaine de catalyseurs dans une réaction complexe : la déshydrogénation du n-décane.

Background/Purpose: The 85+-year-old population – the “oldest old” – is now the fastest growing age segment in Canada. Although existing research demonstrates high health services utilization and prescribed medications in this population, little epidemiological evidence is available to guide care for this age group. Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of common health conditions and medication prescriptions in the “oldest old”. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all family practice patients aged ≥ 85 (N = 564; 209M:355F) at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto. Electronic medical records were reviewed for all current chronic conditions and medication prescriptions, and then stratified by sex and age subgroup (85–−89, 90–94, 95+) for descriptive analysis. Results: On average, patients experienced 6.4 concurrent chronic conditions and took 6.8 medications. Most conditions were related to cardiovascular (79%) and bone health (65%). Hypertension (65%) was the most common condition. Bone-related conditions (e.g., osteoarthritis, osteoporosis) and hypothyroidism predominantly affected women (p < .001), while coronary artery disease and T2DM were more prevalent in men (p < .05). The top two prescribed medications were Atorvastatin (33%) and ASA 81 mg (33%). Males were more likely to be prescribed lipid-lowering medications, while females were more likely to receive osteoporosis therapy (p < .001). Patients received less lipid-lowering therapy with increasing age (p < .001). Discussion & Conclusion: Multimorbidity and polypharmacy are highly prevalent in patients over 85. Most clinical concerns in this population relate to cardiovascular and bone health; medications predominantly treat risk factors. In the absence of epidemiological data to guide clinical decision-making, this study provides a first look at the common health concerns and medication profiles in this population., Background/Purpose: Although a serious public health concern, very little is known about the neurocognitive basis of suicidal behaviour in the elderly. Here we aimed at: 1) assessing alterations in cognitive inhibition in suicidal depressed elderly people, and 2) reviewing the literature on cognitive inhibition and decision-making in elderly suicidal behaviour. Methods: First, we compared 20 currently depressed patients, aged 65 and older, who had recently attempted suicide to 20 elderly subjects with a current depression but no personal history of suicide attempts and 20 elderly controls. Different aspects of cognitive inhibition were examined: access to relevant information (reading with distraction task), suppression of no longer relevant information (Trail Making Test, Rule Shift Cards), and restraint of cognitive resources to relevant information (Stroop Test, Hayling Sentence Completion Test, Go/No-Go task). Second, systematic MEDLINE literature search was performed on neurocognitive deficits in suicidal behaviour. References from our research group’s online database were also selected (http://www.bdsuicide.disten.com). Results: After adjustment for age, depression intensity, Mini-Mental Status Examination score, and speed of information processing, suicidal depressed elderly people showed significant impairments in all three domains of cognitive inhibition in comparison to the affective and healthy control groups. Moreover, the results of a meta-analysis study will also be presented. Discussion & Conclusion: Cognitive inhibition deficits and impaired decision-making appear to be part of a series of cognitive deficits and may impair the patient’s capacity to respond adequately to stressful situations, which could subsequently lead to an increased risk of suicidal behaviour during late-life depression. Suicide prevention interventions may be developed to specifically target cognitive impairment in depressed elderly people., Background/Purpose: Anticholinergic drugs may induce cognitive decline in older adults, but data are conflicting. One research challenge is ascertaining the effect of different exposure & outcome definitions on measures of association. Methods: Using baseline and 1-year follow-up data from 131 community patients aged 60+, we applied 4 measures of anticholinergic drug exposure (the Anticholinergic Drug Burden Index (DBI), ACB, ADS & ARS, and 4 definitions of cognitive decline (neuropsychological test raw change scores, the RCI, the standardized regression based change score (SRB), and the clinical diagnosis of a new mild neurocognitive disorder according to DSM-5 criteria). The frequency of classification for each patient and the number needed to harm (NNH) was calculated according to each exposure & outcome definition. The consistency of associations between drug exposure & cognitive decline was examined using logistic regression models for each definition. Results: The Anticholinergic DBI identified the smallest number of patients with an increase in anticholinergic exposure (n = 18) and the ACB identified the largest number (n = 23). The RCI identified cognitive decline in only 6 patients; 12 patients were diagnosed with a new mild neurocognitive disorder, 44 had changes in raw neuropsychological test scores, and 99 had changes on the SRB measure. The NNH ranged from 0–100. A significant association between increased anticholinergic drug exposure & cognitive decline was found in only one model that used the Anticholinergic DBI and the SRB measure of cognitive decline on the Trail B test (OR 2.2; 95% CI −1.1–8.06). Discussion & Conclusion: The choice of definition by which to classify drug exposure and cognitive decline has a significant effect on the results of causal association studies., Background/Purpose: Few studies in long-term care (LTC) have examined the feasibility and acceptability of knowledge translation (KT) programs. We conducted a qualitative evaluation of LTC professionals’ experience with a multifaceted, interdisciplinary KT intervention. Methods: We invited Medical Directors, Directors of Care (Nursing), and Consultant Pharmacists who participated in the Vitamin D and Osteoporosis Study (ViDOS), a randomized controlled trial conducted in 40 Ontario LTC homes (19 intervention, 21 control). ViDOS objectives were to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a KT model to increase the use of osteoporosis/fracture prevention strategies. Multifaceted components included: 3 webinar presentations by expert opinion leaders, audit & feedback, point-of-care tools, internal champions, and action planning for quality assurance. In this qualitative evaluation study, we conducted individual, semi-structured telephone interviews and analyzed transcripts using thematic framework analysis. Results: Overall, 4 Directors of Care, 7 Consultant Pharmacists, and 2 Medical Directors participated. Medical Directors were not included in group comparisons due to the limited sample size. Most respondents (10/13) attended all sessions and thought it was a valuable experience. The on-site involvement of an expert opinion leader was seen as most useful by all participant groups. Perceived utility of the other KT components varied by group: Directors of Care highly valued audit & feedback, whereas Consultant Pharmacists highly valued small-group learning and internally nominated champions. Common themes for improvement were ready-touse educational fact sheets and having expert opinion leaders attend in person or via video conference. Discussion & Conclusion: The ViDOS intervention was well-received by study participants we interviewed. Lessons learned in this study can inform future KT initiatives in LTC., Background/Purpose: Older men receiving ADT for prostate cancer have a 5–10 fold increased rate of bone loss and up to 20% fracture risk by 5 years of treatment. Guidelines exist for bone-loss management in this population, but adherence is poor. We assessed the knowledge and current practices regarding bone-loss management in a sample of Canadian prostate cancer (PC) specialists. Methods: Using Dillman’s tailored design method, a questionnaire was distributed to Canadian PC specialists through three major specialty organizations. Results: 156 PC specialists completed the questionnaire. Awareness of recommendations for frequency of repeat bone mineral density (BMD) scans (76.3%) and vitamin D use (70.3%) was relatively high, but lower for calcium intake (53.2%) and amount of weekly exercise (20.7%). A minority were aware of the true prevalence of osteoporosis in otherwise healthy 60-year-old males (27.3%), the risk of developing osteoporosis after 1 year of continuous ADT (37.8%), and the excess fracture risk after 5 years on ADT (14.7%). 34.4% of respondents reported routinely ordering BMD tests pre-ADT treatment and 36.6% ordered routine BMD tests after initiating ADT. Most reported routinely recommending exercise, calcium, and supplemental vitamin D. The most significant barriers to implementing the recommendations were lack of time to counsel patients and lack of supporting structures (e.g., patient education). Discussion & Conclusion: Participants were fairly knowledgeable regarding recommendations for managing bone loss in men on ADT. However, there were gaps in knowledge regarding risk of developing osteoporosis and in clinical surveillance and risk assessment. These findings suggest the need for knowledge translation strategies and tools to address this gap between evidence and clinical practice., Background/Purpose: An audit was conducted on the recorded reason for invasive treatments in older patients. According to the British Geriatric Society and NICE guidelines catheterisation and regular sedation should be avoided in elderly patients especially those with delirium. Additionally, many studies have been conducted showing a link between sedation and delirium. The aim of the study was to discern whether invasive treatments such as the use of catheters, cannulas, intravenous antibiotics, and the provision of sedatives is justified, as these procedures have associated risks including delirium. Methods: Data were collected data from three Geriatric Medicine wards, looking at the first 48 hours of care. Data were assembled on patient demographics, patient’s AMT score, invasive procedures conducted, and the reason for the procedure. The gold standard for this audit is that 100% of procedures are provided with a reason in the notes. Results: 72% of patients were Caucasians, the mean age 84.6 ± 8.0 (SD), and 50% of patients in the audit were classed as delirious. The findings show that 98% of invasive procedures were not clearly justified in the notes, regardless of whether the patient was suffering from delirium. 97% of cannulas inserted were not justified in the notes and was the most common invasive procedure. Discussion & Conclusion: These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that the majority of procedures will not have a clear justification in the notes. A justification column could be added in order to make doctors think twice about their reasoning for providing these treatments and thus prompt doctors to provide a reason for these invasive procedures., Background/ Purpose: The management of multimorbidity in the oldest old (aged ≥ 85) is recognized as one of the most pressing challenges facing clinicians. Given the increasing prevalence of T2DM in this population, a more precise understanding of the epidemiology of co-existing chronic illnesses is necessary to guide therapy. Objective: To characterize co-morbidity in T2DM patients aged ≥ 85 in primary care. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of family practice patients aged ≥ 85 at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto. Electronic medical records were reviewed for all chronic conditions. For all T2DM patients, each condition was coded as “concordant/discordant” with diabetic care (whether it is related to its pathophysiologic risk profile or management complications), “symptomatic/ asymptomatic” (whether it causes symptoms noticeable to the patient), and “clinically dominant/not dominant” (complex or serious enough to eclipse the management of all other health conditions). We recorded the total number of co-morbid conditions (other than diabetes) in each category for each patient. Results: T2DM patients comprised 16% (n = 91; 42M:49F) of all patients aged ≥ 85. On average, each patient experienced 6.8 co-morbid conditions other than diabetes (range: 2–16); patients generally had discordant and symptomatic co-morbidities (p < .001). 47% (n = 43) of our sample had at least one clinically dominant condition. Discussion & Conclusion: Co-morbidity is highly prevalent in very old type 2 diabetic patients. Most co-morbid chronic conditions are symptomatic and discordant with diabetes care. A significant proportion of these patients also suffer from clinically dominant conditions. In the absence of evidence-based care guidelines for this age group, it may be beneficial to focus therapy on the management of symptoms and functional limitations rather than aggressively pursuing risk factor modification., Background/Purpose: Men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer have low knowledge of osteoporosis (OP) and are engaging in few healthy bone behaviours (HBBs). A multi-component intervention was piloted in this population, and changes in OP knowledge, self-efficacy, health beliefs, and engagement in HBBs were evaluated. Methods: A pre–post pilot study was performed in a convenience sample of men recruited from the genitourinary clinics at Princess Margaret Hospital. Men were sent personalized letters explaining their dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) results and fracture risk assessment with an OP-related education booklet. Participants completed questionnaires assessing OP knowledge, self-efficacy, health beliefs, and current engagement in HBBs at baseline (T1) and 3 months post-intervention (T2). Paired t-tests and McNemar’s test were used to assess changes in outcomes. Results: A total of 148 men (median age 72) completed the study. There was an increase in OP knowledge (9.7 ± 4.3 to 11.4 ± 3.3, p < .0001) and feelings of susceptibility (16.5 ± 4.3 to 17.4 ± 4.7, p = .015), but a decrease in total self-efficacy (86.3 ± 22.9 to 81.0 ± 27.6, p = .007) from baseline to post-intervention. Men made appropriate changes in their overall daily calcium intake (p ≤ .001), and there was uptake of vitamin D supplementation from 44% (n = 65) to 68% (n = 99) (χ2 = 24.6, p < .0001). Men with bone loss (osteopenia or OP) had a greater change in susceptibility (1.9 ± 4.3 vs. −0.22 ± 4.2, p = .005) compared to men with normal bone density. Discussion & Conclusion: Our results provide preliminary evidence that a multi-component intervention such as the one described can lead to increased knowledge, feelings of susceptibility regarding OP, and uptake of some HBBs., Background/Purpose: Fitness-to-drive guidelines recommend employing the Trailmaking B test (a.k.a. Trails B), but do not provide guidance regarding cut-off scores. There is ongoing debate regarding the optimal cut-off score on the Trails B test. Objective: To address this controversy by systematically reviewing the evidence for specific Trails B cut-off scores (e.g., cut-offs in both time to completion and number of errors) with respect to fitness-to-drive. Methods: Systematic review of all prospective cohort, retrospective cohort, case-control, correlation, and cross-sectional studies reporting the ability of the Trails B to predict driving safety that were published in English-language, peer reviewed journals. Results: 47 articles were reviewed. None of the articles justified sample sizes via formal calculations. Cut-off scores reported based on research include: 90 seconds, 147 seconds, 180 seconds, and < 3 errors. Discussion & Conclusion: There is support for the previously published Trails B cut-offs of 3 minutes or 3 errors (the ‘3 or 3 rule’). Major methodological limitations of this body of research were uncovered including: 1) lack of justification of sample size leaving studies open to Type II error (i.e., false-negative findings), and 2) excessive focus on associations rather than clinically useful cut-off scores., Background/Purpose: The Geriatric Medicine (GM) academic half-day (AHD) at the University of Toronto is targeted to structured teaching of the CanMEDS roles. This seminar series must fulfill learners’ needs, GM program mandates, and the RCPSC standards for structured education. Given that the University of Toronto has the largest GM program in Canada, the aim is to produce a competency-based AHD framework that can be translated to other Canadian GM programs. Methods: The RCPSC CanMEDS framework for educational design was utilized. A literature review and a national needs assessment surveying the trainees were conducted. Subsequently, an audit and blueprint of the current AHD curriculum at the University of Toronto were completed. Those domains that were less emphasized were the focus of improvement. Suggestions were made through an educational consultation to improve the structured teaching. Results: The literature review found no publications related to a Canadian GM AHD curriculum. The needs assessment demonstrated satisfaction in training of all domains, but lesser satisfaction in three areas: the sciences of aging, ethical and legal issues, and formal teaching of the Manager role. The four most formally taught GM specific enabling competencies were Medical Expert 2.1, Manager 1.3, Scholar 3.2, and Medical Expert 3.1. An educational consultation provided practical suggestions for improvement. Discussion & Conclusion: The AHD at the University of Toronto is one example of structured teaching, but as a 2-year, weekly seminar series, GM residents invest a great amount of time in this formal education. Peer-reviewed educational tools are available to further enhance the AHD teaching. Improvements to meet the needs of the learner, program, and RCPSC are currently being implemented., Background/Purpose: Medication-related problems are common, costly, associated with poor outcomes, and are potentially preventable in older adults. Older adults with cognitive impairment are at higher risk of adverse drug reactions. The retirement home (RH) setting is a prime opportunity to intervene to screen for cognitive impairment and for medication review. Methods: This project is a two-phase project taking place in a RH setting. The first phase included resident chart review for diagnosis of dementia or MCI, then cognitive screening using the Dementia Quick Screen (Mini-Cog & animal fluency). Screen failure lead to full assessment. The second phase included an intervention with Medchecks by pharmacist using the anticholinergic load scale and the Ottawa Top Ten Tool (OTTT). OTTT was developed after a thorough review of the literature/available tools with subsequent geriatrician panel review for the Top 10 higher risk drug classes with practical recommendations. All were sent to the treating physician for review. 3-month follow-up was done to identify physician acceptance of recommendations. Barriers to acceptance will be reviewed. Results: 75 residents were included in study. Per chart, 45 had normal cognition so were included in the memory screen: 32 (71%) failed screening. Medchecks were done on 48 residents (16 with dementia). Total of 78 recommendations (range 0–5 & mean 1.6 per resident) were made. 11 (14%) anticholinergic-related, 11 (14%) OTTT-related, and 56(72%) were other pharmacist recommendations. 31(40%) recommendations were accepted by treating physician; 4 (5%) were rejected; 43 (55%) pending. Discussion & Conclusion: Cognitive screen and Med-checks using the new OTTT & anticholinergic load scale should be incorporated in RH setting to improve care of this aging population., Background/Purpose: The loss of muscle mass, sarcopenia, in older adults is an important marker of frailty due to the association with mobility decline, falls, fractures, and mortality. However, dynapenia, the loss of muscle strength, has been shown to manifest earlier than sarcopenia, and is more consistently associated with disability and mortality. It is unknown whether dynapenia is associated with early gait disturbances, specifically gait variability. Gait variability is a measure of gait regulation, and high gait variability has been proposed as an early marker of mobility decline and a predictor of falls. Therefore, our aim was to determine if dynapenia in community older adults is associated with poorer gait performance, specifically high gait variability. Methods: In 184 community-dwelling older adults (aged ≥ 75), muscle weakness was assessed by measuring the average grip strength in the dominant hand using a handheld dynamometer. Gait variables were assessed under “usual” and “fast” pace conditions using an electronic walkway. Relative risk analysis evaluated the association of muscle weakness to each of the gait parameters. Results: Older male adults in the lowest quartile of grip strength (< 20.67 kg) had slower gait velocity [mean %CoV (SD) = 82.93 (34.51)] [RR (95% CI) = 1.53(0.58,4.06)], and increased stride time variability [mean %CoV (SD) = 5.81(1.94)] [RR (95%CI) = 1.71(0.82,3.57)], then those in the highest quartile of grip strength (≥ 32.33 kg). Results were similar in female participants. Discussion & Conclusion: Our findings have interesting clinical implications because muscle strength assessments can be used in the clinic as an early screening tool to detect those with high gait instability, risk of falls, and mobility decline., Background/Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the integration of two non-intrusive approaches to monitoring home care clients’ activity level, along with access to best practice guidelines for clinicians at the point of care. A prototype Remote Activity Monitoring and Guidelines System has been developed that uses a GPS-equipped Blackberry to monitor an elderly client’s mobility outside the home. The System includes a pressure-sensitive mat that is placed under a regular bed mattress and can monitor sleep disturbances, and how long it takes to enter and exit the bed. Methods: A proxy client who is over the age of 65 with chronic health issues was invited to carry a Blackberry and to use a pressure sensitive mat to collect data about the client’s physical activity. After a period of 7 days, 4 different nurses made home visits to the proxy client, where a research member observed clinicians interacting with the prototype System in the client’s home. Results: The findings indicated the value of the mobility-related data to gerontological clinicians when they plan care to address the aging needs of their home care clients. The results also suggested the usefulness and placement of the Best Practice Guidelines in the electronic user interface. The observational data generated information about the clinicians’ needs and interaction with the prototype in actual home care setting. Discussion & Conclusion: This study provides important implications about the value of remote monitoring technology in providing clinical support to assist gerontological clinicians’ decision-making process when planning care for seniors in home care settings., Background/Purpose: Receiving rehabilitation enables geriatric patients to regain their function prior to return home. However, long waiting times associated with access to rehabilitation are detrimental to the quality of care for geriatric patients. Methods: Geriatrics consults at the Royal Victoria Hospital and the Montreal General Hospital for 1 year were examined. Relevant information in the consultations was extracted. OACIS was consulted to determine the date of discharge to rehabilitation or home and the number of medications prescribed. The admission/discharge logbooks of the Geriatrics Units were also examined to determine the date of transfer to these units. Statistical analysis was performed on these data using SPSS. A survey of geriatric health professionals determined the reasonable waiting time. Results: The mean waiting time was 11.4 days for outside rehabilitation or home and 4.3 days for the Geriatrics Units. A theoretical reasonable waiting time of 48 hours was defined from a survey of health professionals. Only 7.5% of patients were admitted within this theoretical time frame to outside facilities or home and 44% to a Geriatrics Unit. We didn’t find any patient characteristics (age and number of medications) that contributed to explain the waiting time for rehabilitation. Discussion & Conclusion: This study documents the long waiting time for patients who were recommended for rehabilitation by the Geriatric Consultation Team. The percentage of patients whose waiting time was lower or equal to the reasonable waiting time set by geriatrics health professionals was quite low. However, the waiting times for the Geriatrics Units were significantly lower than those for outside facilities or home. Discharging efficiently to rehabilitation could decrease length of stay and improve patient turnover., Background/Purpose: Hip fracture is the leading cause of transfer to acute care for long-term care (LTC) residents. Osteoporosis and falls put LTC residents at a high risk for fractures that lead to pain, loss of mobility, heavy costs to patients their families and to the health-care system, and increased mortality. Effective prevention includes pharmaceutical and non-pharmacological interventions to decrease fractures. Methods: We conducted a pilot telephone survey of LTC residents’ family members to inform investigators who are adapting the 2010 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis for use in LTC. The 10 questions addressed awareness of and preference for falls and fracture prevention interventions available in LTC. Data were analyzed using frequency counts for closed-ended questions and Thematic Framework Analysis for the open-ended ones. Results: 91% of the 11 respondents supported osteoporosis medication use if indicated, while expressing concerns about potential side effects and polypharmacy issues. All respondents supported Vitamin D supplements without any concerns; 82% supported calcium + vitamin D use, but worried about swallowing difficulties. Participants felt pain prevention and preserving quality of life were among the most important outcomes for their family members, and extending life was among the least important outcomes. Discussion & Conclusion: Results from this pilot survey indicate family members support pharmaceutical interventions, per recommendations in the 2010 Clinical Practice Guidelines for reducing the risk of fractures and falls in LTC residents. Many of them believe pain prevention and quality of life are more important than extending life, which should be considered in guideline development for this population., Background/Purpose: Inappropriate prescribing in the elderly population is associated with adverse drug events and increased hospitalization, ultimately reducing quality of life and increasing mortality rates. The aim was to measure the prevalence of inappropriate prescribing in elderly patients with dementia at Ayrfield Medical Practice in Kilkenny, Ireland. The 2012 Beers Criteria was the standard used for comparison. The Beers Criteria was developed to improve the quality of care for elderly patients and provide physicians with a guideline for safe prescribing. Methods: Medical charts of 80 patients ≥ 65 years old with documented dementia at a primary care centre were studied. The range of age was between 65 and 98 years of age, the mean age was 83.5 years (± SD 9.3). Of the patients studied, 67.5% were female. Patients’ current diagnoses and medications were documented and the Beers Criteria was applied to measure the prevalence of inappropriate prescribing. Results: The mean number of diagnoses per patient was 3.3 (± SD 1.8) and the mean number of medications prescribed per patient was 9.3, ranging from 0–22. Beer’s criteria identified a total of 129 inappropriate medications in 72.5% (58) of patients. Medications with strong anticholinergic properties (antidepressants, antihistamines, anti-parkinson agents, skeletal muscle relaxants, antipsychotics, antimuscarinics, and antispasmodics) accounted for the majority of inappropriate medications and were prescribed to 66.3% (53) of patients. Discussion & Conclusion: Potentially inappropriate drug prescribing is widespread among elderly patients. Regular review of medications by a primary care team and cessation of inappropriate medications should be incorporated into intervention strategies to reduce the number of inappropriately prescribed medications and associated adverse outcomes., Background/Purpose: Medication-related adverse events are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the geriatric population. With the percentage of Canadians over age 65 expected to double within the next 20 years, educating medical trainees about appropriate prescribing of medications for geriatric patients is becoming increasingly important. Using the internal medicine teaching ward, this study explored the teaching discussions that occur with respect to prescribing, and the use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs). Methods: Four admission histories for elderly patients were scripted to include learning opportunities regarding geriatric prescribing. A simulated student orally presented 1–3 admission histories to each of 24 internal medicine ward attending physicians (12 geriatricians and 12 internists) who were instructed to respond as they normally would during morning rounds. Semi-structured interviews following the case discussions explored how attending physicians chose the topics they talked about. Transcribed audio-recordings of 66 case review discussions were analyzed using template and inductive analysis for teaching scripts pertaining to PIMs. Results: Twenty of 24 interviews involving the review of 54 patient cases have been completed. Geriatrician and non-geriatrician attendings varied in terms of their degree of uptake of the geriatric prescribing teaching and learning opportunities built into the cases. Preliminary analysis of 20 completed interviews will be presented. Discussion & Conclusion: Teaching about geriatric prescribing and PIMs on the internal medicine clinical teaching wards can play a crucial role for the care of geriatric patients. Our study is the first to examine the teaching discussions around the prescription of medications for older adults in the context of the general medicine ward., Background/Purpose: Children born to mothers of advanced or adolescent ages face increased risk for multiple health problems. In this study, we investigated whether individuals born to mothers of these ages were more likely to experience frailty later in life. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of the Health and Retirement Survey, including 3,080 Americans age 50+ (mean = 58.2 ± 5.5 years, 54% women) for whom maternal age data were collected. Frailty was assessed using a 33-item frailty index; participants with scores 0.25 were considered frail. Maternal age at participants’ time of birth was categorized as older (35 years) or younger (< 20 years), compared to a reference group (20–34 years). Results: Mean maternal age was 22.7 ± 6.5 years. After controlling for participants’ age, gender, and education level, being born to an older mother was associated with higher risk for frailty compared to the reference group (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.05–2.48), as was being born to a younger mother (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.15–1.71). When maternal education level was added to the regression model, being born to an older mother was no longer associated with higher risk for frailty (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 0.98–2.34), but being born to a younger mother remained associated with higher risk, at a similar level (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.15–1.72). Discussion & Conclusion: Among middle-aged and older Americans, being born to an older mother is not associated with greater risk for frailty once maternal education is taken into account. However, being born to an adolescent mother is associated with higher risk for frailty later in life, regardless of maternal education level., Background/Purpose: Social vulnerability has been shown to be associated with mortality in Canadian populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether social vulnerability can predict mortality in middle-aged and older Europeans, after considering frailty. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the first wave of SHARE (Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe), which began in 2004 and included a probability-based sample of non-institutionalized participants aged 50+ from 11 European countries. We used the deficit accumulation approach to create a frailty index and a social vulnerability index. The frailty index included 70 health deficits from the physical health, behavioural risks, cognitive function, and mental health sections of the main questionnaire. The social vulnerability index included 29 social factors from the drop-off questionnaire. For each index, an individual’s score reflects the proportion of deficits present out of the total possible deficits. Results: 18,289 participants were included in the analysis (age 65.0 ± 9.67, 45.9% male). The mean frailty index score was 0.15 ± 0.11 and the mean social vulnerability index score was 0.32 ± 0.09. Social vulnerability significantly predicted 5-year mortality when controlling for age and sex (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.33, confidence interval 1.25–1.42, p < .001). This association remained significant when additionally controlling for frailty (adj. HR = 1.09, CI 1.01–1.17, p = .02). Discussion & Conclusion: Similarly to Canadian populations, social vulnerability appears to be an important component for mortality risk stratification in middle-aged and older Europeans. Future investigations are needed to focus on the clinical implications of social vulnerability in older patients., Background/Purpose: The relationship between increased arterial stiffness and cardiovascular mortality is well-established in older adults. Short-term vigorous exercise interventions have been shown to reduce arterial stiffness in older adults with T2DM. We examined whether training type (aerobic training versus strength training) influences the improvement in arterial compliance in older adults with Type 2 diabetes complicated by co-morbid hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Methods: A total of 45 older adults (mean age 72.3 ± 0.7 years) with diet-controlled or oral hypoglycemic-controlled T2DM, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were recruited. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: an aerobic group (6 months vigorous aerobic exercise, AT group, n = 20), a strength training group (6 months strength training, ST group, n = 15), and a control group (no training, C group, n = 10). Exercise sessions were supervised by a certified exercise trainer three times per week. Arterial stiffness was measured as pulse-wave velocity (PWV) using the Complior device. Results: There was a significant difference in the response to training (group × time) between the AT and NA groups for both radial (p = .011) and femoral (p = .017) PWV. This was primarily due to an improvement in the AT group after 3 months training as compared to control (p < .001 radial PWV; p < .001 femoral PWV), that was not maintained at the 6-month mark for either radial or femoral PWV. Discussion & Conclusion: Our findings indicate that in older adults with T2DM, long-term strength training resulted in no improvement in measures of arterial stiffness, while aerobic exercise resulted in short-term improvements in arterial stiffness that became attenuated over the long term., Background/Purpose: Our program aims to provide physicians with Enhanced Skills in Care of the Elderly training. The program has undergone significant educational changes in the last year. Methods: The COE Program was established at the University of Alberta in 1993. To date, 51 residents have completed the program. Program description: 6 months to 1 year Enhanced Skills Diploma Program with core program requirements including geriatric inpatient, geriatric psychiatry, ambulatory, continuing care, and outreach. There is a longitudinal clinic component and a research project requirement. The program is designed to cover 85 core competencies encompassing the CanMEDS-Family Medicine Roles. Results: With the increased complexity of the frail elderly we are expanding the program to a 1-year program for the majority of residents, with an exit exam upon completion. This exit exam is comprised of MCQ and geriatric assessment observation with patient encounter. We have been able to increase our positions to four 1-year positions from four 6-month positions. With the increase of the program to 1 year, we have added new rotations in Palliative Care and significantly developed the community experience with rotations in Continuing Care which includes Supportive Living and a Home Living rotation. We have also introduced the electronic Competency Based Achievement System to give formative feedback to our residents. Discussion & Conclusion: There is a need for Care of the Elderly physicians to provide clinical care, as well as educational, administrative, and research roles to meet the health-care needs of medically complex seniors. We have made changes to our program to prepare residents for these roles., Background/Purpose: Post-operative delirium is associated with pain but also from the use of analgesics. Gabapentin has an opioid sparing effect and reduces pain in the acute post-operative period. The study objective was to determine the treatment effect of perioperative gabapentin on the incidence of post-operative delirium among elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. Methods: 161 patients with American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) physical status class I–III scheduled for elective total knee arthroplasty at an orthopedic centre were randomized to receive gabapentin 200 mg (n = 83) or placebo (n = 78) before surgery and up to 3 days post-operatively. Incident delirium in the post-operative period was determined by a validated chart abstraction tool. A subset of charts was abstracted by two independent reviewers to determine inter-rater reliability. Data abstractors and patients were blinded to the study drug allocation. Results: Inter–rater agreement was good (κ = 0.83). Baseline characteristics, co-morbidities, type of anesthesia and analgesia, and previous exposure to gabapentin between the 2 groups were similar. Incident delirium in gabapentin (12%) and placebo (9%) groups was not significantly different (p = .53; absolute risk reduction −3.1%, 95% CI −12.5 to 6.4%). The mean duration of delirium in both groups was 1 day. Discussion & Conclusion: Perioperative gabapentin was not effective for the prevention of post-operative delirium in elective TKA patients nor did gabapentin have an effect on delirium duration., Background/Purpose: The objectives are: to describe factors associated with multi-morbidity in community-dwelling older adults; and to determine if a simple measure of multi-morbidity predicts death over 5 years. Methods: Analysis of an existing population-based cohort study. Population: 1751 community-dwelling adults, aged 65+, were interviewed and followed over 5 years. Measures: Age, gender, marital status, living arrangement, and education were all self-reported; the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression (CES-D), and the Older Americans Resource Survey (OARS). The measure of multi-morbidity was a simple list of common health complaints and diseases, followed by an open-ended question of other problems. These were summed and the score ranged from 0 to 16. Death and time of death were determined over the 5-year interval by death certificate, administrative data, and proxy report. Analysis: Cox proportional hazards models were constructed for time to death. Results: Multi-morbidity was more prevalent in women, older age groups, those with lower education levels, lower MMSE scores, more depressive symptoms, and higher levels of disability. Multi-morbidity was a strong predictor of mortality in unadjusted models—the Hazard Ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 1.09 (1.05, 1.12). In models adjusting for age, gender, education, marital status, living arrangement, the CES-D, and the MMSE, this effect persisted: the HR and 95% CI was 1.04 (1.00, 1.08). However, after adjusting for functional status, the effect of multi-morbidity was no longer significant. Discussion & Conclusion: Multi-morbidity strongly predicts 5-year mortality, and the effect may be mediated by disability. The cumulative effect of health problems, however minor, is associated with poor outcomes. Guidelines and clinical care models must consider multi-morbidity., Background/Purpose: Older patients often pose a challenge to physicians who must determine which patients are good candidates for invasive cardiac procedures, a decision often left to clinical gestalt. The concept of frailty, a multidimensional approach to stratify older patients by physiology and function rather than age, has been associated with poor outcomes. However, due to the lack of consensus on significant measures and the increased time and personnel required, routine frailty assessments are not often used. Methods: A retrospective chart review was completed on 171 consecutive patients over the age of 85 who underwent PCI between 2007 and 2010. Four outcomes were evaluated: major adverse cardiac event, in-hospital death, increase in creatinine by > 25%, or any in-hospital complication. Sixteen demographic, clinical and frailty variables were studied. Results: The univariate analysis, using chi square for categorical and t-test for continuous variables, found that patients presenting with cardiogenic shock or urgent PCI had an increased risk for each of the four outcomes. A logistic regression with the outcome “any in-hospital complication”, found that the “inability to walk without an aid or assistance” (OR 3.9 (95% CI 1.8, 8.5)) was associated with in-hospital complications. Discussion & Conclusion: Our study found that patients over the age of 85, who were unable to walk without an aid or assistance, were 3.9 times more likely to have a post-PCI in-hospital complication. Asking a patient this simple question about their mobility is both quick and straightforward. A larger prospective study will need to assess whether this type of question could be used as a bedside screening tool to predict poor outcomes in older adults undergoing PCI., Background/Purpose: There is paucity of information concerning the epidemiology of multimorbidity in the frail elderly in Alberta. Four rehabilitation wards at a Rehabilitation Hospital have collected data from 2003–2012 for each admission. The de-identified data include ICD-10 diagnosis codes, length of stay (LOS), admission and discharge dates, admission and discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores, and age of patients. The objective is to begin analyzing and characterizing multi-morbidity in the geriatric population of Alberta. Methods: Data for 2010–12 were separated. A list of all present ICD-10 codes was formed. ICD-10 codes were put into diagnosis groups, which were then counted. The number of ICD-10 codes per patient was counted. The rate of FIM change (FIM efficiency) was calculated according to the equation: (Discharge FIM-Admission FIM)/Length of Stay). Regression analysis was performed to compare the relatedness between FIM Efficiency and Admit FIM, Length of Stay, and Number of Diagnosis Codes. Results: Initial analysis of codes of interest showed that 0% of this geriatric population had a code for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, or urinary tract infection. Regression analysis revealed that Admission FIM and LOS are significant with FIM Efficiency, but Number of Diagnosis Codes is not. Discussion & Conclusion: The ICD-10 codes do not reflect expected prevalence for major chronic diseases. This may be a result of codes forming a present problem/treatment list, rather than a list of all diagnoses. There is a need for another study to fully describe the epidemiology of multi-morbidity in this population., Background/Purpose: Wounds, such as diabetic, venous ulcers, pressure ulcers, and surgical wounds, present a significant economic burden on health-care systems. High-quality cost-effectiveness evidence may play a role in considering resource allocation. We conducted a systematic review of cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) of wound care interventions to evaluate the methodological quality and cost-effectiveness of this evidence-base. Methods: Potentially relevant material was identified through searching MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria included CEAs assessing any type of intervention for treating wounds in adults. Two reviewers independently screened search results and abstracted data from relevant articles in duplicate. The methodological quality of the included CEAs was appraised using the Drummond tool. Results: 6199 titles and abstracts and 421 full-text articles were screened for inclusion. Of these, 35 CEAs (including 12 cost-utility analyses) were included. The majority of the included CEAs (69%) focused on elderly patients. Only 12 CEAs were deemed to be high-quality (including one from Canada). Seven high-quality CEAs found the following interventions were cost-effective: pentoxifylline plus usual care versus standard compression with external treatment, 4-layer high-compression bandages versus short-stretch high-compression bandages, multi-disciplinary community wound care teams versus usual nursing care, hyperbaric oxygen therapy plus standard care versus standard care alone, becaplermin gel containing recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor plus standard care versus usual wound care alone, and ertapenem versus piperacillin/tazobactam. Discussion & Conclusion: We identified a large research gap in CEAs of wound care interventions, and the quality of the evidence is limited., Background/Purpose: Older adults have multiple chronic health and social conditions, requiring expertise from different health-care professionals. With the proportion of older adults increasing, it’s important for these professionals to work together effectively. Interprofessional education (IPE) (when two or more professionals learn with, from, and about each other to improve collaboration and quality of care) has been incorporated into policy, systems, and curricula globally. However, the impact of IPE remains unclear. An updated systematic review was performed to assess the effectiveness of IPE interventions on professional practice and health outcomes. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane EPOC Register from 2007 to 2010. Additional articles were identified through reference lists and discussion with experts. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before and after (CBA), and interrupted time series (ITS) studies of IPE interventions reporting objectively measured or self-reported (validated instrument) patient and/or health-care process outcomes were included. Two reviewers independently assessed potential study eligibility, performed data abstraction, and quality assessments. Results: Three studies met inclusion criteria. The CBA study reported improvements in presurgical procedure briefings and teamwork behaviours in the operating room of a community hospital. One RCT showed mixed results with no change in adverse patient outcomes, but a reduction in process outcomes (time from decision to perform a caesarean section to incision) in a labour and delivery team. Another RCT did not demonstrate an impact on primary care management of asthma. Discussion & Conclusion: Although studies suggest some positive impact, the difficulty of drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of IPE remains. Due to the heterogeneous and small number of studies with methodological limitations, further rigorous study designs are warranted., Background/Purpose: Cognitive impairment can affect driving performance among older drivers. The objective of this study was to examine the association between selected cognitive measures and self-reported driving comfort, abilities, and behaviours. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the first year of the Candrive II prospective cohort study, a 5-year longitudinal study of healthy drivers aged 70+ from seven Canadian cities. Cognitive assessment tools included: the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Trail Making Tests, parts A and B. Driver perceptions were assessed using the Day and Night Driving Comfort scales and the Perceived Driving Abilities scale, while driving practices were captured by the Situational Driving Frequency and Avoidance scales and the Driving Habits and Intentions Questionnaire. Results: A total of 928 drivers, 62.2% male, with a mean age of 76.2 ± 4.8, were recruited. Univariate regression analyses revealed that the times to complete Trails A and B were modestly associated with self-reported driving avoidance, day and night driving comfort, and perceived driving abilities (p < .05). The association persisted after adjusting for age and sex, as well as variables pertaining to health, vision, mood, and physical functioning. Neither MoCA total score nor errors on Trails A and B were associated with any of the self-reported driving variables (p >.05). Discussion & Conclusion: Time to complete Trails A and B was statistically significant, but only modest predictors of self-reported driving comfort, abilities, and behaviours in this cross-sectional analysis. Results from the prospective follow-up of this cohort of older drivers will help clarify the relationship between cognitive performance and self-reported driver perceptions and driving restrictions., Background/Purpose: Hospital malnutrition is prevalent in elderly and contributes to loss of functional status, increases morbidity, mortality, length of stay and cost of care. Nutritional interventions improves outcomes in hospitalized elderly. Systematic service of diet based solely on age is not customary in adult acute care settings. Methods: As part of the OPTIMAH approach of care, we analyzed the protein and caloric content of every available diet at the Montreal University Hospital and compared it to metabolic requirements of hospitalized elders (75 yrs). Results: Most diets did not meet increased metabolic needs of the hospitalized elder population. Thus, we elaborated a menu that fulfills nutritional requirements and preferences of elders. New enrichment processes were developed to minimize cost. We modified the distribution process to ensure automatic serving of the OPTIMAH diet to this population. Nutritionists, diet technicians, and nurses on ward received a short training to inform them of the new diet and process of distribution. Nurses and physicians were sensitized to avoid prescribing restricted diets unless part of immediate essential medical treatment. Six months after the availability of the OPTIMAH diet throughout the 3 sites of the Montreal University Hospital, 74% of elder hospitalized patients were receiving this adapted diet. Discussion & Conclusion: The new OPTIMAH diet more closely fulfills the metabolic needs of elders in acute care. It is the first step to prevent in-hospital malnutrition. Adult acute care services should, like pediatric health services, offer adapted diets according to age. Government norms and correspondent financing should be readjusted to meet elders’ metabolic requirements to prevent costly complications related to hospital-acquired malnutrition., Background/Purpose: Education is an important component of dementia treatment for patients and their support networks. To compliment recommending education available from the Alzheimer Society of Canada, practical booklets were developed to improve the written educational material available regarding dementia. Methods: Hobbs, Hurley and Rhynold wrote three booklets: An Introduction to Dementia, The Dementia Compass, and Later in the Dementia Journey. Dougan designed an eye-catching theme to appeal to a wide audience. These booklets have been piloted in the Horizon Health Network, New Brunswick. A satisfaction survey was given to 25 patients and/or caregivers attending the Geriatric Medicine Ambulatory clinics at St. Joseph’s Hospital in Saint John, NB at follow-up appointments. Email feedback was also solicited. Results: As of September 2012, six sites in New Brunswick have ordered a total of 4151 booklets. Survey results averaged > 9/10 on the visual analog scale with a score of 10 indicating “very helpful”. Email feedback was positive with some suggestions for improvements. By survey, clinic attendees often indicated they were not interested in reading the material online. Discussion & Conclusion: Future directions: The writing team has always made the free distribution of these booklets their priority. Now that these booklets are available, the focus has shifted to increase distribution through written and online versions., Background/Purpose: Osteoporosis Canada’s Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Osteoporosis (OCG) provide guidance for the management of individuals 50 years and older at risk for fractures. However, OCG cannot benefit long-term care (LTC) residents if physicians perceive barriers to their application. Our objectives are to explore current practices to fracture risk assessment by LTC physicians, and describe barriers to applying OCG for fracture assessment and prevention in LTC. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with the Ontario Long-Term Care Physicians Association using an online questionnaire. Closed-ended responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic framework analysis for open-ended responses. Results: We contacted 347 LTC physicians; 88 submitted completed surveys (81% men, mean age 60 years (SD 11), average 32 [SD 11] years in practice). 87% of LTC physicians considered the prevention of fragility fractures important, but a minority (34%) reported using validated fracture risk assessment tools, while 33% did not use any. Clinical risk factors recommended by OCG for assessing fracture risk considered applicable included: glucocorticoid use (99%), fall history (93%), age (92%), and fracture history (90%). Recommended clinical measurements considered applicable included: weight (84%), TSH (78%), creatinine (73%), height (61%), and Get-Up-and-Go (60%). Perceived barriers to assessing fracture risk included difficulty acquiring necessary information (35%) due to lack of access to tests (bone mineral density, X-rays) or obtaining medical history; resource constraints (30%); and a sentiment that assessing fracture risk is futile in this population because of short life expectancy and polypharmacy (28%). Discussion & Conclusion: These findings highlight the necessity to adapt the OC guidelines so they are evidence-based and applicable to LTC, and to disseminate them to LTC physicians., Background/Purpose: We conducted a systematic review examining the comparative safety and efficacy of cognitive enhancers for patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Numerous outcomes to assess AD were identified but selecting optimal ones for inclusion in our systematic review remained unclear. We compiled the identified outcomes and surveyed decision-makers to identify relevant outcome measures for inclusion in our systematic review. Methods: A systematic review was conducted on cognitive enhancers for AD by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Subsequently, two reviewers independently abstracted outcome measures used to assess cognition, function, behaviour, and global status. The identified outcome measures were compiled and sent to 36 clinicians (geriatricians from the Divisions of Geriatric Medicine at the University of Toronto and McMaster University) and 17 health policy-makers (from Health Canada) using FluidSurvey. Participants voted on the utility of 72 cognition measures, 29 function measures, 13 behavioural measures, and 12 global status measures using a 7-point Likert scale ranging from not important to most important. The scores for each scale were averaged to obtain a rating per scale. Results: 60% of invitees completed the survey. The average ratings per scale ranged from 6.50 to 2.97. The top-rated scale for cognition was the Trail Making test (average score 5.80), for function was the Activities of Daily Living (6.50), for behaviour was the Brief Neuropsychiatric Inventory (5.53), and for global status was the Clinician Interview-based Impressions of Change plus Caregiver Input (6.10). These results were used to inform data abstraction for our systematic review. Discussion & Conclusion: Our results can inform clinicians and researchers about relevant outcomes to assess patients with AD., Background/Purpose: In Canada, cognitive enhancers such as donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine have been approved for use in AD. Our objective was to examine the comparative efficacy and safety of these agents through network meta-analysis (NMA). NMA is an extension of traditional meta-analysis, and covers both indirect treatment comparison and mixed treatment comparison. Methods: Experimental and observational studies were identified through searching electronic databases (e.g., MEDLINE, AgeLine) from inception to 2011. Studies reporting on adverse events, cognition (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale – cognitive subscale [ADAS-cog]), function, behaviour or global status were included. Reviewers independently screened search results and abstracted data from relevant articles in duplicate. Methodological quality was appraised using the Cochrane Risk of Bias for experimental studies and the Newcastle Ottawa scale for observational studies. Random effects and network meta-analyses were conducted. Results: A total of 132 randomized controlled trials, 4 non-randomized clinical trials, 2 controlled before-after studies, and 44 cohort studies were included after screening 15,676 titles and abstracts and 964 full-text articles. Preliminary results from the NMA indicate the following drugs performed better than others on cognition as per the ADAS-cog scale (listed in descending order): donepezil 10 mg, donepezil 5 mg, galantamine 16–24 mg, and memantine 20 mg. For nausea, use of the following drugs resulted in lower proportions of patients experiencing nausea (listed in descending order): memantine 20 mg, rivastigmine patch 9.5 mg, placebo, and donepezil 5 mg. Discussion & Conclusion: Donepezil 5–10 mg was most effective at improving cognition for patients with AD. The cognitive enhancer with the lowest risk of nausea was memantine 20 mg. These results can be used by patients and clinicians to tailor their AD treatment by specific cognitive enhancers., Background/Purpose: Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) suffer from memory problems without significant limitations in activities of daily living (ADL). Cognitive enhancers are used to treat dementia, but their effectiveness for MCI is unclear. We conducted a systematic review to examine the comparative efficacy and safety of cognitive enhancers for patients with MCI. Methods: Experimental studies were identified through searching electronic databases (e.g., MEDLINE, EMBASE). Studies examining cognitive enhancers in MCI and reporting on adverse events, cognition (Mini-Mental State Exam [MMSE], Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale – cognitive subscale [ADAS-cog]) or function (Alzheimer’s disease cooperative study: ADL inventory [ADCS-ADL]) were included. Two reviewers independently screened search results, abstracted data, and appraised risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted. Results: Nine randomized controlled trials were included after screening 15,676 titles and abstracts and 964 full-text articles. No significant findings were observed for impact on cognition (MMSE: 3 RCTs, mean difference [MD] 0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.22, 0.50, ADAS-cog 5 RCTs, MD −0.52, 95% CI −1.09, 0.06), although there was a trend towards favouring cognitive enhancers. Similarly, function was not significantly impacted (ADCS-ADL, 2 RCTs, MD 0.30, 95% CI −0.26, 0.86) and no trend was observed. Cognitive enhancers were associated with a higher risk of nausea (5 RCTs, relative risk [RR] 2.95, 95% CI 2.48, 3.52), diarrhea (5 RCTs, RR 2.71, 95% CI 1.90, 3.85), and vomiting (3 RCTs, RR 4.40, 95% CI 3.21, 6.03). Discussion & Conclusion: Cognitive enhancers did not improve cognition or function among patients with MCI and were associated with a greater risk of nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting., Background/Purpose: Venlafaxine is a commonly prescribed antidepressant, but it is unknown whether its noradrenergic effects impart an increased cardiovascular risk. Objective: To examine the cardiac safety of venlafaxine relative to sertraline in older patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative health-care databases in Ontario, Canada. We included all patients aged 66 years or older who commenced treatment with either venlafaxine or sertraline between April 1, 2000 and March 31, 2009. We used inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) with the propensity score to account for observed systematic differences between the two treatment groups. The primary outcome was a composite of death or hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction or congestive heart failure within the first year of therapy. In secondary analyses, each outcome was examined separately. Results: We studied 48,876 patients initiated on venlafaxine and 41,238 patients initiated on sertraline. Of these, 4259 (8.7%) and 3459 (8.4%) experienced the primary outcome, respectively. We found no significant difference in the risk of adverse cardiac events with venlafaxine relative to sertraline (hazard ratio 0.97; 95% confidence interval 0.94 to 1.02). Secondary analyses revealed no differences in the risk of death or acute myocardial infarction between the two drugs, but the risk of heart failure was unexpectedly lower among patients treated with venlafaxine (hazard ratio 0.87; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.95). We found consistent results after stratification according to pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Discussion & Conclusion: As compared with sertraline, venlafaxine is not associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiac events in older patients., Background/Purpose: Frequent users of emergency departments, clinics and hospitals utilize a disproportionately large amount of health-care resources, thereby reducing efficiency and decreasing overall quality of care. As such, efforts have been made to implement quality improvement (QI) strategies targeting this population. Our systematic review aims to identify effective care coordination QI strategies for frequent users. Methods: We searched multiple databases (e.g., Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE) from earliest date to March 2012. Additional citations were identified by scanning the reference lists of included studies. Citations and full-text articles were screened by two independent reviewers and relevant studies were abstracted and appraised for quality in duplicate using the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care tool. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted using data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Results: We screened 9564 citations and 132 full-text articles resulting in the inclusion of 44 relevant studies, including 36 RCTs. The three most commonly examined QI strategies were case management, self-management, and team changes. Nineteen studies included only patients with mental illness, while 25 included patients with other chronic illnesses. Our overall meta-analyses identified that QI strategies were effective in reducing the mean length of stay in all patients. In studies including patients with chronic illness, QI strategies effectively reduced the number of patients with emergency visits and the number hospitalized. QI strategies did not significantly reduce clinic visits or the number of patients hospitalized in studies including patients with mental illness. Discussion & Conclusion: QI strategies can reduce utilization in patients with chronic conditions. However, patients with mental illness may be more difficult to target with these QI strategies., Background/Purpose: Acute and chronic wounds result in substantial costs to our health-care system and significantly impact quality of life. Although a number of interventions are available to treat wounds, optimal strategies for wound care remain unclear. Our objective was to identify effective wound care interventions from high-quality systematic reviews in the literature. Methods: A search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. Citations and full-text articles were screened in duplicate to include systematic reviews of adult patients receiving wound care. Two reviewers independently abstracted study characteristic and outcome data from the included reviews and appraised review quality using the AMSTAR tool. Results: From the 6199 titles and abstracts and 421 full-texts screened for inclusion, 110 systematic reviews were included. Fifty-seven reviews included meta-analyses and approximately 40% were rated as high-quality. From the highest quality meta-analyses, we identified a number of effective interventions across 5 wound types: 2-layer stockings, high-compression stockings, 4-layer bandages, elastic bandages, multi-layer high-compression, elastic high-compression, Pentoxifylline with or without compression, Cadexomer iodine, and engineered skin in patients with leg ulcers; air-fluidized beds, foam mattresses, hydrocolloid dressing, nutritional support and electrotherapy for pressure ulcers; granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, hydrogel dressing, hyaluronic acid, low-frequency/high-frequency ultrasound, and skin grafts for patients with diabetic ulcers; skin grafts and silver dressing for mixed chronic wounds; and honey for patients with burns. Discussion & Conclusion: Our results can be used by clinicians and patients to tailor treatment by wound type. Further analysis of this data through network; meta-analysis will be of utility to decision makers, as it will allow ranking of the effectiveness of all wound care interventions in the literature., Background/Purpose: Osteoporosis affects over 200 million people worldwide at a high cost to health care. Guidelines are available, but many patients are not receiving appropriate care. We developed an osteoporosis knowledge translation (Op-KT) tool to support clinical decision making: a tablet-initiated risk assessment questionnaire (RAQ), which generates best practice recommendations for physicians; and a customized education sheet for patients. We evaluated its impact on the initiation of appropriate osteoporosis disease management in primary care. Methods: Following an implementation plan in 3 family practices in Hamilton, Ontario that included workflow analysis, the Op-KT tool was evaluated using an interrupted time series design. This involved multiple assessments 12 months before (baseline) and 12 months after introducing the tool. Analysis included segmented linear regression models and analysis of variance. Results: Five family physicians from 3 practices participated; 2840 patients (mean age 67 years; 79% women) were eligible (31% of the practice population). Time series regression models showed an increase from baseline in the initiation of bone mineral density testing (3.2%; p = .02), any osteoporosis medication (0.5%; p = .0064), and calcium or vitamin D (1%, p = .0013). The RAQ was completed without prompting by 351 patients (mean age 64 years; 77% women; mean time to completion 3.43 minutes). Of these, 276 patients (79%) were at risk for osteoporosis (1 major or 2 minor risk factors). Discussion & Conclusion: Our multi-component Op-KT tool significantly increased osteoporosis investigations in 3 family practices. The study highlights the potential of using decision support tools at the point of care in busy, short-visit practices to facilitate patient self-management., Background/Purpose: Almost 30,000 patients annually experience a hip fracture in Canada. They tend to be older, frail with multiple chronic illnesses, including a high incidence of dementia and delirium. For many, the hip fracture results in poor outcomes including loss of function and use of ALC (alternate level of care) beds. In 2011 Bone and Joint Canada (BJC) worked with health-care professionals from across the country to develop a National Hip Fracture Toolkit, which was based on available evidence and a consensus building approach, to provide clinical and system best practices to better manage these patients and return them home. Methods: A knowledge translation approach was used to assist provinces to review their performance and to facilitate uptake of best practices. Identified barriers to care included the management of frail patients and their co-morbidities, access to rehabilitation, weight bearing, and patient education. Results: All provinces participated in the KT strategy at a national level, as well as hosting provincial and local events to measure their performance against the Toolkits recommendations. Care maps were implemented at a provincial level, and local improvement initiatives were undertaken in all provinces in 2012/2013. Surgeon practices to promote weight bearing were investigated and patient education materials were developed. In Ontario, recommendations on best practice were made for future funding of hip fracture patients. Discussion & Conclusion: The National Toolkit provides a system and clinical practice information on pre-operative, surgical, and post-operative care. It uses a multidisciplinary and multi-faceted approach to the clinical and operational management of older hip fracture patients and has improved care across the country., Background/Purpose: The UK Commissioning for Quality and Innovation Dementia (CQUIN) framework (2012) aims to facilitate early identification of patients with dementia during their inpatient stay and ensure they are referred to appropriate services. Step 1 is to find all patients over age 75 years meeting the inclusion criteria. Step 2 is assessment using a screening questionnaire, AMTS, collateral history, examination, and investigations, in order to stratify all patients as suspected dementia, known dementia or no cognitive impairment. Step 3 is referral to memory services or GP for further follow-up. We aimed for rapid assessment of all patients over 75 years of age admitted acutely to achieve 90% compliance in Steps 1–3. Methods: All patients over 75 were identified on a daily basis. A pro forma was developed and available in all wards. Junior physicians in elderly care wards assessed patients during daily rounds. The roles of the memory nurses were changed to supervise data collection and review patients in other wards. Results: The total number of patients assessed in September was 341/377 (90.5%) and October 2012 465/494 (97%). Of these patients with a diagnosis of delirium or who scored positively on the screening question, 113/113 (100%) and 192/198 (97%), respectively, had a dementia diagnostic assessment. In September 54/55 (98.2%) and October 133/133 (100%) of patients with suspected dementia were referred for further follow-up who might have been missed with standard care. Discussion & Conclusion: Implementation of the UK Dementia (CQUIN) framework is achievable through staff education, change in working practice, and clear implementation of protocols, with little extra resources. Early recognition of suspected dementia increases early access to appropriate support for patients and their careers., Background/Purpose: Our objective was to examine the impact of specialized palliative care (PC) (defined as a physician consultation focusing on PC needs, lasting at least 40 minutes) for adults 70 and older on: (a) use of chemotherapy within 14 days of death, (b) more than one emergency department (ED) visit, (c) more than one hospitalization, and (d) at least one intensive care unit (ICU) admission, all within 30 days of death. Methods: A retrospective population-based cohort study using linked administrative databases in Ontario was conducted with patients diagnosed with advanced pancreatic cancer from 1 Jan 2005 to 31 Dec 2010. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed with the above quality indicators as the outcomes of interest and PC as the exposure, adjusting for other variables (age, sex, comorbidity, rurality, and health region). Results: Of 6,076 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, 58% were age 70 or older, and 5,381 had died at last follow-up. 57% (1251/2187) of those younger than 70 and 49% (1565/3194) of those 70 and older received a PC consultation (p = .0001). PC was associated with a lower odds (OR) of aggressive care among all age groups: 0.34 (95% CI 0.25–0.46) for chemotherapy; 0.12 (95% CI 0.08–0.18) for ICU; 0.19 (95% CI 0.16–0.23) for multiple ED visits; and 0.24 (95% CI 0.19–0.31) for multiple hospitalizations near death. Older age was also associated with lower odds of aggressive care for all four outcomes. Discussion & Conclusion: In patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, PC is associated with less frequent aggressive care across all age groups, but PC consultation and aggressive care were both less likely in older patients (70+)., Background/Purpose: To meet the challenges of population aging and increasing multimorbidity, significant reform to health-care systems is underway. New models of care include the patient-centred medical home and interprofessional team-based approaches; however, there has been limited exploration of the effectiveness of such interventions for patients with multimorbidity. To evaluate both the clinical-effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a team-based model of primary care specifically designed for older patients with multimorbidity. Methods: Multi-site randomized controlled trial of the IMPACT clinic (Interprofessional Model of Practice for Aging and Complex Treatments). Inclusion criteria: patients aged 65+, three or more chronic diseases requiring monitoring and treatment, five or more long-term medications, and minimum of one functional ADL limitation. Exclusion criteria: home-bound or institutionalized patients, or deemed unsuitable by the usual family physician. The IMPACT team comprises family physicians, specialist physicians, visiting nurse, pharmacist, community social worker, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, dietitian, and care navigator. IMPACT patients are scheduled for extended visits (1.5 to 2 hours) during which the full team works collaboratively with the patient and family caregiver(s) to address current medical, functional, and psycho-social issues. During the visit, a pro-active interprofessional care plan is developed, a comprehensive medication review is conducted, and a discussion of anticipatory care planning is initiated. Results: Primary outcomes include Emergency Department visits, hospitalizations, and physician visits. Secondary outcomes include patient satisfaction, family caregiver satisfaction, provider satisfaction, quality of life, caregiver strain, and interprofessional team function. Discussion & Conclusion: This RCT will contribute much-needed evidence on the effectiveness of a team-based primary care intervention for older patients with multimorbidity., Background/Purpose: Cancer is a disease that mostly affects older adults. A geriatric assessment (GA) has been recommended for older adults to assist with treatment decision-making. The aims of review: 1) to provide an overview of the use of GA in oncology; 2) to examine feasibility and psychometric properties; 3) to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of GA in predicting/modifying outcomes. Methods: A systematic review of literature published between November 2010 and July 2012. Articles published in 5 databases in English, Dutch, French, and German were included. Articles were selected and reviewed by 2 independent reviewers. Results: 34 manuscripts reporting on 33 studies were identified. The quality of most studies was moderate to good. Of all studies, 14 were prospective, 8 cross-sectional, 5 retrospective and 7 others (mostly phase II trials of a new treatment regimen). A GA was shown to be feasible, the time needed to complete ranged between 5 and 120 minutes, were mostly conducted in the outpatient oncology setting by nurses, and most often included the domains activities of daily living, co-morbities, cognitive function, depression, medications, and fall risk assessment. Four studies examined psychometric properties of the GA with satisfactory results, and 18 studies examined the predictive ability of the GA and showed that components of the GA predicted treatment toxicity and overall survival. Discussion & Conclusion: Although the studies showed that GA was feasible and had predictive validity, there has not been a randomized controlled trial showing the effectiveness of the GA in improving outcomes for older adults with cancer., Background/Purpose: The capacity for bone repair and regeneration diminishes with age. This prolongs fracture healing time and, in some instances, results in non-union, requiring extensive surgery. The mechanism behind this is not known; however, studies thus far have assumed the reason to be a decrease in the capacity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into bone-forming cells (osteoblasts). We found that old MSCs can be “rescued” to behave like young MSCs when cultured in media pre-treated by young cells. These findings implicate the presence of a “youth factor” that is secreted by young bone marrow cells and is able to rescue the aged phenotype of old cells. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the cell type responsible for rescue of osteoblast differentiation in old cells, and to determine its effects on fracture repair in old mice. Methods: Bone marrow cells were isolated from young and old mice. Osteoblast differentiation in culture was determined by quantifying colony forming unit-osteoblast. Fracture repair was assessed using a tibial fracture mouse model. Results: Co-culture of old cells with young hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) promoted osteoblast differentiation of these old cells. Interestingly, an adherent F4/80+ cell population (a marker of monocyte–macrophage cell lineage) was identified in young, but not old, HSC cultures. In culture, exposing old MSCs to media pre-treated by young macrophages induced osteoblast differentiation of these cells. Furthermore, bone marrow transplantation of young F4/80+ cells into old mice resulted in improved fracture repair. Discussion & Conclusion: This study demonstrates that young macrophages secrete soluble factors that can rescue osteoblast differentiation and improve fracture repair in older animals., Background/Purpose: The Canadian Institute of Health Information (CIHI) designates patients who remain in hospital after their acute care phase is completed as Alternate Level of Care (ALC) patients. Understanding who the ALC population is in hospital is needed. Methods: All ALC patients Horizon Health Network (HHN) as of Feb 9, 2012 were identified. A data collection tool, designed for the study, was used to review charts. Results: There were 413 ALC patients identified, occupying 25.2% of all hospital beds within HHN. A stratified random sample from 7 hospitals comprised the sample of 223. Two were excluded due to long length of stays, giving a sample of 221.The mean age was 78.4 years. Prior to admission, 51 (23.1%) were living in a care institution in the community. Dementia was a diagnosis in 53.9%. The overall mean length of stay until data collection was 293.4 days. Six months later, 81 (36.7%) were still in hospital, 32 (14.5%) had died, and 65(29.4%) were discharged to nursing home. For those discharged to a nursing home, the mean length of stay was 262.8 days. For those still in hospital, the mean length of stay was 683.9 days. Discussion & Conclusion: The majority of ALC patients are elderly with dementia. Six months after data collection, the majority remain in hospital with a mean length of stay of almost 2 years. Even those who went to a nursing home, the length of stay was almost 9 months., Background/Purpose: Identifying measures to predict short-term toxicities in patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy (IC) for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is needed. Emerging data suggest that quality of life (QOL) assessment and/or physical performance measures (PPMs) may predict outcomes in oncology, although there are no data in AML patients. Methods: We conducted a prospective, longitudinal study of adults (age 18–59) and older (age 60+) AML patients undergoing IC. Prior to starting IC, patients completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 and FACT-Fatigue, in addition to PPMs (grip strength, timed chair stands, and 2-minute walk test). Outcomes included 60-day mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and achievement of complete remission (CR). Logistic regression was used to evaluate each outcome. Results: Of the 243 patients (median age 57.5 yrs), 56.7% were male, and 96 (40%) were older. 60-day mortality, ICU admission, and CR occurred in 9 (3.4%), 15 (6.2%), and 171 (70.4%), respectively. In univariate regressions, neither QOL nor PPMs were predictive of 60-day mortality (all p > .05), whereas cytogenetic risk group (p = .04), ICU admission (p ≤ .001), and remission status at 30 days (p = .006) were. Fatigue was a significant predictor of ICU admission (p = .02), whereas QOL and baseline PPMs were not. In univariate analyses, higher Charlson score was a significant predictor of both ICU admission (p = .01) and remission status at 30 days (p = .002). Neither QOL nor PPMs were predictive of achieving CR (all p > .05). Findings were similar among the subset of older patients. Discussion & Conclusion: Baseline QOL and PPMs were not associated with short-term mortality, ICU admission, or achievement of CR after the 1st cycle of chemotherapy for AML., Background/Purpose: Self-rated health (SRH) has been shown to predict functional status in older adults, but this has less often been examined for older cancer patients. The aim of this study was to determine the association between SRH and functional status, comorbidity, toxicity of treatment, and mortality in older newly diagnosed cancer patients. Methods: Patients aged 65 and over, newly diagnosed with cancer, recruited at the Jewish General Hospital. SRH was evaluated prior to treatment, and at 3, 6, and 12 months. Functional status (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL), ECOG Performance Status (ECOG PS), and frailty markers (low grip strength, mobility impairment, physical inactivity, cognitive impairment, mood impairment, and poor nutritional status) were measured at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Treatment toxicity and mortality were abstracted from the chart. Chi-square tests and t-tests were used to compare patients who rated their SHR as fair/poor/very poor to those very good/good with regard to functional status, frailty, and co-morbidity. Logistic and Cox regression were used to examine the association between baseline SRH and treatment toxicity/time to death. Results: There were 112 participants, median age 74.1. At baseline, 74 (66.1%) had a good SRH and 38 (33.9%) had poor SRH and those had more co-morbidities, more frailty markers present, lower ECOG PS and IADL impairments. We found no association between SRH and toxicity or mortality. Discussion & Conclusion: There was a moderate correlation between SRH and the number of frailty markers, IADL disability, and co-morbidities, but SRH did not predict toxicity or mortality., Background/Purpose: People over the age of 60 account for 60% of paramedic responses in Canada. Many of these calls are not life-threatening or time-sensitive. Paramedics have a unique opportunity to engage people in their homes and they often see people in vulnerable circumstances. The field of Community Paramedicine is growing in Ontario and across Canada due to its potential to provide alternative patient care pathways. In 2006, Toronto Emergency Medical Services (EMS) established its Community Referrals by EMS (CREMS) program to link patients with Community Care Access Centres (CCAC). With a simple phone, call paramedics identify and connect patients with community support services. Methods: To determine the effectiveness of the Community Paramedicine program, 904 patients referred to CCACs in 2011 were evaluated for improved outcomes and reduced reliance on EMS. The 6-month period prior to initiating the CCAC referral was compared to the 6 months post-CCAC referral. Results: The total calls to EMS were reduced from 2,715 to 1,340 for this patient group. Transports to emergency departments also decreased from 1654 to 582. Paramedics spent less time overall with these patients, reduced from 4597.28 hours to 1898.87 hours. Based on the decreased transports and time spent assessing and treating these patients, cost savings have been estimated to be as high as $321,600.00 for the 6-month post-referral period. Discussion & Conclusion: Community Paramedicine offers an innovative, cost effective opportunity to improve the health care of elders wishing to age and live at home independently. Future directions will include exploring an expanded scope of clinical, practice for paramedics, and a more systematic evaluation of the CREMS program with an eye toward broader implementation., Background/Purpose: Men with PCa on ADT are at risk of decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis. Guidelines recommend referral to specialized clinics, but the quality of care in osteoporosis clinics and benefits to patient have never been reported. Methods: Charts for 67 men (mean age 74.2 yrs) on ADT referred to an academic osteoporosis clinic between 2010 and 2011 were reviewed. The following quality of care issues were examined: (a) services provided to PCa patients receiving ADT (e.g., screening, preventing, and treating osteoporosis); (b) use of Canadian guidelines to target appropriate therapies. Results: 56 (83.6%) received continuous ADT for a mean of 27.4 ± 30.7 months at the baseline visit. 37 (55.2%) had osteopenia and 15 (22.4%) had osteoporosis. At initial consultation, 55.2% were taking 1000 mg calcium daily from all sources, while 26.9% were taking more than 1200 mg; 22.4% were taking Vitamin D 3 months. For lifestyle recommendations, 71.4% of sedentary patients were advised to increase exercise. Of the 39 (70%) and 24 (39.2%) patients who were not taking appropriate amounts of calcium and vitamin D, respectively, 100% were recommended to adjust their intake to guideline levels. Discussion & Conclusion: The osteoporosis clinic performed a comprehensive assessment and recommended guideline-based bone health care for the vast majority of men on ADT, suggesting a systematic approach to assessing bone health is associated with high rates of guideline-adherent care., Background/Purpose: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is characterized as disease progression despite adequate androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Although chemotherapy for mCRPC prolongs survival, whether its impact on elderly-relevant outcomes and toxicity differ by frailty status is not known. Methods: Men aged 65+ with mCRPC who were starting first-line chemotherapy were enrolled in this longitudinal prospective pilot study. Elderly-relevant information was collected at baseline and before the start of each chemotherapy cycle. Frailty was assessed by the Vulnerable Elders Survey (VES-13), functional status by OARS-IADL, social activities limitation and support by MOS measures, and FACT-G and FACT-P for general and prostate-specific quality of life (QOL), respectively. Physical function was assessed by timed up and go (TUG), timed chair stands, and grip strength. Changes in outcomes were analyzed between frail vs. non-frail patients using Student’s t-test and linear regression. Results: 21 patients (mean age 74), of whom 11 were frail (VES-13 3), were assessed. Generally, at baseline frail patients were slightly older and scored lower than non-frail patients in QOL, functional status, physical function, and social support and activities. However, frail patients improved more than non-frail patients in all domains, except TUG. 18% of frail patients died during the course of therapy compared to no deaths in non-frail patients. Discussion & Conclusion: Frail patients, as determined by VES-13 3, with mCRPC may represent a heterogeneous population; one group destined to die soon and the other who may do well with chemotherapy. Further research and patient recruitment is needed to determine whether a subset of frail older patients would benefit from first-line chemotherapy treatment., Background/Purpose: The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a screening tool used by physicians for detecting dementia in the clinical setting and is commonly used for identifying drivers with a dementia whose driving skills may have declined to an unsafe level. However, the accuracy of the CDT for detecting declines in driving due to a dementia is not well-established and is confounded by the presence of multiple scoring systems. The purpose of the study was to examine the intra-rater reliability of a novice scorer; the inter-rater reliability between a novice scorer and a trained clinician; and the relationship between different CDT scoring methods and on-road driving performance. Methods: 50 cognitively impaired and cognitively intact participants completed the CDT and an on-road assessment. A novice scorer and a trained clinical geriatric specialist scored the clocks using 4 CDT scoring systems (Rouleau, Shulman, Freund, and MoCA). Results: The intra-rater reliability of the novice scorer across the four scoring schemes was high (Pearson’s r of 0.85 to 0.90, all p = .01), as was the inter-rater reliability between the Novice Scorer and the Geriatric Specialist (Pearson’s r of 0.68 to 090, all p = .01). None of the CDT scores were significantly related to on-road outcomes. Discussion & Conclusion: Although there was good intraand inter-rater reliability for the scoring systems tested, none of the CDTs examined were significantly associated with on-road outcomes, indicating that use of CDT scores is most likely to result in erroneous driving decisions for cognitively impaired patients., Background/Purpose: In 2010, Baycrest implemented a Slow Stream Rehabilitation Program (SSR) to deliver a low-intensity long-duration rehab for frail seniors’ post-acute hospitalization. To examine the change in function, length of stay, and discharge destination of patients admitted to SSR. Methods: Psychosocial and functional measures were administered to patients on admission and discharge to the SSR Unit. Results: Over a period of 15 months, 105 patients (70% of all admissions) were recruited; mean age was 82, mean stay in acute care was 32 days, and the mean LOS in SSR was 88 days. On admission, 85% had mild/moderate to severe cognitive impairment (MoCA: 26) and 78.5% were dependent with transfers with or without devices. Mean admission FIM: 51 and discharge FIM: 74; admission Berg Balance Scale (BBS): 10 and discharge BBS: 19.7. On admission 51% could ambulate 10 steps with a device and 80.4% on discharge. Upon discharge, 68% were discharged home or to other community residences; 24% to Long-Term Care (LTC) and 9% went to acute care. Discussion & Conclusion: This study confirms that the SSR population is a frail elderly group admitted after a mean of 32 days in acute care. With low functional ability on admission, this group was able to achieve over 80% ambulation with or without a device and had a mean discharge FIM of 74. After 88 days of low-intensity rehab, 68% were able to return to community living. After a long acute hospital stay, frail older adults with cognitive impairment can benefit from slow stream rehabilitation to prepare them for living in the community rather than going to LTC., Background/Purpose: Residents who are international medical graduates (IMGs) are a heterogeneous group of learners with distinct backgrounds of ethnicity, religion, and culture. They came from various countries with differing medical education standards, societal values, and professional codes of conduct. When training and working in Canada, IMG residents may experience trans-cultural challenges. The purpose of this study is to identify cultural strengths and challenges that IMG family medicine residents encounter when working and training within the Canadian medical context, and to identify the values, behaviours, and codes of conduct expected of family physicians working in Canada. Methods: Focus group with seven academic/community preceptors who teach residents. Qualitative data were transcribed and analyzed for emerging themes. Results: Distinctive Canadian socio-medico-cultural values were identified in six theme areas – communication, gender, cultural awareness, ethics, medical knowledge, and social hierarchy. IMG residents were noted to possess strengths in: ability to speak multiple languages; establishing rapport with patients of a similar culture; understanding culturally-defined gender roles; knowledge of global diseases; skilled at procedures; proficient in making diagnoses based on clinical indicators; and possessing a sense of responsibility to the greater community. The challenges that IMG residents were noted to encounter include: difficulty with language nuances; culturally-defined gender interactions; challenges of dealing with patients from diverse cultural groups; limited understanding of ethics; disease-focused care; hierarchical/didactic approach to learning; and tendency not to ask questions during the learning process. Discussion & Conclusion: Cultural gaps appear to be present when IMG residents interface within the Canadian medical context. Identification of trans-cultural challenges will assist in the development of teaching resources for use in IMG resident training., Background/Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a novel interdisciplinary pain management (IPM) model to better treat and manage pain within the elderly population residing in long-term care institutions. Methods: This project is being carried out as a multiphase study: Medical record review of 180 patient charts characterizing the usual care model currently relied upon in representative facilities.One-on-one staff oriented interviews discussing staff perceived barriers, challenges and strengths concerning current pain management practices. Grounded theory will be utilized to analyze transcripts and develop theories.Focus group session aimed at further exploring themes developed during one-on-one interviews.Details of the interdisciplinary model will be delineated. This phase will encompass creation of all educational materials, tools, and standard operating procedures.Implementation of model will take place via comparison study. A cohort of residents will have pain scores measured before (usual care) and following implementation of interdisciplinary pain management model. Results: An interdisciplinary pain management model for patients in long-term care facilities is established. Implementation and trialing of the interdisciplinary model will prove to be more beneficial than the standard care model. Ultimately, this will be demonstrated by an overall improvement in resident pain scores. Discussion & Conclusion: The development and utilization of an interdisciplinary pain management model will provide a useful and efficacious method to treat pain in the aged living within long-term care facilities., Background/Purpose: The growing number of elderly patients with multiple chronic conditions presents a pressing challenge to the Canadian health-care system. Current practice models are not well suited to this challenge. Our primary objective was to design and evaluate a new interprofessional care model for community-dwelling seniors with complex health-care needs. A secondary objective was to explore the potential of the new model as an interprofessional training opportunity. Methods: The IMPACT clinic (Interprofessional Model of Practice for Aging and Complex Treatments) features an extended visit (90 minutes) with a comprehensive interprofessional team. The model is designed to be patient-centred and family-friendly and attempts to bridge primary care, specialty care, and community care. IMPACT was pilot-tested at one site and peer-modeled at three other sites. A multi-method evaluation included a chart audit, survey of team function, and qualitative interviews with patients/families. Results: Observed benefits of the IMPACT clinic include: significantly more time and “space” for the patient and family to discuss current concerns; reduction in repeat visits and multiple referrals; enhanced real-time information-sharing; improved professional understanding of other disciplines; greater satisfaction among health-care providers; and enhanced interprofessional learning among clinical trainees. Challenges included: extended length of visits proved exhausting for some frail patients; interprofessional team-based models perhaps not optimal for patients with sensory impairments or severe mental health concerns; and scheduling issues sometimes arose owing to the number of clinicians involved. Discussion & Conclusion: Evaluation of the IMPACT clinic is encouraging with positive feedback from patients/ families, team members, and clinical trainees. Interprofessional care models hold great promise for meeting the challenge of complex chronic disease in the elderly. Further evaluation is underway., Background/Purpose: Medical Directors in LTC homes in Ontario are increasingly being faced with adminstrative needs of a more complex patient population and in an environment of increased legislative and regulatory oversight. There are roles identified within the LTC Homes Act, as well as key roles outlined in Medical Director Contracts agreed to by MOHLTC and the OMA. The Ontario Long Term Care Physicians is a non-profit organization with close to 300 members who are physicians working in LTC homes in Ontario. The organization runs a clinically focused conference each fall and increasingly is aware of administrative skills and expertise for which many members may not have received formal training. In addition, we hear from members challenges they face with being informed of important system changes and new programs being implemented. The purpose of the survey was to identify perceived and unperceived learning needs of physicians working in Long Term Care to explore future educational initiatives. Methods: Unrestricted grant received from Pfizer to develop a LTC physician survey and begin developing educational initiatives based on outcomes of the survey. Survey questionnaire developed with input from OLTCP board member working group. Survey was circulated via OLTCP database. Survey results then analysed and presented to OLTCP board and membership. Results: Survey identified perceived and unperceived learning needs in areas of legislative requirements, quality improvement, program management, high-risk clinical areas, and working with teams. Barriers to involvement in areas of administration included time and knowledge, not lack of interest. The details of these results will be shared in the poster format. Discussion & Conclusion: Survey identified key learning needs that are facing medical directors in LTC homes that are integral to the role of Medical Director. The OLTCP has explored training programs and conferences in North America and has determined that the content areas of the Core Curriculum on Medical Direction in LTC run by the American Medical Directors Association in the United States best matches the learning needs we have identified. We have now developed goals and objectives for an equivalency curriculum, and are in the process of developing the curriculum to address medical direction and leadership skills required to be an effective medical director in LTC., Background/Purpose: As the life expectancy and chronicity of health conditions affecting Canadians continues to rise, the assessment of autonomous decision-making capacity becomes an issue of increasing importance. Adults with diseases and disabilities are at particular risk in this regard. Comprehensive assessments and realistic interventions that employ the least intrusive and least restrictive measures possible have been determined to be the most ethical and desirable. Methods: The inter-disciplinary DMC Model was developed based on a literature search, environmental scan, needs assessment, surveys, and discussions with inter-disciplinary groups at various health-care sites within Covenant Health in 2006. An iterative process was used to formulate a model, which was then implemented in the Covenant Health and AHS sites, Edmonton zone, from 2007–2012. Results: This model was “provincialized” through the AHS Seniors Health Cognitive Strategic Planning Committee and has been made available for use provincially. It includes a care map, worksheets, and staff training workshops and in-services, and an inventory of educational materials. Staff trained in the assessment of decision-making capacity and use of the model (e.g., physicians, psychologist, nurses, nurse practitioners, social workers, occupational therapists, care co-ordinators) effectively implemented the DMC Model in Edmonton and Calgary zones, and to varying degrees in the other zones from 2010–2012. Discussion & Conclusion: The DMC Model offers a holistic inter-disciplinary approach to capacity assessment that maximizes client autonomy, offers the least restrictive and intrusive solutions, and facilitates inter-disciplinary and inter-organization collaboration., Background/Purpose: In a re-analysis of data from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, non-traditional risk factors, which were not typically associated with dementia, were found to impact an individual’s level of frailty and subsequently their risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We examined whether an index consisting of such factors could predict future reports of incident AD and dementia, as well as mortality, in a similar manner to traditional risk factors, in a larger, multinational cohort. Methods: Secondary analyses were conducted on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe and consisted of cognitively healthy individuals 50 years or over, from 12 European countries (N = 11,817). Three AD risk factor indices (RFIs) were constructed to predict a ∼ 4-year risk for a self or informant report of AD, dementia, and survival; a 31-item non-traditional RFI, a 6-item traditional RFI, and a 37-item combined RFI. Results: After adjusting our risk model for age, sex, education, and traditional risk factors for AD, the non-traditional RFI significantly predicted the risk of dementia (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.34–1.67), and mortality (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.19–1.96) after an average of 4.3 years. The combined RFI exhibited the strongest prediction of dementia (OR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.38–2.32) and mortality (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.50–1.89). Discussion & Conclusion: The typically small impact of health deficits that are not traditionally associated with AD can significantly increase one’s risk of both dementia and mortality when combined. Health professionals should place greater importance on the examination of overall health decline, rather than solely assessing traditional risk factors for illness., Background/Purpose: Based on clinical trials, treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with chemotherapy is seen to improve disease control and survival in older men (age 65+). Its effects, though, on the daily functioning, physical performance, and quality of life (QOL) in elderly men outside the clinical trial setting are not well understood. Methods: Men aged 65+ with mCRPC starting first-line chemotherapy at a tertiary cancer centre were enrolled in this prospective observational pilot study. Physical function was assessed with the timed up and go (TUG) test, Timed Chair Stands, and grip strength. Functional status was measured using the OARS-IADL questionnaire, in addition to social activities limitations and social support (MOS measures). Patients completed the FACT-P and FACT-G to measure prostate-specific QOL and general QOL, respectively. Assessments were completed before each cycle of chemotherapy. Pre–post within-group comparisons were done using Student’s t-tests and linear regression. Results: 25 patients (mean age 75) receiving Docetaxel + Prednisone were enrolled, 3 of whom died and 2 dropped out. Both general and prostate-specific QOL improved over a median of 6 cycles. Patients’ instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scores remained stable over time. On average, grip strength was stable, and lower extremity function improved on both the TUG and Timed Chair Stands. Discussion & Conclusion: Contrary to our hypotheses, QOL improved in this frail elderly cohort, and IADL function remained stable. Although physical function remained stable or improved during first-line chemotherapy, there was significant variability among individual patients. Older men with mCRPC appear to tolerate first-line chemotherapy fairly well in terms of QOL and geriatric domains., Background/Purpose: Despite treatment of the associated condition delirious persons do not always recover, for unknown reasons. We sought to derive and validate a prognostic model to predict poor recovery after an episode of delirium based on early admission characteristics. Methods: This prospective cohort study consecutively enrolled older medical in-patients (admitted to London Health Sciences Centre) from the community. Participants were screened for delirium. Delirious (by the Confusion Assessment Method) patients were followed in hospital and after discharge.The primary outcome was poor recovery, in delirious patients, defined by death, institutionalization or functional decline (decreased activities of daily living), at discharge or 3 months after discharge, elicited from the medical chart or post-discharge caregiver telephone interviews. Results: 1235 medical in-patients (mean age 82.6 years, 42% male) were screened. Delirium occurred in 355 (or 29%) and recovery status was known in 342 (96%). Fifty-four patients (15%) died in hospital and 24% (n = 86) were discharged to a permanent residential institution. At a median of 103 days after discharge, another 97 (or 48%) delirious individuals who were discharged from hospital, had poor recovery (one deceased, 50 institutionalized, and 46 with decreased activities of daily living ability), resulting in an overall rate of poor recovery of 69% (237). Poor recovery was associated with advanced age, lower baseline function, not being on a benzodiazepine prior to admission, hypoxia, having higher delirium severity scores, and acute renal failure. This model was predictive of poor recovery in the validation sample (ROC area of 0.68, 95% CI: 0.57–0.80). Discussion & Conclusion: Results suggest that poor recovery after delirium is common, and is associated with certain characteristics available on admission., Background/Purpose: The Regroupement des Unités de courte durée gériatriques et des services hospitaliers de gériatrie du Québec (RUSHGQ) is a community of practice, established in 2010, bringing together health professionals and managers working in GAU. It was previously observed that the quality of care processes varies between GAU. The mobility committee of the RUSHGQ recommends that all GAU units use similar gait and balance scales to standardize patient evaluation, management and follow-up in Quebec. The objectives of the study are: 1) to characterize scales used by physiotherapists; and 2) to inquire about scales that must be used to assess patients with moderate-to-severe gait and balance disorder. Methods: Two surveys were held among physiotherapists and physical rehabilitation therapists working at a GAU unit (n = 48) associated with the RUSHGQ. Results: Overall, professionals from 36 GAU responded to one or both surveys. The most frequent scales used by the participants are Berg Balance Scale (BBS)–97%; Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)–80%; and walking speed test–57%. Those tests (BBS, TUG, and walking speed test) were also the most frequently recommended by the participants for assessing a patient with moderate-to-severe gait and balance disorder. Discussion & Conclusion: The mobility committee of the RUSHGQ recommends that the assessment of gait and balance disorders should include at least the Berg Balance Scale, the Timed Up and Go Test, and a walking speed test., Background/Purpose: Traditionally physicians have viewed Subjective Cognitive Impairment (SCI) in older people to be benign and related to age-associated memory loss. However, research in this field suggests that people who self-report memory problems, but score normal on cognitive testing, have a higher rate of progressing to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Over the last 4 years a total of 165 people over 55 responded to newspaper advertisements with self-reported memory loss. Participants received cognitive screening tests using the standardized MMSE, the MoCA, the 15-point GDS, the AD8, the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, and the Lawton Brody Activities of Daily Living Scale. The test results were case conferenced with a geriatrician, and a clinical suspicion of normal, SCI, MCI, depressive symptoms/mixed picture, possible dementia or other was given. 46 individuals have repeat measures on these tests from 2009 to 2012. Results: In 2012, of those 46 follow-up participants, 54% had no change on their cognitive tests. However 33% had declined over the 4 years and 9% had improved. Of those who were given the clinical impression of SCI in 2009 or 2010, 39% had declined to amnestic MCI or multiple-domain MCI. Those individuals who reported depressive symptoms in 2009 (32%) tended to have lower scores on the GDS and Cornell on follow-up visits. Discussion & Conclusion: In studies published on SCI, those who self-report memory problems compared to normal health controls are at greater risk of declining to MCI. Our study captured this trend as 39% of those with SCI had declined to MCI within 4 years. Those with depressive symptoms may have improved with non-drug/drug approaches., Background/Purpose: Many older adults are prescribed benzodiazepines despite their association with cognitive decline, postural instability, falls, hip fractures, and a five-fold risk of hospitalization after a motor vehicle collision. Yet, 16% to 33% of elderly, community-dwellers use benzodiazepines, and 54% use them daily. In this review, we address the approach to discontinuation and effective alternative options. Methods: MEDLINE (1946–2012), EMBASE (1980–2012), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2005– 2012) were searched. The following key search terms were used: MeSH & EMBASE terms for benzodiazepines, sleep initiation and maintenance disorders, drug withdrawal and abuse terms, and keywords for sleep, addiction, dependence, and insomnia, as well as specific drug names and terms for taper, withdrawal, and alternative therapies. Results: Chronic benzodiazepine use is associated with many adverse outcomes. Hospitalization may play a pivotal role in both the initiation and discontinuation of sedative hypnotics. There is a paucity of long-term data for the use of non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics. Cognitive behavioural therapy, brief behavioural interventions, and benzodiazepine tapering protocols have shown proven benefit in benzodiazepine discontinuation. Discussion & Conclusion: There may be evidence for non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics; however, there is a paucity of long-term, placebo-controlled studies to support their safety, and some evidence to suggest harm in the frail older adult. Cognitive behavioural therapy and/or the use of a taper protocol may increase the success of withdrawal and improve sleep parameters. Exercise, sleep education, massage, and brief behavioural intervention are excellent non-pharmacological options for managing insomnia and for aiding discontinuation. Lastly, it is important to be cognizant of the impact that prescribing sedative hypnotics in hospital can have on long-term use., Background/Purpose: Clinical practice guidelines are intended to improve patient care. Clinicians may not be able to implement guideline recommendations because of time pressures, which are particularly challenging in primary care. We aimed to quantify the time required to implement guideline recommendations regarding the most common chronic diseases in older adults, including hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic kidney disease. Methods: We determined the time required to apply national guidelines to a cohort of primary care patients. Eight Canadian clinical practice guidelines addressing management of chronic diseases in adults were reviewed. Their recommended interventions, along with the indications for each intervention, were identified. Three primary care physicians reviewed each recommendation and identified the time required to perform it on an average patient. A cohort of 160 randomly selected patients aged 55 years from a university-affiliated primary care clinic was analyzed to determine how often each intervention should be applied to these patients. These data were used to estimate how much time it would take a clinician to apply guideline recommendations to his or her practice. Results: 103 different interventions from 8 clinical practice guidelines were identified. The total time required to apply these interventions to the selected cohort of patients was 340 hours (SD ± 189). Extrapolating this value to a clinical roster of 1000 patients, 266 working days would be required each year to implement the recommended interventions. Discussion & Conclusion: The implementation of chronic disease guideline recommendations in primary care requires a prohibitive amount of time. Guideline developers should consider the time required to implement their recommendations when drafting clinical practice guidelines., Background/Purpose: Quebec will face accelerated aging of its population in the years to come. Its health-care system will have to adapt to this situation in order to assure efficiency and relevance of interventions to meet the growing needs. The model of care of the Geriatric Evaluation and Management Unit (GEMU) is a well-known hospital-based mode of organization of geriatric services, and its efficiency has been proven. However, the implementation of this model of care within various Quebec hospitals has brought a noticeable heterogeneity in the care practices among GEMUs. We then want to provide hospital managers with a tool which would define the processes and framework needed to efficiently run GEMUs. This tool would direct the evaluation and development of these services with a strong scientific basis. Methods: We first did a worldwide literature review and identified two recent meta-analyses on the efficiency of GEMUs. The studies included in the two meta-analyses were rigorously selected and both were analyzed. We also included in our review a Quebec Delphi study on selection criteria applicable to the GEMUs in Quebec. Results: We extracted and categorized all the process of care items from the studies including: patient selection, type of ward, type of health centre, composition of the geriatric team, and evaluation and treatment processes. Discussion & Conclusion: This tool will allow the decision makers and hospital managers to conduct evaluation and development of GEMUs in Quebec and elsewhere., Background/Purpose: Studies have shown increased adverse outcomes are related to hospital admissions from Long-Term Care (LTC) homes, often for etiologies that could be safely treated in the facility. We examined the reasons for transfer and outcomes of LTC residents admitted to Hamilton Health Sciences (HHS) hospitals. Methods: Patient matched hospital and LTC home charts were retrospectively reviewed for all HHS hospital admissions transferred from LTC homes during 4 non-consecutive months in 2011. We considered patient demographics, events leading to transfer, diagnosis, and course during admission to hospital. Data presented within are limited to the analysis of hospital medical charts. Results: A total of 201 charts were reviewed. Altered level of consciousness (21%), dyspnea (18%), and fever (9%) were the most frequent events leading to transfers from LTC homes. Most patients (33%) transferred for altered LOC were diagnosed with either a urinary tract infection (UTI) or pneumonia. A total of 47 patients experienced an adverse event(s) while hospitalized. Fifteen patients were transferred despite a “do not hospitalize” order. Advanced directives were not documented in 34 patients on arrival to the hospital. Discussion & Conclusion: The rate of adverse events in patients transferred from LTC homes to hospitals is high. An intervention aimed at identifying early signs of altered level of consciousness, as well as treating frequent causes, such as UTI’s and pneumonia in the LTC homes, may prevent avoidable transfers to hospitals. There is a need to improve discussions and documentation of advanced directives, as well as a system to ensure these are followed., Background/Purpose: Hyponatremia has been associated with increased mortality and length of stay (LOS) in hospitalized patients. However, other adverse associations such as falls or syncope, fractures, unplanned readmission, need for inpatient rehabilitation, and change in discharge destination to a more dependent category have not been widely studied. Our aim was to investigate these associations. Methods: This is a retrospective case control study of patients admitted with hyponatremia (serum Na ≤ 134 mEq/l) under the General Internal Medicine Unit during a 6-month period. The relevant data were collected by explicit medical record review and analyzed in univariate and multivariate models. Data from 3 months in patients aged 65 years are presented. Results: The prevalence of hyponatremia was 21%. Hyponatremia had a significant univariate association with LOS (OR 1.03 p = .016), unplanned readmission within 30 days (OR 2.43, p = .017), falls or syncope at presentation (OR 4.0, p < .001), and admission diagnosis of metabolic disorders (OR 17.27, p < .001). However, after adjustments hyponatremia was independently associated with only unplanned readmission within 30 days (OR3.0, CI: 1.4, 6.6; p = .005), falls or syncope (OR 4.4, CI: 2.2, 9.0; p ≤ .001), and admission diagnosis of metabolic disorders (OR13.7, CI: 3.1, 60.0; p = .001). Although other predefined adverse associations more frequently occurred in hyponatremic patients, they were not significant. Discussion & Conclusion: The study confirms the association between hyponatremia and falls or syncope. Among the adverse outcomes of hospitalization, hyponatremia was independently associated with only unplanned readmission within 30 days. Falls or syncope at presentation and admission diagnosis of metabolic disorders appear to have a greater association with LOS than hyponatremia. The study was probably underpowered to assess other outcomes., Background/Purpose: In 2011, the Memorial University Family Medicine (FM) Residency Program introduced a Care of the Elderly (COE) rotation to enhance residents’ skills in managing the complex health issues of the elderly population. The purpose of this project was to understand FM residents’ perceived needs in COE training and to evaluate the COE rotation with respect to these needs. Methods: Survey methodology was used with the pre-rotation survey designed to evaluate perceived needs in COE training and the post-rotation survey designed to assess whether learning needs where addressed. Results: The pre-rotation survey was sent to 57 FM residents with a response rate of 40%. The majority of students indicated a need for further training in COE topics. Students identified that in certain areas further training was necessary or essential. These included managing polypharmacy (65.2% identified this as essential), managing the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (52.2% as very necessary and 39.1% as essential), and managing chronic wounds (65.2% as very necessary). The post-rotation survey was sent to 11 FM residents with a response rate of 82%. Most students felt learning needs were fully satisfied in the following areas: performing a dementia assessment (55.6%); distinguishing between dementia, delirium and depression (55.6%); and managing the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (66.7%). Discussion & Conclusion: Memorial University FM residents recognize the need for COE training. With the growth of the elderly population, newly trained family physicians must be prepared to provide these patients with appropriate care. This COE rotation addresses most learning needs. However, results from our survey indicate that there is room for improvement., Background/Purpose: The most common cognitive screening tool used by family physicians is the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). In 2009, Brown et al. created a new cognitive screening test called the Test Your Memory (TYM), which is unique in the fact that it is a patient self-administered exam. In a system where family physicians and other specialists are pressed for time, the TYM offers a potential to save 10 minutes of screening time. This study aimed to determine the validity of the TYM tool in comparison to the traditional MMSE in a Canadian primary care sitting. Methods: Patients aged 65 and older attending a regularly scheduled appointment in two family physician offices in New Brunswick were invited to participate in the study. Participants had to complete the self-administered Test Your Memory tool and complete a MMSE. Results: A total of 52 participants completed the study. The mean TYM score was 44.7/50 (SD 2.4) and the mean MMSE score was 27.8 (SD 5.6). The Pearson correlation coefficient between the TYM and MMSE is R2 = .58. This is a significant correlation with a p-value of .01. A score of ≤ 42/50 on the TYM had a 100% specificity for picking up patients who will score < 24 on the MMSE. The sensitivity of the TYM was 100% and the specificity was 81.6%. Discussion & Conclusion: This study validates the TYM test as a screening tool in a Canadian primary care population. However, the strength of the TYM test is in its negative predictive value in participants who score above 42., Background/Purpose: Sedentary behaviour has been proposed as an independent cardiometabolic risk factor, even in adults who are otherwise physically active through leisure-time recreational activities. Because little is known about the metabolic effects of sedentary behaviour in seniors, we examined the relationship between sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk in physically active older adults. Methods: 54 community-dwelling men and women 65 years of age (mean 71.5 years) were enrolled in this cross-sectional observational study. Subjects were in good health and free of known diabetes. Activity levels (sedentary, light activity, moderate activity, and vigorous activity time per day) were recorded with accelerometers worn continuously for 7 days. Cardiometabolic risk factors measured consisted of the American Heart Association diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose), as well as low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The relationships between activity measures and cardiometabolic risk factors were examined. Significant variables were entered into a multivariate regression model. Results: All but 1 subject met Canada Health guidelines for an active “fit” adult. Despite this, the average proportion of time spent at a sedentary activity level each day was 72.7%. From the regression analysis, the only significant association found was between LDL and sedentary time, with LDL detrimentally associated with average sedentary time per day (Standardized Beta Correlation Coefficient 0.302, p < .05). Discussion & Conclusion: Sedentary behaviour is associated with an adverse metabolic effect on LDL in older adults, even those who meet Canada Health guidelines for an active “fit” adult. Emphasizing activities that reduce sitting (e.g., standing desks, less television) may be a practical recommendation to reduce sedentary behaviour in older adults., Background/Purpose: Post-operative delirium in older adults is a common complication of surgery with significant consequences. Delirium often portends poorer clinical outcomes including increased mortality, length of stay, and increased likelihood of discharge to a facility. The role of antipsychotics to prevent post-operative delirium has not been well-established. We therefore wished to determine the effectiveness of antipsychotics in preventing postoperative delirium. Methods: We searched online literature databases and registers for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of adults undergoing surgery who were given antipsychotics to prevent post-operative delirium, using a placebo as the comparator. Two researchers independently reviewed citations and abstracts, selecting those meeting inclusion criteria. Quality was assessed via the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression were conducted. Q-statistics and I2 were used for assessment of heterogeneity. Results: We evaluated 4340 citations from our initial search and from this reviewed 32 full-text articles. Five randomized controlled trials met criteria for inclusion. Antipsychotics were found to reduce post-operative delirium [OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.235 to 0.744]. The effect-size estimate was heterogeneous [Q-value: 15; p = .003; I2 = 75] and overall significant [p = .003]. Further examination of the heterogeneity showed that several factors could help reach statistical homogeneity: acuity of surgery (elective vs. mixed acute/elective), anti-psychotic type (generation), and method of administration. Meta-regression showed that as one gets older and as the dosage in chlorpromazine equivalents increases, the Log Odds Ratio increases. Discussion & Conclusion: Within the limits of few RCT’s available, antipsychotics appeared to reduce the incidence of post-operative delirium in a variety of surgical settings. Larger, well-designed RCTs are needed to help confirm our findings., Background/Purpose: Patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and significant amyloid burden on PiB PET imaging manifest impaired performance on episodic memory tasks when compared to MCI patients with lower amyloid burden. This association has yet to be defined with regards to non-episodic memory tasks. Therefore, we sought to further characterize the cognitive profile of subjects with MCI who underwent PiB PET imaging. Methods: Forty-six subjects aged 60–90 with a clinical diagnosis of MCI underwent neurospychological evaluation. PiB PET images were obtained within 8 months of a subject’s cognitive assessment. Subjects were matched for age and education and classified as PiB− (SUV < 1.5; n = 22) or PiB+ (SUV > 1.5; n = 24). The results from the neuropsychological evaluation were compared between groups and correlated with amyloid burden. A regression analysis was conducted to determine whether amyloid burden was a predictor of cognitive performance. Results: There were no significant group differences on global cognitive measures. There was considerable overlap between PiB+ and PiB− subjects on all cognitive domains, but the PiB+ subjects performed significantly worse than PiB− subjects on tasks of episodic memory and executive functioning. Regression analysis showed that amyloid beta deposition was a significant predictor of performance on episodic memory and inhibition. Discussion & Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that MCI patients who are considered to be prodromal Alzheimer’s disease may be distinguishable by the presence of impairment in both episodic memory and inhibition. Future studies may be useful for addressing whether a specific neuro-psychological battery can aid in early diagnosis of dementia., Background/Purpose: Frail elderly adults are particularly vulnerable to medication errors when transitioning from hospital to home. The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence and causes of medication discrepancies (MDs) in geriatric community-dwelling adults during this transition period. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out from a community hospital setting in British Columbia, Canada. The study population consists of patients 70 years and older who met selection criteria for home visits within 24–72 hours after hospital discharge by a Geriatric Transition Nurse (GTN) between November 2011 to May 2012. Using the Medication Discrepancy Tool, the GTN performed medication reconciliation between discharge medications and medications individuals were taking at home. Patient-level and system-level factors contributing to the MDs were identified. Results: Out of the 100 patients seen by the GTN, 65% were female and 85% were on five or more medications at the time of discharge. 72% of patients had five or more co-morbid chronic conditions. Medication reconciliation identified 46% of patients with at least one medication discrepancy. More than half of MDs were caused by patient-level factors and the remainder were caused by system-level factors. The most common reported patient-level factors were: non-intentional non-adherence and intentional non-adherence. The most frequently seen system-level factors were: incomplete/inaccurate/illegible discharge instructions and not recognizing patient’s lack of support. In some instances both types of factors contributed to the occurrence of a medication discrepancy. Discussion & Conclusion: Medication discrepancies in the frail elderly are common when transitioning from hospital to home. Identifying common patient-level and system-level factors may serve as starting points when designing quality improvement efforts with the aim to decrease medication discrepancies., Background/Purpose: In 2010, Osteoporosis Canada developed guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis for people > 50 at high risk of fragility fractures. These guidelines did not address frail elderly where access to diagnostic technology, such as bone mineral density, and research is limited. Methods: We used the GRADE process to develop guidelines applicable to frail elderly with over 50 stakeholders, including resident/family representatives of long-term care, interdisciplinary health professionals, and program managers. We surveyed the panel to determine questions and outcomes most relevant for this population. We searched the literature for baseline risks of fractures and intervention effects. When making recommendations, we discussed benefits/harms, strength of evidence, values/preferences, and resources. Results: In addition to outcomes from the 2010 guidelines, this panel identified mobility, pain, and quality of life as important in this population. However, few studies reported these outcomes. To make recommendations, the panel considered absolute risk differences in outcomes with or without treatment, which are calculated from baseline risks. It was critical that the panel agreed on baseline risks which can vary between low- and high-risk groups. Agreement was challenging, but the process was enlightening to recognize gaps/uncertainties in existing research. When evidence in frail elderly was lacking, the panel assessed the applicability of effects found in other populations to make recommendations. The GRADE process incorporated values/preferences, particularly of families and residents, which was uniquely challenging in view of life expectancy, multiple co-morbidities, and serious consequences of fractures. Discussion & Conclusion: The GRADE process helped identify gaps in the literature for important outcomes, the impact of baseline risks, and the importance of balancing benefits and harms, and their value and consequences in this population., Background/Purpose: Since 2006, the Ontario Osteoporosis Strategy for Long-Term Care has engaged in outreach activities to increase uptake of evidence-based osteoporosis/fracture prevention strategies (www.osteoporosislongtermcare.ca). A baseline environmental scan revealed a wide spectrum of prescribing practices between LTC homes reflecting the lack of standardized guidelines and academic detailing. The objective of the present study was to describe current osteoporosis prescribing practices across Ontario LTC homes. Methods: In August 2012, de-identified medication/demographic data were downloaded from Medical Pharmacies, a pharmacy provider for approximately one-third of Ontario LTC homes. After excluding 40 LTC homes participating in a targeted intervention (ViDOS), we analyzed data for 166 LTC homes. The percentage of residents receiving 1) Vitamin D (800 IU/day), 2) calcium ( 500 mg/day), and 3) osteoporosis medication was calculated for each LTC home. Mean (95% CI) LTC home prescribing rates and ranges are reported. Results: The analysis cohort was 21,699 residents, mean age 83.5 (SD: 10.7) years, 70% women. 57% of LTC homes were for-profit, 45% affiliated with a corporate chain, 61% had age-100 residents. Mean LTC home prescribing rates were 59.9% (95% CI: 57.2, 62.6) for vitamin D, 32.2% (95% CI: 30.2, 34.2) for calcium, and 18.5% (95% CI: 17.4, 19.7) for osteoporosis medications. Prescribing rates were normally distributed and ranged from 22.3%–94.9% (vitamin D), 1.6%–78.4% (calcium), and 0%–55.9% (osteoporosis medications). Discussion & Conclusion: Although there was a range in prescribing between LTC homes, our results indicate that wide-scale implementation of outreach activities resulted in uptake by many LTC homes, particularly for Vitamin D, with half the homes prescribing at approximately 60% or better. Currently, osteoporosis consensus guidelines for LTC are being developed., Background/Purpose: Currently far too many seniors (∼ 20%) consume inappropriate benzodiazepines, which increase the risk of adverse drug reactions and unnecessary hospitalizations among community-dwelling elders. As of 2012, the new Beers criteria lists all benzodiazepines as drugs to avoid in the elderly no matter the half-life. Methods: A written educational tool was mailed to 144 benzodiazepine consumers aged 65 years recruited from community pharmacies. Knowledge and beliefs about inappropriate prescriptions were queried prior to and 1-week after the intervention. Primary outcome was a change in risk perception. Explanatory variables were a change in knowledge and beliefs about medications, as well as cognitive dissonance occurrence. Self-efficacy for tapering and intent to discuss discontinuation were also measured. Results: Post-intervention, 65 (45.1%) of chronic benzodiazepine consumers (mean duration use 10.5 years, SD 8.2 years) perceived increased risk. Increased risk perceptions were explained by better knowledge acquisition (mean change score 0.9, 95% CI (0.5, 1.3)), and a change in beliefs (BMQ differential mean change score −5.03, 95% CI (−6.4, −3.6), suggesting elicitation of cognitive dissonance. Experience of cognitive dissonance was associated with a 6-fold higher likelihood of patients reporting increased risk perception (OR = 6.61 95% CI (3.2, 13.8)). Intent to discuss discontinuation of benzodiazepines with a doctor (83.1% vs. 44.3%, p < .001) was higher among participants who perceived increased risk. Discussion & Conclusion: Risk perception on benzodiazepines can be altered through direct delivery of an educational tool to aging consumers. Results suggest patients could potentially be targeted directly with information to catalyze discontinuation of inappropriate prescriptions., Background/Purpose: Gait and cognition are interrelated. Executive dysfunction is associated with slower gait. It is unknown if memory dysfunction, a cardinal sign in MCI, is associated with the gait disturbances seen in MCI. The objective was to determine if gait in older adults with MCI varies by subtype: amnestic (a-MCI) or non-amnestic (na-MCI) type. Methods: Older adults with MCI from the “Gait and Brain Study” were included. Cognition was evaluated using MMSE, MoCA, Trails Making Test A and B, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Digit Span Test, and Letter Number Sequence Test. Gait performance (velocity and gait variability) was evaluated with the GaitRITE® mat under usual walking and three dual-task conditions (walking while: naming animals out loud, serial subtractions by 1s and serial subtractions by 7). Participants were divided into a-MCI and na-MCI by episodic memory test. The relationship between cognitive subtype and gait was evaluated with multivariable linear regression. Results: Fifty-six participants (mean age 76.3 ± 7.2 years, 50.9% female) were included. Thirty-eight were a-MCI and 18 were na-MCI. Groups were similar in age, co-morbidities, and history of previous falls. The a-MCI participants walked slower than na-MCI (98.5 vs. 112.2 cm/sec, p < .03) in all test conditions. Regression (adjusted for age, sex, physical activity, number of co-morbidities, and executive function) showed a-MCI was associated with slower gait under usual and dual-task conditions and higher gait variability (p < .001) under dual-task tests. Discussion & Conclusion: Episodic memory impairment was associated with poor gait performance, in particular under dual-task conditions. This suggests slow gait and higher variability under dual-task testing is a motor feature in a-MCI independent of executive dysfunction., Background/Purpose: Assessing frailty should be an essential part of the care of older adults. Several scales have been proposed to quantify frailty and the operational criteria of each scale vary. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling, middle-aged and older Europeans as estimated by eight scales and to examine the agreement among scales in classifying participants as frail. Methods: 27,527 participants aged 50+ years (mean age 65.3 ± 10.5, 54.8% women) from the 11 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) which participated in the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe comprised the study sample. Frailty was operationalized, based on eight scales: frailty phenotype, a 70-item Frailty Index, a 44-item Frailty Index based on a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment, Clinical Frailty Scale, Edmonton Frail Scale, Groningen Frailty Indicator, Tilburg Frailty Indicator, and “FRAIL” scale. A score threshold was assigned for each scale to represent the frailty state, based on the relevant literature. Results: The prevalence of frailty ranged from 44% (Groningen scale) to 6% (FRAIL scale). About half of participants were categorized differently between scales. 49.3% of participants were categorized as non-frail by all scales, and 2.5% were categorized identically as frail by all scales. Discussion & Conclusion: Frailty scales capture related but distinct groups of individuals, and each scale provides different estimates of frailty prevalence. Future studies should compare various scales using data from clinical settings., Background/Purpose: Hip fracture patients are at high risk for recurrence. Appropriate pharmacotherapy reduces this risk and is associated with reduced mortality after hip fracture, but a care gap exists for fracture prevention in these patients. This evaluation determined rates of osteoporosis treatment and bone mineral density (BMD) testing in hip fracture patients following discharge from a rehabilitation unit. Methods: A prospective cohort study of hip fracture patients aged 50 on an inpatient rehabilitation unit in 2008 and 2011. Patients were seen by a nurse specialist, and encouraged to see their family physician for further assessment and treatment. Physicians were sent a letter indicating the need to follow up with their patient. Patients were contacted following discharge from hospital to determine treatment rates. Results: Of 310 eligible hip fracture patients admitted to the rehabilitation unit in the years studied, 207 patients were reached post-discharge and provided data. Of patients who were not previously taking osteoporosis medication, 50% of patients had osteoporosis treatment initiated by 6 months following discharge. By 2 months following discharge, 46% of patients in the 2008 cohort had a new BMD performed or scheduled, while this was true for 14% of patients from the 2011 cohort. 35% of patients in 2011 had not seen their family physician by 2 months following discharge. Discussion & Conclusion: Rates for osteoporosis treatment and BMD were higher than those reported in the literature for patients not enrolled in case manager programs. BMD testing declined from 2008 to 2011. Lower treatment rates may be due to concerns regarding bisphophonates. There remains room for improvement for follow-up with family physicians., Background/Purpose: Assessing fitness to drive in patients with dementia is challenging. The SIMARD was developed as a tool to assist with assessing fitness to drive. This study compares the clinical decision made by a geriatrician regarding driving with the score on the SIMARD. Methods: Patients seen by geriatricians with a diagnosis of dementia or mild cognitive impairment, who had had a SIMARD test completed after the clinical decision regarding driving was made, were included in the sample. Charts were reviewed to gather diagnosis, driving status and history, cognitive and functional information. Results: Sixty-three patients were identified and 57 met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 77.07 years. Alzheimer’s dementia in 22 (38.6%) patients was the most common diagnosis. The mean MMSE was 24.85 (SD 3.34) and the MoCA was 19.85 (SD3.58). The mean SIMARD score was 37.16 (SD 19.54). Twenty-four patients had a SIMARD score below 31, 28 scored between 31–70, and 5 scored greater than 70. Of those scoring less than 31, 8 patients continued to drive, 3 of whom had passed a driving test performed by the Department of Public Safety of New Brunswick. In the 5 patients who scored greater than 70, 2 had their licenses revoked by the geriatrician. Discussion & Conclusion: There did not appear to be a clear association between the SIMARD score and the clinical decision made by the geriatrician., Background/Purpose: Cancer survivorship programs often focus on modifiable behaviours such as smoking and alcohol use and physical activity. Whether these behaviours differ among elderly survivors and whether special considerations should be given to these elderly cancer survivors (age 65+) is unclear. Methods: 616 adult cancer survivors (23% elderly) across multiple solid and haematologic malignancies and treatment trajectories were surveyed about smoking, alcohol, physical activity, and attitudes and knowledge about effects of these habits on cancer outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression models evaluated the effect of age on these factors. Results: 9.0% of elderly survivors were current smokers; 35.7% had been binge drinkers recently or in the past (5 or more standard drinks per day for male; 4 or more for female); 24.0% were not meeting exercise guidelines (150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity per week). Compared to younger survivors, elderly were one-third as likely to be current smokers (p < .0001), but twice as likely to be ex-smokers than never smokers (p < .0001). They were half as likely to know how smoking affected cancer treatment (p = .007) or prognosis (p = .008). Elderly were one-third as likely to binge drink (p < .001), twice as likely to perceive alcohol as improving survival (p = .018), and half as likely to receive information about alcohol use (p = .042). Meeting exercise guidelines at diagnosis (p = .015) and improving/maintaining them after treatment (p = .016) were lower in elderly survivors, but perceived benefits/harms of exercise did not differ with age. Discussion & Conclusion: Elderly cancer survivors have different smoking, alcohol, and exercise characteristics from younger survivors. Survivorship programs may need to tailor counseling by age group., Background/Purpose: Indwelling urinary catheterization is a ubiquitous procedure in the inpatient setting: between 16% and 25% of hospitalized patients will receive an in-dwelling catheter at some point during their stay. While sometimes medically indicated, previous studies have shown that between 21% and 52% of catheters are used unnecessarily, exposing patients to significant morbidity and mortality, including increased risk of urinary tract infection and bacteremia. Here we present the results of a multi-modal educational intervention directed at reducing the overuse of catheters in a large teaching hospital. Methods: The multi-modal intervention targeted nurses and used a variety of approaches to improve catheter use, including small group meetings, educational posters, and modifications to the patient chart. The study patient population included all admitted patients to internal medicine, surgery, and orthopedic surgery, as well as the GIM/ACE Unit from 1 September 2009 to 1 October 2011. Data were structured and analyzed as an interrupted time series using a segmented regression approach. Results: A total of 14,531 patients, 1,878 of whom were catheterized, were included in this study. A decrease in mean catheter days per patient of between 5.8 and 9.7 days (p < .01) across the wards under study was observed after the intervention. The proportion of patients catheterized decreased by between 0.35%/month and 0.93%/month (p < .01); ultimately % patients catheterized halved from 15% pre-intervention to 7% post-intervention. A trend of greater discharges directly home was observed in older (65+) patients. Discussion & Conclusion: A multi-modal educational intervention using nurse education and process changes resulted in a significant reduction in catheter days per patient and the proportion of patients catheterized., Background/Purpose: Life course influences on health may be most evident at older ages. In a large sample of middle-aged and older Europeans, we compared grip strength, cognitive performance, and walking speed between native-born participants, immigrants who were born in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and immigrants who were born in high-income countries (HICs). Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, including 33,745 participants age 50+ in 14 countries (mean age = 64.9 ± 10.2 years; 54% women). Four performance-based measures were assessed: grip strength, delayed recall, and verbal fluency were measured in all participants, while walking speed was measured only in individuals age 75+. Analyses were divided by participants’ current residence in either relatively wealthier Northern/Western or relatively poorer Southern/Eastern Europe, and adjusted for age, gender, and education. Results: About 7% of participants (n = 2,369) were immigrants. In Northern/Western Europe, compared to native-born participants, LMIC-born immigrants demonstrated weaker grip strength (mean 32.8 kg vs. 35.7 kg, p < .001), and lower delayed recall (3.0 vs. 3.6, p < .001) and verbal fluency scores (16.1 vs. 20.4, p < .001), but similar walking speed (0.66 m/sec vs. 0.72 m/sec, p = .1). HIC-born immigrants demonstrated grip strength (34.7 kg), delayed recall (3.4), and verbal fluency performance (18.5) lower than native-born participants, but higher than LMIC-born immigrants (p < .001). In Southern/Eastern Europe, scores did not differ between groups on any measure. Discussion & Conclusion: Middle-aged and older immigrants demonstrated worse physical function and cognitive performance than native-born Europeans in Northern/ Western Europe, but not in Southern/Eastern Europe. Country of birth and current country of residence were each associated with these performance-based measures of age-related health., Background/Purpose: The importance of traditional risk factors on prediction of adverse events has been established for many chronic diseases. A recent study demonstrated that even non-traditional risk factors, when considered in consort, predicted dementia similarly to any traditional risk factors. The objective of this study was to investigate contributions of non-traditional risk factors to coronary heart disease (CHD) events. Methods: This analysis included community-dwelling adults with no history of CHD (n= 2669, mean age 46.4 ± 19.1 years, 48.6% men) who participated in the 1995 Nova Scotia Health Survey. We constructed 3 risk factor indices (RFIs): 1) a 17-item non-traditional RFI (e.g., sinusitis, arthritis); 2) a 9-item traditional RFI (e.g., hypertension, diabetes); and 3) a combined RFI (all 26 items). Ten-year risks of CHD-related hospitalization and mortality were evaluated. Results: The non-traditional RFI score was significantly predictive of CHD-related hospitalizations and deaths, even after controlling for the traditional RFI (age and sex adjusted hazard ratio [adj. HR] 1.26; 95% CI 1.09–1.44). However, including all possible variables in the combined RFI predicted the highest rate of CHD events (adj. HR 1.55; 1.36–1.76). Considered separately, the traditional and non-traditional RFIs similarly discriminated participants who had CHD events from those who did not (area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.70, CI 0.67–0.74; vs. 0.69, 0.65–0.73). When all variables were combined in an index, the AUC was significantly higher (combined RFI = 0.76; 0.720.79). Discussion & Conclusion: The accumulation of non-traditional risk factors adds a unique contribution to the prediction of CHD hospitalizations and mortality. This supports the idea that maintenance of general health lowers risk for late-life disease.

International audience

International audience; Presentation of Crosscut method and of Crocus-Resort use.; Présentation de la méthode Crosscut et de la mise en oeuvre de Crocus-Resort.

National audience; Les microalgues, en tant que producteurs primaires, sont à la base des réseaux trophiques aquatiques : elles peuvent donc être directement impactées par les herbicides. Dans l’environnement aquatique, la matière organique dissoute (MOD) peut également influencer les microalgues. La présente étude avait pour but d’étudier l’impact de la MOD naturelle (provenant du Bassin d’Arcachon) sur la toxicité de trois herbicides (irgarol (I), diuron (D) et S-métolachlore (S)), seuls et en mélange, pour deux micro-algues marines: Chaetoceros calcitrans (Cc) et Tetraselmis suecica (Ts), en cultures monospécifiques en laboratoire. Après une exposition de six jours à chaque herbicide (I0,05 et I0,5 µg.L-1; D0,05 et D0,5 µg.L-1; S0,5 et S5 µg.L-1) et à deux mélanges (M1: I0,05+D0,05+S0,5 et M2: I0,5+D0,5+S5), en présence ou non de MOD, les effets ont été évalués sur la croissance, l’efficacité photosynthétique, la quantité relative d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène et le contenu lipidique relatif. En l’absence de MOD, les conditions I0,5 et M2 ont significativement affecté les deux espèces : inhibition de la croissance et de l’efficacité photosynthétique et diminution du contenu lipidique relatif. Les impacts de M2 sur Cc ont été similaires aux effets induits par I0,5 ; en revanche pour Ts, la toxicité de M2 a été supérieure, suggérant une probable synergie entre les molécules. En présence de MOD, des effets significatifs de I0,5 et M2 ont également été observés sur les deux espèces : alors que les effets ont été amoindris en présence de MOD chez Cc, ils ont été amplifiés chez Ts. La présence de MOD naturelle a donc influencé la toxicité des herbicides de façon opposée chez les deux espèces. Ces résultats peuvent être expliqués partiellement par la complexation entre la MOD et les herbicides. En effet, des études ont montré que la MOD pouvait moduler la biodisponibilité des pesticides et des métaux selon la capacité des microalgues à pouvoir réaliser ou non de l’hétérotrophie (mécanisme favorisant la pénétration des molécules dans les cellules). Les variations de toxicité observées dans cette étude pourront être interprétées plus précisément avec les résultats des analyses chimiques en cours d’acquisition (MOD, herbicides et carbone organique dissous).

International audience; 1. Interactions between emerging contaminants and other drivers of community structure and function are poorly known. We used laboratory microcosms to investigate the single and combined effects of grazing and triclosan toxicity on the structure and function of stream periphyton. 2. Grazing alone strongly reduced algal biomass, but also reduced oxidative stress and increased periphyton productivity and phosphorus (P) uptake capacity. This suggests that grazed algal communities can compensate for reduced biomass by enhanced growth after being released from grazing.3. Triclosan exposure (11.6 ± 1.1 µg L-1) reduced the detoxification capacity and P-uptake capacity of periphyton and altered diatom taxonomic composition. This indicates that triclosan at environmentally relevant concentrations affects the capacity of periphyton to remove dissolved nutrients and to cope with toxicant mixtures commonly occurring in streams.4. Triclosan exposure and grazing pressure had negative synergistic effects on algal size-class distribution and diatom mortality, since the effects of triclosan were higher than expected when periphyton was subject to grazing.5. Periphyton exposed to toxic substances such as triclosan had a lower capacity to cope with grazing than unexposed communities, because toxicity can limit algal regrowth after release from grazing and promote the loss of less abundant species. This synergism may have important implications because grazing pressure will magnify the negative effects of toxicants on community structure and ecosystem functions such as primary production and nutrient cycling.

Comunicación presentada en: TECO-2016 (Technical Conference on Meteorological and Environmental Instruments and Methods of Observation) celebrada en Madrid, del 27 al 30 de septiembre de 2016. One of the objectives of the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment (SPICE) was to assess the performance and capabilities of automated sensors for measuring snow on the ground (SoG), including sensors that measure snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE). The intercomparison focused on five snow depth sensors (models SHM30, SL300, SR50A, FLS-CH 10 and USH-8) and two SWE sensors (models CS725 and SSG1000) over two winter seasons (2013/2014 and 2014/2015). A brief discussion of the measurement reference(s) and an example of the intercomparisons are included. Generally, each of the sensors under test operated according to the manufacturer’s specifications and compared well with the site references, exhibiting high correlations with both the manual and automated reference measurements. The use of natural and artificial surface targets under snow depth sensors were examined in the context of providing a stable and representative surface for snow depth measurements. An assessment of sensor derived measurement quality and sensor return signal strength, where available as an output option, were analysed to help explain measurement outliers and sources of uncertainty with the goal of improving data quality and maximizing the sensor capabilities. Finally, where possible, relationships are established between the gauge measurement of solid precipitation and the measurement of snow on the ground. This paper will provide a brief summary of these results with more detail included in the WMO SPICE Final Report.

L-band passive measurements (1.4 GHz) over continental areas are known to be related to surface soil moisture. Two satellite missions were recently launched to measure land surface emissions at this frequency band (SMOS-Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity in 2009 and SMAP-Soil Moisture Active/Passive in 2015). In order to improve soil moisture retrievals from satellite data, ground-based radiometer systems operating at the same frequency were deployed over specified areas to investigate the L-band emission of various land covers under various climatological conditions. In this study, three years of L-band passive measurements from a radiometer installed on top of a steep mountain in the French Alps were analyzed and compared to L-band passive simulations. The innovative radiometer location led to large footprints due to the distance between the radiometer and the area under study. This experiment also produced microwave measurements affected by various potential difficulties typically encountered in SMOS/SMAP satellite missions: topography, heterogeneous footprints, dry/wet snow events, dew and vegetation litter. Based on in situ and modeling data, this paper investigates the potential of a radiative transfer model (L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere, L-MEB) to simulate L-band measurements and analyzes the differences with ELBARA observations. First, it was found that the topography generated a mixing of the horizontal and vertical polarizations. In addition, a large positive bias was found on ELBARA measurements (31 K and 12 K in horizontal and vertical polarizations respectively). Investigations showed that the sky reflection measured by the radiometer was partially substituted by land reflection coming from the surrounding topography. Second, the low-vegetation emission was investigated and highlighted the inability of the MODIS NDVI product to correctly represent the vegetation dynamics. Finally, dry snow conditions were found to have non-negligible impact at L-band and a particular signature was found during snow melting periods, with potential applications at the SMOS/SMAP spatial scales (similar to 40 km).

International audience; L’Union Européenne représente 45% du tonnage mondial de pesticides. Une infime partie de ces pesticides atteint véritablement les sites d’action des organismes-cible, le reste se répartit dans l’environnement par le biais de divers phénomènes comme le ruissellement pour finir dans les écosystèmes aquatiques, récepteurs finaux des contaminants. Les stress chimiques impliquent des variations dans les compositions (aussi bien en abondance qu’en diversité) de nombreux taxons (faune et flore) qui font aujourd’hui l’objet de nombreuses études dans le domaine de la bioindication. Cependant, les indices d’évaluation de la qualité de l’eau se réduisent à un seul compartiment biologique et écartent les associations de facteurs biotiques (prédation, compétition) et abiotiques (stress chimique). Nous avons testés quatre facteurs (Prédation, Compétition, Diuron et Imidaclopride) séparément sur deux espèces de diatomées et trois morphotypes distincts : Planothidium lanceolatum et Gomphonema gracile (morphotype normal, morphotype tératogène) pour déterminer, par quantification quotidienne, les cinétiques de croissance de chacune sous différentes pressions. Le prédateur utilisé était un nématode originaire de biofilms de cours d’eau aquitains, plutôt cosmopolite des sols et des écosystèmes benthiques des eaux douces (Aphelenchoides bicaudatus). Par la suite, nous avons reproduit les expériences en combinant les différents facteurs afin de déterminer s’ils agissaient en synergie ou étaient antagonistes. P. lanceolatum est fortement impacté par la compétition interalgale. Cependant, sous le traitement au diuron, A. bicaudatus favorise la croissance de cette dernière en enrichissant nutritivement le milieu (fèces, sécrétion de mucus agglutinant) et agit en synergie sur Gomphonema gracile en la broutant. A contrario, lorsqu’elles sont exposées à l’imidaclopride, les algues développent un mécanisme de défense en s’agglomérant les unes aux autres. Ce comportement peut réduire les opportunités de prédation du nématode, les rendant moins accessibles. Les relations écologiques qui ont lieu au sein des biofilms (compétition, prédation), ont des effets non négligeables sur les compositions des communautés, les comportements individuels ou populationnels et les impacts habituellement relevés sans ces facteurs. Ces résultats plaident pour une nouvelle approche quant aux méthodes de détermination de la qualité de l’eau et des études fondamentales de compréhension des écosystèmes dans un objectif de restauration et de préservation.

National audience; Snow on the ground is a critical resource for winter tourism in mountain regions and in particular ski tourism. Ski resorts are significantly vulnerable to the variability of meteorological conditions already at present and threatened by climate change in the longer term. Here we introduce an approach where detailed snowpack simulation results were crossed with a resort‑level geographical and socio‑economic database containing information from about 142 ski resorts spanning the entire French Alps domain. This allows to take into account explicitly the geographical, topographical (altitude, slope and aspect) and spatial organisation (distribution of ski lifts and slopes) features of the ski resorts considered. A natural snow resorts viability index was built using all the above information and simulated natural snow conditions from 2000 to 2012. Results were compared to economically relevant information (skier days values) highlighting a complex relationship between ski resort operations and natural snow conditions. We provide preliminary results obtained when snow management practices (grooming and snowmaking) are implemented in the snowpack model used, which show promising prospects allowing in the future a finer analysis of the interactions between ski resorts operations and meteorological and climate conditions.; La neige au sol est une ressource essentielle pour le tourisme hivernal dans les régions montagneuses et en particulier pour les sports d’hiver. Les stations de ski sont d’ores et déjà sensibles à la variabilité des conditions météorologiques actuelles et sont menacées par le changement climatique sur le plus long terme. Nous présentons ici une approche dans laquelle les résultats détaillés de simulations du manteau neigeux ont été croisés avec une base de données socio‑économiques, spatialisée à l’échelle des stations et qui contient des informations sur 142 stations de ski réparties dans l’ensemble des Alpes françaises. Cette approche permet de prendre en compte de façon explicite les caractéristiques géographiques, topographiques (altitude, pente et aspect) et d’organisation spatiale (répartition des remontées mécaniques et structuration du domaine skiable) des stations étudiées. Un indice de la viabilité des stations a été élaboré à partir des informations ci‑dessus et des conditions d’enneigement naturel simulées de 2000 à 2012. Les résultats ont été comparés à des informations économiques (nombre de journées‑skieur), mettant en lumière une relation complexe entre fonction‑ nement des stations de ski et conditions d’enneigement naturel. La méthode exposée dans cette étude présente un fort potentiel pour des analyses articulant des critères physiques et socio‑économiques pertinents du fonctionnement de l’éco‑ nomie touristique hivernale ainsi que des projections dans l’avenir en fonction du changement climatique. L’intégration explicite des pratiques de gestion de la neige (neige de culture et damage) dans le modèle de manteau neigeux utilisé est requise pour améliorer l’adéquation avec la réalité, donc la pertinence, des résultats obtenus, ainsi que le montrent des résultats préliminaires de telles simulations.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]RIVAGE; International audience; Whereas changes in magnitude of geophysical extremes under climate change have received significant attention, potential concomitant changes in spatial dependence structures have remained unexplored so far. Here we provide first evidence of such an effect, highlighting a significant trend in the spatial dependence structure of snowfall extremes in the French Alps at decadal time scale. Specifically, we process a comprehensive data set of winter maximum snowfall from all over the French Alps collected in 90 stations from 1958 to 2012. We estimate extremal dependence over 20year moving estimation windows taking into account possible anisotropy potentially related to orographic effects and/or patterns in atmospheric flows. For each window, we derive a range representing the distance above which extremes are almost independent. We show that snowfall extremes tended to become less spatially dependent over time, with the dependence range reduced roughly by half during the study period. We demonstrate the connection between this trend and local and synoptic climatic variables associated with the current climate change context. In details, the decreasing pattern in extremal dependence is concomitant with a trend toward less harsh winter conditions. It is attributable at first to the increase in temperature and its major control on the snow/rain partitioning. Yet a magnitude effect, with less dependent extremes due to a decrease in intensity of precipitation, also exists. Finally, we show that our results are largely insensitive to the minimal modeling assumptions necessary to our data-based approach. This robustness makes it potentially suitable for various other studies in the field of geophysical extremes.

The opinions expressed in the abstracts are those of the authors and are not to be construed as the opinion of the publisher (Canadian Geriatrics Society) or the organizers of the 32nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Canadian Geriatrics Society. Although the publisher (Canadian Geriatrics Society) has made every effort to accurately reproduce the abstracts, the Canadian Geriatrics Society and the 32nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Canadian Geriatrics Society assumes no responsibility and/or liability for any errors and/or omissions in any abstract as published., Objectives: To identify current practices and care gaps for elderly patients admitted following a hip fracture, and to characterize patients’ patterns of functional recovery over 1-year. Relevance Increased awareness of existing gaps and improving our understanding of patients’ recovery can help optimize patients’ outcomes. Methods: Forty community-dwelling participants with an osteoporotic hip fracture (≥ 65 years) were recruited and followed over 1 year. Patients were divided according to their pre-fracture mobility: low, medium, and high. Recovery was defined in two ways: “traditional definition” based on return to pre-fracture mobility, and “acceptable” based on ability to do stairs. Statistical analysis: Single-subject design approach for analyzing small samples was used to identify sources of variability in recovery over time. Results: Some gaps in services received during hospitalization and at the time of discharge were: (i) 63% had a surgical delay > 48 hours; (ii) > 75% had inadequate osteoporosis management; and (iii) only 35% had a home visit within 1 week of returning home. Using the traditional definition for recovery: 80%, 52%, 33% recovered from the low, medium, and high baseline groups, respectively; 40%, 43%, 33% maintained this recovery up to 1 year. Using the definition for acceptable recovery, 20%, 43%, 71% recovered, respectively, and 10%, 38%, 57% maintained the recovery. Patients generally lost functional improvement between 6–12 months, following waning of rehabilitation services. Conclusion: Despite the plethora of guidelines specifically for osteoporosis management following hip fracture, gaps exist in care practices across the continuum. The extent of recovery depended on the definition however, after initial improvement, the majority of patients deteriorated after 6-months. A booster rehabilitation program is indicated., The language of aging is burdened with history. In this presentation, I consider “the grey tsunami”: a charged metaphor that has been urgently deployed over the past decade to describe the socio-economic threats posed by population aging. As a research associate in geriatric medicine and a PhD candidate in English Literature, I apply methods of literary analysis to interpret “the grey tsunami” as a timely example of interdisciplinarity’s darker side: specifically, how the overlapping language and textual practices of popular journalism, health policy, and literature co-operate to engender an ideologically-loaded, ageist metaphor masquerading as self-evident fact. My paper presents a concise and synthetic overview of the veiled meanings implied by “the grey tsunami” by conducting close readings of this term as recently employed by influential health agencies and organizations (e.g., CIHR, Alzheimer Society of Canada). I propose that the implications of this contemporary metaphor can be traced back to the mid-nineteenth century, when Western medical advances first made possible the reality of an aging population. I show that the deepest anxieties about population aging actually took shape in numerous poems and novels of that period—by esteemed authors including Matthew Arnold, Alfred Tennyson, Charles Dickens, and Anthony Trollope—which depicted society as morbidly “burdened” by an unprecedented, overwhelming, elderly mass. By charting the as-yet unexamined conceptual history of “the grey tsunami”, I aim to demonstrate how literature and the humanities—often viewed as a preventive measure against societal ageism—can also serve to legitimize prejudice toward older persons., Background: Frailty is characterized by increased vulnerability for falls, fractures, institutionalization, and death. Several models for identifying frailty have been developed, including Fried’s widely accepted Frailty Phenotype Index (FPI). However, the FPI can be time-consuming and difficult to apply in clinical practice due to the requirement of hand grip and gait measurements. Alternatively, a nine-category Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), ranging from 1 (“Very fit”) to 9 (“Severely Frail”), has been proposed based on clinical information and physical exam. The CFS, to date, has not been validated against the FPI. We aimed to test the agreement between the FPI and CFS in identifying seniors with frailty in the community. Methods: 109 community-dwelling seniors, aged ≥ 75, were classified as “not frail”, “pre-frail” or “frail” using the FPI. Subsequently, two clinicians, blinded from the first assessment, determined frailty status in each participant using the CFS and differences in scoring were resolved by consensus. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using kappa statistics. Gamma Correlation coefficients compared CFS frailty status to FPI components in individuals. Results: Analysis of kappa statistics showed a substantial agreement among raters in applying the CFS (κ = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.68, 0.84). The CFS was positively correlated with an increasing number of FPI frailty components., Objectives: The Vitamin D in Osteoporosis (ViDOS) study is a knowledge translation intervention to increase best practices for osteoporosis and fracture prevention in long-term care (LTC), particularly widespread use of vitamin D supplementation. Methods: ViDOS is a cluster randomized controlled trial underway in 40 LTC homes (n = 19 intervention, n = 21 control) across Ontario, Canada. Using baseline data on demographic, medications, and disease conditions collected from the pharmacy database, we evaluated vitamin D and calcium use for all residents in the study, and bisphosphonate use in high-risk residents (documented osteoporosis and/or a prior hip fracture). Results: 5,409 residents (71% women, mean age = 82.8 [SD 10.8]) were included. 87.5% of the homes are for-profit. The mean number of beds in the homes is 142 (range 43–378) with an average of six treating physicians per home. At baseline, 40% of all residents were taking Vitamin D (≥ 800 IU/day) and 33% were taking calcium (≥ 500 mg/day). Of 760 (14%) residents with documented osteoporosis, 62% were taking vitamin D and 51% were on a bisphosphonate. Of 351 (6.5%) residents with documented hip fracture, 58% were taking vitamin D ≥ 800 IU/day and 35% a bisphosphonate. Conclusions: At baseline, 60% of residents were not taking adequate amounts of vitamin D. Vitamin D and bisphosphonate use was higher in high-risk residents but was still sub-optimal. Identification of osteoporosis and fractures is essential to initiating appropriate treatment and preventing future fractures. Our analysis revealed a care gap in the recognition of residents with osteoporosis and prevalent hip fracture., Background: Aging is often associated with a gain in fat mass and loss of lean tissue, mainly muscle, which has been related to insulin resistance. Dietary protein intake is considered an easy approach to combat loss of muscle mass, but contrarily to plant source of proteins, animal proteins may increase the risk of insulin resistance. Objective: To elucidate the complex interrelationships of dietary protein intake, muscle mass, and insulin resistance. Methods: 441 non-diabetic, 68- to 82-year-old men and women of the Quebec Longitudinal Study NuAge with complete datasets. Muscle mass index (MMI; kg/height in m2) and percent body fat were derived from DXA and BIA. Insulin resistance was based on the HOMA-IR, physical activity on the PASE questionnaire, and protein intake and sources on three non-consecutive 24-h food recalls. Path analysis of a proposed model including age, sex, number of chronic diseases, and smoking served to identify if our theoretical causal pathway fitted with the data. Through several fit statistical indices, we attained a final model. Results: Significant, direct positive associations were observed for HOMA-IR with MMI (β = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.24; 0.6) and % body fat (β = 0.094; 95% CI: 0.07; 0.11), and for physical activity with muscle mass (β = 0.0028; 95% CI: 0.001; 0.004), but not for animal protein intake with MMI (β = 0.019; 95% CI: −0.006; 0.044) or HOMA-IR (β = 0.092; 95% CI: −0.03; 0.048). Significant, direct negative associations were observed for plant protein intake with MMI only (β = −0.068; 95% CI: −0.13; −0.003), and for physical activity with fat mass (β = −0.01; 95% CI: −0.021; 0.0). Significant, indirect associations were observed negatively for plant protein (xb = - 0.07; 95% CI: - 0.1; 0.0), and positively for animal protein (β = 0.0321; 95% CI: 0.01; 0.05) with HOMAIR mediated through MMI and fat mass. Our final model fitted with our data (Chi-Square = 4.83). Conclusions: Interestingly and contrarily to expectations, muscle mass and HOMA-IR were positively associated in these elderly participants. Results suggest that plant protein is beneficial for reducing insulin resistance but at the expense of muscle mass loss, whereas the reverse stands for animal protein. Physical activity has significant beneficial effects in body composition. These findings can shed some light on the directions to promote healthy aging through optimalization of protein diet and physical activity. (Supported by CIHR), Introduction: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a heterogeneous condition affecting up to 40% of seniors. Almost a third with MCI will progress to dementia. Similarly, gait abnormalities, depressive symptoms, and executive dysfunction are commonly found in seniors, and this “triad” has been linked with brain ischemic lesions. To date, the presence of such a “triad” and its relationship with vascular risk factors (VRF) has not been described in MCI. We hypothesized that seniors with MCI who have high VRFs will be more likely to exhibit the “triad” of gait abnormalities, depressive symptoms, and executive dysfunction. Methods: Baseline data from 62 participants of the “Gait and Brain Study”, an ongoing prospective cohort of seniors with MCI at London, Ontario, was used for this project. Biannual assessments include executive function test (Clock Drawing and TMT B), quantitative gait analysis (velocity), and depression ratings (Geriatric Depression Scale), among other evaluations. VRFs were assessed at baseline using a modified Vascular Risk Factor Index which ranges from 1 to 7. Results: Forty-four percent of the participants had at least one VRF. There was a significant association between the number of VRFs and the presence of the triad (MANOVA, F(3,36) = 3.41, p = .025, controlled for age and sex). Conclusions: VRF were prevalent in our MCI cohort. VRFs were associated with the specified triad. A future prospective analysis of this cohort should elucidate causal mechanisms for this relationship. VRFs may play an important role in the development of cognitive, mobility, and mood dysfunction in people with MCI., Background & Objectives: Various explicit criteria exist for determining potentially inappropriate medications in older adults such as the Beers criteria. Our objective was to determine the nature and frequency of potentially inappropriate medications for patients admitted to Acute Care for Elders (ACE) units using modified Beers criteria, and the association with adverse outcomes with respects to patient mortality, readmission within 30 days, and length of stay. Methods: We prospectively studied consecutive patients 70 years or older admitted to the Acute Care for Elders (ACE) units at Vancouver General Hospital over two months. Detailed medication histories were obtained and outcomes data were tracked for each patient longitudinally. Results: A total of 168 consecutive patients were screened and 67 provided informed consent. An average of 6.2 prescription medications was used per patient. Of the total number of medications, 18 (7.4%) were deemed potentially inappropriate by modified Beers criteria, with 12 of 18 being considered to be of high severity for potential harm. For patients with Beers criteria medications, the median length of hospital stay was 15 days compared with 12 days in patients without Beers medications, despite similar frailty and co-morbidity indices. The mortality rate during hospitalization was 18.7% (3/16) among patients with Beer’s medications versus 9.8% (11/51) among those without. Conclusion: Inappropriate medications were used commonly in our cohort. Despite similar co-morbidity indices between groups, there was an association with a longer length of stay and increased mortality in patients with Beers criteria medications. Further outcomes-related studies are warranted to confirm the association we found., Introduction: The management of delirium includes a search for underlying acute medical illnesses, which may include urinary cultures. However, guidelines recommend only treating bacteriuria in the elderly if accompanied by urinary symptoms. This is based on RCTs showing no benefit in morbidity, mortality, or chronic urinary incontinence with routine screening or treatment of asymptomatic bactueruria, even in cognitively impaired individuals. The objectives of this study were to: (i) review the literature citing an association between urinary tract infections (UTIs) and delirium, and (ii) to look at the prevalence of treating asymptomatic UTI in a delirious medical in-patient population Methods: A MEDLINE search was conducted using the MeSH terms ‘urinary tract infection’, ‘bacteruria’ or ‘asymptomatic bacteruria’ AND either ‘delirium’, ‘confusion’ or ‘altered mental status’. Inclusion criteria included English articles, age > 65, and not undergoing a urological procedure. Data were used from a previously conducted prospective observational study of CAM-diagnosed delirium in consecutive medical in-patients. Data on signs and symptoms of infection, urinary symptoms, and whether a UTI was treated were collected from participants’ medical charts. Results: Studies (n = 65) relaying an association between delirium and UTIs were observational and lacked control groups. Preliminary results showed out of 315 delirious patients, 44% were treated for UTI but only 26% of treated patients had symptoms of a UTI or signs of an infection. Conclusions: Asymptomatic UTIs are often treated in delirious in-patients, despite a lack of good studies. This warrants further study., Introduction: TAVI decreases mortality and morbidity in older patients who are deemed inoperable or at high risk for surgical aortic valve replacement. Premorbid functional status and rates of geriatric-specific postoperative complications have not been well described. This study aimed to clarify these issues. Methods: Data collection occurred through the Division of Cardiology at St. Paul’s Hospital in Vancouver, Canada. Information on activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), clinical frailty score (CFS), timed up and go (TUG), and a mini-mental state examination were collected prospectively by a study nurse. Patient charts were reviewed for medical co-morbidities, cardiac-specific metrics, pre-specified delirium criteria, complications, and discharge disposition. Results: Twenty-six cases were reviewed. The average patient age was 80 years and average Charlson Co-morbidity Index score was 3.5. Despite the advanced age and presence of significant co-morbidities, the incidence of delirium was low at 8% (2/26), with only 15.5% (4/26) receiving psychotropic medications during the hospitalization. All patients with available functional data were independent for ADLs at baseline (18/18), with 89% (16/18) requiring assistance with 2 IADLs or less. The mean scores on the CFS, TUG, and MMSE were 4, 12.8 seconds, and 27.9, respectively. Ninety-two percent (16/18) of patients were discharged home, with two patients going to a rehabilitation institution and eventually being discharged home. Conclusion: Appropriately selected older adults, with the functional and cognitive attributes noted above, appear to tolerate this procedure very well from a geriatrics point of view. Studies involving larger patient populations are warranted., Introduction: Socio-economic status is related to health both at the individual and country level. The health status of the older population of each country can be monitored by measuring its frailty status. Objectives: To examine the relationship between the Frailty Index (FI) and national economic indicators. Methods: 30,025 participants aged 50+ years (13,700 men, 16,325 women) from 12 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland) which participated in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe comprised the study sample. Following a standard procedure, an FI was constructed from 71 items. The economic indicators used for cross-country comparison were: gross domestic product (GDP), gross national income (GNI), health expenditure, and an inequality measure. Results: Across countries, the mean FI increased with age and was higher in women. Between countries, the mean FI ranged from 0.11 (Switzerland) to 0.21 (Israel). GDP, GNI, and health expenditure were negatively correlated with both the mean (r = GDP −0.85; GNI −0.86; health expenditure −0.86)., Introduction : Des travaux réalisés dans différents milieux de soins suggèrent que les personnes âgées qui sont atteintes de troubles cognitifs reçoivent des soins de moins bonne qualité. À partir d’une étude primaire évaluant la qualité des processus de soins offerts dans les UCDG du Québec, nous avons voulu vérifier si celle-ci était influencée par le statut cognitif. Matériel et méthode : Les dossiers médicaux de patients (n = 765) a dmis e n U CDG (n = 44) p our u ne c hute a vec traumatisme ont été étudiés. Le statut cognitif des patients (sans atteinte, n = 276; atteint, n = 489) a été déterminé par un gériatre. Deux dimensions de la qualité des soins, soit la globalité et la continuité informationnelle, ont été évaluées en mesurant l’écart entre les activités retrouvées au dossier et celles inclues dans deux grilles standardisées reflétant une prise en charge de qualité selon des données probantes et le jugement clinique multidisciplinaire consensuel. Des analyses de régression multiniveaux ont été effectuées afin de déterminer l’impact du statut cognitif sur la qualité des soins. Résultats : Les résultats pour la globalité des soins et la continuité informationnelle sont plus élevés chez les patients atteints (respectivement 4% (p < .001) et 2% (p = .054)). Ces dimensions de la qualité étant corrélées (Pearson, r = 0,391; p = .01), l’effet indépendant du statut cognitif sur la continuité n’est pas significatif. Conclusion : Les professionnels de la santé oeuvrant dans les UCDG dispensent un processus de soins de qualité égale ou même supérieure aux patients présentant des troubles cognitifs., Background: In response to challenges to recruiting older adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) into a longitudinal study of on-road driving performance, we explored barriers and facilitators to their participation in driving studies. Methods: We conducted two focus group discussions with eight individuals with MCI. All participants held valid driver licenses and identified themselves as current drivers. The focus group discussions were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed according to standard qualitative coding techniques. Predominant themes were identified. Results: Primary barriers to driving research participation included the potential for punitive outcomes associated with poor performance on study on-road driving tests (e.g., mandatory reporting to participants’ physicians potentially leading to driver license removal), inherent biases associated with the on-road driving evaluation (e.g., inclusion of driving situations that the participant avoids), and a perceived lack of direct personal benefits. Research designs that offer participants with MCI the opportunity to receive training to improve their cognition, detailed feedback about their driving ability, and remediation for poor driving skills with an opportunity for an on-road re-test post-remediation were described as being facilitators of driving research participation. Conclusions: Driving study research designs that include on-road driving assessments that can result in negative outcomes such as potential license loss will likely fail in terms of recruitment of participants if they do not incorporate important elements that facilitate participation. These include offering driving remediation and follow-up on-road assessments to monitor progress. Participant recruitment can be maximized when the possibility of perceived biased and/or punitive outcomes are removed altogether., Background: The aging population challenges medical schools to improve geriatrics education to better prepare medical students for future practice. A fourth-ear geriatrics selective was planned as part of developing a comprehensive four-year undergraduate geriatric curriculum based on the Canadian Geriatric Society (CGS) competencies. Objectives: This survey aimed to identify medical students’ preferred methods of learning and content, in order to design an optimum geriatrics selective. Methods: All U of T medical students were invited to participate in an online survey consisting of 10 questions exploring preferred methods of teaching and content based on CGS competencies. Results: The response rate was 14.2% (n = 134). Most responders were female (73%), and were first, second, and third year students (33.3%, 31.1%, 24.2%); 46.7% were interested in geriatric medicine; 66% expressed interest in taking this selective due to demographic imperative; 56.6% preferred a two-week selective. Students showed interest in learning from staff physicians (93%), residents (87%), and interdisciplinary teams (76%). Preference was for bedside clinical education (94%), while less interest was shown in seminars (44%) or a manual (52%); in contrast, students favoured online resources (76%). Content areas preferred by students were biology of aging (97.1%), cognitive impairment (94.3%), health-care planning (93.4%), and medication management (88.7%). Least interest was shown in urinary incontinence (72.8%), adverse events of medications (76%), and transitions of care (80.2%). Conclusions: This survey provided insight into students’ preferences regarding a geriatrics selective. Students preferred clinical bedside experiences, taught by experienced clinicians, supported by online resources, with identified preferences for certain key content areas., Objective: Cognitive deficits are among the strongest predictors of function in younger adults with schizophrenia. The objective of this study is to assess the extent to which cognition also predicts functional abilities in older adults with schizophrenia. Methods: Community-dwelling individuals over the age of 50 who met DSM-IV TR criteria for a current diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 76) and controls who did not meet criteria for a mental disorder (n = 34) were assessed with clinical interviews, neuropsychological tests, and functional measures. Cognitive ability was assessed using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Functional competence was measured using the University of San Diego Performance Skills Assessment (UPSA), the Medication Management Ability Assessment (MMAA), the Performance Assessment of Self-Care Skills (PASS), and the Function and Disability Instrument (FDI). The schizophrenia and control groups were compared. Results: Demographic and baseline clinical, cognitive, and functional characteristics are reported for participants with schizophrenia and controls. The mean number of years of education was lower in the schizophrenia group than the control group. Participants with schizophrenia scored higher than controls on all clinical measures: the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G), Simpson Angus Scale (SAS), and Subjective Well-Being on Neuroleptic Medications (SWN). Participants with schizophrenia also scored lower on all cognitive and functional measures. Conclusion: In future, analyses will be conducted to investigate relationships between cognitive and functional measures. Clinical measures will be controlled for as confounders to isolate the effect of cognition on real-life functional ability., Background: Since 1991, the Canadian Geriatrics Society has sponsored the biennial Summer Institute in Geriatrics (SIG) for Canadian medical students with the aim to improve awareness and encourage careers in geriatric medicine. However, the effectiveness of this program has not been evaluated. With recent fiscal constraints, it has been questioned whether there is ongoing merit in continuing the SIG. The objective of this study was to determine whether the SIG influences medical students to pursue careers in geriatric medicine, geriatric psychiatry, or care of the elderly and, if so, to what extent? Method: Past SIG participants were contacted by mail and invited to complete a survey containing questions about participant demographics, motivation for attending the Institute, residency training, influence of the SIG on career choice, ultimate career choice, and its perceived overall value. Results: Eighty-one physicians (54.4%) responded. Nineteen percent had current or planned careers in geriatrics disciplines, while 48% spent more than 50% of their time with adults over the age of 65. Seven participants are currently working as geriatricians, two as geriatric psychiatrists, and two as family doctors with care of the elderly training. Fifty-three percent were motivated to enroll in electives following the Institute, while 43% believed that the Institute influenced their career choice. All participants felt that the SIG improved their knowledge of geriatrics. Conclusions: Participants of the SIG do go on to have careers in geriatric disciplines. Those that do not still gain valuable knowledge that may be applied to the care of older adults in other disciplines. Participants provided several suggestions for how the Institute could be more effective at influencing career choice., There are urgent calls for care models that address the unique needs of geriatric patients, who are typically managed with several medications. Multiple-medication treatment regimens present many challenges for health professionals and patients. For health professionals, these challenges include those of reconciling the list of medications generated by multiple prescribers with the patient and often their caregiver(s) to ensure accuracy and completeness. For older patients, the challenges of understanding how to take multiple medications and the treatment burden imposed by complex medication regimens may result in poor adherence and poor health outcomes. Our objectives are to develop and assess new approaches to medication regimen reconciliation, consolidation, and simplification. Here, we present an interprofessional approach to medication reconciliation piloted in Project IMPACT (Interprofessional Model of Practice for Aging and Complex Treatments) for community-dwelling patients 65 years of age or older, with three or more chronic diseases and five or more long-term medications. A measure of medication regimen complexity (MRC), as the number of rules in the consolidated medication script, was also developed and validated in this study population. We present the protocol we developed for consolidating a medication list and reducing MRC, along with novel findings regarding the characteristics of medication regimens and associated issues for these older patients with multiple chronic conditions. These new approaches to medication management may be particularly useful in the person-centered care of the elderly., Transitions between health care settings are a high-risk period for care quality and threatened patient safety. This is especially significant for older persons with complex care needs, such as those with hip fracture or other musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders, as they often require care from multiple health professionals within and between care settings. To gain a better understanding of transitional care, we recruited older hip fracture patients from acute care and followed them as they moved through the health-care system. Participants were purposively sampled. At each transition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the patients (N = 6) and members of their care network (N = 22). Transitions between hospital-based acute care and inpatient rehabilitation, as well as community-based home care and retirement living, were captured. Data were gathered and analyzed using a focused ethnographic approach. Facilitators and barriers of transitional care were identified from the perspective of patients, as well as their formal and informal caregivers. Important areas of interest that emerged included: continuity of care surrounding shift work and team-based care, insufficient time on behalf of the health-care providers to adequately communicate with their patients and each other, the impact of cultural competency on interactions within the care network, proactive strategies utilized by informal caregivers, and using health records to facilitate communication. A number of practical strategies for promoting successful transitions were also recommended by the participants., Delirium is an acute confusional state characterized by inattention, disorganized thinking, and perceptual disturbances. Previous research has shown that hospitalized elderly patients on a general medicine ward were more likely to develop incident delirium if they had baseline cognitive impairment, vision impairment, dehydration, and/or severe illness. Environmental factors likely play a role in delirium development. The primary study objective was to determine if room changes are associated with an increased incidence of delirium per patient days in elderly patients on a general medicine ward after controlling for baseline risk factors. Secondary objectives were (1) to determine if room changes increase the length of delirium in patients who had delirium at admission, (2) to determine if room changes increase length of hospital stay, and (3) to determine if bed-spacing and room characteristics affect these outcomes. Our study sample consists of patients 70 years of age or older who were admitted to the general medicine service at St. Michael’s Hospital between October 2009 and September 2010. A total of 1,384 patients met these criteria. A validated chart abstract abstraction technique was used to identify patients with delirium, and Decision Support data was used to identify room changes and bed spacing. So far, 1,354 patient charts have been abstracted. A total of 388 patients (28.7%) had delirium at admission, and 140 (14.5%) of the remaining patients developed delirium during their first week of hospital stay. We are expecting to complete data abstraction and analysis by the end of February 2012., Background: Women comprise the majority of the older population and have a greater burden of illness compared to men. This is evident in the home-care setting, where necessary services are provided to community-dwelling older adults. Whether the quality of these services differs between genders has not been examined. Objective: To determine if there are gender differences in home-care quality received by older individuals in Ontario and whether variations exist across planning regions. Methods: Retrospective cohort study using data from the Home Care Reporting System database using the RAI-HC Instrument. Study population: 119,795 Ontario home-care clients 65+ years receiving government-funded services from April 2009—March 2010. Home-care quality was assessed using validated indicators and risk-adjusted models developed by interRAI for decline in activities of daily living (ADL), cognitive decline, depressive symptoms, and pain control. For each indicator, unadjusted and risk-adjusted rates were calculated and stratified by gender. Results: All unadjusted quality indicators suggested gender differences. After risk-adjustment, 45.7% of women and 44% of men reported decline in ADLs; 50.8% of women and 50.5% of men reported cognitive decline; 11.9% of women and 11% of men reported depressive symptoms; 21.2% of women and 21.6% of men reported inadequate pain control. Rates varied 1.3- to 3.0-fold across planning regions after risk-adjustment. Conclusions: After risk-adjustment, no important gender differences exist in home-care quality. Differences in unadjusted rates between genders illustrate differences in health status and care needs. Regional variations in care quality across planning regions illustrate opportunities for improvement., Background: In Canada, 93% of older adults live at home and a substantial proportion of this population has complex and inter-related health and social problems. This sometimes renders them frail and homebound and poorly-served by predominantly office-based primary care delivery models. Several comprehensive and ongoing home-based primary care models have emerged internationally in order to address access-to-care deficiencies, postpone adverse health trajectories, and reduce overall costs for homebound elders. Objective: To identify the successful operational components of home-based primary care programs. Methods: We completed a systematic review of studies investigating home-based primary care programs for community-dwelling older adults that measured at least one of: hospitalizations, emergency department visits or long-term care admissions as an outcome of their intervention. Using the Cochrane, PubMed, and MEDLINE databases, 322 articles were identified and seven met our criteria for review. Results: The seven reviewed interventions were all based in the United States, with four emerging from the Veteran Affairs System. All seven programs demonstrated substantial effect on at least one of our inclusion outcomes, with four programs effecting two outcomes. All interventions were characterized by three common design principles: 1) house calls are made by the ongoing primary care provider, 2) the primary care provider leads an interprofessional care team, and 3) the program provides after-hours support. Conclusion: Specifically designed home-based primary care programs can substantially affect patient, caregiver, and systems outcomes. Adherence to the core design principles identified in this review could help guide the development and spread of these programs in Canada., Introduction: In Canada, 42% of cancer incidence and 59% of cancer mortality occur in persons aged ≥ 70 years. It has been reported that cancer is often under-treated in older patients due to co-morbidities, impaired functional status, and treatment toxicity. Objectives: The purpose of this ongoing study is to: 1) describe the health and functional status of the patient population referred to our Geriatric Oncology clinic, and 2) explore the reasons for referral and recommendations made. Methods: A chart review was conducted of 107 randomly selected patients who were seen in our clinic between 2006 and 2011. Data pertaining to demographic information, health, and functional status from the first visit were collected in a SPSS database. Health and functional status were assessed according to our Comprehensive Geriatric Oncology assessment consisting of co-morbidities, medications, functional status (ADLs, IADLs, ECOG), social support, cognition (MMSE Folstein, Montreal Cognitive Assessment test-MOCA), mood (Geriatric Depression Scale), mobility, nutritional status, and strength (grip strength by dynamometer). Descriptive techniques such as frequencies, means, and proportions were used for the statistical analysis. Results: In our sample of patients, lung, breast, and gynecological malignancies were the most common tumour sites. Average age of patients seen was 79 years old, and the majority of patients were referred for cognitive impairment (50.5%) and opinion on treatment plan (34.6%). As a result of our evaluations, we have uncovered and addressed previously undetected problems, such as mild cognitive impairment, dementia, polypharmacy, and mood disorders., Background: Given the growing proportion of older people, the prevention of cognitive decline is an important issue for patients, clinicians, and policy makers. There is significant interest in finding the “magic bullet” which will keep us cognitively intact for as long as possible. Objective: To complete a systematic review of the literature to determine the effectiveness of pharmacological therapies for preventing cognitive decline in healthy older adults and in those older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: We searched Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from date of onset to August 2011. No restrictions were placed on date of publication. Publications were excluded if they were not randomized control trials or systematic reviews, were not examining older adults (age > 65) with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment, if they did not list adverse outcomes of their interventions, or if they were published in a language other than English. Two investigators independently completed study selection, quality assessment, and data abstraction. Quality assessment of articles was conducted using Cochrane Risk of Bias. Our initial search yielded 3,882 potential articles. An abstract review by two independent reviewers narrowed search results to 226 articles that met inclusion criteria. Further assessment of full-text articles resulted in 45 articles for data abstraction and analysis. Data synthesis is underway and will be completed by April 2012. Conclusions: While final results of the systematic review are currently pending, it is evident from our preliminary results that there are very few high-quality studies that demonstrate any successful interventions to prevent cognitive decline in older adults., Purpose: Few data are available regarding the utilisation of radiation therapy in patients aged 90 years and over. This study examines the utilisation of radiotherapy in this population. Methods: The clinical records of every nonagenarian referred at the Department of Radiation Oncology, CHUQ - L\’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, between April 1, 2010 and March 31, were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Twenty-five nonagenarian patients with median age of 92 were seen in consultation. The majority had skin or rectal cancer. The tumors were early stage in seven patients, locoregionally advanced in five, recurrent in two and systemic in eleven. Six patients received radiation at more than one sites. 92% had their cancer pathologically proven and most of them in the same year as their referral in radiation oncology. Nine patients had a previous oncological surgery and none received chemotherapy. The intent of radiation treatment was definitive in six patients. Five treatments were not completed as planned. Polypharmacy, comorbidities, and dependance level for ADL and IADL were usually mentionned in the consultation report. Other geriatrics syndroms such as history of fall, cognitive impairments, depression or delirium were less frequently mentionned. Half of patients had a follow-up visit. Five patients had a complete response and nine had a partial response. Only five patients had toxicity; low grade dermatitis or diarrhea. Nine deaths occured, at a median time of two months. Conclusions: The current review showed that radiation therapy can be feasible and tolerable in nonagenerians. When applicable, definitive radiation therapy should also be considered., Background: Despite a looming demographic imperative, clinical rotations in geriatrics are not mandatory in North American undergraduate medical training. This is based on the rationing premise that, given curriculum time pressures, medical students can acquire geriatric competencies in clinical rotations with a significant number of older patients. We explored the clinical and teaching discussions regarding older patients on one such unit, the Internal Medicine Clinical Teaching Unit (CTU). Methods: Focusing on the admission case review and discharge summary, we asked: 1) What medical issues are emphasized when the CTU team cares for older patients? and 2) What geriatric core competencies are addressed? Using a multiple case study approach, over two separate 8-week periods we collected 19 cases of patients admitted to one of three CTUs. Case materials included transcripts of audio-recorded case reviews and de-identified patient discharge summaries. Results: 15 of the 19 patients were aged >65; these underwent inductive analysis for issues emphasized during review, and deductive analysis for geriatric content that could have been discussed according to Canadian undergraduate geriatric core competencies. Discussions focused narrowly on the patient’s chief complaint and the interpretation/correction of abnormal lab values. References to geriatric core competencies were infrequent, as was teaching regarding geriatric issues. Conclusion: While trainees regularly encounter patients with geriatric issues on CTU, these issues are rarely emphasized during case review. Similar findings are likely on other rotations where older patients are cared for, calling into question the suitability of current curricular rationing decisions pertaining to geriatrics teaching., Our health care system exists in “silos” of functions and services carefully marking out turfs. Patient safety, quality of experience, and consistent positive clinical outcomes will remain challenged in this fragmented system. Communication between the various system segments is often poor and creates confusion leading to mistakes and threatens consistency of care, especially for the most complex and vulnerable – our seniors. The North Perth Family Health Team, Listowel, Ontario serving a population of approximately 17,000 has created a model to support seniors and families with navigation and transition from sector to sector. A Nurse Practitioner, with specialized geriatric education, works closely with primary care physicians, consulting geriatrician, hospital, community agencies, and retirement homes by providing assessments where the senior is located. Regular visits are made to the local retirement homes every two weeks, the hospital weekly, a geriatric clinic with the consulting geriatrician monthly, and office and home visits as needed. Education is provided concurrently with these services, as part of chronic disease management. The patients’ electronic health record can be accessed in all of these settings to ensure that information is not duplicated and that documentation and communication can occur efficiently. This model of providing Complex Geriatric Care can be easily replicated in small Rural communities for enhanced efficiencies and concerted patient care., Background: Gait velocity is a strong identifier of physical frailty. However, it has been postulated that gait variability can be more sensitive to subtle impairments and may help in early frailty detection. Gait variability measures gait regulation, and high variability predicts falls, fractures, and cognitive decline even when gait velocity failed to do so. Thus, high gait variability may reflect an increased vulnerability in early stages before frailty is complete manifested. Associations of gait variability with frailty models which do not use gait velocity as a frailty component, have yet to be determined. Methods: Our sample included 106 community-dwelling older adults, aged ≥75. Frailty status was assessed using the 9-category Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), a validated model which does not include the gait velocity criterion in identifying frailty. Quantitative gait variables were assessed under “usual” and “fast” pace using an electronic walkway. Linear regression analysis evaluated association between CFS levels and gait variability. Results: Frailty status ranged from 1 (“Very Fit”) through 6 (“Moderately Frail”). Increased frailty status was significantly associated with higher variability in stride length (p=0.023), stride width (p=0.015) at usual pace; and, higher variability in stride time (p=0.001), stride length (p=0.017) and stride width (p=0.019) at fast pace. Conclusion: High gait variability in several gait parameters is associated with frailty, even at early stages. Our findings help to explain the high vulnerability and risk of falls and fractures in community seniors with pre-frail and frailty status., Background: Disadvantaged seniors living in non-family situations in Toronto are more likely than seniors living in family situations to have less economic security, less social support, and less choice in housing. Seniors who live in poverty, and are precariously housed, are more likely to be chronically ill, to live with multiple illnesses, to have poor nutrition, high stress and loneliness, all of which are strongly associated with the determinant of health social exclusion. Methods: To understand how support services for income, housing, food security, social support, and health care mitigate the effects of social exclusion, we interviewed 15 male seniors at the Good Neighbours Club in downtown Toronto. The semi-structured interview is designed to assess barriers to, utility of, and perceived impact of support services available to disadvantaged seniors living in the central core of Southeast Toronto. Conclusion: Results suggest support services play a vital role in not only mitigating the effects of social exclusion, support services reduce the level of social isolation experienced by these seniors., Background: Considering the psychosocial factors at play, the management of elderly patients requires an interdisciplinary approach centered on the patient and his/her caregivers. An effective communication between the professionals is nevertheless an important asset in the client’s management. The Individualized Interdisciplinary Intervention Plan (IIIP) is a tool aimed at documenting and communicating information discussed during team meetings. Optimization of the IIIP is necessary to facilitate access to its information, to respect confidentiality and to integrate with existing computerized system. Objectives: To devise a computerized IIIP intent on optimizing quality of care and access to patient information. Methods: Modification of the pre-existing IIIP was done based on literature review, integration of the geriatric vital signs (AINÉES), the OPTIMAH (OPTIMisation des soins aux personnes Âgées à l’Hôpital) approach, and training in Project management using the Interprofessional Collaborative Approach. A demo session with team members of the two geriatric assessment units was organized prior to conducting a 6-month trial. A survey was created in order to gather feedback from users in both units. Results: An updated version of the IIIP was developed. Analysis of the survey is underway and the tool will be modified accordingly. Conclusions: The updated version of the computerized IIIP assures optimal management of elderly hospitalized patients and their caregivers. Not only is the IIIP accessible and easily integrated in existing computerized system, but it also respects the confidentiality code of conduct. It allows effective communication between interprofessional team members during current or future hospital stays, which is at the core of quality care., Objective: To study the long-term effects of glucocorticoids (GC) on fracture risk. Design: CaMos is an ongoing 10 year prospective cohort study. Population: Age and sex matched Canadian population who are non-institutionalized individuals and reside in nine CaMos study centers. Methods: Data from 2819 men and 6444 women were classified as current GC users and non-users. New fractures based on self-reports from an annually completed questionnaire included vertebral, hip, other (excluding hip, vertebral, toes, fingers, skull fractures) and any fracture (excluding toes, fingers, skull fractures). Multivariable survival analyses were conducted to examine the association between the time to new fracture and GC use. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Results: The mean age, femoral neck T-score (standard deviation) and GC use at baseline of the cohort was 62.0 (13.3), −1.07 (1.03), and 128 (1. 4%), respectively. During the 10-year period, 130 (1.4%), 157 (1.7%), 869 (9.7%) and 1102 (11.9%) individuals developed a new osteoporotic vertebral, hip, other and any fracture. Ever taking GC for a minimum of one month in both men and women had a hazard ratio of 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0 −1.8), 1.9 (95% CI: 1.0–3.6), 0.97 (95% CI: 0.4–2.2),1.2 (95% CI: 0.9–1.6) for developing a new non-spine, hip, spine and any fracture as compared to those who never took GC, respectively. Conclusions: CaMos is the first prospective long-term study with data over 10 years showing that GC use is associated with higher incident fragility fractures., Introduction: Vitamin D is important in the management of osteoporosis and falls. Current Canadian guidelines recommend empiric supplementation (≥800 IU/day) for older adults. Before guideline publication, it was our practice to measure serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Vitamin D levels) on the first visit to our specialized falls clinic, serving adults aged ≥65 years. The extent to which this population would be undertreated by following the guidelines and delaying testing for 3–4 months after supplementation is currently not known. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we determined the clinical benefit of a strategy of pre-emptive measurement of vitamin D levels. Chart reviews were conducted for 121 patients seen in the St. Paul’s Hospital Falls Clinic between January 2009 to November 2011. Baseline data, including fall risk, medications & supplements, laboratory testing and performance measures, were recorded. Results: 43 patients (35.2%) were taking ≥800IU of daily Vitamin D at their initial visit. Of the 94 patients who had Vitamin D levels measured, the average level was 80.4 nmol/L. Only 42 patients (44.7%) had sufficient Vitamin D levels (>75 nmol/L). Testing led to recommendations for dose adjustment for insufficient levels among 13 patients (13.8%), 5 of whom were previously on guideline-based supplementation doses. Conclusions: Many falls clinic patients are not taking adequate doses of Vitamin D and less than half of these patients have sufficient vitamin D levels. Preemptive testing led to correcting vitamin D insufficiency among a nearly 15% of patients in this high-risk population., Purpose: We present 2 case reports suggesting a possible association between delirium and swallowing deficits (or dysphagia) in older hospitalized adults. Method(s): Patient 1, a 96-year-old man, was previously highly functional without cognitive problems. He was admitted with pneumonia and developed delirium and new-onset dysphagia. Despite treatment of the patient’s pneumonia, the delirium was slow to recover, as was his dysphagia. Patient 2, a 78-year-old man with a history of dementia (likely alcohol related), was admitted with a fall and fractured humerus. The patient developed delirium and dysphagia while in hospital. Despite the patient’s persistent cognitive problems due to dementia, both his delirium and dysphagia resolved. Results: Both cases describe older adults with acute and chronic medical issues, delirium and dysphagia. In one case, persistence of delirium occurred concurrently with persistence of dysphagia, and, in the second case, improvement of dysphagia was associated with improved delirium symptoms. Conclusion: Delirium is a frequent problem for older hospitalized adults and is associated with a number of adverse outcomes as well as rising health-care expenditures. A potential association between delirium and dysphagia may be a very important consideration in the assessment, treatment, and prognoses of dysphagia. Although prior studies have reported associations between impaired ability to do activities of daily living and persistent delirium, a possible association between delirium and functional swallowing has not previously been reported. Further research into the relationship between delirium and swallowing deficits is necessary., Background: Slower gait is an early sign of cognitive decline in older adults. No studies have examined yet the brain morphometric substrate for slower gait in MCI. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether gait speed was associated with lateral cerebral ventricle volume (LCVV), a measure of brain atrophy, and white matter lesions (WML) among older adults with MCI. Methods: Twenty community-dwellers with MCI, free of hydrocephalus, aged 76years [69/80] (median[25th/75th percentile]) (35% female) from the ‘Gait & Brain cohort study’ were included in this analysis. Gait speed was measured at usual pace with a 6 m electronic portable walkway (GAITRite). LCVV was quantified using semi-automated software from three-dimensional T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Images. WML were visually rated on a 10-point scale from 0 to 9 (worst), and coded severe if grade was ≥2. LCVV, severe WML and age were used as covariables. Results: Median gait speed was 118.7 cm/s [104.4/131.3], and LCVV 39.9 mL [30.0/46.6] with no difference between right and left ventricles (p=0.052). Thirteen subjects (65%) had severe WML. Severe WML was associated with decreased gait speed (adjusted β=-17.94[95CI:-35.71;-0.16], p=0.048). LCVV was also inversely linearly associated with gait speed (adjusted β=-0.62 [95CI:-1.21;-0.03], p=0.041). More specifically, the enlargement of the left ventricle, unlike the right one, inversely correlated with decreased gait speed (p=0.002 and p=0.068, respectively). Conclusions: This study shows for the first time slower gait speed is associated with severe WML burden and left lateral ventricle enlargement in MCI, suggesting involvement of impaired sequential thinking in slowing gait during the early stages of dementia., Background: The predictive significance of hip fracture risk factors has been variably reported. This may at least in part be due to the effects of age. Objective: To determine the prevalence of validated risk factors for hip fracture in a relatively younger (60–80 years) and older (over 80 years) female age cohorts. Methods: Consecutive admissions of Caucasian females aged over 60 years presenting with the 1st osteoporotic hip fracture during a 24-month period were prospectively assessed. A group comparison was undertaken for the clinical risk factors used in the FRAX calculator, falls within 12 months, use of gait aid, dementia, neuromuscular disorders, usual residence, serum 25 (OH) D, current use of benzodiazepine and other baseline descriptive characteristics. Results: There were 83 and 90 patients in the ‘younger’ and ‘older’ age cohorts, respectively. Patients >80 yrs were more likely to have suffered a fall (57%, p=0.001), to use a gait aid (59%, p=0.001) and live in a hostel (28%, p=0.01). The prevalence of secondary causes of osteoporosis was greater (19%, p=0.048%) in the younger age cohort. There were no group differences for other risk factors. However, over 50% in each age cohort had a prior history of fracture and the mean 25 (OH) D in the younger and older age cohorts were 38+16.6 nmols/l and 34+18.6 nmols/l, respectively. Conclusion: The findings may have implications for the validity of fracture risk assessment tools that do not incorporate falls and/or other age associated hip fracture risk factors for stratifying hip fracture risk in the very old., Background: Although the principle goal of hip fracture management is a return to pre-event functional level, most survivors fail to regain their former autonomy. One of the most effective strategies to mitigate the fracture’s consequences is exercise. Purpose: To review the reported effect of an extended exercise rehabilitation program offered beyond the regular rehabilitation period on improving physical functioning for patients with hip fractures. Methods: Sources: The Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group, the Cochrane Central, PubMed, CINAHL, PEDro, EMBASE, and reference lists of articles were searched from inception to October, 2010. Study Selection: Included were all randomized controlled trials comparing extended exercise programs to usual care for community dwelling after hip fracture. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Two reviewers conducted each step independently. The data from included studies were summarized and then pooled estimates were calculated for nine functional outcomes. Results: Ten articles were included in the review and eight in the meta-analysis. The extended exercise program showed small–modest effect sizes which reached significance for knee-extension strength for affected and non-affected sides 0.46 (CI 95%: 0.2–0.6) and 0.45 (CI 95%: 0.16–0.74), respectively, balance 0.29 (CI 95%: 0.7–0.51), fast gait speed 0.52 (CI 95%: 0.18–0.85 p=0.002), and physical performance-based tests 0.53 (CI 95%: 0.27–0.78). Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first meta-analysis to provide evidence that an extended exercise rehabilitation program for patients with hip fractures has a significant impact on various functional abilities. The focus of future research should go beyond just effectiveness and study cost-effectiveness of extended programs., Background: Sedentary behavior has been proposed as an independent cardiometabolic risk factor even in adults who are otherwise physically active through leisure-time recreational activities. Because little is known about the metabolic effects of sedentary behavior in seniors, we examined the relationship between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk in physically active older adults. Methods: Enrollment is underway with 19/50 projected subjects currently included (mean age 73.1 years). Subjects were in good health and free of known diabetes. Activity levels were recorded with accelerometers worn continuously for 7 days. Blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, lipids, HgbA1C and 2hr glucose tolerance were measured. Results: Time engaged in sedentary behavior was strongly positively correlated with triglycerides and BMI. Average amount of steps taken per day was strongly positively and negatively correlated to HDL and BMI respectively. All subjects met Canada Health guidelines for an active “fit” adult. Conclusion: Sedentary behavior is associated with adverse metabolic parameters in older adults, even those who are otherwise physically active and meet Canada Health guidelines for an active “fit” adult. Emphasizing activities that accumulate steps (eg: walking, light housework) may be a practical recommendation to reduce sedentary behavior in older adults., Background: Despite the importance of self-care, evidence suggests that people with heart failure (HF) do not consistently engage in such behaviours. One possible reason for poor self-care may be the presence of underlying and undetected mild cognitive deficits (MCD) Objective: This study is prospectively evaluating whether MCD measured with the MoCA in HF patients aged ≥60 years at hospital discharge is associated with impaired ability to self-care (measured with the Self-Care Heart Failure Index (SCHFI – 3 subscales: self-maintenance, self-management, self-confidence). Methods: Exclusion criteria: no caregiver, not English speaking, living in a long term care (LTC) facility, documented cognitive impairment, visual or hearing impairment, or life expectancy., Background: Failure to thrive (FTT) does not have an universally agreed definition in adults but is often used to describe a syndrome of global decline that occurs as an aggregate of frailty, cognitive impairment, and functional disability. The aim of this project was to better understand this population in an attempt to improve diagnosis and management. Objective: To explore characteristics and medical investigations commonly conducted among older adults with a diagnosis of FTT. Methods: Part 1: We searched Medline (Pubmed), Embase, and Cochrane databases from 1948 until 2011. Two investigators independently reviewed citations and then full-text articles. Inclusion criteria included published in English, population aged 65 or over, contained primary data, not a case report or case series. A summary of data was created and meta-analysis determined inappropriate. Part 2: Data from the local acute care electronic medical record for patients 65 years or older admitted with a diagnosis of FTT from January 2010 to January 2011 were reviewed. Several variables were analyzed that explored investigations in hospital. Results: The systematic review identified 62 citations. 46 full text articles were reviewed. 6 articles met inclusion criteria. All the 6 articles were cohort studies of small size. The local data revealed a cohort of 603 patients ranging in age from 65 to 104 years. The length of hospital stay varied from 0 to 106 days. Extensive investigations were ordered including CT, Echo and Ultrasound. A variety of medical specialists and allied health professionals were consulted during the patients’ hospitalizations., Objectives: Falls are well recognized to be associated with adverse health outcomes, especially when complicated by fracture. Falls are also more common in people who are frail and readily related to several items in the frailty phenotype. Less is known about the relationship between falls and frailty defined as deficits accumulation. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between falls, fractures, and frailty based on deficit accumulation. Methods: Design: Representative elderly cohort study with over 8 years of follow-up on mortality, recurrence falls and fractures. Setting: The Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Participants: 3257 Chinese people aged 55+ years at baseline. Measurements: A frailty index (FI) based on the accumulation of health deficits was constructed using 33 deficits, excluding falls and fractures. The rates of falls, fractures and death as a function of age and the level of FI were analyzed. Multivariable models evaluated the relationships between frailty and the risk of recurrent falls, fractures, and mortality adjusting for age, sex, and education. Self or informant reported fall and fracture data were verified against participants’ health records. Results: Of 3,257 participants at baseline (1992), 360 (11.1%) people reported a history of falls, and 238 (7.3%) people reported a history of fractures. 1155 people died over the eight-year follow-up. The FI was associated with an increased risk of recurrence falls (OR=1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.34–1.76), fractures (OR=1.07; 95% CI=0.94–1.22), and death (OR=1.50, 95% CI=1.41–1.60). The FI showed a significant effect on the proportional hazards in a multivariate Cox regression model (HR=1.29, 95% CI=1.25–1.33). When adjusted for the FI, neither falls nor fractures were associated with mortality. Conclusion: Falls and fractures were common in older Chinese adults, and associated with frailty. Only frailty was independently associated with death., Purpose: The primary purpose of this pilot study is to prospectively gather and evaluate patient characteristics, surgical outcomes and quality of life (QOL) outcomes of women with endometrial cancer undergoing robotic-assisted surgery. Methods: An unselected cohort of endometrial cancer patients, medically competent from the Jewish General Hospital were approached and offered robotic surgery. The da Vinci® Surgical System was used for the surgery. Results: From December 2007 to December 2009, 109 women underwent robotic-assisted surgery for their endometrial cancer. 68 women were under 70 years old and 41 were 70 years or older. 45 (69.2%) women under 70 experienced a post-operative pain level of 1 on a 7-point scale at one week post-surgery compared to 19 (48.7%) women 70 and older, p=0.037. At 3 weeks this trend persisted 47 (71.2%) compared to 20 (50.0%), p=0.028 respectively. 30 (46.2%) women under 70 experienced unusual urinary symptoms post-operatively compared to only 10 (25.6%) women 70 and older, χ2(1)=4.33, p=0.037. There was a significant effect of age on number of days required to resume typical activities. Older women resumed more rapidly to regular activities (8.4) than younger women (12.9), F (1, 87)=4.78, p=0.031. Conclusions: Elderly women undergoing robotic-assisted surgery for endometrial cancer experience less post-operative pain, less urinary symptoms and resume to their typical activities faster than younger women., Introduction : Les personnes âgées constituent une part toujours croissante de la population ayant recours aux hôpitaux. Haut lieu de technicité, le système hospitalier n’a pas été conçu en ayant en perspective les besoins spécifiques de cette clientèle. Les données s’accumulent pour démontrer que l’hôpital contribue souvent à une détérioration de leur état de santé par des modes de pratique mal adaptés. Les modèles de processus de soins efficaces existent mais ne sont pas appliqués. Objectif : Présenter le contenu du document : Cadre de référence sur l’Approche adaptée à la personne âgée en milieu hospitalier. Cet ouvrage sensibilise, guide et outille le personnel clinique et administratif des centres hospitaliers dans une démarche rigoureuse visant à prévenir le déclin fonctionnel iatrogène par des actions de prévention systématiques, individualisées et hiérarchisées. Méthodes : Une équipe de professionnels expérimentés s’est penchée sur cette problématique et propose des façons d’améliorer la qualité du séjour et des soins offerts aux personnes âgées en milieu hospitalier. Résultats : Le sujet est traité sous l’angle de la prévention et d’une meilleure gestion du delirium et du syndrome d’immobilisation. Un algorithme de soins cliniques est proposé dès l’arrivée, selon des interventions en paliers, déterminées par la condition physique initiale et la vulnérabilité face au système hospitalier. On propose des principes directeurs pour les organisations, des outils cliniques et d’implantation ainsi que des indicateurs de résultat. Conclusion : Le réseau hospitalier doit revoir en profondeur son fonctionnement afin de répondre adéquatement et sans délai aux besoins diversifiés des personnes âgées., Introduction : Le cadre de référence « Approche adaptée à la personne âgée en milieu hospitalier » est assorti d’outils cliniques pour faciliter son application. Ces fiches cliniques opérationnalisent la démarche clinique structurée et hiérarchisée de l’approche adaptée. Objectif : Présenter le contenu des 10 fiches théoriques et pratiques organisées selon trois paliers d’évaluation et d’interventions : systématiques et préventives, spécifiques et spécialisées, et traité sous trois angles : physique, psychosocial, environnement. Méthodes : Les fiches ont été rédigées par des cliniciens praticiens et enseignants d’expérience. Des experts de contenu ont été associés à la révision des fiches de même qu’une équipe d’infirmières oeuvrant elles-mêmes auprès des personnes âgées hospitalisées. Résultats : Chaque fiche théorique est organisée de la façon suivante: • présentation et définition de la dimension clinique ciblée; • éléments d’évaluation et d’intervention appropriés aux paliers systématique, spécifique et spécialisé; • bibliographie exhaustive suggérée; • annexes contenant des outils cliniques validés ou des suggestions du type trucs du métier. • fiche pratique-synthèse d’une page qui reprend avec concision les données stratégiques. Elle se présente sous forme de carnet et peut être gardée sur soi par l’intervenant et servir de ressourcement dans son travail au quotidien. Finalement, une fiche synthèse extrêmement concise résume les interventions essentielles systématiques pour les intervenants des urgences. Conclusion : Ces outils s’avèrent précieux pour soutenir les intervenants dans leurs actions quotidiennes auprès de la personne âgée hospitalisée., Introduction : Les soins aux personnes âgées sont une priorité inscrit dans la planification stratégique du MSSS du Québec. Le MSSS considère essentiel d’implanter l’AAPA et a mis sur pied une structure provinciale afin de soutenir les établissements du réseau dans ce changement important de pratiques. Objectif : Présenter la structure provinciale et les outils de reddition de compte qui accompagnent l’implantation de l’approche adaptée dans tous les établissements de courte durée du Québec. Méthode : Une coordination provinciale et régionale a été mise en place pour veiller à l’implantation de l’approche adaptée. Des éléments de l’approche sont intégrés dans les ententes de gestion des établissements qui doivent rendre compte de leurs progrès. Résultats : La structure est organisée comme suit: - Coordination provinciale par le MSSS: travail étroit avec les instituts de gériatrie de Montréal et Sherbrooke; conférences téléphoniques mensuelles avec les répondants régionaux; suivi personnalisé à l’occasion. - Coordination régionale: Répondant régional désigné; soutien aux établissements de sa région via des rencontres ou des suivis personnalisés. - Répondant local: organisation du déploiement dans son hôpital; planification des sessions de formation (avec les coaches); Des outils de reddition de compte (ententes de gestion, préalables, composantes), sont suivis rigoureusement. Conclusion : Cette structure et ces outils ont été mis en place dans toute la province afin de réussir l’adaptation du réseau hospitalier aux besoins de la personne âgée, Introduction : Afin de se donner des conditions gagnantes pour implanter l’approche adaptée, dans tous les hôpitaux du Québec, un programme de formation a été mis sur pied pour les intervenants du réseau de la santé. Il soutiendra l’instauration de nouvelles pratiques pour mieux répondre aux besoins des personnes âgées hospitalisées. Objectifs : Présenter le programme de formation qui s’adresse à tous les membres du personnel ainsi qu’aux gestionnaires des hôpitaux. Il comprend six modules de formation accompagnés d’activités de coaching qui permettent d’optimiser l’intégration des connaissances. Méthodes : Le programme de formation, basé sur l’Approche adaptée, est offert en ligne. Il a été créé par des experts cliniques et techno pédagogiques . Un comité d’experts a ensuite révisé les contenus qui ont été validés par des professionnels des établissements de santé avant d’être rendus disponibles à l’ensemble du réseau. Résultats : Les modules de formation touchent les thèmes suivants : introduction à l’approche adaptée à la personne âgée en milieu hospitalier, vieillissement normal et pathologique, adapter l’environnement, opérationnalisation de l’approche adaptée, le syndrome d’immobilisation, le delirium. Chaque module est accompagné d’un guide pour les coaches et de suggestions d’activités de coaching. Conclusion : Les modules de formation sont des outils polyvalents et conviviaux. Ils favorisent l’intégration de nouvelles connaissances et leur application au quotidien., Introduction : En centre de soins de longue durée, le maintien d’un état nutritionnel optimal peut s’avérer difficile. L’Hôpital Sainte-Anne (n=400 résidents et âge moyen= 90 ans; Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Québec) est un des rares établissements canadiens ayant choisi la pesée mensuelle et le suivi de l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC=Poids/Taille2) pour en faire une évaluation systématique et pratiquer une approche préventive. Cette initiative a été reconnue comme une pratique exemplaire par Agrément Canada (2011). L’IMC permet d’estimer le risque associé à un poids inadéquat. Un taux de mortalité plus faible est associé à un IMC >25 kg/m² chez les résidents institutionnalisés. Un IMC de 24 kg/m2 a été sélectionné comme norme optimale à l’Hôpital Sainte-Anne. Objectifs : 1) Utiliser l’IMC moyen de l’ensemble des résidents et des résidents dysphagiques comme indicateur de performance des interventions nutritionnelles pour les divers programmes d’intervention clinique; 2) Évaluer systématiquement l’efficacité des interventions nutritionnelles selon un protocole de pesée pré-établi. Méthodologie : Les résidents sont pesés mensuellement. Les changements de poids significatifs sont identifiés. Le résident et l’équipe de soins sont avisés de l’évolution de l’état nutritionnel, des problématiques associées et des changements au plan de soins nutritionnels. Les IMC individuels et moyens sont calculés. La conformité du protocole de pesée et la calibration de nos appareils sont évaluées régulièrement. Résultats : L’IMC global moyen et l’IMC des résidents dysphagiques sont 24.5 kg/m2 et 24.3 kg/m2, respectivement. Conclusion : Comme activité de dépistage, cette pratique permet de prendre rapidement en charge les états nutritionnels problématiques et aide à prévenir ou retarder l’apparition des conséquences fâcheuses de la dénutrition., Purpose: To assess the responsiveness of a variety of quality of life (QOL) measures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: We recruited 272 community-living AD patients and their caregivers. Patients with MMSE scores greater than 10 rated their QOL using the EQ-5D, Quality of Well-Being scale, a visual analogue scale and the QOL in AD (QOL-AD) instrument. Caregivers rated patient\’s QOL using these measures as well as the Health Utilities Index (HUI) and Short-Form-36. QOL and patients’ cognition, function and neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed at baseline, 6, 12 and 24 months. We evaluated internal responsiveness using the standardized effect size and response mean and external responsiveness using ROC curves for the QOL measures based on a decline or no decline in a composite score based on the first principal component of the core dementia symptoms. Results: At baseline, patients’ mean age was 82.8, 50.2% were female and mean MMSE was 20.2. For patient self-ratings, the QOL measures did not exhibit meaningful responsiveness over time. For caregiver ratings of patient QOL: the internal responsiveness of the QOL measures at 12 and 24 months was small (0.12 to 0.28) and small to moderate (0.22 to 0.59), respectively; the external responsiveness at 12 and 24 months was greatest for the EQ-5D, QOL-AD and HUI, with areas under the ROC curves of 0.67 to 0.77. Conclusions: Over 24 months of follow-up, patient self-ratings of QOL did not exhibit meaningful responsiveness, while caregiver ratings of patient QOL with the QOL-AD, HUI and EQ-5D exhibited moderate responsiveness., Increasing incidence and prevalence of dementia and staff time constraints have created the need for an improved and streamlined system of care for dementia patients in primary care. The objective of this study was to develop a collaborative model of dementia care in partnership with and endorsed by staff members and stakeholders at a Primary Care Network (PCN) in Alberta. Phase 1 involved a retrospective chart review with Phase 2 involving focus groups and structured questionnaires that were distributed to staff members to assess their perspectives on dementia care. Phase 3 involved the creation of a preliminary care model for patients with dementia, followed by feedback on the model from staff members using consensus based methodology. Phase 4 of the project will focus on the implementation of the model in the PCN, with process and formative evaluation of the model planned. In this presentation, we provide a comprehensive overview of our model, components of the model, and resources that are foundational to successful implementation., Background: Falls are a common condition that had important impacts in elderly patients. Previous study suggested that falls lead to limitation of activities due to fear. Purpose: To report impacts of falls, expectations on Thai health-care system and fall events in falling elderly patients with chronic disease. Designs & Methods: Qualitative in-depth interviews, using an interview guide, were conducted with 18 participants who were referred from primary care clinic, geriatrics clinic and home health care unit. Content analysis was performed for analysis. Results: Falls were not found to be related to chronic disease in elderly patients. The most common reaction was fear, particularly fear of being dependent and burden to family members. Chronic pain was the most common illness developed after fall. Patients tended to be more careful, walking slowly, decrease activities, decrease traveling, and use gait aid more regularly. Most patients eventually told family member’s about their falls. Family’s reaction to patient’s fall included concern of patient’s condition, distrust, sarcastic comments. Doctors did not take falls into account by not asking patients about their falls. In addition, patient did not mention their falls events to doctors particularly, specialist doctors. Patients focused more on results of falls compared to causes of falls. Accident was the most common cause in fall event. Conclusion: Falls affected patients not only physical aspect, but also psychological status, behavior and their families. Health care providers should pay more attention to elicit causes of falls in elders., Background: Arthritis is largest contributor to disability in both Canada and the United States of America. Primary clinical features include pain and dysfunction. The effect of physical inactivity as a modifiable risk factor of arthritis is not clearly understood. Purpose: To elucidate the association between physical activity and arthritis in the Canadian population. Methods: Physical activity was evaluated in respondents with and without arthritis using a national health survey, the Canadian Community Health Survey 2007–2008 which consists of over 108,000 community-dwelling respondents 18 years or older. Respondents were asked a series of questions pertaining to physical activity over the past 3 months. Estimates of physical activity are obtained in terms of metabolic equivalent of task (METs). Logistic regression model was developed using demographic (age, gender, education, marital status) and behavioural (smoking, drinking, obesity) characteristics along with physical activity as potential risk factors for arthritis. Results: The prevalence of arthritis was 16.0%. The mean age for respondents with arthritis was 60.0 (SD=0.15) years with 40% being male. Mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 27.0 (SD=0.06) Kg/m2 for respondents arthritis and 26.0 (SD=0.03) Kg/m2 for respondents without arthritis. The proportion of moderate and vigorous activities were significantly associated with having arthritis than those without arthritis (Moderate: OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.66–0.80; Vigorous: OR 0.80 95% CI 0.72–0.88). Conclusion: People with active lifestyle had a reduced likelihood of having arthritis; however, factors such as age and smoking can reduce the significance of physical activity in explaining arthritis., Background: Elder abuse is a growing problem in Canada that is underdiagnosed and overlooked by healthcare services with devastating consequences for older persons, such as increased morbidity and mortality, poor quality of life and loss of property and security. Objective: Examine the accuracy and precision of existing elder abuse screening tools to facilitate the introduction of more valid detection strategies for healthcare practitioners. Data Sources: We searched MEDLINE (1960–July 15, 2011), EMBASE (1980–July 15, 2011), PsycINFO (1984¬–July 15, 2011) and CINAHL (1982–July 15, 2011), plus gray literature, reference lists and review articles. Study Selection: Studies that included original data focusing on the accuracy and precision of instruments for screening of elder abuse, in which instruments were compared with a reference standard that included assessment by at least one expert. The subject of the screening assessment could be the patient, family member, caregiver, cohabitant and/or friend. Data Extraction: Study design, patient populations and settings, methods of assessment, and outcome measures were extracted, and a modified- QUADAS tool was applied to evaluate study quality. Two investigators independently completed each level of screening and data abstraction. Results: The literature search identified 5769 citations. Review of abstracts led to the retrieval of 83 full-text articles for assessment; 24 articles met inclusion criteria. Data synthesis is underway. Conclusion: Few studies provide data on screening tools that accurately and precisely identify elder abuse. Further research is needed to increase evidence-based knowledge on which healthcare practitioners may rely to improve identification of elder abuse., While much knowledge is gained from quantitative health research, illness itself is subjective. By appreciating the experience of failing health and its impact on outcomes for individual patients, it is hoped that healthcare providers will be able to practice more humanely and effectively. Falls are a common and serious health problem experienced by older persons. How they perceive and interpret the experience of falling can influence the long-term consequences of the event. Other than work done with fear of falling, to date this has not been rigorously studied. Our primary objective in this pilot study was to explore whether there was additional value in obtaining a patient’s narrative as part of the assessment of older persons who had fallen. We interviewed a convenience sample of 5 patients referred to the Calgary Fall Prevention Clinic (CFPC) using the Narrative Interview technique proposed by Jovchelovitch and Bauer. These narratives and the CFPC assessments underwent separate analyses for themes and patterns. Phenomena generated from narratives were determined through several readings of the transcript, using original audio recordings and field notes to help provide context. A comparison between phenomena found in the narrative analyses and the CFPC assessments was performed to highlight commonalities and gaps. Our findings will be presented to a focus group consisting of members of the CFPC who will discuss the potential usefulness of narratives in care planning for these patients. These deliberations will inform further research on the use of narratives in the assessment of patients referred to the CFPC., Purpose: Determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment in older cancer patients referred to a Geriatric Oncology clinic. Identify the type of cognitive impairment (dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), cognitive changes related to cancer or its treatment). Methods: Ongoing study on data collected since 2006 for each patient visit in the Consultation service for senior oncology patient clinic at the Jewish general Hospital. A comprehensive assessment including data on demographics, comorbidities, functional status mood, mobility, nutritional status and level of energy is available. Cognition is evaluated with Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment test (MoCA) and neuropsychology in selected cases. Brain imaging is used when indicated. Descriptive techniques were used to analyze demographic data and diagnoses of cognitive impairment. Results: Preliminary analysis from November 1, 2006 to November 30, 2010 reveals a mean age of 79 years old (range 46–104) for a total of 240 referrals. 35% of these referrals were for cognitive impairment, our evaluations uncovered and addressed nearly 60% of cognitive impairments (dementia, MCI, cancer or cancer treated related cognitive changes) revealing a growing number of older patients with this issue. Conclusion: Findings from this study provide insight into the usefulness of having a formal cognitive screening evaluation pre and post cancer treatment of older cancer patients referred to an outpatient Geriatric Oncology clinic. Additional research is required to understand, prevent and treat cognitive impairement in older cancer patients, early recognition and identification is paramount., In preparation for the 2012 Canadian Consensus Conference on Dementia, background papers are being written on 8 topics in order to make recommendations for clinical practice. Rapidly Progressive Dementia (RPD) is an uncommon condition with numerous possible causes, for which there is no universally accepted definition. We conducted a systematic review to make recommendations about [1] definitions for RPD in (a) dementia developing in previously healthy individuals, and (b) individuals with an existing dementia who experience unusually rapid cognitive decline; [2] a logical diagnostic approach based upon the prevalence of conditions which cause RPD. The initial search identified over 900 articles. Each abstract was assessed for relevance (to [1] and [2] above) by two independent reviewers. If either reviewer deemed an article relevant or possibly relevant, it was fully reviewed for quality against pre-agreed criteria; if assessed of good quality, data were extracted. In the example of a report of a case series, a good article described patient population (and referral bias if any), diagnostic criteria for dementia, and definition of RPD. We describe the process of conducting the review, proposing criteria for standard definitions, and the iterative process leading to a recommended diagnostic approach., Background: Various methods are being used to ensure geriatric core competencies are being taught throughout Canadian medical schools. In 2011, the University of Saskatchewan (U of S) became the first Canadian medical school to incorporate a geriatric skills day (GSD) into the curriculum. The GSDs were based on the successful program created by the U of S’s Geriatric Interest Group. Methods: A full day GSD was held twice in Saskatoon and once in Regina, Saskatchewan. Interdisciplinary team members from both health regions facilitated interactive sessions on various geriatric competencies. The GSDs, accounting for 25% of the overall course mark, coordinated with the didactic geriatric lectures. In addition, an OSCE station, worth 20%, examined one of the skills taught. Student evaluations included rating their satisfaction with each session on a 5-point scale as well as pre- and post-assessments of students’ self-rated ability to perform 24 specific skills (on a 10-point scale). Results: 84 (98%) of the third-year medical students participated. The session evaluations (n=403) rated very high with a median rating of 5.0 on all questions. Student’s self-rated assessments of their ability to perform geriatric skills improved from median scores between 3–7/10 before to 8–9/10 after the GSD. Students also performed well on the OSCE station several weeks after the GSD. Conclusions: The geriatric skills day was well received by the medical students. The synergy created by combining didactic lectures with a skills day improved medical students confidence with their ability to perform specific geriatric skills., Introduction: The training of Specialist Geriatricians (SpGrtn) within Canada has not kept pace with the aging of the population over the last 15 years. The anticipated retirement of existing SpGrtns in Canada will exacerbate the shortfall for specialized geriatric services (SGS) across the country. Objectives: 1. To document the existing number of SpGrtns and practicing Care of the Elderly (CofE) trained Family Physicians practicing in SGS. 2. To project the anticipated number of SpGrtns that will retire over the next 15 and 30 years. 3. To calculate the ideal number of Geriatricians in Canada, based on published ratios.1,2 Methods: Using the ratio of 1.25 SpGrtns: 10,000 people 65+1 or 1 SpGrtns: 4,000 people 75+2 and 2006 Canadian Census data (low, med. and high pop. projections 65+ or 75+) over the next 30 years, the need for SpGrtns was identified. The anticipated retirement of present Canadian SpGrtns 40 years beyond their medical degree (MD) was determined. Results: In 2011, there were 256 SpGrtns in Canada and 93 CofE physicians. The calculated need in 2011 is 613 SpGrtns (1.25:10,000 65+) or 688 (1:4,000 75+). The calculated need for SpGrtns in 2026 is 969 (±27 (1.25:10,000 65+). Across Canada, 10 SpGrtns are trained annually (150 in 15 years). Over the next 15 years, 105 of the existing SpGrtns will have practiced 40 years beyond the date of their MD. Conclusions: In 2026 there will be 301 SpGrtns (256- 105+150) resulting in a shortfall of 668 SpGrtns (969–301) in Canada., Introduction: ‘Sitters’ have been used for some time for delirium. However, the specifics surrounding their use and involvement in patient care combined with their impact on delirium outcome is not known. Associated cost expenditure is considerable when compared to that for special care aides whom have considerably more training and experience, thus concerns have been raised about these sitters thus the reason for performing this chart review. Objective: The two objectives for this chart review are to review the current use of sitters in one of the local acute care hospitals, and the second was to assess the impact sitter use has on delirium outcomes. Method: A retrospective chart review was performed from the years April 1st 2009 to December 2010. 1252 charts in total were initially identified and reviewed, with 32 charts being included in the final analysis. Results: 32 charts documented the use of sitters. Two charts had client attendant forms completed. Sitters were hired for delirious and agitated patients. No information was provided about shift number, duration, activities performed or number of patients sitters were responsible for. The clinical impact sitter use had on delirium was assessed by looking at the complication rate (i.e., number of falls) and requirement for certain interventions (i.e., intravenous fluid (IVF)). Complication rate revealed 11 patients fell and 14 had a reduction in functional capacity. The intervention rate revealed 12 patients required IVF, three patients required artificial nutrition, 25 patients experienced sleep deprivation, 19 patient’s required pharmacological therapy and 11 patients required restraints., Background: There is increased mortality in older people following cold. This has been attributed to cardiovascular disease but others argue that cold alone is responsible. The effect of environmental cold on mortality for those in a protected environment remains unknown. This study examined whether elderly nursing home (NH) residents are protected from excess cold related mortality. Method: Weekly deaths of people >65 years old in Edmonton from 2000–2009 were obtained from Vital Statistics Canada. Corresponding weekly mean temperatures were obtained from the Weather Channel. Data were dichotomized into “NH” and “community” deaths. Results: There were 72629 deaths, 54516 of those >65 years old. Deaths in NH increased annually. Excess death related to cold was observed only for NH residents. Conclusions : The difference between deaths at the highest and lowest temperature deciles was statistically significant., Background Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) can result in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Early, accurate diagnosis may reduce pain and complications. Objective: To systematically review the evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of office-based tests for BPH with BOO in males with LUTS. Methods: Search of MEDLINE and EMBASE (1950 to August 12, 2010), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials via Ovid, and references of retrieved articles. Data selection: Prospective studies comparing at least one diagnostic test, feasible in a clinical setting and readily available to non-specialist clinicians, to the gold standard reference test, invasive urodynamics. Results: There were 6692 unique citations identified with 9 prospectively conducted studies (N=1217 patients) meeting inclusion criteria and describing use of 2 symptom questionnaires as well as individual symptom(s). The best constellation of symptoms suggesting BPH with BOO was ‘poor stream and frequency and/or nocturia’ (positive LR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.17–2.64). The most useful symptom for which the absence made a diagnosis of BPH with BOO less likely, was nocturia (negative LR, 0.19, 95% CI, CI 0.05–0.79). The best symptom questionnaire to support or rule out a diagnosis of BPH with BOO was the International Prostatic Symptom Score (I-PSS) at a cut-off of 8 (summary positive LR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.06–1.70; summary negative LR, 0.28, 95% CI, CI 0.12–0.70). Conclusions: Although urodynamic testing is the gold standard for diagnosis of BPH with BOO, symptoms obtained through history may be useful. The best evidence supports asking about nocturia, stream and frequency., “An Exploration of the Care of Older Adults in Acute NHS Trusts”, also focussed on nutrition, an area scrutinised by the media. The Council of Europe produced a “Resolution” – 10 characteristics of good nutritional care, from which the Nutritional Team of Southend Hospital created the Southend Universal Nutritional Screening (SUNS) Tool as a simple alternative to MUST (Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool), and introduced measures to improve patient nutrition. 3-part survey on inpatients (total = 83) across 4 wards:- two geriatric wards – one with a special interest in nutrition; an acute medical ward; a surgical ward where measures were not in place. Using the European guidelines, ward facilities were assessed, patient notes were audited, and patients provided their perspective. All wards had multiple dietary options. Not all implemented protected mealtimes. All patients were screened within 24 hours in Medicine, but only 63% of surgical patients. Many had a nutritional plan, although often not comprehensive, and few were re-screened within 1 week. Patients were satisfied with meals and nutritional services, but did not feel they had 24-hour access to food, or informed enough about nutritional care. There was no standardised screening across departments, although back-up pathways allowed unscreened patients to access nutritional services. Some low-risk patients (as identified by SUNS) developed complications so the tool requires adaptation to better identify at-risk patients. Weekly re-assessments need improving. These results reflect that a simple pathway for all departments across all hospitals would provide better patient care by moving the NHS towards national standardisation., Introduction : Puisque la prévalence de l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) augmente avec l’âge, le fardeau de l’IC augmentera considérablement dans les prochaines années. L’objectif de la présente étude est de décrire les caractéristiques socio-démographiques et d’utilisation de soins de santé et de médicaments selon les groupes d’âge chez les individus âgés de 65 ans ou plus ayant eu un premier diagnostic d’IC entre 2000 et 2009 au Québec. Méthode : À partir des données de la Régie d’assurance médicaments du Québec (RAMQ), nous avons effectué une étude de cohorte incluant les individus âgés de 65 ans et plus recevant un diagnostic d’IC entre les années 2000 et 2009. Les caractéristiques étudiées sont celles se rapportant à l’utilisation des services de santé, de l’usage des médicaments et les caractéristiques socio-démographiques. Les analyses statistiques effectuées sont des moyennes, des médianes et des proportions. Résultats : Cette étude permet de comprendre les caractéristiques des individus âgés de 65 ans et plus souffrant d’IC afin de pouvoir appliquer les considérations soulevées par les lignes directrices., Background: By 2050, the proportion of seniors is estimated to increase to 27% from 14% currently. In 2011, there were only 238 Canadian specialists certified in Geriatric Medicine. Beyond the expansion of geriatric specialists, an improvement in physicians’ attitudes, knowledge and skills in geriatrics is important regardless of the specialty. Objectives: This study aimed to identify changes in attitudes of preclerkship University of Toronto (UofT) medical students towards geriatric care after participating in an interdisciplinary Geriatric Clinical Skills Day (GCSD) organized by UofT’s Geriatrics Interest Group.Methods. This was a before and after study. First and second year UofT medical students registered for the GCSD participated in this study. Method: A questionnaire, including the validated UCLA Geriatrics Attitudes Scale, was administered before and after the GCSD. Both a one-sample t-test and the signed rank non-parametric test were used to determine any changes in attitudes. Results: Of 19 study participants, four students did not complete the post-test questionnaire. 42.1% indicated an interest in Geriatric Medicine, 26.3% in Geriatric Psychiatry, and 63.2% in working with elderly patients. Both pre- and postmean scores were greater than 3 (neutral), indicating a positive attitude before and after the intervention (p0.11). Conclusions: There is an overall positive attitude towards geriatrics among study participants. However, a one day GCSD did not alter attitudes towards geriatric care. This small study warrants further investigation in a larger multicentred trial., Canada’s population is aging and research has shown that primary care physicians find it difficult to care for elderly patients. Canadian family physicians have appreciated need for geriatrics continuing medical education (CME) and based on the expert opinions of experienced care of the elderly family physicians, geriatric knowledge and skills felt necessary for a family physician caring for the elderly, were put into a curriculum based on the 5 weekend program style. The University of Toronto Department of Family & Community Medicine developed a 5 weekend leadership program in the mid 1990’s and this format allowed community physicians to train without giving up regular clinical time. The Five Weekend Care of the Elderly Certificate Course used discussion in small groups of four as per Malcolm Knowles’ theory of andragogy and adult learning. These discussions were directed carefully as per Dave Davis’ research on effective CME. Donald Schon’s theory of reflective practice shaped the course homework assignments. These homework assignments were created to allow immediate «reflection in action» with real life patient experiences and «reflection on action» later during presentation of their written essays to the entire class. Participants were asked to complete a survey regarding their self rated knowledge of curriculum topics before and after the course. The results showed improved family physician self-reported knowledge of the curriculum topics. Favourable response to small group discussion and debriefing of assignments showed that there is interest amongst family physicians to these types of interactive learning., Background: Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is a common cause of fainting and falls in older adults and is diagnosed by carotid sinus massage (CSM). Previous work has suggested that age-related stiffening of blood vessels reduces afferent input from the carotid sinus leading to central upregulation of the overall arterial baroreflex response. A potential intevention to reduce carotid sinus hypersensitivity is aerobic training. Objective: We examined whether aerobic exercise could reverse carotid sinus hypersensitivity in older adults with Type 2 diabetes complicated by co-morbid hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Methods: 15 older adults (mean age 72.2±0.7) with diet-controlled or oral hypoglycemic-controlled Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia were recruited. Subjects were randomized to each of 2 groups: an aerobic group (AT, 3 months vigorous aerobic exercise), and a nonaerobic (NA, no aerobic exercise) group. Exercise sessions were supervised by a certified exercise trainer 3 times per week, and utilized a combination of cycle ergometers and treadmills. Arterial stiffness was measured using the Complior device. Results: Although aerobic exercise significantly increased arterial compliance as measured by both radial (p=0.005) and femoral (p=0.015) pulse wave velocity, there was no training effect on either the bradycardic (p=0.251) or vasodepressive (p=0.523) response to CSM. Conclusions: Although aerobic training can reverse arterial stiffness, there is no evidence for a corresponding reduction in carotid sinus hypersensitivity in older adults with diabetes., Background: Providing geriatric education to health science students becomes increasingly important as Canada’s population ages. The University of Saskatchewan’s Geriatric Interest Group (GIG) developed Geriatric Skills Days (GSD) to provide students additional opportunities to improve skills and knowledge in geriatric core competencies (GCCs). Methods: The GSDs, facilitated by the Geriatric Evaluation and Management Program’s interdisciplinary team, covered GCCs including comprehensive geriatric assessment, falls, polypharmacy, cognitive assessment, and functional assessment. Students rated satisfaction with each session (on a 5-point scale). In 2011, students also completed pre-post ratings (on a 10-point scale) of perceived ability to perform 11 skills. Results: Eighty health science students from seven different colleges attended GSDs. In the 2010 cohort, students felt the sessions had clear objectives, met those objectives, met their objectives as learners, provided enough time for discussion, and were well organized (all Mdn=5.0, N=151). We received 148 session evaluations from the 2011 cohort. Students agreed the sessions had clear objectives (Mdn=4.0) and met those objectives (Mdn=5.0); met their own objectives as learners (Mdn=5.0), provided enough time for discussion (Mdn=4.0), and were well organized (Mdn=5.0). Also in 2011, students’ (N=18) median self-rated ability to perform each skill ranged between 2 and 6 before the GSD (eight skills received scores of 2 or 3). Post-participation ratings increased markedly, with medians ranging between 7 and 9 (N=24). Conclusions: Participant responses were very positive to the GIG initiated GSD. This positive experience influenced the decision to incorporate a GSD into the College of Medicine’s 2011–2012 third-year curriculum., The Canadian Consensus Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia in 2006 dealt with a wide range of topics in considerable depth. Many of those recommendations retain their relevance today. Since that time remarkable advances have occurred in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, including cerebral amyloid imaging and CSF studies of Abeta 42, and phosphorylated tau. Recent publications have attempted to redefine Alzheimer’s disease as a pathological entity which can now, perhaps, be identified by biomarkers ahead of any cognitive changes. However serious ethical dilemmas surround findings such as abnormal accumulations of cerebral amyloid, in normal or minimally symptomatic people. Should these promising but as yet unproven technologies be restricted to the research arena? How can we prevent premature “bleeding” into clinical practice before their benefits and risks can be adequately assessed? These and other dilemmas constitute the reasons for a new CCCD. The steering committee members are listed above. Background papers will be produced and posted to a website, where CCCD members can comment. Recommendations will be submitted for consensus prior to the Conference in Montreal in May. Dissemination will be actively managed through the Dementia Knowledge Translation Network. The CCCD will address the following topics: • Definitions (critique of recently published revised U.S. definitions) • Fluid biomarkers • Neuroimaging • Diagnostic approach to rapidly progressive dementia • Management of early onset dementia • Update on pharmacological treatment., Objectives: 1. To determine if frailty is associated with lower life satisfaction (LS); 2. To determine which domains of LS are influenced by frailty. Methods: Analysis of 1751 community-dwelling older adults (65+ years) from the Manitoba Study of Health and Aging. Measures: LS was measured using the Terrible-Delightful Scale. One item measures overall LS and was scored on a 7 point Likert-type scale. Satisfaction was also measured with individual domains: health, finances, family relations, friendships, housing, recreation activity, religion, self-esteem, and transportation. Satisfaction with employment and living partner were not considered because there were many missing responses. Frailty was determined by the Canadian Study of Health and Aging definition of frailty, and was categorized as no frailty; incontinence only; mild frailty; and moderate/severe frailty. Age, gender, education, marital status, and living arrangement were self-reported. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression scale. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression models were conducted. Results and Conclusions: Most older adults, including frail older adults, were satisfied with life overall, and with most aspects of their lives. In bivariate analyses, frailty was associated with lower levels of LS overall (5.3 versus 4.9)., Purpose: To present the inspiring case of Ms. P who is a 103 year old lady we followed in our Geriatric Oncology clinic. Description: Ms. P. was 100 years old when she first walked into the clinic using her cane. She lived at home with her 105 year old sister, had a private caregiver for assistance with ADLs and IADLs and was not demented. She was diagnosed with left breast cancer in 1993, treated by local excision and hormonal therapy only. She was also known for bilateral hip surgery, one episode of pulmonary edema, osteoporosis and hypothyroidism. She presented in 2008 with local progression of disease over the left breast (painless red nodules and infiltration of the skin with minimal exudate). Investigations revealed no evidence of distant metastasis. In May 2009, she received radiotherapy for ulcerated skin nodules covering 70% of the breast and purulent discharge. She responded very well to treatment with complete resolution of the open wounds. However, the skin lesions recurred a few months later. In an attempt to control the disease while minimizing toxicity, she received a total of 4 monthly doses of Faslodex intramuscularly; this was discontinued because of side effects of anorexia and fatigue with arthralgias. In January 2011, she received a second course of palliative radiotherapy with good response. She passed away at home in October 2011. Our comprehensive evaluation and personalized interventions proved beneficial for this patient, who otherwise would not have received further treatment because of her advanced age., Background: Smoking is common in China, where the population is aging rapidly. This study evaluates the relationship between smoking and frailty and their joint impact on survival in older Chinese adults. Methods: Data come from the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging. Community-dwelling people (n=3257) aged 55+ years at baseline were followed between 1992–2007, during which time 51% died. A frailty index (FI) was constructed from 27 self-reported health deficits. Results and Conclusions: Nearly half (45.6%) of the participants reported smoking (66.8% men, 25.3% women). On average, male smokers were frailer (FI=0.18±0.15) than male nonsmokers (FI =0.14±0.10; p=0.030) and had an increased risk of death (risk ratio=1.66 age and education adjusted, 95% CI=1.46–1.88., Introduction : En 2003, quatre Réseaux Universitaire Intégrés de Santé (RUIS), établis autour des facultés de médecine et de leurs établissements de santé affiliés, ont été institués. Ils doivent mieux répondre aux enjeux socio-sanitaires actuels et futurs. À l’initiative de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (IUGM), le RUIS de l’Université de Montréal a créé (2009), un comité de gériatrie. Objectifs : Favoriser les meilleures pratiques cliniques; proposer la mise en place de corridors de services pour les soins plus spécialisés; favoriser la concertation et complémentarité en recherche, enseignement, évaluation des technologies et prévention /promotion de la santé; être un leader auprès des instances universitaires et gouvernementales sur l’organisation des services de santé aux personnes âgées. Méthodologie : Processus de révision des services gériatriques spécialisés; inventaire du temps de formation universitaire consacré aux soins aux personnes âgées; inventaire des activités de prévention/promotion de la santé; élaboration d’un projet pilote de télépsychogériatrie auprès des partenaires de l’IUGM. Résultats : Une typologie des services gériatriques spécialisés a été définie. Le temps de formation obligatoire varie par discipline entre 0 % (service social) et 17% (médecine - psychiatrie), tandis que le travail auprès de la clientèle varie de 12% (orthophonie) à 61% (physiothérapie). Le répertoire en prévention/promotion a été complété ainsi que le projet pilote de télépsychogériatrie. Conclusion : Pour une meilleure coordination et intégration de ses composantes avec le réseau de première instance, le MSSS a instauré une table de gériatrie dans chacun des RUIS, fédérées au niveau national, Introduction : Le rôle des unités de courte durée gériatriques (UCDG) est d’offrir des soins spécialisés dans le continuum des soins et services de santé offerts à la personne âgée. Les professionnels de ces programmes doivent maintenir leurs compétences cliniques, et les gestionnaires mettre en place des processus organisationnels efficaces. Un besoin d’échange et d’actions spécifiques au niveau national a été exprimé par la majorité des responsables d’UCDG. Objectifs : Améliorer de façon continue la qualité des soins dans les services hospitaliers de gériatrie, généraliser de hauts standards de pratique afin d’y traiter des patients aux situations cliniques complexes et agir comme milieu de référence. Méthodes : 1) Création d’un comité exécutif composé de médecins et gestionnaires provenant des diverses régions du Québec; 2) Embauche d’une coordonnatrice; 3) Développement d’un site internet (www.rushgq.org) pour dépôt de documents et d’échanges via un forum de discussion. Résultats : 60% des centres hospitaliers ont adhéré au RUSGHQ. Les activités en cours sont : 1) Circonscrire la population cible des UCDG; 2) Harmoniser les mécanismes d’évaluation et d’intervention cliniques sur la base des meilleures pratiques; 3) Mettre à la disposition des membres une « boîte à outils » clinique et de gestion pertinente; 4) Établir les ratios de ressources professionnelles nécessaires à un fonctionnement optimal; 5) Offrir des activités de développement professionnel continu. Conclusion : Une communauté de pratique en gériatrie a été mise sur pied facilitant réflexions et apprentissages collectifs des professionnels de la santé et des gestionnaires travaillant en milieu hospitalier., Introduction: The Effective Management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) By Treating pAtients and relieving Caregivers with Exelon* Patch (EMBRACE) is a prospective, observational, single-cohort, open-label, multicentre study with an 18-month treatment period. Study objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of rivastigmine patch in patients with mild to moderate AD as measured by changes in cognition, daily function and behavior from baseline. Secondary outcome measure included the evaluation of the caregiver-reported compliance and treatment satisfaction. Results: A cohort of 1204 Canadian AD patients participated in this trial. Following results are for all evaluable patients (n=969) at the end of the study. The majority of patients were outpatients (80.5%) and treatment-naïve or “de novo” (69.4%). Mean baseline MMSE was 21.8 (95% CI: 21.5, 22.1). Mean change in MMSE from baseline to 18 months was −0.4 (95% CI: −0.7, −0.1). For subjects previously treated with oral cholinesterase inhibitor therapies, approximately 88% (122/139) of their caregivers preferred rivastigmine patch, citing ease of use and patient preference over previous medication as the two most common reasons. The most commonly reported category of adverse event in the safety population n=1204) was “Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders” (9.3%) the most reported event being pruritus (4%). Conclusion: Final results of this registry demonstrate the effectiveness and good tolerability of rivastigmine patch in patients with AD. Cognitive function, as measured by MMSE, showed a relative stabilization over an 18 month time period. The benefit of rivastigmine patch treatment is further supported by the caregiver preference results.

International audience; L'irgarol 1051 et le diuron sont deux biocides couramment utilisés dans les peintures antifouling et les antimousses. Ils ciblent directement le photosystème II en inhibant le transfert d'électrons entre les quinones A et B. La structure du photosystème II étant relativement similaire entre les différents organismes photosynthétiques, de nombreuses cibles indirectes peuvent être affectées en cas de contamination environnementale. Les effets de ces deux composés ont été étudiés, seuls et en mélange, sur une espèce de phytoplancton marin, Chaetoceros calcitrans. Les effets des molécules ont été étudiés sur la croissance, le rendement photosynthétique, la présence d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène (EROs, par cytométrie en flux) et le contenu relatif en lipides intracellulaires (cytométrie en flux) après une exposition de 6 jours. Les conditions d'exposition étaient les suivantes : irgarol 0.05, 0.1 et 0.5 μg.L-1; diuron 0.5, 1 et 5 μg.L-1) ; quatre mélanges (en μg.L-1) MixA: diuron 5 + irgarol 0.5; MixB: diuron 5 + irgarol 0.1; MixC: diuron 1 + irgarol 0.5; MixD: diuron 1 + irgarol 0.1. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le diuron avait induit des effets significatifs sur l'ensemble des paramètres étudiés à la concentration de 5 μg.L-1 : augmentation de 21% (± 2.2%) du temps de doublement, diminution de 56% (± 1.2%) de la fluorescence relative à la présence d'EROs, de 8% (± 0.4%) du rendement photosynthétique et de 64% (± 5.6%) du contenu lipidique relatif. L'irgarol et notamment la concentration 0,5 μg.L-1 a, tout comme le diuron, eu des effets significatifs sur une majorité des paramètres physiologiques : +52% (± 3.1%) du temps de doublement, -65% (± 0.2%) de la fluorescence relative à la présence d'EROs, -18% (± 0.5%) de l'efficacité de photosynthèse. Les résultats suite à l'exposition de la souche aux différents mélanges ont montré que les effets des mélanges sur l'ensemble des paramètres ont été (i) cumulés et progressifs (MixA> MixC> MixB> MixD) et (ii) supérieurs à ceux des molécules seules. Cette étude démontre ainsi la toxicité élevée de ces deux biocides pour l'espèce Chaetoceros calcitrans. Elle souligne également la nécessité (i) d'une part de considérer des mélanges dans l'évaluation de la toxicité des molécules et (ii) d'autre part la nécessité de surveiller le devenir de ces deux composés dans l'environnement encore autorisés dans de nombreux pays dont des pays européens (pour l'irgarol).

National audience; Mise en commun d’outils d’analyse météorologique, climatique et socio-économique du tourisme hivernal (CROisement SAFRAN - SURFEX/ISBA-CrocUs BD sTations = CROSSCUT).

International audience; Les travaux de l’équipe CARMA sont centrés sur la connaissance de la structure et du fonctionnement des communautés végétales aquatiques (macrophytes, phytoplancton et phytobenthos), et de leurs réponses aux perturbations en cours d’eau et plans d’eau. Objectifs : -Comprendre le fonctionnement écologique des communautés végétales aquatiques (plans d’eau, cours d’eau), et les déterminants des patrons observés de biodiversité ; -Mesurer la qualité chimique des milieux aquatiques (paramètres majeurs et micropolluants), et ainsi l’exposition in situ des organismes ; -Caractériser les réponses/la vulnérabilité des phytocénoses (état et fonctionnement) face aux différents forçages abiotiques et biotiques, notamment dans le cadre du changement global ; -Produire des outils opérationnels pour le diagnostic de l’état écologique et la gestion des écosystèmes aquatiques (évaluation de l’état initial, restauration).

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular safety and efficacy of many current antihyperglycemic agents, including saxagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, are unclear. METHODS: We randomly assigned 16,492 patients with type 2 diabetes who had a history of, or were at risk for, cardiovascular events to receive saxagliptin or placebo and followed them for a median of 2.1 years. Physicians were permitted to adjust other medications, including antihyperglycemic agents. The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke. RESULTS: A primary end-point event occurred in 613 patients in the saxagliptin group and in 609 patients in the placebo group (7.3% and 7.2%, respectively, according to 2-year Kaplan-Meier estimates; hazard ratio with saxagliptin, 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89 to 1.12; P=0.99 for superiority; P

The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Increasing evidence supports more complicated and nuanced roles for the hormone, which go beyond the regulation of systemic energy metabolism.

BACKGROUND The potential benefit of dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 1 year after a myocardial infarction has not been established. We investigated the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor, a P2Y(12) receptor antagonist with established efficacy after an acute coronary syndrome, in this context. METHODS We randomly assigned, in a double-blind 1: 1: 1 fashion, 21,162 patients who had had a myocardial infarction 1 to 3 years earlier to ticagrelor at a dose of 90 mg twice daily, ticagrelor at a dose of 60 mg twice daily, or placebo. All the patients were to receive low-dose aspirin and were followed for a median of 33 months. The primary efficacy end point was the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. The primary safety end point was Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) major bleeding. RESULTS The two ticagrelor doses each reduced, as compared with placebo, the rate of the primary efficacy end point, with Kaplan-Meier rates at 3 years of 7.85% in the group that received 90 mg of ticagrelor twice daily, 7.77% in the group that received 60 mg of ticagrelor twice daily, and 9.04% in the placebo group (hazard ratio for 90 mg of ticagrelor vs. placebo, 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75 to 0.96; P = 0.008; hazard ratio for 60 mg of ticagrelor vs. placebo, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.95; P = 0.004). Rates of TIMI major bleeding were higher with ticagrelor (2.60% with 90 mg and 2.30% with 60 mg) than with placebo (1.06%) (P < 0.001 for each dose vs. placebo); the rates of intracranial hemorrhage or fatal bleeding in the three groups were 0.63%, 0.71%, and 0.60%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In patients with a myocardial infarction more than 1 year previously, treatment with ticagrelor significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke and increased the risk of major bleeding. (Funded by AstraZeneca; PEGASUS-TIMI 54 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01225562.)

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM3-ECOPRA [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM-QT2-ADAPTATION; International audience; Snowmaking facilities spread in the French Alps from 1974 and particularly from the 1990s. Nearly all resorts are now equipped with snowmaking facilities which appears as a guarantee of snow for a successful stay (for skiers) and a sufficient revenue (for ski lifts operators). The effects of climate change justified the investments in new facilities in the last few years while research projects investigated that topic for the first time by crossing socio-economic and physically based approaches. Our survey was realised in autumn 2014 and collected data from a representative population of resorts of the French Alps. According to that survey, 32% of ski tracks surface are now equipped with snowmaking facilities in the French Alps. That ratio should even reach 43% of equipped ski tracks by 2020. Even though Medium to Very Large resorts are now equipped at very similar levels, the upcoming developments of snowmaking facilities highly depend on resorts size. The Very Large resorts plan the largest extensions and nearly 50% of their ski tracks surface should be equipped with snowmaking facilities in 2020. However, an analysis of suitable conditions for snowmaking in the French Alps shows that the potential for snow production is limited and decreases since the 1960s by several hours per year depending on the altitude. Since the effects of climate change should be even more important in coming decades, the resorts will probably have to produce snow in more marginal conditions, with lower efficiency and thus higher costs.; Le développement de la neige de culture dans les Alpes françaises a réellement démarré dans les années 1990. Devenue une garantie de réussite de leur séjour pour les skieurs comme de résultat pour les exploitants, la neige de culture s’est systématisée. Les problématiques liées au changement climatique ont justifié depuis plusieurs années les investissements dans les enneigeurs et suscité l’intérêt pour des études scientifiques croisant des approches physiques et socio-économiques dans lesquelles nous inscrivons ce travail. Notre enquête a été réalisée à l’automne 2014 sur la base d’un panel représentatif de domaines skiables et a révélé un taux d’équipement des pistes en neige de culture de 32% en surface dans les Alpes françaises. Les stations Moyennes à Très Grandes sont actuellement équipées de manière similaire. La tendance à l’équipement s’est renforcée ces dernières années et la surface équipée dépassera 40% en surface dès 2020 d’après les résultats de notre enquête. Toutefois, la dynamique de développement de la neige de culture est variable selon les stations. Leur projet d’extension est fortement lié à leur taille et les Très Grandes Stations devraient être les plus équipées en enneigeurs en 2020 (près de 50% en surface). Une analyse des conditions climatiques alpines montre pourtant que le potentiel de production est limité et décline depuis les années 1960. Produire de la neige de culture est coûteux et le sera de plus en plus à mesure que le besoin se rapproche du potentiel de production et que la poursuite des effets du changement climatique pousse les domaines à produire dans des conditions marginales.

/ La pollution par l'arsenic est un problème mondial. Les eaux (de surface et souterraines) en sont la voie principale de contamination. Nous avons mené une expérience visant à étudier les effets de ce métal sur les descripteurs fonctionnels et structurels des communautés de diatomées benthiques (Barral-Fraga et al., 2015). Plus précisément, nous avons analysé les changements dans la photosynthèse et dans la structure des communautés de diatomées (abondances relatives des espèces), la densité de chaque espèce rapportée à la surface échantillonnée, et la taille cellulaire de chaque espèce. Les dimensions réelles de chaque individu ont été mesurées, permettant d'évaluer le biovolume moyen des espèces dominantes, ainsi que la contribution de chaque espèce au biovolume diatomique total. Ainsi, en combinant des descripteurs écologiques et écotoxicologiques, nous nous attendions à mieux caractériser l'impact toxique de l'arsenic sur le périphyton. Bien qu'aucune différence significative dans les densités de diatomées n'ait été observée entre biofilms exposés ou non à l'arsenic, nos résultats ont montré une évolution de la structure spécifique de la communauté diatomique. Nous avons identifié 52 taxons de diatomées, Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki étant la plus abondante (77% en abondance relative moyenne): 75% dans les témoins et 79% en cas de contamination, indiquant sa tolérance à l'arsenic. En outre, l'arsenic réduit la richesse spécifique (p = 0,051) et le biovolume cellulaire moyen (p = 0,003). Le biovolume de certaines espèces est également modifié, avec une tendance générale à la diminution de la taille des individus exposés à l'arsenic ; bien que l'inverse soit observé pour les Fragilaria (selon les espèces, plus nombreuses en nombre que dans les témoins, ou de dimensions individuelles plus grandes au sein de l'espèce). En conclusion, les différents paramètres étudiés ont été affectés par l'exposition à l'arsenic. Etant donné les concentrations nominales de cette expérience (130 μgAsV/L), ces résultats remettent en question les normes de qualité environnementales pour l'arsenic, qui sont plus élevées.

National audience; L’irgarol 1051 (I) et le diuron (D) sont deux biocides couramment utilisés dans les peintures antifouling et les antimousses. Ils ciblent directement le photosystème II en inhibant le transfert d'électrons entre les quinones A et B. De par ce mode d’action, de nombreuses cibles indirectes peuvent être affectées en cas de contamination environnementale. Les effets de ces deux composés ont été étudiés, seuls et en mélange, sur deux souches d’une espèce de phytoplancton marin, Tetraselmis suecica : une souche "sauvage" (CCMP 904) (TS) et une souche résistante au diuron (TM) obtenue récemment au Laboratoire d’Ecotoxicologie (Stachowski-Haberkorn et al., 2013). Les effets des molécules ont été étudiés, chez les deux souches, sur la croissance, le rendement photosynthétique, la présence d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène (EROs, par cytométrie en flux) et le contenu relatif en lipides intracellulaires (cytométrie en flux) après une exposition de 6 jours. Les conditions d’exposition étaient les suivantes : I0.05, I0.1 et I0.5 μg.L-1 ; D0.5, D1 et D5 μg.L-1 ; quatre mélanges (en μg.L-1) MixA : D5 + I0.5 ; MixB : D5 + I0.1 ; MixC : D1 + I0.5 ; MixD : D1 + I0.1. En parallèle, le séquençage du gène psbA codant pour la protéine D1 du photosystème II (cible du diuron) a été entrepris sur les deux souches afin de déterminer l’origine de la résistance à la molécule chez la souche TM. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le diuron avait induit des effets significatifs sur l’ensemble des paramètres étudiés de la souche TS à la concentration de 5 μg.L-1 : augmentation de 125% (± 2.3%) du temps de doublement, augmentation de 43% (± 1.8%) de la fluorescence relative à la présence d’EROs, diminution de 25% (± 1.8%) du rendement photosynthétique et de 38% (± 1.9%) du contenu lipidique relatif. L’irgarol à 0,5 μg.L-1, a également entraîné des effets significatifs sur l’ensemble des paramètres physiologiques : +19% (± 2%) sur le temps de doublement, +45% (± 4.6%) sur la fluorescence relative à la présence d’EROs, -2% (± 0.6%) sur l’efficacité de photosynthèse et -21% (± 1.3%) sur le contenu lipidique relatif. Suite à l’exposition de la souche aux quatre mélanges, les résultats ont montré des effets cumulés et progressifs (MixA> MixB> MixC> MixD) des molécules sur l’ensemble des paramètres. Pour la souche résistante au diuron, le séquençage de l’ARNm codant pour la protéine D1 a montré une mutation de G en A dans le domaine de liaison de la quinone à la position 661 de la séquence cds. Cette mutation correspond à un changement de la valine en isoleucine en position 221 dans la séquence d'acides aminés de la protéine. Cette mutation a permis à la souche de résister au diuron (aucun effet significatif enregistré quelle que soit la concentration d’exposition). Cependant, cette mutation n’a pas permis de résister à un herbicide au mode d’action similaire puisque l’irgarol à la concentration 0.5 μg.L-1 a engendré des effets délétères sur chacun des paramètres physiologiques : +19% (± 3.4%) sur le temps de doublement, +20% (± 5%) sur la fluorescence relative à la présence d’EROs, -8% (± 0.7%) sur l’efficacité de photosynthèse et -15% (± 2.8%) sur le contenu lipidique relatif. D’autre part, les résultats des expositions réalisées avec les mélanges ont montré des effets synergiques entre les deux molécules bien que le diuron seul n’ait pas eu d’effet (MixA> MixC> MixB> MixD). Ainsi, cette étude démontre la toxicité élevée de ces deux biocides pour l’espèce Tetraselmis suecica. Elle démontre également que la mutation mise en évidence, permettant une résistance au diuron, ne permet pas nécessairement une résistance à un autre inhibiteur du photosystème II. Elle souligne donc la nécessité (i) de considérer les mélanges dans l’évaluation de la toxicité des molécules et (ii) de surveiller le devenir dans l'environnement de ces deux composés encore autorisés dans de nombreux pays dont des pays européens (irgarol).

/ Les approches décrites dans ce manuscrit s'inscrivent dans un cadre intégrant écologie, écotoxicologie et écophysiologie, à différentes échelles d'organisation du biofilm, du sub-individu à la communauté.

BACKGROUND: The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Increasing evidence supports more complicated and nuanced roles for the hormone, which go beyond the regulation of systemic energy metabolism. SCOPE OF REVIEW: In this review, we discuss the diverse biological functions of ghrelin, the regulation of its secretion, and address questions that still remain 15 years after its discovery. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: In recent years, ghrelin has been found to have a plethora of central and peripheral actions in distinct areas including learning and memory, gut motility and gastric acid secretion, sleep/wake rhythm, reward seeking behavior, taste sensation and glucose metabolism.