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Effectively communicating climate science requires context-dependent understanding of the target audience and the underlying drivers of their attitudes. The current study explored the landscape of public opinions on climate change in Denmark using segmentation analysis, and investigated its political orientation predictors. Using latent class analysis, we identified the AAACID model; 6 distinct groups that represent the salient differences in Danish climate attitudes, namely the Alarmed, Alert, Ambivalent, Cautious, Indifferent and Doubtful. Climate concern and prioritizing climate mitigation agendas when voting were both negatively associated with Right-orientation, hierarchy, and individualism. A cross-cultural comparison, using the Global Warming's Six Americas framework, further revealed substantial differences between Danish and American public attitudes on climate change. We suggest communication strategies suitable for each segment, and conclude that despite the consensus culture and general acceptance of climate science, political orientation still plays an important role in the remaining disagreement on climate issues in Denmark.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-pwq-10.1177_03616843231170761 for What Would a “Reasonable Person” Do? Exploring the Gap Between Experienced and Anticipated Responses to Sexual Harassment by Thomas A. Morton, Elena Dimitriou and Manuela Barreto in Psychology of Women Quarterly

The SCI-Dem review is a study we have done at the University of Worcester. It has been looking at the challenges that groups for people with dementia face. A group could involve a hobby, sport, exercise or leisure activity, or it could be simply for people to gather together to socialise, get help, support each other or make sure their voice is heard. If you are reading this, it is because you may attend one of these groups or clubs.\ud Keeping a group going year after year can be challenging, especially when money is tight. We gathered together as much information as we could find about what might help or hinder such groups to keep going long-term.\ud Our review has looked at all kinds of articles, reports and studies on the running of community groups. We have also spoken to people involved in such groups for their take on things. We’ve come up with a list of tips and advice about how best to make sure your group is sustainable – meaning that it has the best chance of keeping going long-term.\ud This booklet is for you, as someone who goes along to a group or activity, to understand what we have found in this study – and also how you might be able to help your group or activity to keep going strong in the future.

Running a community-based group or activity for people affected by dementia can be challenging. Keeping a group or activity going long-term can be even more so – especially in a climate where community awareness and resources can vary dramatically from place to place; where funding is hard to come by and often short term; and where there is no standard model of formal support for such groups, applied consistently, across the country.\ud The SCI-Dem review has gathered together information from various sources about the common problems that face regularly-meeting groups and activities for people living with dementia (or people supporting someone who is). By doing so, we can share possible tips, strategies and good practices from this review that might help a community group or activity to keep going long-term, after getting established.\ud This booklet outlines recommendations, built upon the information we have found. This booklet aims to help those in practice (whether that’s planning for a group or activity, managing one, running one day-to-day or supporting one through volunteering). There is a separate booklet of recommendations aimed at funders/commissioners and policy makers.\ud The information these recommendations are based upon was gathered and put together from dozens of sources of all types: research studies and papers, evaluation reports, magazine articles, info guides and how-to booklets, conference talks, even videos and artistic output from some groups. All examples given are fictional, but based upon what we found.\ud We hope that what we have found resonates with your group or activity and that you find something useful and informative in these pages, so that the important and much-needed work of such groups can be better helped to sustain long term.

Supporting people with dementia and their carers to live as well as possible in their own homes is a public health goal internationally, but also one of the greatest healthcare challenges we face. More than 850,000 people in the UK currently live with the condition, a number forecast to double to by 2040. There are currently significant gaps and inconsistencies in the support on offer to help people adjust, connect with others, access services and continue to live well, following diagnosis.\ud Community-based groups or activities for people affected by dementia can be a key form of support. However, these often struggle to keep going long-term once they have started. Policy and commissioning can play a significant role in creating a more favourable climate in which such groups and activities can sustain and flourish (and in turn, of course, groups can play role in patient and public involvement in planning and commissioning). \ud The SCI-Dem (Sustainable Community Interventions for people affected by Dementia) review has gathered together information about the common problems that face regularly-meeting groups in keeping going. This review primarily aims to share strategies and good practices for those running a community group or activity, but our data has also revealed information that might be useful and informative to those commissioning services or shaping policy.\ud This booklet outlines a summary of this information in the form of recommendations for commissioners, funders and policy-makers. A more in-depth report on the SCI-Dem review as a whole will be available (see p.9).The data these recommendations are based upon was gathered and put together from dozens of sources of all types: research studies and papers, evaluation reports, magazine articles, info guides and how-to booklets, conference talks, even videos and artistic output from some groups.\ud We hope that what we have found is of interest and provides something useful and informative when considering decisions on how to encourage community-based groups and activities that support people affected by dementia - and help them to keep going long-term.

Supplemental material, JLSP-SI-103_SOM_FINAL for Where Are You From? An Investigation Into the Intersectionality of Accent Strength and Nationality Status on Perceptions of Nonnative Speakers in Britain by Megan E. Birney, Anna Rabinovich and Thomas A. Morton in Journal of Language and Social Psychology

Supplemental material, JLSP_SIA_14_SOM_FINAL for When Speaking English Is Not Enough: The Consequences of Language-Based Stigma for Nonnative Speakers by Megan E. Birney, Anna Rabinovich, Thomas A. Morton, Hannah Heath and Sam Ashcroft in Journal of Language and Social Psychology

International audience; Collective nostalgia for the good old days of the country thrives across the world. However, little is known about the social psychological dynamics of this collective emotion across cultures. We predicted that collective nostalgia is triggered by collective angst as it helps people to restore a sense of in-group continuity via stronger in-group belonging and out-group rejection (in the form of opposition to immigrants). Based on a sample (N = 5,956) of individuals across 27 countries, the general pattern of results revealed that collective angst predicts collective nostalgia, which subsequently relates to stronger feelings of in-group continuity via in-group belonging (but not via out-group rejection). Collective nostalgia generally predicted opposition to immigrants, but this was subsequently not related to in-group continuity.

A growing body of research points to the value of multiple group memberships for individual well-being. However, much of this work considers group memberships very broadly and in terms of number alone. We conducted two correlational studies exploring how the relationship between multiple group membership and well-being is shaped by (a) the complexity of those groups within the overall self-concept (i.e., social identity complexity: SIC), and (b) the perceived value and visibility of individual group memberships to others (i.e., stigma). Study 1 (N = 112) found a positive relationship between multiple group membership and well-being, but only for individuals high in SIC. This effect was mediated by perceived identity expression and access to social support. Study 2 (N = 104) also found that multiple group memberships indirectly contributed to well-being via perceived identity expression and social support, as well as identity compatibility and perceived social inclusion. But, in this study the relationship between multiple group memberships and well-being outcomes was moderated by the perceived value and visibility of group memberships to others. Specifically, possessing multiple, devalued and visible group memberships compromised well-being relative to multiple valued group memberships, or devalued group memberships that were invisible. Together, these studies suggest that the benefits of multiple group membership depend on factors beyond their number. Specifically, the features of group memberships, individually and in combination, and the way in which these guide self-expression and social action, determine whether these are a benefit or burden for individual well-being.

The present studies investigated why video racing games increase players’ risk-taking inclinations. Four studies reveal that playing video racing games increases risk taking in a subsequent simulated road traffic situation, as well as risk-promoting cognitions and emotions, blood pressure, sensation seeking, and attitudes toward reckless driving. Study 1 ruled out the role of experimental demand in creating such effects. Studies 2 and 3 showed that the effect of playing video racing games on risk taking was partially mediated by changes in self-perceptions as a reckless driver. These effects were evident only when the individual played racing games that reward traffic violations rather than racing games that do not reward traffic violations (Study 3) and when the individual was an active player of such games rather than a passive observer (Study 4). In sum, the results underline the potential negative impact of racing games on traffic safety.

The 2005 National Institute of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference outlined histopathological diagnostic criteria for the major organ systems affected by both acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The 2014 Consensus Conference led to this updated document with new information from histopathological studies of GVHD in the gut, liver, skin, and oral mucosa and an expanded discussion of GVHD in the lungs and kidneys. The recommendations for final histological diagnostic categories have been simplified from 4 categories to 3: no GVHD, possible GVHD, and likely GVHD, based on better reproducibility achieved by combining the previous categories of "consistent with GVHD" and "definite GVHD" into the single category of "likely GVHD." Issues remain in the histopathological characterization of GVHD, particularly with respect to the threshold of histological changes required for diagnostic certainty. Guidance is provided for the incorporation of biopsy information into prospective clinical studies of GVHD, particularly with respect to biomarker validation.

Self-categorization theory suggests that inter-group comparisons inform individual behaviour by affecting perceived in-group stereotypes that are internalized by group members. The present paper provides evidence for this chain of effects in the domain of environmental behaviour. In two studies, inter-group comparative context was manipulated. Study 1 found that the perceived in-group stereotype, self-stereotype (as represented by the reported value centrality), and behavioural intentions shifted away from a comparison out-group (irrespective of whether this was an upward or downward comparison). Study 1 also revealed that the effect of comparative context on individual environmental intentions was mediated by the perceived in-group stereotype and by changes in personal values. Study 2 extrapolated the observed effect on actual behavioural choices. The findings demonstrate the utility of a self-categorization approach to individual behaviour change.

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Departamento de Filología Inglesa. Fecha de lectura: 04-12-2012, This thesis investigates the knowledge about language, or language awareness, deployed by four secondary teachers who teach their subjects through English as an additional language as part of a Bilingual Education Project run jointly by the British Council and the Spanish Ministry of Education. The study contributes to the research effort on Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), where CLIL is defined as any educational initiative in which non-language subject matter is taught through the medium of an additional language. Although CLIL teachers have responsibility for their students’ language development, as well as their learning of subject matter, the nature of the language awareness held and deployed by CLIL teachers has not been the focus of much study. This has serious implications, as without such studies, it is very difficult to construct a knowledge base for CLIL teaching and teacher education. This is the gap that this study aims to fill. Using the framework of teacher cognition research, the study examines the language awareness deployed by the four CLIL teachers, both in their classroom practices and their verbal commentaries (interviews and video-stimulated comments). Three perspectives on language are identified (language as a tool for learning, language as curriculum concern, language as competence) and these are related to three dimensions of teacher language awareness (TLA), and four ‘modes of knowing’ (public-theoretical; public-practical; personal-practical; personal-theoretical). Methodologically, the study adopts a social practice approach which highlights the action-orientation of the discursive settings in the study by adapting tools from conversation analysis (CA) and discursive psychology. Findings show how the teachers skilfully deployed L2 interactional competence in setting up and maintaining five classroom ‘micro-contexts’ linked to pedagogic goals, and in carrying out a wide range of ‘language-focused practices’ (LFPs) in which they proactively and reactively drew learners’ attention to aspects of the L2. However, the teachers deployed their TLA mainly in two knowledge modes (personal-practical and personal-theoretical), and did not generally engage with the ‘public’ knowledge modes (public-theoretical, and public-practical), with the result that much of the L2 focus was incidental. The study has implications for the understanding of CLIL classroom interaction, the study of CLIL teachers’ cognitions and practices and for teacher education in CLIL.

Does money buy happiness? Or is happiness derived from looking outwards towards our social networks? Many researchers have answered these questions by exploring whether the best predictor of well-being is either economic or social (or some fixed combination of the two). This paper argues for a dynamic perspective on the capacity for economic and social factors to predict well-being. In two studies, we show that both money (individual income) and community (social capital) can be the basis for individual happiness. However, the relative influence of each factor depends on the context within which happiness is considered, and how this shapes the way people define the self. Study 1 primes either money or community in the laboratory and demonstrates that such priming shifts individual values (so that they are economic vs. communal) and determines the extent to which income is more (vs. less) predictive of life satisfaction than social relations. Study 2 looks at these same priming processes in the external world (with people travelling to vs. from work). Both studies show that while money can become the basis of happiness when the self is defined in economic terms, the role of community relations in predicting happiness is more stable across contexts.

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Gregarious behavior of ungulates was considered in four ways. The first concern was W. D. Hamilton's hypothesis that a simple movement rule could reduce predation risk and encourage grouping behavior. Simulations showed little effect of this nearest-neighbor rule on predation risk. Similar, more complicated rules reduced predation risk by up to two thirds. The second focus was on the accuracy of ground observers in diagramming individual animal locations in small herds of elk. A remotely controlled airplane was used to photograph the herds from above. A substantial distance discrepancy was found between "true" and "observed" animal locations. This discrepancy increased with group size and was different between observers but not between herds. Observers were better at predicting relative animal locations than absolute animal locations. The third consideration was interanimal spacing in bison herds photographed from an airplane during a three-month period. At later dates photographed herds were located, and cover-sampling methods were adapted to estimate bison visibility in each area. These data were used in linear regression models which explained over two-thirds of the variance in nearest-neighbor distance. Important indicator variables were the number of animals in the herd, a cover measurement, the north and east location of herds, the time photographed, and the fraction of the animals standing. The fourth focus was the development of simulations of simple movement rules used to mimic grouping behavior. Individuals moved according to two simple first nearest-neighbor rules: if within a minimum distance, move directly away, and if outside a maximum distance, move directly toward. Four other rules were used to determine individual states. Two different measurements were made for each simulation run: the overall mean nearest-neighbor distance and the overall mean subgroup size. Results showed that the means and variances of near-neighbor distances decreased as the number of individuals in the simulation increased. Different near-neighbor rules had little effect on mean nearest-neighbor distance. All rules produced results similar to each other and different from bison data. A random model was more similar to the bison data.

Robotics Institute

Large engineering projects, such as the engineering development of computers, involve a large number of activities and require cooperation across a number of departments. Due to technological and market uncertainties, these projects involve the management of a large number of changes. The Callisto project was born out of realization that the classical approaches to project management do not provide sufficient functionally to manage large engineering projects. Callisto was initiated as a research effort to explore project scheduling, control and configuration problems during the engineering prototype development of large computer systems and to devise intelligent project management tools that facilitate the documentation of project management expertise and its reuse from one project to another. In the first phase of the project, rule-based prototypes were used to build quick prototypes of project management expertise and the project management knowledge required to support expert project managers. In the second phase, the understanding of point solutions was used to capture the underlying models of project management in distributed project negotiations and comparative analysis. This article provides an overview of the problems, experiments, and the resulting models of project knowledge and constraint-directed negotiation.

technical report

Robotics Institute

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PART I: The Thermal Rearrangement of 3, 3-Dimethylcyclopropene The thermal rearrangement of 3, 3-dimethylcyclopropene was investigated by entering the energy surface for the reaction by two routes: thermal isomerization of the cyclopropene and pyrolysis of a diazo compound precursor, 3-methyl-1-diazo-2-butene. The products from both reactions are identical; however the proportions vary greatly. Greater than 95% of the product from the diazo compound is the cyclopropene, and the remainder of the product is isoprene and isopropylacetylene in a 5:2 ratio, with trace gem-dimethyl­allene. The products from isomerization of the cyclopropene are isopropylacetylene, isoprene, and gem-dimethylallene in a ratio of 500:50:1. From these data it is concluded that two intermediates exist for the isomerization, gem-dimethylvinylcarbene, (CH3)2C=CH CH, and a 90° rotamer, designated as a diradical, (CH3)2ĊCH=ĊH. Relative rates of interconversion and cyclization and an energy surface are determined and the results are compared with Huckel and CNDO/2 calculations on vinylcarbene. PART II. Interaction of Remote Functional Groups in the Ion Chemistry of Bifunctional Ethers An Ion Cyclotron Resonance examination of bifunctional ethers of the form CH3O(CH2)nOR, where n = 1 - 6 and R = H, CH3, or C2H5, reveals a large number of mass spectral processes and ion-molecule reactions in which the interaction of remote functional groups plays a prominent role. Chainlength effects are particularly pronounced: 6-member cyclic intermediates are inf erred in rarrangements of odd­ electron species, while larger cycles appear pref erred in rearrange­ments of many even electron species.

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Supplemental material, Sprong_Open_Practices_Disclosure for “Our Country Needs a Strong Leader Right Now”: Economic Inequality Enhances the Wish for a Strong Leader by Stefanie Sprong, Jolanda Jetten, Zhechen Wang, Kim Peters, Frank Mols, Maykel Verkuyten, Brock Bastian, Amarina Ariyanto, Frédérique Autin, Nadia Ayub, Constantina Badea, Tomasz Besta, Fabrizio Butera, Rui Costa-Lopes, Lijuan Cui, Carole Fantini, Gillian Finchilescu, Lowell Gaertner, Mario Gollwitzer, Ángel Gómez, Roberto González, Ying-Yi Hong, Dorthe Høj Jensen, Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, Minoru Karasawa, Thomas Kessler, Olivier Klein, Marcus Lima, Laura Mégevand, Thomas Morton, Paola Paladino, Tibor Polya, Tuuli Anna Renvik, Aleksejs Ruza, Wan Shahrazad, Sushama Shama, Heather J. Smith, Ana Raquel Torres, Anne Marthe van der Bles and Michael J. A. Wohl in Psychological Science

Supplemental material, Sprong_Supplemental_Material_rev for “Our Country Needs a Strong Leader Right Now”: Economic Inequality Enhances the Wish for a Strong Leader by Stefanie Sprong, Jolanda Jetten, Zhechen Wang, Kim Peters, Frank Mols, Maykel Verkuyten, Brock Bastian, Amarina Ariyanto, Frédérique Autin, Nadia Ayub, Constantina Badea, Tomasz Besta, Fabrizio Butera, Rui Costa-Lopes, Lijuan Cui, Carole Fantini, Gillian Finchilescu, Lowell Gaertner, Mario Gollwitzer, Ángel Gómez, Roberto González, Ying-Yi Hong, Dorthe Høj Jensen, Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, Minoru Karasawa, Thomas Kessler, Olivier Klein, Marcus Lima, Laura Mégevand, Thomas Morton, Paola Paladino, Tibor Polya, Tuuli Anna Renvik, Aleksejs Ruza, Wan Shahrazad, Sushama Shama, Heather J. Smith, Ana Raquel Torres, Anne Marthe van der Bles and Michael J. A. Wohl in Psychological Science

Supplemental material, Sprong_Open_Practices_Disclosure for “Our Country Needs a Strong Leader Right Now”: Economic Inequality Enhances the Wish for a Strong Leader by Stefanie Sprong, Jolanda Jetten, Zhechen Wang, Kim Peters, Frank Mols, Maykel Verkuyten, Brock Bastian, Amarina Ariyanto, Frédérique Autin, Nadia Ayub, Constantina Badea, Tomasz Besta, Fabrizio Butera, Rui Costa-Lopes, Lijuan Cui, Carole Fantini, Gillian Finchilescu, Lowell Gaertner, Mario Gollwitzer, Ángel Gómez, Roberto González, Ying-Yi Hong, Dorthe Høj Jensen, Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, Minoru Karasawa, Thomas Kessler, Olivier Klein, Marcus Lima, Laura Mégevand, Thomas Morton, Paola Paladino, Tibor Polya, Tuuli Anna Renvik, Aleksejs Ruza, Wan Shahrazad, Sushama Shama, Heather J. Smith, Ana Raquel Torres, Anne Marthe van der Bles and Michael J. A. Wohl in Psychological Science

This research investigated how an individual’s endorsements of mitigation and adaptation relate to each other, and how well each of these can be accounted for by relevant social psychological factors. Based on survey data from two European convenience samples (N = 616 / 309) we found that public endorsements of mitigation and adaptation are strongly associated: Someone who is willing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) is also willing to prepare for climate change impacts (adaptation). Moreover, people endorsed the two response strategies for similar reasons: People who believe that climate change is real and dangerous, who have positive attitudes about protecting the environment and the climate, and who perceive climate change as a risk, are willing to respond to climate change. Furthermore, distinguishing between (spatially) proximal and distant risk perceptions suggested that the idea of portraying climate change as a proximal (i.e., local) threat might indeed be effective in promoting personal actions. However, to gain endorsement of broader societal initiatives such as policy support, it seems advisable to turn to the distant risks of climate change. The notion that “localising” climate change might not be the panacea for engaging people in this domain is discussed in regard to previous theory and research.

Supplemental material, Sprong_Supplemental_Material_rev for “Our Country Needs a Strong Leader Right Now”: Economic Inequality Enhances the Wish for a Strong Leader by Stefanie Sprong, Jolanda Jetten, Zhechen Wang, Kim Peters, Frank Mols, Maykel Verkuyten, Brock Bastian, Amarina Ariyanto, Frédérique Autin, Nadia Ayub, Constantina Badea, Tomasz Besta, Fabrizio Butera, Rui Costa-Lopes, Lijuan Cui, Carole Fantini, Gillian Finchilescu, Lowell Gaertner, Mario Gollwitzer, Ángel Gómez, Roberto González, Ying-Yi Hong, Dorthe Høj Jensen, Inga Jasinskaja-Lahti, Minoru Karasawa, Thomas Kessler, Olivier Klein, Marcus Lima, Laura Mégevand, Thomas Morton, Paola Paladino, Tibor Polya, Tuuli Anna Renvik, Aleksejs Ruza, Wan Shahrazad, Sushama Shama, Heather J. Smith, Ana Raquel Torres, Anne Marthe van der Bles and Michael J. A. Wohl in Psychological Science

Research has elaborated considerably on the dimensions of out-group stereotype content and on the origins and functions of different content combinations. Less attention has been given to the origins and functions of in-group stereotype content. We argue that in-group stereotypes are likely to serve different social identity functions, and thus attract different content, dependent on individual differences in in-group identification and on the temporal perspective of the perceiver. Two studies (Ns = 43 and 93) found that women's in-group stereotype content varied as a function of gender group identification and temporal perspective. When the past was primed, highly identified women generated stereotypes that emphasized the warmth (but not competence) of their group. When the future was primed, highly identified women generated stereotypes that emphasized the competence (as well as warmth) of their group. These results are discussed in terms of the use of stereotypes for social creativity versus social change.

A frequent suggestion to increase individuals' willingness to take action on climate change and to support relevant policies is to highlight its proximal consequences, that is, those that are close in space and time. But previous studies that have tested this proximizing approach have not revealed the expected positive effects on individual action and support for addressing climate change. We present three lines of psychological reasoning that provide compelling arguments as to why highlighting proximal impacts of climate change might not be as effective a way to increase individual mitigation and adaptation efforts as is often assumed. Our contextualization of the proximizing approach within established psychological research suggests that, depending on the particular theoretical perspective one takes on this issue, and on specific individual characteristics suggested by these perspectives, proximizing can bring about the intended positive effects, can have no (visible) effect or can even backfire. Thus, the effects of proximizing are much more complex than is commonly assumed. Revealing this complexity contributes to a refined theoretical understanding of the role that psychological distance plays in the context of climate change and opens up further avenues for future research and for interventions.

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