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OBJECTIVES: Mental disorders and suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) are common and burdensome among college students. Although available evidence suggests that only a small proportion of the students with these conditions receive treatment, broad-based data on patterns of treatment are lacking. The aim of this study is to examine the receipt of mental health treatment among college students cross-nationally. METHODS: Web-based self-report surveys were obtained from 13,984 first year students from 19 colleges in eight countries across the world as part of the World Health Organization's World Mental Health-International College Student Initiative. The survey assessed lifetime and 12-month common mental disorders/STB and treatment of these conditions. RESULTS: Lifetime and 12-month treatment rates were very low, with estimates of 25.3-36.3% for mental disorders and 29.5-36.1% for STB. Treatment was positively associated with STB severity. However, even among severe cases, lifetime and 12-month treatment rates were never higher than 60.0% and 45.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: High unmet need for treatment of mental disorders and STB exists among college students. In order to resolve the problem of high unmet need, a reallocation of resources may focus on innovative, low-threshold, inexpensive, and scalable interventions. ispartof: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METHODS IN PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH vol:28 issue:2 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Increasingly, colleges across the world are contending with rising rates of mental disorders, and in many cases, the demand for services on campus far exceeds the available resources. The present study reports initial results from the first stage of the WHO World Mental Health International College Student project, in which a series of surveys in 19 colleges across 8 countries (Australia, Belgium, Germany, Mexico, Northern Ireland, South Africa, Spain, United States) were carried out with the aim of estimating prevalence and basic sociodemographic correlates of common mental disorders among first-year college students. Web-based self-report questionnaires administered to incoming first-year students (45.5% pooled response rate) screened for six common lifetime and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders: major depression, mania/hypomania, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, alcohol use disorder, and substance use disorder. We focus on the 13,984 respondents who were full-time students: 35% of whom screened positive for at least one of the common lifetime disorders assessed and 31% screened positive for at least one 12-month disorder. Syndromes typically had onsets in early to middle adolescence and persisted into the year of the survey. Although relatively modest, the strongest correlates of screening positive were older age, female sex, unmarried-deceased parents, no religious affiliation, nonheterosexual identification and behavior, low secondary school ranking, and extrinsic motivation for college enrollment. The weakness of these associations means that the syndromes considered are widely distributed with respect to these variables in the student population. Although the extent to which cost-effective treatment would reduce these risks is unclear, the high level of need for mental health services implied by these results represents a major challenge to institutions of higher education and governments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved). ispartof: JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY vol:127 issue:7 pages:623-638 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Child language brokering is a phenomenon that occurs frequently among children who speak English and their non-English speaking parents and friends. When children interpret for their family members and friends, it is unnoticed by many organizations such as schools, healthcare organizations and businesses. Therefore, child language brokers have missed the opportunity to be recognized for the unusual work that they perform almost daily. Prior research on this topic has primarily focused on Spanish-speaking children from areas such as Mexico and China. This study sought to share the lived experiences of female students from the country of El Salvador. The following research question guided this study: What are the lived experiences of a select group of female El Salvadoran child language brokers in a large urban school district? This question was explored through a survey and in-depth, semi-structured interviews where participants were able to share their experiences when language brokering. Twenty participants participated in the survey and seventeen completed the instrument. Of those individuals, five female students from El Salvador were selected to participate in a semi-structured interview. The survey results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the interviews were analyzed to gain a thick, rich, description of the participants lived experiences as child language brokers. Four thematic findings emerged from NVivo coding: (a) trust, (b) happiness, (c) helping, and (d) learning. Given the findings of this study, the following three recommendations are offered to child language broker researchers as they seek to understand children who engage in this work: (a) explore why children broker for their friends and how this may impact that relationship. (b) reduce bias in the research by selecting an outside, non-interpreting researcher to collect both the qualitative and quantitative data, and (c) conduct research that answers the following 1) How do children perceive their abilities when language brokering? 2) Do participants think that their interpretation skills are important and valuable? and 3) How do participants perceive their language brokering skills within their school, school district and society?

'She said she was in the family way' examines the subject of pregnancy and infancy in Ireland from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. It draws on exciting and innovative research by early-career and established academics, and consider topics that have been largely ignored by historians in Ireland. The book will make an important contribution to Irish women’s history, family history, childhood history, social history, crime history and medical history, and will provide a reference point for academics interested in themes of sexuality, childbirth, infanthood and parenthood.

Recent findings demonstrate that epigenetic modifications are required for the sexual differentiation of the brain. For example, neonatal administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, valproic acid, blocks masculinisation of cell number in the principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). In the present study, we examined the effects of valproic acid on neurochemistry and behaviour, focusing on traits that are sexually dimorphic and linked to the BNST. Newborn mice were treated with saline or valproic acid and the effect on vasopressin immunoreactivity and olfactory preference behaviour was examined in adulthood. As expected, males had more vasopressin immunoreactive fibres than females in the lateral septum and medial dorsal thalamus, which are two projection sites of BNST vasopressin neurones. Neonatal valproic acid increased vasopressin fibre density specifically in females in the lateral septum, thereby reducing the sex difference, and increased vasopressin fibres in both sexes in the medial dorsal thalamus. The effects were not specific to BNST vasopressin projections, however, because valproic acid also significantly increased vasopressin immunoreactivity in the anterior hypothalamic area in both sexes. Subtle sex-specific effects of neonatal valproic acid treatment were observed on olfactory behaviour. As predicted, males showed a preference for investigating female-soiled bedding, whereas females showed a preference for male-soiled bedding. Valproic acid did not significantly alter olfactory preference, per se, although it increased the number of visits females made to female-soiled bedding and the overall time females spent investigating soiled versus clean bedding. Taken together, these results suggest that a transient disruption of histone deacetylation at birth does not have generalised effects on sexual differentiation, although it does produce lasting effects on brain neurochemistry and behaviour.

Sex differences are widespread throughout the nervous system and have been identified in relation to almost every neural characteristic, from basic anatomy, to behavior, to differences in the prevalence of neuropathology. Most sex differences arise following exposure to the steroid hormone, testosterone, but relatively little is known about the molecular mechanism of steroid hormone action. In many cases, perinatal hormone exposure determines life-long sex specific changes, suggesting a long-lasting cellular memory for the testosterone exposure. Testosterone-induced changes in chromatin structure could account for this memory leading to long-term changes in gene expression. In this dissertation, I tested the hypothesis that chromatin remodeling plays a role in sexual differentiation of brain morphology, neurochemistry and behavior. To test this, I disrupted the balance between histone acetylation and deacetylation using the histone deacetylase inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA), during the critical period for hormone action. First, I determined that VPA treatment increased histone acetylation 24 hours following injection. Next, I revealed that masculinization of BNSTp volume and cell number is blocked by neonatal VPA treatment. I then determined the effect of VPA treatment on cell death in the BNSTp. As expected, females had more dying cells than males. However, VPA treatment had no effect on cell death in either sex. Testosterone treatment reduced cell death in the BNSTp of females and VPA treatment prevented this testosterone-induced cell survival. In the AVPV, females had more TH-positive cells than males but VPA treatment did not affect the number of TH cells in either sex. In the lateral septum, the predicted sex difference was observed; males had more vasopressin-immunoreactive fibers than females. VPA treatment had no effect in males but increased the vasopressin fiber density in females, reducing the sex difference. In addition, males showed a preference for female-soiled bedding whereas females showed a preference for male-soiled bedding. VPA treatment did not alter olfactory preference in males, but decreased preference for male bedding in females, partially masculinizing females. Taken together, these results suggest that regulation of histone acetylation following testosterone exposure plays a role in sexual differentiation of brain morphology, neurochemistry and behavior.

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was used between May 1980 and May 1981 to treat 21 patients for a total of 8.2 “patient years”. On commencing CAPD, patients were also assessed according to our established criteria, as being suitable for home hemodialysis -Group I (independent) 13 patients, 62 patient months; or hospital hemodialysis Group II (dependent) eight patients, 36 patient months. Biochemical control was good in both groups. In Group II, peritonitis was more frequent and rehabilitation was poorer with more frequent and longer hospital admissions than in Group I. Selection of patients can therefore reduce the incidence of complications. Fourteen of the 27 episodes of peritonitis occurred in the ward during training or while the patients were hospitalized for other reasons indicating the risk of such training in busy general medical wards.