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Il personal computer e? uno strumento fondamentale in ambito lavorativo per ricevere, creare, analizzare, modificare e trasmettere informazioni. Possiamo suddividere il computer in due parti:hardware e software. Quest'ultimo a sua volta puo? essere suddiviso in tre grandi gruppi, ossia i drivers, che si occupano di gestire le diverse periferiche (dischi, nastri, video, tastiera, etc.), il sistema operativo, che ha la funzione di coordinare (gestire ed allocare) le risorse della macchina (memoria, accesso alle periferiche, tempo di CPU, etc.), e infine il software applicativo che sono i programmi che vengono utilizzati (videoscrittura, posta, etc.). Per un utente normale il software applicativo e? la parte piu? importante in riferimento alla produttivita? perche? e? quella che permette di effettuare le operazioni descritte precedentemente. In questo documento verranno descritti i programmi base che possono soddisfare la maggior parte delle attivita? che un utente e? chiamato a svolgere. I criteri su cui si basa questa selezione sono essenzialmente tre: - programmi open source o in alternativa gratuiti; - programmi multipiattaforma ovvero programmi che possono essere eseguiti sui tre maggiori sistemi operativi, Windows, macOS e Linux; - programmi base in ambito ufficio. Ci sono diverse ragioni per utilizzare software libero, in primo luogo il contenimento dei costi informatici. Legge di conversione del 7 agosto 2012, n. 134 recante: «Misure urgenti per la crescita del Paese.». (GU n. 187 dell'11-8-2012 - Suppl. Ordinario n.171) ha modificato in maniera sostanziale l'art. 68 del CAD, Codice dell'amministrazione digitale (Decreto Legislativo 7 marzo 2005, n. 82 e sue successive modifiche ed integrazioni). In particolare le pubbliche amministrazioni devono acquisire programmi informatici o parti di essi a seguito di una valutazione comparativa di tipo tecnico ed economico tra le seguenti soluzioni disponibili sul mercato. Solo quando la valutazione comparativa di tipo tecnico ed economico dimostri l'impossibilita? di accedere a soluzioni open source o gia? sviluppate all'interno della pubblica amministrazione ad un prezzo inferiore, e? consentita l'acquisizione di programmi informatici di tipo proprietario mediante ricorso a licenza d'uso [1]. Il contenimento dei costi legati al software ha inoltre il vantaggio di liberare risorse per l'hardware. Non meno importante e? il fatto che lo sviluppo di codice aperto e? seguito da persone che "lavorano per voi" e non per un'azienda. Esistono numerosi programmi open source o gratuiti che svolgono piu? o meno le stesse funzioni ed ogni programma necessita di un periodo di apprendimento per poter usare le funzionalita? di base, di conseguenza e? facile, negli ambienti lavorativi trovare differenti software utilizzanti da differenti addetti. Questa situazione complica enormemente il lavoro dei referenti informatici in ambito CNR, negli istituti dove sono stati designati, che spesso vengono interpellati per risolvere problemi legati non solo alle reti informatiche o ai sistemi operativi ma anche a problemi relativi ai software applicativi. Una possibile soluzione consiste nel definire dei programmi di riferimento per ciascuna funzione svolta in ambito lavorativo in modo che, sia i referenti informatici, che i vari utenti, possano acquisire esperienza nella risoluzione dei problemi su un numero ristretto di software. In particolare il vantaggio per i referenti informatici e? la possibilita? di concentrarsi nell'approfondimento di pochi programmi usando piu? efficacemente il tempo lavorativo a loro disposizione. L'obiettivo di questa selezione di software e? quello di elencare programmi di utilita? comune, per le funzioni necessarie in ambito lavorativo, usabili da qualsiasi utente.

An investigation of carabid beetle communities of a managed spruce forest has been carried out in eastern Alps (Cadore, Veneto region, Italy) from May to September (2013). We positioned the pitfall traps across different sample units (i.e., forest stands), at an elevation between 800 and 1500 m asl, in order to collect carabid beetles. The study of the species composition and of the ecological structure of carabids assemblages allows to understand each structural parameters of communities and to analyse in detail how the ground beetle communities are influenced by the structure and the morphology of the forest and by the forest management. This type of information could be useful for understanding the impact of management activities in biological communities and for promoting good practice of sustainable forest management.

A crucial issue in urban environments is the interaction between urban trees and atmospheric pollution, particularly ozone (O3). Ozone represents one of the most harmful pollutants in urban and peri-urban environments, especially in warm climates. Besides the large interest in reducing anthropogenic and biogenic precursors of O3 emissions, there is growing scientific activity aimed at understanding O3 removal by vegetation, particularly trees. The intent of this paper is to provide the state of the art and suggestions to improve future studies of O3 fluxes and to discuss implications of O3 flux studies to maximize environmental services through the planning and management of urban forests. To evaluate and quantify the potential of O3 removal in urban and peri-urban forests, we describe experimental approaches to measure O3 fluxes, distinguishing laboratory experiments, field measurements, and model estimates, including recent case studies. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches and conclude that the combination of the three levels of investigation is essential for estimating O3 removal by urban trees. We also comment on the implications of these findings for planning and management of urban forests, suggesting some key issues that should be considered to maximize O3 removal by urban and peri-urban forests.

In questo lavoro viene investigata la rimozione di ozono dovuta alla apertura stomatica da parte di tre specie arboree: pioppo, leccio e pino, utilizzando una tecnica di misura che prevede di misurare la concentrazione di ozono in contatto con le foglie sia a stomi aperti che a stomi chiusi ed evidenziando così il contributo dell'effetto stomatico sulla sua distruzione.

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Public procurement is one the most influential means through which the state can effect behavioral changes in economy and society achieving multiple goals. Serving fresh, high quality fish, coming from sustainable aquaculture systems in public canteens can have positive effects on people health and wellbeing, local economies and the environment. Such a simple idea turns out to be a surprisingly complex affair in practice, requiring inputs of research, innovation, information and training at every stage of the supply chain. For this reason, the Italian National Research Council and the Italian Association of Fishermen carried out a pilot study to introduce fresh hamburgers and sausages from farmed rainbow trout in the menu of the main CNR campus. The barriers encountered during the experiment were examined and the consumers’ preferences and choices assessed.

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Public procurement is one the most influential means through which national and local governments can endeavor to modify behaviors and habits in the economy and the society. By assuring large, certain and lasting markets, public administrations can request sustainable changes from their suppliers, laying down the conditions for supervising the whole process and for empowering the consumers. Serving fresh, high quality fish coming from sustainable aquaculture systems in school and other public canteens should have positive effects on people's present and future health and well being, on the environment, on the local social and economic development. Still, such a simple idea turns out to be a surprisingly complex affair in practice, requiring inputs of research, innovation, information and training at every stage of the pipeline. This study describes a catering trial in the canteen of a public research institution of fresh hamburgers and sausages from farmed rainbow trouts, of which Italy is a major producer. The difficulties encountered during the experiment, both objective and subjective (i.e., those perceived by the different actors along the supply chain, including the consumers) are examined, and solutions envisaged to overcome the barriers are proposed; finally, the results of a preliminary survey on fish consumption in community canteens are analyzed.

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The power from multiple sources can be combined or distributed to separate outputs using a new generation of devices recently developed. A family of these is based on the splitting properties of a rectangular corrugated waveguide characterised by a proper length and fed with a beam in a suitable geometry. A prototype based on a couple of resonat-ing loops including these waveguide splitters has been measured at low power at 105 GHz. A report is given on the measurements, the align-ment and the tuning procedures. A study on optics and on input con-figuration is required in order to guarantee a minimum degradation of performances in real applications. Configurations with side-input cou-pling to the waveguide and astigmatic beams in input are presented. They may drastically reduce the overall waveguide length, without per-formance degradation. The possibility to split beam power in unequal ratios using waveguides with fractional length allows a spectrum of new applications for devices using rectangular corrugated waveguides, from non-3dB couplers to resonators coupling more than two channels.

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A spherical compact matched load, for high vacuum operation suited for short pulses (2MW. 0.1s.) precise measurement has been designed to test high power gyrotrons. In order to enhance the power handling capability of the load and to reduce the operation problems that may arise from an excessive reflection from the load a ray tracing code has been written to model the power distribution on the inner surface and the pattern of the reflected radiation. The outcome of this code has been used to select a more convenient profile for the spreading mirror of the load and to optimize a pre-load specially conceived to minimize the power reflected fraction.

The paper describes experimental work performed in this field on FTU tokamak, and it deals in particular with the implementation of a system for automatic detection of TM onset, and stabilizing reaction with ECH/ECCD. The system is composed by a particular arrangement of the 140 GHz, 2 MW ECH set-up, and a DSP-based (Digital Signal Processor) unit for the analysis of ECE and Mirnov data, and for the control of gyrotron power supplies. The detection/reaction system, successfully tested in the experiments described in the paper, is very fast since no mirror motion is foreseen. This might be a possible scheme for a fast reaction to "early warning" NTM suppression in fusion devices, in which the application of ECCD, localized on the O-point radial position, is performed as soon as the seed island is detected and much before it reaches saturation. ITER perspectives are discussed.

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We first describe the improved receiving system of the diagnostic experiment of mm-wave Collective Thomson Scattering being run on the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) and then discuss some peculiar problems and new operating procedures related to the investigation of strong anomalous spectra of non thermal origin, many orders-of-magnitude stronger than the ion thermal feature, systematically observed in the experimentation and finally ascribed to a perturbation of the gyrotron that generates the probing beam. Arguments in favor of a possible more general valence of the solutions actuated for the specific case of FTU are finally given.

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High-frequency wave systems with high-power density launching capability have been the Preferred choice to heat the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) because of physics arguments (electron heating at very high density) and space constraints from the compactness of the machine design (8-cm-wide port). They do include an 8-GHz lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) system, a 140-GHz electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system, and a 433-MHz ion Bernstein waves system (IBW). The technical aspects of these systems will be reviewed in this article. The main features of the design include the following: (a) a very compact conventional LHCD grill with a compact window to keep the vacuum on 48 (12 columns, 4 rows) individual waveguides allowing the maximum flexibility in spectra generation to be achieved; power handling up to approximate to10 kW/cm(2) has been achieved, (b) ECRH launchers designed as a quasi-optical system (implementing ITER relevant solutions) retaining the maximum flexibility in the equatorial launcher (poloidal/toroidal steerability) to exploit a variety of scenarios, (c) a two-waveguides launching array making the IBW experiment on FTU unique. Other technical aspects (sources, transmission lines, etc.) are also reviewed. The development of a new ITER relevant lower hybrid launcher, the passive active multijunction, is described.

We report on the design, fabrication and testing of a set of high performance corrugated feed horns at 30 GHz, 70 GHz and 100 GHz, built as advanced prototypes for the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) of the ESA Planck mission. The electromagnetic designs include linear (100 GHz) and dual shaped (30 and 70 GHz) profiles. Fabrication has been achieved by direct machining at 30 GHz, and by electro-formation at higher frequencies. The measured performances on side lobes and return loss meet the stringent Planck requirements over the large (20%) instrument bandwidth. Moreover, the advantage in terms of main lobe shape and side lobes levels of the dual profiled designs has been demonstrated., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy

We report on the design fabrication and testing of a set of high performance corrugated feed horns at 30, 70, and 100 GHz, built as advanced prototypes for the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) of the ESA Planck mission. The electromagnetic designs include linear (100 GHz) and dual shaped (30 and 70 GHz) profiles. Fabrication has been achieved by direct machining at 30 GHz and by electro-formation at higher frequencies. The measured performances on side lobe and return loss meet the stringent Planck requirements over the large (20%) instrument bandwidth. Moreover, the advantage in terms of main lobe shape and side lobe levels of the dual profiled designs has been demonstrated.

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Compact directional couplers-polarimeters were developed for the circular corrugated waveguide transmission lines of the joint IFP-ENEA Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating experiment at 140 GHz, 2 MW on the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade in Frascati. A linear array of cutoff holes was drilled in the mirrors of the quasi-optical miter bends. The radiated pattern preserves the symmetry and polarization of the waveguide mode in the plane of the array. The direction of propagation is preserved too. Two pairs of standard gain horns with detectors are placed in the plane of the array along the propagation axes of incident and reflected radiation to detect both linear components. The whole assembly is enclosed in a shielded anechoic box of suitable geometry.

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A wide use of foaming agents as lubricants is required in mechanized tunneling. Their main component, the anionic surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES), can remain in residual concentrations in soil debris, influencing their potential reuse as by-product. This study aimed at evaluating the environmental fate and effects of a foaming product used for conditioning soils collected from real excavation sites, in the presence/absence of an anti-clogging polymer, both containing SLES. Soil microcosm experiments were set-up and incubated for 28 days. Over time, soils and their water extracts (elutriates) were collected to perform both ecotoxicological tests (Vibrio fischeri, Lepidium sativum, Eisenia foetida, Hetereocypris incongruens, Danio rerio) and SLES analysis. The results showed that, just after conditioning, SLES did not exert any hazardous effect on the organisms tested except for the bacterium V. fischeri, which was the most sensitive to its presence. However, from day seven the toxic effect on the bacterium was never observed thanks to the SLES decrease in the elutriates (&lt, 2 mg/L). SLES degraded in soils (half-lives from 9 to 25 days) with higher disappearance rates corresponding to higher values of microbial abundances. This study highlights the importance of site-specific studies for assessing the environmental reuse of spoil materials.

Sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) is the anionic surfactant commonly utilized as the main synthetic chemical component in most foaming agents used in mechanized tunnelling. This produces huge amounts of soil debris which can contain residual concentrations of SLES. The absence of environmental quality standards for soil and water and the limited information about SLES persistence in real excavated soils do not facilitate any re-use of soil debris as by-products. The environmental risk assessment (ERA) of foaming agents containing SLES can be a valid tool for this purpose. In this study, an ERA analysis of SLES in 12 commercial formulations (cf) used for tunnelling excavation was performed. Various soils from different tunnel excavation sites were conditioned with the selected foaming agents containing SLES. Predicted or measured environmental concentrations (PECs, MECs) were determined and then compared with the Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNECs) for both the terrestrial and aquatic compartments. The results indicate a reduction of the potential risk over time for these ecosystems, with differences depending on both the commercial foaming formulation and the spoil material characteristics. However, because potential threats to the natural environment cannot be excluded, some risk management and mitigation actions are discussed.

Mechanized excavation of tunnels with Earth Pressure Balance-Tunnel Boring Machines requires the use of foaming agents. The latter contain the anionic surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) as the main compound. The re-use as a by-product of excavated soil containing foaming agents (spoil material) can pose a risk for soil and particularly for aquatic ecosystems if they are close to the spoil material final destination site. This work reports the chemical results (SLES residual concentrations) and ecotoxicological effects (battery of five tests) of 28 day-mesocosm studies performed at a tunnelling construction site. The soil mesocosms were set up with two different lithologies, which contained four different foaming agent products at the highest amounts used for excavation. The decrease in SLES concentrations and the ecotoxicological tests were performed in soil and its water extract (elutriate) at different times (0, 7, 14, 28 d). Elutriates were prepared in order to simulate a possible SLES leaching from soil to water. The results showed a decrease in SLES over time and different ecotoxicological responses depending not only on the initial amount of each product, but also on the soil lithology and organism tested (aquatic or terrestrial). This study showed how only site-specific ecotoxicological evaluations can ensure a safe management of the spoil material, making possible the re-use of soil and avoiding production of waste.

Huge amounts of soil debris are produced during the underground excavation with Earth Pressure Balance-Tunnel Boring Machines (EPB-TBM). Soil debris may contain residual concentrations of the anionic surfactant sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES), the main component in some foaming agents used as excavation additives. The reuse of this debris or its discharge as waste is a critical environmental question in construction engineering. There are only few studies on ecotoxicological effects on soil debris coming from a real excavation site. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicity of two deep soils, with different lithological compositions, conditioned with three foaming agents. In some cases, lime was added to the soil. The soils were placed in mesocosms (1 m3) to simulate the temporary storage of the soil debris at a construction site. At fixed times, soil sub-samples were collected and ecotoxicological tests on terrestrial organisms (Lepidium sativum, Eisenia foetida) and an assessment of SLES concentration were performed with soils and aqueous elutriates produced from them. Results showed that at day 28, a SLES reduction was observed in both the soil and aqueous elutriates, with various rates of decrease. The differences were due to different soil lithological compositions and foaming agent products composition. In general, the two soils were not suitable for both plant growth and earthworm reproduction, but in Soil 1 the earthworm mortality was very low, except when lime was added. Tests with soil elutriates showed that 7 days after conditioning no toxic effect was found for the organisms tested.

High power gyrotron testing at long pulses is a necessary step in the development of mm-wave systems for fusion research. For this purpose a compact calorimetric load is being developed, with low overall reflectivity (< 5%) and aiming at 1 MW-CW capabilities, after the good performances of the loads (0.5 MW, 0.5 s per pulse) installed on the 140 GHz ECRH plant of the FTU Tokamak in Frascati. Tests at the same frequency but at higher power (0.7 MW, 1 s) and longer pulses (up to 2 s at 0.5 MW) on the ASDEX-Upgrade ECRH plant showed, after repeated exposures, damages on the absorbing layer, recognized as thermal effects due to the local enhancement of incident power: the effects visible near the entrance port are explained studying the superposition (with interference) of waves reflected inside the sphere. Samples of degraded and non-degraded coating have been analyzed with various techniques, revealing changes of the substrate's physical characteristics. Measurements of absorber temperature during and after the pulse, performed with an infrared detector looking directly into the load, allowed estimates of the peak temperature and thermal properties of the coating in the real working conditions. Improvements on power deposition, geometry and cooling are proposed, to be integrated in a new load design. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.