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Article, 信州医学雑誌 71(1) : 63-71, (2023)

A mild one-step radical-to-radical synthetic strategy has been developed to directly produce a new family of diarylamine substituted tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) radicals TTM-DPA, TTM-DB...

Photothermal therapy (PTT) triggered by second near-infrared (NIR-II) light (1000–1400 nm) has shown great potential in tumor ablation because of its good tissue penetrability. However, NIR-II PTT ...

Noninvasive markers more accurate than FiOWe carried out this proof-of-concept study on 20 preterm infants with RDS requiring noninvasive respiratory support. Patients were continuously studied for 24 h by NIRS and rSOThe overall value of rSOContinuous monitoring of rSO

‘Huangguan’ pear has excellent quality, strong adaptability, and good socioeconomic value. Iron is one of the important trace elements in plants, and iron imbalance seriously affects the growth and development of pear trees and reduces their economic benefits. If the iron content in pear fruit can be easily and non-destructively detected using modern technology during the critical period of fruit development, it will undoubtedly help guide actual production. In this study, ‘Huangguan’ pear fruit was used as the research object, and the possibility of using the more convenient near-infrared spectroscopy (900~1700 nm) technology for nondestructive detection of the iron content in the peel and pulp of ‘Huangguan’ pear was explored. First, 12 algorithms were used to preprocess the original spectral data, and based on the original and the preprocessed spectral data, partial least squares regression and gradient boosting regression tree algorithms were used. A full-band prediction model of the iron content in the peel and pulp of ‘Huangguan’ pear was established, and the genetic algorithm was used to extract characteristic wavelengths, establish a characteristic wavelength prediction model, and evaluate the prediction effect of each model according to the coefficient of determination R² and the relative analysis error RPD. After comparison, we found that the prediction model with the best prediction of the iron content in the peel and pulp of ‘Huangguan’ pear reaches class A, and the prediction effect is good and meets expectations. This experiment shows that the use of near-infrared spectroscopy can achieve better prediction of the iron content in the peel and pulp of ‘Huangguan’ pear.

Calorific value is an important index for evaluating coal quality, and it is important to achieve the rapid detection of calorific value to improve production efficiency. In this paper, a calorific value detection method based on NIRS-XRF fusion spectroscopy is proposed, which utilizes NIRS to detect organic functional groups and XRF to detect inorganic ash-forming elements in coal. NIRS, XRF and NIRS-XRF fusion spectrum were separately used to establish partial least squares (PLS) regression models for coal calorific value, and better prediction performance was obtained by using fusion spectrum (the determination coefficient of calibration set (R2) was 0.98, the root mean square error of prediction set (RMSEP) was 0.19 MJ/kg, the average relative deviation for prediction (MARDP) was 0.95%). The variable selection is very important for model performance. The effective variables were extracted using Pearson correlation coefficients to further optimize the prediction model, and the evaluation indexes of the optimized model are R2 = 0.99, RMSEP = 0.16 MJ/kg and MARDP = 0.70%. In addition, the repeatability of the proposed method was briefly evaluated. The results show that the proposed method is an effective analysis method to detect the calorific value of coal, which provides a new idea and technique for coal quality detection.

The integration of spray drying and agglomeration offers significant advantages, such us continuous production with lower energy consumption. However, it is a knife-edge process with a narrow operating window and limited degrees of freedom that decide between successful agglomeration and fluidized bed blockage due to excessive moisture. In this contribution, factors influencing the spray-through agglomeration process of skim milk powder as a model system were investigated via a design of experiments. Three in-line monitoring methods were applied and tested to observe the most important parameters in the agglomeration process—the product moisture and particle size distribution. Regarding the moisture content, a capacitive moisture sensor was calibrated with linear regression and a near-infrared sensor with partial least squares regression. Near-infrared spectroscopy was found to be the suitable method for determining the moisture content, while the capacitive moisture sensor mainly provides information on the bulk density, filling level, or fluidization state in the fluidized bed. Additionally, particle size distribution data were extracted from the spectral data using in-line data from a spatial filter velocimetry probe in the fluidized bed. This opens the potential to monitor both parameters in real time with a single non-invasive sensor.

Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is common in young adults and is attributed to cerebral hypoperfusion. However, during active stand (AS) testing, only peripheral and not cerebral hemodynamic responses are measured. We sought to determine whether cerebral oxygenation responses to an AS test were altered in young VVS patients when compared to the young healthy controls. A sample of young healthy adults and consecutive VVS patients attending a Falls and Syncope unit was recruited. Continuous beat-to-beat blood pressure (BP), heart rate, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived tissue saturation index (TSI), and changes in concentration of oxygenated/deoxygenated Δ[O2Hb]/Δ[HHb] hemoglobin were measured. BP and NIRS-derived features included nadir, peak, overshoot, trough, recovery rate, normalized recovery rate, and steady-state. Multivariate linear regression was used to adjust for confounders and BP. In total, 13 controls and 27 VVS patients were recruited. While no significant differences were observed in the TSI and Δ[O2Hb], there was a significantly smaller Δ[HHb] peak-to-trough and faster Δ[HHb] recovery rate in VVS patients, independent of BP. A higher BP steady-state was observed in patients but did not remain significant after multiple comparison correction. Young VVS patients demonstrated a similar cerebral circulatory response with signs of altered peripheral circulation with respect to the controls, potentially due to a hyper-reactive autonomic nervous system. This study sets the grounds for future investigations to understand the role of cerebral regulation during standing in VVS.

Neuromonitoring during surgery is used to detect early indications of cerebral injury before permanent damage occurs. A commonly used technology is cerebral oximetry; however, current systems only monitor one brain region and have limited depth sensitivity. A newly developed NIRS system, Kernel Flow, offers the possibility to address both limitations by providing full-head coverage and time-resolved detection to enhance sensitivity to the brain. This work aimed to assess Kernel Flow’s sensitivity to regional cerebral oxygenation changes. Two experiments were conducted. In the first, decreases in cerebral oxygenation caused by transient carotid compression were measured in healthy volunteers. The second was a clinical feasibility study in which the device was used to detect possible regional differences in cerebral desaturation in patients undergoing shoulder surgery. Overall, Kernel Flow showed good sensitivity to regional changes in cerebral oxygenation – although hair provided a practical challenge – and has promise as an intraoperative neuromonitor.

Visible and near-infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy is extensively used in the field of soil science to predict several soil properties, mostly in laboratory conditions. When measured in situ, contact probes are used, and, very often, time-consuming methods are applied to generate better spectra. Unfortunately, spectra obtained by these methods differ greatly from spectra remotely acquired. This study tried to address this issue by measuring reflectance spectra directly with a fibre optic or a 4° lens on bare untouched soils. C, N content and soil texture (sand, silt, and clay) prediction models were established using partial least-square (PLS) and support vector machine (SVM) regression. With spectral pre-processing, some satisfactory models were obtained, i.e., for C content (R2 = 0.57; RMSE = 0.09%) and for N content (R2 = 0.53; RMSE = 0.02%). Some models were improved when using moisture and temperature as auxiliary data for the modelling. Maps of C, N and clay content generated with laboratory and predicted values were presented. Based on this study, VIS-NIR spectra acquired with bare fibre optic and/or a 4° lens could be used to build prediction models in order to obtain basic preliminary information on soil composition at the field scale. The predicting maps seem suitable for a fast but rough field screening.

Ice cream is a complex product containing four different phases that affect its microstructure. Viscosity is a critical ice cream quality parameter which is typically measured using off-line methodologies, such as rheometry. In-line viscosity measurements allow continuous and instant analysis compared to off-line methodologies, yet they still constitute a challenge. This work focused on the preliminary study of the potential application of Near-Infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy as analytical tools to assess the viscosity of ice cream mixes. Historically, partial least squares regression (PLS) is a standard algorithm used for analysis of spectral data and in the development of predictive models. This methodology was implemented over a range of viscosity values, obtained by varying the ice cream fat content and homogenization conditions. Individual PLS models showed some predictive ability and a better performance compared to the integrated model obtained by data fusion. Lower prediction errors and higher coefficients of determination were obtained for NIR, making this technique more suitable based on model performance. However, other considerations should be accounted during the selection of the best method, such as implementation limitations. This study offers a preliminary comparison of the spectroscopic methods for quantitative analysis of viscosity of aged ice cream mixes and a starting point for an in situ application study.

Background: Lower extremity free flap dangling protocols are still widely practiced, despite a paucity of evidence for their use. This pilot study investigates the use of tissue oximetry to provide further insight into the physiological effect of postoperative dangling in lower limb free flap transfer. Methods: Ten patients undergoing lower extremity free flap reconstruction were included in this study. Free flap tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) was continuously measured using non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy. Measurements were performed on the free flap and contralateral limb during dangling from postoperative day (POD) 7 until 11, according to the local dangling protocol. Results: StO2 values measured in the free flap diminished to 70 ± 13.7% during dangling. This minimum StO2 was reached significantly later, and correspondingly the area under the curve (AUC) was significantly larger on POD 11 compared to the start of the dangling protocol on POD 7, reflecting an improving free flap microvascular reactivity. The dangling slope was equal between the free flap and contralateral leg. The reperfusion slope was significantly flatter on POD 7 compared to the other PODs (p < 0.001). Thereafter, no significant differences between PODs were observed. Patients with a history of smoking had significantly lower tissue oximetry values compared to non-smokers. Conclusions: The application of tissue oximetry during dangling provides further insight into the physiological effect (i.e., changes in microcirculatory function) of the free flap of the reconstructed lower extremity. This information could potentially be useful to either revise or disrupt the use of such dangling protocols.

This present review article considers the rapid development of miniaturized handheld near-infrared spectrometers over the last decade and provides an overview of current instrumental developments and exemplary applications in the fields of material and food control as well as environmentally relevant investigations. Care is taken, however, not to fall into the exaggerated and sometimes unrealistic narrative of some direct-to-consumer companies, which has raised unrealistic expectations with full-bodied promises but has harmed the very valuable technology of NIR spectroscopy, rather than promoting its further development. Special attention will also be paid to possible applications that will allow a clientele that is not necessarily scientifically trained to solve quality control and authentication problems with this technology in everyday life.

Aggregation plays a critical role in modulating the photophysical process of organic molecules. However, the rational control of the construction of a function-oriented stacking mode for efficient ...

The aim of this study was to develop near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations to predict quality parameters, dry matter (DM, g kg−1) and crude protein (CP, g kg−1 DM), in fresh un-dried grass. Knowledge of these parameters would enable more precise allocation of quality herbage to grazing livestock. Perennial ryegrass samples (n = 1 615) were collected over the 2017 and 2018 grazing seasons at Teagasc Moorepark to develop a NIRS calibration dataset. Additional samples were collected for an independent validation dataset (n = 197) during the 2019 grazing season. Samples were scanned using a FOSS 6500 spectrometer at 2 nm intervals in the range of 1 100 ~ 2 500 nm and absorption was recorded as log 1/Reflectance. Reference wet chemistry analysis was carried out for both parameters and the resultant data were calibrated against spectral data by means of modified partial least squares regression. A range of mathematical spectral treatments were examined for each calibration, which were ranked in order of standard error of prediction (SEP) and ratio of percent deviation (RPD). Best performing calibrations achieved high predictive precision for DM (R2 = 0.86 SEP = 9.46 g kg−1, RPD = 2.60) and moderate precision for CP (R2 = 0.84 SEP = 20.38 g kg−1 DM, RPD = 2.37). These calibrations will aid the optimisation of grassland management and the development of precision agricultural technologies.

Ocean colour sensors are equipped with atmospheric correction bands operating in the near infrared region of the spectrum. At these wavelengths, the ocean surface, because of high infrared absorption by water, acts as a dark background and the sensor detected radiance is due to solar radiation backscattered by the atmospheric air molecules and aerosols called Rayleigh and aerosol path radiances respectively. From the radiances in the atmospheric correction bands, after accounting for Rayleigh path radiance, it is possible to determine aerosol parameters like aerosol optical depth (AOD) and particle size distribution index. While sensors like IRS P3 MOS-B, IRS P4 OCM, NOAA-AVHRR, etc detect AOD in the total atmospheric column, IRS P3 MOS-A sensor can detect AOD in two atmospheric layers by exploiting the differential absorption property of oxygen at four narrow band channels at the O2 A band around 760nm. The method of determination from ocean colour sensors and the results from IRS P3 MOS-B, IRS P4-OCM and IRS P3 MOS-A radiance data are presented and discussed.

(Bio)pharmaceutical products freeze-dried in vials must meet stringent quality specifications: among these, the residual moisture (RM) is crucial. The most common techniques adopted for measuring the RM are destructive, e.g. Karl Fisher titration, thus few samples from each batch are tested. Being a high intra-batch variability an intrinsic feature of batch freeze-drying, a high number of samples needs to be tested to get a representative measurement. Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was extensively applied in the past as a non-invasive method to quantify the RM. In this paper, an accurate Partial Least Square (PLS) model was developed and calibrated with a single product, focusing on a small but significative wavelength range of NIR spectra (model SR), characteristic of the water and not of the product. The salient feature of this approach is that the model SR appears to provide fairly accurate estimates with the same product but at a higher concentration, with other excipients and in presence of an amino acid at high concentration, without requiring any additional calibration with KF analysis, as in previous techniques; the irrelevance of the vial shape was also shown. This approach was compared to a simpler one, based on a single-variable linear regression, and to more complex one, using a wider wavelength range or calibrating the PLS model with several products. Model SR definitely ended up as the most accurate, and it appeared to have a great potential as a robust model, suitable also for products that were not involved in the calibration step.

We compared the changes in cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO2) levels during cardiac arrest (CA) events using porcine models of ventricular fibrillation CA (VF-CA) and asphyxial CA (A-CA). Twenty female pigs were randomly divided into VF-CA and A-CA groups. We initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 4 min after CA and measured the cerebral tissue oxygenation index (TOI) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) before, during, and after CPR. In both groups, the TOI was the lowest at 3–4 min after pre-CPR phase initiation (VF-CA group: 3.4 min [2.8–3.9]; A-CA group: 3.2 min [2.9–4.6]; p = 0.386). The increase in TOI differed between the groups in the CPR phase (p < 0.001); it increased more rapidly in the VF-CA group (16.6 [5.5–32.6] vs. 1.1 [0.6–3.3] %/min; p < 0.001). Seven pigs surviving for 60 min after the return of spontaneous circulation in the VF-CA group recovered limb movement, whereas only one in the A-CA group (p = 0.023) achieved movement recovery. The increase in the TOI did not differ significantly between the groups in the post-CPR phase (p = 0.341). Therefore, it is better to monitor ScO2 concomitantly with CPR initiation using NIRS to assess the responsiveness to CPR in clinical settings.

Purpose of reviewTo describe the available neuromonitoring tools in patients who are comatose after resuscitation from cardiac arrest because of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI).Recent findingsElectroencephalogram (EEG) is useful for detecting seizures and guiding antiepileptic treatment. Moreover, specific EEG patterns accurately identify patients with irreversible HIBI. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) decreases in HIBI, and a greater decrease with no CBF recovery indicates poor outcome. The CBF autoregulation curve is narrowed and right-shifted in some HIBI patients, most of whom have poor outcome. Parameters derived from near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), intracranial pressure (ICP) and transcranial Doppler (TCD), together with brain tissue oxygenation, are under investigation as tools to optimize CBF in patients with HIBI and altered autoregulation. Blood levels of brain biomarkers and their trend over time are used to assess the severity of HIBI in both the research and clinical setting, and to predict the outcome of postcardiac arrest coma. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is recommended as a prognostic tool for HIBI in the current postresuscitation guidelines, but other potentially more accurate biomarkers, such as neurofilament light chain (NfL) are under investigation.Neuromonitoring provides essential information to detect complications, individualize treatment and predict prognosis in patients with HIBI.

Introduction In the present study, we assessed the effects of the hyper-harmonized-hydroxylated fullerene–water complex (3HFWC) on Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological hallmarks in 5XFAD mice, an AD animal model. Methods The 3-week-old 5XFAD mice were exposed to 3HFWC water solution ad libitum for 3 months in the presymptomatic phase of pathology. The functional effects of the treatment were confirmed through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis through machine learning (ML) using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to classify the control and 3HFWC-treated brain tissue samples. The effects of 3HFWC treatment on amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, plaque formation, gliosis, and synaptic plasticity in cortical and hippocampal tissue were assessed. Results The 3HFWC treatment significantly decreased the amyloid-β plaque load in specific parts of the cerebral cortex. At the same time, 3HFWC treatment did not induce the activation of glia (astrocytes and microglia) nor did it negatively affect synaptic protein markers (GAP-43, synaptophysin, and PSD-95). Conclusion The obtained results point to the potential of 3HFWC, when applied in the presymptomatic phase of AD, to interfere with amyloid plaque formation without inducing AD-related pathological processes such as neuroinflammation, gliosis, and synaptic vulnerability.

SIGNIFICANCE: Dementia presents a global healthcare crisis, and neuroimaging is the main method for developing effective diagnoses and treatments. Yet currently, there is a lack of sensitive, portable, and low-cost neuroimaging tools. As dementia is associated with vascular and metabolic dysfunction, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has the potential to fill this gap. AIM: This future perspective aims to briefly review the use of NIRS in dementia to date and identify the challenges involved in realizing the full impact of NIRS for dementia research, including device development, study design, and data analysis approaches. APPROACH: We briefly appraised the current literature to assess the challenges, giving a critical analysis of the methods used. To assess the sensitivity of different NIRS device configurations to the brain with atrophy (as is common in most forms of dementia), we performed an optical modeling analysis to compare their cortical sensitivity. RESULTS: The first NIRS dementia study was published in 1996, and the number of studies has increased over time. In general, these studies identified diminished hemodynamic responses in the frontal lobe and altered functional connectivity in dementia. Our analysis showed that traditional (low-density) NIRS arrays are sensitive to the brain with atrophy (although we see a mean decrease of 22% in the relative brain sensitivity with respect to the healthy brain), but there is a significant improvement (a factor of 50 sensitivity increase) with high-density arrays. CONCLUSIONS: NIRS has a bright future in dementia research. Advances in technology - high-density devices and intelligent data analysis-will allow new, naturalistic task designs that may have more clinical relevance and increased reproducibility for longitudinal studies. The portable and low-cost nature of NIRS provides the potential for use in clinical and screening tests.

Adequate function of the heart and circulatory system is necessary for oxygen supply and tissue perfusion. In patients undergoing cardiac surgery, these may be compromised even prior to the surgical procedure. Surgery, anesthesia, and the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may further worsen cardiovascular performance and compromise oxygen supply in the end-organs such as the brain and kidneys. This can lead to end-organ dysfunction and death. Healthcare costs increase due to the prolonged intensive care and hospital stays. In cardiac surgical patients, accurate hemodynamic monitoring and treatment is crucial, as these have been demonstrated to improve patient outcome. A pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) is utilized to monitor several hemodynamic variables valuable in evaluating cardiovascular function. Inserting a PAC is an invasive procedure and is associated with some potential risks. Therefore, less invasive devices and methods have been developed to replace the PAC. In study I, we compared the noninvasive Starling SV and mini-invasive LiDCOrapid, which are continuous cardiac output monitors, to PAC in cardiac surgical patients with CPB. The trending ability of both devices was poor. LiDCOrapid showed sufficient accuracy, while the accuracy of the Starling SV was poor. Neither of the devices demonstrated sufficient measurement precision. In study II, we compared central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) values to mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) values drawn from a PAC. ScvO2 values showed acceptable accuracy. The precision of ScvO2 was inadequate, as was its trending ability. Study III was performed to evaluate the association between transcranial near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and cardiac index (CI) measured with PAC during cardiac surgery. The analysis of separate NIRS and CI pairs revealed a poor association. When the changes in NIRS from baseline or from the previous measurement were compared to those of CI, a significant association was discovered. This was particularly evident in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB). In conclusion, CI values measured with Starling SV and LiDCOrapid, or ScvO2 are not reliable enough to replace measurements obtained with a PAC in cardiac surgical patients. However, transcranial NIRS and CI demonstrate a significant association during cardiac surgery. Tiivistelmä Sydänleikkauspotilaiden sydän- ja verenkiertoelimistön toimintakyky voi olla heikentynyt jo ennen leikkausta. Leikkaus, anestesia ja sydänkeuhkokoneen käyttö huonontavat tilannetta entisestään niin, että kudosten riittävä hapensaanti saattaa vaarantua. Tämä voi johtaa elinvaurioiden syntymiseen, kuolleisuuden nousuun, hoitoaikojen pitenemiseen ja terveydenhuollon kustannusten kasvuun. Tarkka verenkierron riittävyyden arviointi on ensiarvoisen tärkeää sydänleikkauspotilaiden hoidossa ja sillä voidaan vaikuttaa potilaan ennusteeseen. Verenkierron riittävyyttä voidaan arvioida keuhkovaltimokatetrin avulla, mutta sen käyttöön liittyy mahdollisia haittoja. Tämän vuoksi on kehitetty vähemmän kajoavia laitteita ja menetelmiä korvaamaan keuhkovaltimokatetrista saatavaa tietoa. Ensiksi vertasimme vähemmän kajoavan LiDCOrapid- ja täysin kajoamattoman Starling SV-monitorin antamia sydämen minuuttitilavuusarvoja (CI) keuhkovaltimokatetrista saataviin arvoihin sydänleikkauksissa, joissa käytettiin sydänkeuhkokonetta. Molempien vertailulaitteiden kyky seurata arvojen muutoksia oli huono. Yksittäisissä arvoissa LiDCOrapid-laitteen tarkkuus oli riittävä, kun taas Starling SV-monitorin tarkkuus oli huono. Kummankaan laitteen täsmällisyys ei ollut riittävä. Toiseksi tutkimme keskuslaskimoveren happisaturaation (ScvO2) luotettavuutta verrattuna keuhkovaltimokatetrista otettuun sekoittuneen laskimoveren happisaturaatioon (SvO2). ScvO2-arvot olivat riittävän tarkkoja, mutta niiden täsmällisyys ja kyky seurata SvO2-arvojen muutoksia olivat riittämättömät. Kolmanneksi vertasimme aivojen lähi-infrapunaspektroskopia-arvoja (NIRS) keuhkovaltimokatetrin avulla mitattuihin CI-arvoihin. Yksittäisten NIRS- ja CI-arvojen välinen yhteys oli heikko. Kun tarkasteltiin NIRS-ja CI-arvojen muutoksia joko lähtötilanteeseen tai edelliseen lukemaan verrattuna, muutosten välillä todettiin tilastollisesti merkitsevä yhteys etenkin ohitusleikkauksissa, jotka toteutettiin ilman sydänkeuhkokonetta. Yhteenvetona todetaan, että LiDCOrapid ja Starling SV eivät ole tarpeeksi luotettavia korvaamaan keuhkovaltimokatetrin avulla mitattuja CI-arvoja sydänleikkauspotilailla. ScvO2- ja SvO2-arvot eivät ole keskenään vaihtokelpoisia sydänkirurgian aikana ja sen jälkeen. Sen sijaan aivojen NIRS-arvojen muutokset kuvastavat sydämen toimintakyvyn muutoksia sydänleikkauspotilailla.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication following cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children. A prospective study for examining urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and renal near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) trends during AKI was conducted among pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. Urinary NGAL showed a significant difference between intensive care unit admission (0 h) and 2 h post-admission (p < 0.001) and remained significant up to 4 h (p < 0.05). The renal NIRS in the AKI group showed a significant rate of decrease and lower values during the intraoperative period (p < 0.05). The cumulative median saturation of renal regional saturation of oxygen (rSO2) during CPB was 1637.5% min in the AKI group and 943.0% min in the non-AKI group. The median renal rSO2 scores at a reduction of 20% and 25% were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the AKI group. Our results suggest that monitoring renal rSO2 scores and limiting their decline might be useful in preventing AKI. The combination of NGAL, renal rSO2, and renal rSO2 scores might be useful in the early diagnosis of AKI during pediatric cardiac surgery.

Background: Adverse neurological events during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are common and may be associated with devastating consequences. Close monitoring, early identification and prompt intervention can mitigate early and late neurological morbidity. Neuromonitoring and neurocognitive/neurodevelopmental follow-up are critically important to optimize outcomes in both adults and children. Objective: To assess current practice of neuromonitoring during ECMO and neurocognitive/neurodevelopmental follow-up after ECMO across Europe and to inform the development of neuromonitoring and follow-up guidelines. Methods: The EuroELSO Neurological Monitoring and Outcome Working Group conducted an electronic, web-based, multi-institutional, multinational survey in Europe. Results: Of the 211 European ECMO centres (including non-ELSO centres) identified and approached in 23 countries, 133 (63%) responded. Of these, 43% reported routine neuromonitoring during ECMO for all patients, 35% indicated selective use, and 22% practiced bedside clinical examination alone. The reported neuromonitoring modalities were NIRS ( n = 88, 66.2%), electroencephalography ( n = 52, 39.1%), transcranial Doppler ( n = 38, 28.5%) and brain injury biomarkers ( n = 33, 24.8%). Paediatric centres (67%) reported using cranial ultrasound, though the frequency of monitoring varied widely. Before hospital discharge following ECMO, 50 (37.6%) reported routine neurological assessment and 22 (16.5%) routinely performed neuroimaging with more paediatric centres offering neurological assessment (65%) as compared to adult centres (20%). Only 15 (11.2%) had a structured longitudinal follow-up pathway (defined followup at regular intervals), while 99 (74.4%) had no follow-up programme. The majority ( n = 96, 72.2%) agreed that there should be a longitudinal structured follow-up for ECMO survivors. Conclusions: This survey demonstrated significant variability in the use of different neuromonitoring modalities during and after ECMO. The perceived importance of neuromonitoring and follow-up was noted to be very high with agreement for a longitudinal structured follow-up programme, particularly in paediatric patients. Scientific society endorsed guidelines and minimum standards should be developed to inform local protocols.

We present rest-frame optical emission-line flux ratio measurements for five $z>5$ galaxies observed by the JWST Near-Infared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) in the SMACS 0723 Early Release Observations. We add several quality-control and post-processing steps to the NIRSpec pipeline reduction products in order to ensure reliable relative flux calibration of emission lines that are closely separated in wavelength, despite the uncertain \textit{absolute} spectrophotometry of the current version of the reductions. Compared to $z\sim3$ galaxies in the literature, the $z>5$ galaxies have similar [OIII]$\lambda$5008/H$\beta$ ratios, similar [OIII]$\lambda$4364/H$\gamma$ ratios, and higher ($\sim$0.5 dex) [NeIII]$\lambda$3870/[OII]$\lambda$3728 ratios. We compare the observations to MAPPINGS V photoionization models and find that the measured [NeIII]$\lambda$3870/[OII]$\lambda$3728, [OIII]$\lambda$4364/H$\gamma$, and [OIII]$\lambda$5008/H$\beta$ emission-line ratios are consistent with an interstellar medium that has very high ionization ($\log(Q) \simeq 8-9$, units of cm~s$^{-1}$), low metallicity ($Z/Z_\odot \lesssim 0.2$), and very high pressure ($\log(P/k) \simeq 8-9$, units of cm$^{-3}$). The combination of [OIII]$\lambda$4364/H$\gamma$ and [OIII]$\lambda$(4960+5008)/H$\beta$ line ratios indicate very high electron temperatures of $4.1, Comment: Accepted for publication in AAS Journals. 14 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables

Venous occlusion of the lower limbs, which simulates edema, can alter heart rate variability (HRV) by increasing feedback information from group III/IV sensory fibers. Our aim was to quantify this effect among healthy young men. The study group included 13 men (mean age, 20.4 years). Venous occlusion of the lower limbs was induced using a pressure cuff around both thighs. The effect of occlusion on autonomic cardiac response was quantified under occlusion pressures of 20, 60, and 100 mmHg. Compression was applied for 5 min. HRV was evaluated from changes in the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) power of the electrocardiogram and the resulting LF/HF balance. Near-infrared spectroscopy of the leg was used to quantify the effects of occlusion on deoxyhemoglobin, measured as the area under the curve (HHb-AUC). The occlusion pressure of 100 mmHg induced a significant increase in the LF/HF ratio, compared to the baseline (p < 0.05). HHb-AUC was highest for the 100 mmHg occlusion pressure compared with the 20 and 60 mmHg pressures (p < 0.01). These findings indicate that venous dilation may elicit a shift towards sympathetic dominance in the autonomic balance.

Background: Ultrasonography is widely used in neonatological practice and studies investigating the hemodynamic effects of various treatment protocols or clinical situations. On the other hand, pain causes changes in the cardiovascular system; so, in the case of ultrasonography leading to pain in neonates, it may cause hemodynamic alterations. In this prospective study, we evaluate whether ultrasonographic application causes pain and changes in the hemodynamic system. Methods: Newborns undergoing ultrasonographic examination were enrolled in the study. Vital signs, cerebral and mesenteric tissue oxygenation (StO2) levels, and middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler measurements were recorded, and NPASS scores were calculated before and after ultrasonography. Results: We enrolled 39 patients in the study. After ultrasonography, Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale (NPASS) scores were significantly higher (p < 0.01), and all vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate, SpO2, diastolic and systolic blood pressure; p = 0.03; p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p = 0.02, p = 0.03, respectively) were altered. Cerebral (p = 0.008) and mesenteric (p = 0.039) StO2 levels were significantly lower in the whole study group, MCA end-diastolic velocity decreased (p = 0.02), and the resistive index (p = 0.03) increased in patients whose NPASS score was >7 after ultrasonography. Conclusions: This study is the first to show that ultrasonography may cause pain in newborn patients, and alters vital signs and hemodynamic parameters. Therefore, precautions should be taken to protect newborn babies from pain during ultrasound applications, as they are already exposed to many noxious stimuli. Furthermore, pain scores should be considered in studies using ultrasonography and evaluating hemodynamic parameters to increase the reliability of the studies.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) provides a cost-efficient and portable alternative to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for assessing cortical activity changes based on hemodynamic signals. The spatial and temporal underpinnings of the fMRI blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal and corresponding fNIRS concentration of oxygenated (HbO), deoxygenated (HbR), and total hemoglobin (HbT) measurements are still not completely clear. We aim to analyze the spatial correspondence between these hemodynamic signals, in motor-network regions. To this end, we acquired asynchronous fMRI and fNIRS recordings from 9 healthy participants while performing motor imagery and execution. Using this multimodal approach, we investigated the ability to identify motor-related activation clusters in fMRI data using subject-specific fNIRS-based cortical signals as predictors of interest. Group-level activation was found in fMRI data modeled from corresponding fNIRS measurements, with significant peak activation found overlapping the individually-defined primary and premotor motor cortices, for all chromophores. No statistically significant differences were observed in multimodal spatial correspondence between HbO, HbR, and HbT, for both tasks. This suggests the possibility of translating neuronal information from fMRI into an fNIRS motor-coverage setup with high spatial correspondence using both oxy and deoxyhemoglobin data, with the inherent benefits of translating fMRI paradigms to fNIRS in cognitive and clinical neuroscience.

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This study investigated changes in the composition of the cation exchange capacity of soil samples caused by the acid leaching of soil cations under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to evaluate the properties of forest soils. The potential influence of the species composition of stands (beech and fir) was also investigated. Eighty soil samples from the topsoil of plots located in central Poland were analyzed. Soil samples were leached 0 (non-leached), 5, 10, and 15 times and then analyzed to determine the contents of cations (Al3+, Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+), the total carbon content, and the pH. From NIR spectra obtained by scanning 54 samples and measurement results for soil sample properties, a calibration model was developed. The model was validated using 26 independent samples. The results showed that acid leaching decreased the pH of soil solutions and the carbon content. The amounts of Al3+, Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+ decreased with an increasing number of leaching treatments, but most leaching had occurred after five treatments. Data analysis showed that leaching with hydrochloric acid depleted alkaline cations and Al3+ in the soil, which reduced the stability of organic matter, causing its release. Modification of ion exchange properties is observable based on the analysis of the NIR spectra. Good calibration results were achieved for all tested parameters (R2C ≥ 0.89). The best validation results were obtained for Al3+ and C contents under fir stands, and for the pH and Al3+ content of soils under beech stands (R2V > 0.8). However, the differences between the measured and estimated mean values of the investigated soil were relatively small (no significant difference, p > 0.05). The species composition of stands (beech and fir) had no impact on the developed mathematical models. Soil assessment using NIR spectroscopy allowed calibration models to be obtained, which were successfully used to calculate soil properties at a much lower cost and in a much shorter time compared with other laboratory methods. The results of the paper affirmed that using a relatively small number of samples (3–4) to calculate an average of soil content properties provided satisfactory results.

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders are debilitating conditions which cause adverse consequences for people with the disorder, their relatives, and general society. Impairments in social cognition, especially in emotion processing, have been found to be a primary determinant of poor community functioning. Cognitive remediation can reduce social cognitive dysfunction when it is provided early in illness progression and individually tailored. Nonetheless, current diagnostic methods for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, such as clinical interviews, are not entirely reliable, can be impractical, and often depend upon the progression of symptoms to ensure accuracy. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging neuroimaging technique that may be applied to identify biomarkers of emotion processing impairment in the early stages of schizophrenia. fNIRS overcomes many limitations of current assessment methods, is practically advantageous compared to alternative neuroimaging techniques, and is well suited for measuring parts of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region established in the cognitive processing of emotion. Nonetheless, before fNIRS can be considered for use in practice, its capacity to reliably detect activation during emotion processing and distinguish between high and low schizotypy needs to be evaluated. This thesis aims to determine the capacity of fNIRS for detecting prefrontal activation during emotion processing and identify differences in activation between people with high and low schizotypy.

China’s FengYun-3D launched in December 2016 carries the high-resolution Greenhouse gases Absorption Spectrometer (GAS) aimed at providing global observations of carbon dioxide. GAS is one of the few instruments to measure CO2 from the near infrared spectrum. On orbit, oxygen A band suffers the disturbance and the signal to noise ratio is lower than nominal specification. This leads to difficulties of retrieval of surface pressure, furthermore, retrieval of XCO2 if full physics retrieval algorithm is used. To overcome this deficiency, a fast CO2 inverse method, named semi-physical statistical algorithm, has been developed. The instrument characteristics, the semi-physical statistical algorithm and the results of comparison with ground-based measurements over land have been introduced in this paper. XCO2 can be obtained from the three bands, i.e., oxygen A band, weak CO2 band and strong CO2 band with the compensating from the MERSI-2 products, the ERA-5 re-analysis data and the TCCON data. The techniques of eigenvectors of covariance matrices and the least square fits are used to derive retrieval coefficients and yield cloud-free solutions. In addition to GAS radiance, some key factors learned from the full physics retrieval algorithm are also taken as input information, for instance, air mass, surface pressure and a priori XCO2 that are necessary for accurate estimations of XCO2. Filters are also essential to exclude the poor observation spectra. The global GAS XCO2 restricted over land are compared against the simultaneously, collocated observations from TCCON. We find that this retrieval algorithm can solve the problem of the oxygen A band to some extent. Overall, by the site-by-site comparison, GAS XCO2 shows good agreements with average precision (1σ) of 1.52 ppm and biases of -0.007 ppm. The variations trends of GAS XCO2 caused by season changes can be clearly seen at TCCON sites in the time scale of a year

Abstract Early detection of vascular compromise after autologous breast reconstruction is crucial to enable timely re-exploration for flap salvage. Several studies proposed non-invasive tissue oximetry for early identification of ischemia of deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps. The present study aimed to explore the utility of non-invasive tissue oximetry following DIEP flap surgery using a personalized oxygenation threshold. Methods Patients undergoing immediate/delayed DIEP flap surgery were included in this prospective observational study. DIEP flap tissue oxygenation (StO2) was monitored continuously using near-infrared spectroscopy. A baseline measurement was performed by positioning one sensor at the marked position of the major inferior epigastric perforator on the abdomen. A new sensor was positioned postoperatively on the transplanted tissue. In unilateral procedures, postoperative StO2 values of the native breast were also obtained. Measurements were continued for 24 h. Results Thirty patients (42 flaps) were included. Fourteen patients (46.7%) had an uncomplicated postoperative course. A minor complication was observed in thirteen patients; in five patients, at least one major complication occurred, requiring re-exploration. Median StO2 readings were significantly lower in patients with major complications compared to uncomplicated cases. In fourteen unilateral DIEP flap procedures, StO2 values of the native breast were similar to the preoperative baseline measurement (92%; p = 0.452). Conclusions Non-invasive tissue oximetry following DIEP flap surgery could aid in early detection of vascular compromise. StO2 values of the native breast and abdominal wall preoperatively can be used interchangeably and can serve as personalized reference value. Level of evidence: Level IV, diagnostic / prognostic study.

Ensuring and maintaining adequate tissue oxygenation at the microcirculatory level might be considered the holy grail of optimal hemodynamic patient management. However, in clinical practice we usually focus on macro-hemodynamic variables such as blood pressure, heart rate, and sometimes cardiac output. Other macro-hemodynamic variables like pulse pressure or stroke volume variation are additionally used as markers of fluid responsiveness. In recent years, an increasing number of technological devices assessing tissue oxygenation or microcirculatory blood flow have been developed and validated, and some of them have already been incorporated into clinical practice. In this review, we will summarize recent research findings on this topic as published in the last 2 years in the Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing (JCMC). While some techniques are already currently used as routine monitoring (e.g. cerebral oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)), others still have to find their way into clinical practice. Therefore, further research is needed, particularly regarding outcome measures and cost-effectiveness, since introducing new technology is always expensive and should be balanced by downstream savings. The JCMC is glad to provide a platform for such research.

Incoming call while driving may cause multi-tasking and resource contention. If multitasking can be detected objectively based on a physiological measure of cerebral blood flow obtained by NIRS, it may be useful for research on resource contention. Therefore, we examined detection of distraction caused by multitasking. The experimental task forces a subject to operate a driving simulator and to perform a mental arithmetic. The former is not linguistic and the latter is linguistic. In this study, we compared the changes in cerebral blood flow and brake reaction time between w/ arithmetic and w/o arithmetic.

This study aimed to focus on applying near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to identify the adulteration of traditional Thai medicine products (TTM) with steroids. One hundred and ten samples were prepared with pure TTM and ten different steroid concentrations (0.25-5 mg steroid/g TTM). Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectrometer was used to scan TTM samples. The partial least squares (PLS) regression was used for the NIR spectroscopic model development to predict the level of steroid adulteration in TTM. For classification analysis, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to discriminate 11 groups of raw TTM spectra (220 spectra). The developed PLS model accompanied by 3 latent variables (LVs) could predict the steroid content in TTM accurately with the coefficient of determination of prediction (r2) of 98.20%, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.22 mg steroid/g TTM, and residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 7.46. Furthermore, the PCA approach was possible to discriminate among the groups of TTM. The study showed NIR spectroscopy's capability to be used as a powerful technique to evaluate the steroid adulterated in TTM. This report is useful for food and drug association, patients, pharmaceuticals, and medical sectors.

The ankle-brachial index is an accurate tool for detecting claudication in atherosclerotic patients. However, this technique fails to identify subtle flow limitations of the iliac arteries (FLIA) in endurance athletes. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive technique that measures skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation status. The aim of the present study is to examine the absolute and relative test-retest reliability of NIRS and evaluate its potential as a diagnostic tool in FLIA. NIRS-derived exercise variables were analyzed during exercise and recovery in FLIA 17 patients and 19 healthy controls. The relative reliability of absolute variables (such as the maximal value) were slight to yet predominantly substantial (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], ICC range: 0.06-0.76) with good to excellent absolute reliability (absolute limits of agreement [ALoA], ALoA range: 0.8 +/- 10.2 to 0.7 +/- 13.1; coefficient of variation [CV], CV range: 5%-11%). Absolute values encompassing signal amplitudes showed moderate to almost perfect relative reliability (ICC range: 0.51-0.89) and poor to good absolute reliability (ALoA range: -1.3 +/- 7.0 to -2.5 +/- 15.7; CV range: 15%-32%). Kinetic variables showed moderate to almost perfect relative reliability for most recovery kinetics variables (ICC range: 0.54-0.86) with fair to good absolute reliability (ALoA range: 0.4 +/- 12.2 to 3.9 +/- 37.9; CV range: 18%-27%). Particularly, kinetic variables showed significant differences between patients and healthy subjects. NIRS is found to be a reliable method for examining muscle tissue oxygenation variables. Given the significant differences in especially recovery kinetics between normal subjects and patients, NIRS may contribute to diagnosing FLIA in endurance athletes.

Carbon dots (CDs) are unique light-emissive nanoparticles that are valuable for various applications. However, their complex chemical structures and the limited research interest in their visible-light emission hinder the understanding of their emission structures. Herein, we report the existence of near-infrared (NIR) emissive states originating from the graphitic cores in CDs, which exhibit a completely different behavior from their well-known visible emissive states. Using ultrafast spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we elucidate the emission mechanism and suggest that small (1–2 nm) graphitic subregions in CDs produce the NIR emissive states, which are rarely affected by surface chemistry changes. Our proposed mechanism and its universality are investigated comprehensively by a comparative analysis with graphene oxide and other types of CDs obtained by different synthetic methods. Finally, we propose a comprehensive emission structure of CDs and redefine the role of structural components in visible-to-NIR emission.

Cr3+-doped near-infrared (NIR) afterglow phosphors have received wide recognition in the optical storage field because of the high signal-to-noise ratio and broad excitation spectra. In this article, the high-temperature TL intensity of ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ afterglow glass ceramic (ZGO:Cr3+ GC) was enhanced via partial hetero-valence substitution of Ge for Ga, demonstrating the tunability of the trapped electron levels in ZGO:Cr3+ GC. The persistent luminescence phosphor ZGO:Cr3+ GC exhibits a zero-phonon lines emission peaking at 698 nm, attributing to the 2E→4A2g transition of Cr3+ ions. Moreover, the trap levels in Zn-Ga-Ge-O:Cr3+ glass ceramic (ZGGO:Cr3+ GC) are deeper than those of the Ge-free one and the captured electrons in deeper levels cannot be released only by the ambient thermal energy, thus the optical storage capacity of ZGGO:Cr3+ GC is much larger. By means of an additional 980 nm laser photostimulation, an intense NIR emission could be obtained. In consequence, ZGGO:Cr3+ GC has a promising application prospect in optical information storage field.

Flexible narrowband near infrared (NIR) photodetectors (PDs) are urgently in demand in the fast-developing era of flexible electronics, due to their crucial roles in various innovative applications. Hence, we designed and synthesized the core–shell structured NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+ upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), which can be pumped by the 808 and 980 nm lights. The upconversion luminescence (UCL) are significantly enhanced after being assembled with the opal photonic crystals (OPCs) due to the photonic crystal effect, with 55 and 48 folds of enhancement factors under illuminations of 808 and 980 nm lights, respectively. Based on this hybrid, the flexible narrowband PDs were successfully fabricated on the PET substrate with the structure of OPCs/NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@Nd3+/MAPbI3, which displays excellent detection performance to double narrowband NIR light (808 and 980 nm) benefiting from the amplified UCL, with responsivity of 8.79 and 7.39 A/W, detectivity of 3.01 × 1011 and 2.68 × 1011 cm⋅Hz1/2/ W for 808 and 980 nm lights detection respectively, along with short response time in the range of 120–160 ms. Furthermore, the OPCs/NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@NaYF4:Nd3+/MAPbI3 double narrowband PDs display low photodetection power threshold (0.05 W/cm2), outstanding flexibility, prominent moisture resistance, and good long-time stability. This work displays a new concept of narrowband NIR PDs, which open a new field for specific NIR light detections.

Bioimaging and biosensing in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window have attracted great attention due to their unprecedented high temporal–spatial resolution, sensitivity, and penetration depth....

A successful transition from a laboratory proof-of-principle to a functioning industrial Process Analytical Technology (PAT) application of spectroscopy and chemometrics is still an active area of research and development. A comprehensive understanding on how the design and implementation of the optical instrumentation affect the data quality, and how this will affect the performance of the prediction models is vital for the successful implementation of in-line monitoring. In a previous study, we have demonstrated that near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), combined with chemometric techniques, can be used to quantify α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin in aqueous whey solutions. This work demonstrates the potential, both at-line and in-line, of monitoring a protein fractionation process in a full-scale production. An in-line near infrared spectrometer (NIRS) was used to monitor the individual protein concentrations in a protein fractionation process over 20 days. In addition, samples were extracted from the process and analysed with at-line NIRS and an in-house HPLC reference method. The developed models could predict β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin concentrations with satisfactory precision and accuracy, yielding a root mean square error of cross-validation of 0.08 and 0.18 w/w% proteins, respectively. For the first time, the whey proteins concentrations were measured continuously in a production facility to demonstrate the potential of NIRS for at-line and in-line rapid monitoring of protein composition in industrial whey streams. A PAT tool was developed from NIRS data where Partial Least Squares regression modelling and an Exponentially Weighted Moving Average filtering were used to extract and visualize valuable information on the process dynamics and performance. The study demonstrates that continuous monitoring by in-line NIRS allowed elucidation of some process behaviours not readily detectable with the current sampling frequency and that it offers novel process optimisation opportunities by providing increased process understanding and decision support information concerning preventive maintenance and real-time process validation.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and deep learning are important tools at the forefront of automated forest monitoring research, where classification of individual tree species is a critical forest management goal. Near-infrared (NIR) information provided by specialized UAV sensors may improve classification accuracy at the cost of added operational complexity, however, this potential for improvement is context-dependent and therefore, may not be necessary. We assessed the performance of conventional RGB (red-green-blue) versus NIR imagery when classifying regenerating lodgepole pine and white spruce crowns automatically delineated by a trained deep learning algorithm. Models trained on NIR imagery slightly outperformed those trained on RGB imagery. Models trained on spectral bands outperformed those trained on spectral indices. The minor difference in performance between the two sets of imagery showed that accurate classification of lodgepole pine and white spruce can be carried-out using conventional RGB imagery.

Aim of the study was to predict quality parameters namely protein and carbohydrate content of wheat grain stored for one year at 4 °C and 21 °C using Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and Chemometrics. The spectra of grains were measured in reflectance mode using lab made filter based pre dispersive NIRS ranging from wavelength 750 nm to 2580 nm. NIR Wavelengths were divided into two sets for all the stored samples depending on its correlation with factors. The reference data and NIR data were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA) scores, partial last squared regression (PLSR) model, Multiple Regression Analysis (MLR) and Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR). First four factors were sufficient to develop regression models for the above mentioned methods. Prediction performance was compared on the basis of the coefficient of correlation (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for the calibration and validation sets. R2 values for prediction of protein content from PLSR model were 0.955, 0.997 for 4 °C Wavelength Set I and II and 0.903, 0.989 for 21 °C Wavelength Set I and II. For the prediction of carbohydrate content 0.978, 0.951 and 0.946, 0.974 were the R2 values for the 4 °C and 21 °C wheat samples Set I and Set II respectively. MLR model also gave R2 values greater than 0.9 for all the samples. Wavelengths with high β correlation coefficients were defined. SVMR predicted the protein content and carbohydrate content with good accuracy. SVMR and PLS results. All the models developed showed good accuracy for successful prediction of protein and carbohydrate content of stored wheat grains with PLSR and SVMR giving the best results. This study showed that near infrared spectroscopy has potential to distinguish wheat grains stored under different conditions.

Compared with oxide-based NIR phosphors, fluoride phosphors have received great attention recently due to their good thermal resistance and high photoelectric efficiency. In this work, novel LiBAlF6:Cr3+ (B = Ca, Sr) with low phonon energy and relatively weak electron-phonon coupling were synthesized through a facile hydrothermal approach. Benefiting from low Dq/B, an ultra-broad NIR emission extending from 650 nm to 1100 nm can be achieved in these phosphors under excitation of blue light. Among them, LiSrAlF6:Cr3+ presents a FWHM of 155 nm. At 423 K, LiCaAl0.4F6: 0.6Cr3+ and LiSrAl0.4F6: 0.6Cr3+ maintain 66.63% and 55.47% of their initial intensities, respectively. Better thermal stability of LiCaAlF6: Cr3+ could be attributed to the broad band gap and weak electron-phonon coupling effect. Photoelectric conversion efficiencies of 5.002% and 5.468% at 300 mA could be obtained for NIR pc-LEDs packaged with LiCaAl0.4F6: 0.6Cr3+ and LiSrAl0.4F6: 0.6Cr3+, respectively. A slightly internal bruise inside apple and water level behind trademark in bottle could be clearly detected, revealing that LiBAlF6:Cr3+ (B = Ca, Sr) phosphors have great application potential in infrared inspection.

Near-infrared thermally activated delayed fluorescence (NIR-TADF) materials with emission over 700 nm have been insufficiently investigated mainly due to the limited choice of strong donor/acceptor units for molecular construction and the limited electronic coupling between the donors and acceptors. Herein, a novel D-A1-A2-A3 configuration was developed for the design of a NIR-TADF material (TPA-CN-N4-2PY), in which three types of sub-acceptor units (CN: cyano; N4: dipyrido[3,2

Owing to its rapidity and accuracy, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool to establish appropriate prediction models with an innovative method to evaluate wood properties. To reveal the mechanical qualities of clonal Chinese fir woods and to determine sound prediction models of mechanical properties, four main mechanical properties of six Chinese fir clones (Yang 020, Yang 061, Kaihua 3, Kaihua 13, Daba 8, Kailin 24) were evaluated by NIR spectroscopy. The clones Kaihua 13, Kailin 24, and Yang 020 showed good mechanical properties. To estimate mechanical properties with NIR spectroscopy, different methods should be adopted for different properties. The average spectra of radial and tangential sections combined with multiple scattering correction (MSC) and Savitzky–Golay (S–G) smoothing methods were used to predict the modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity. By adopting cross section spectra and taking MSC and S–G smoothing methods for pretreatment, the models of compressive strength parallel to grain could deliver the best results. For wood hardness, the models established with average spectra of three sections and first-derivative method were preferred. The correlation coefficients of the prediction models were between 0.84 and 0.90, and those of the calibration models were between 0.75 and 0.96.