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Objective This study aims to compare the atypical epithelial changes of oral inflammatory lesions with the dysplastic epithelial changes of oral squamous cell carcinomas and to examine the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms that cause the changes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Methods Eight cases of parulides (oral inflammatory lesions) and 10 cases of oral squamous cell carcinomas were studied. Each specimen was cut into two pieces: one piece was fixed in a neutral buffered 10 % formaldehyde solution and prepared for light microscopy, and the other was fixed in a cold, 2.5 % glutaraldehyde solution and prepared for TEM. Results Based on the six histopathologic criteria in this study, both types of epithelia showed similar ultrastructural features, but some significant differences are observed as follows: In parulides, the epithelial cells with features similar to abnormal mitoses showed nuclear fragments with chromatin condensation (karyorrhexis), and no discernible organelles in the cytoplasm, indicating that these are necrotic cells. In contrast, in oral squamous cell carcinomas, the epithelial cells with abnormal mitotic figures showed clumping of chromosomes with abnormal mitotic spindles, indicating that these are abnormally dividing cells. Abnormal keratinization was also seen. The nuclei of the abnormally keratinized cells were irregular with coarse and clumped chromatin. Conclusions The atypical epithelial changes in oral inflammatory lesions are a result of necrotic changes in the epithelia due to underlying inflammatory processes and are not true epithelial dysplasia. In contrast, the dysplastic epithelial changes in oral squamous cell carcinomas are dysplastic changes due to premalignant neoplastic processes.

Introduction: The article presents the current state of issues regarding the diagnosis of pathological conditions for forensic medical experts, in particular the study of normal muscle tissue and in the presence of hemorrhages. Particular attention is paid to biophysical research methods with evidence-based accuracy, objectivity, reproducibility, and rapid results. Objectives: The purpose of the research was to study the possibilities of using spectrophotopolyarimetric methods to analyze and determine the relationship of morphological structure of biological tissues with the temporal dynamics of changes in their optical parameters, to establish the possibility of differentiating necrotic changes and signs of damage by applying Mueller matrices of human muscle tissue samples. Results: During the study, we found a number of features and patterns of change in the properties of the laser beam as a result of passing through biological tissue. Polarization-correlation methods provide new, objective information about the dynamics of change in laser polarimetric imaging of morphological structure of biological tissues. By analyzing the statistical distributions of the ellipticity of polarization of laser images of normal human muscle tissue and in the presence of hemorrhages, the possibility of identifying the relationship between the development of statistically significant changes with increasing time of death and the possibility of differentiating them are considered. Conclusion: Based on these results, we can conclude that employing laser polarization methods will allow us to open new doors in the study of the biological tissues of the human body. The results showed the effectiveness of the studied methodology and the prospect of further research in this direction.

Pankiv M. V., Paltov Ye. V., Masna Z. Z., Chelpanova I. V., Kovalska M. Ye. Dynamics of pathomorphological changes in the structural organization of the intervertebral disc at the end of the seventh and fourteenth day of experimental opioid exposure at the ultrastructural level. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(08):427-437. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.08.048 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.08.048 https://zenodo.org/record/5495940 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.08.2021. Revised: 16.08.2021. Accepted: 31.08.2021. UDK:714.616.711-018.3⁄.4:615.212.7]-076.4 Dynamics of pathomorphological changes in the structural organization of the intervertebral disc at the end of the seventh and fourteenth day of experimental opioid exposure at the ultrastructural level M. V. Pankiv, Ye. V. Paltov, Z. Z. Masna, I. V. Chelpanova, M. Ye. Kovalska Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University Pankiv M.V. Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Department of Normal Anatomy, Lviv, Ukraine; https: //orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-2577 Paltov Ye.V. Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Department of Normal Anatomy, Lviv, Ukraine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2622-4753 Masna Z.Z. Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Department of Operative Surgery with Topographic Anatomy, Lviv, Ukraine; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2057-7061 Chelpanova I.V. Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Lviv, Ukraine; https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-5215-814X Kovalska M. Ye. Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Department of pathological physiology, Lviv, Ukraine; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6232-3951 Abstract In general, the modern literature pays attention to the issues of spine pathology and intervertebral discs. A significant percentage of vertebral disorders - scoliosis, osteochondrosis, spinal disc herniation, etc., occur as a result of exposure to various factors and manifest in changes of the intervertebral discs. The aim of our work was to study at the ultrastructural level the features of pathomorphological manifestations in the structural components of the intervertebral disc at the end of the seventh and fourteenth days of experimental opioid exposure. Materials and methods of research. The objects of the study were 32 sexually mature, white, male rats, weighing 92 - 103 g, aged 4.5 months. Animals were injected with nalbupine intramuscularly once daily (at 10-11 a.m.) for 14 days. The initial dose of nalbuphine was 8 mg/kg during the first week, 15 mg/kg during the second week. It created the conditions of chronic opioid exposure. Before sampling, the animals were withdrawn from the experiment using dibutyl ether. Intervertebral discs of rats were used as a material for ultrastructural study. Ultrastructural specimens were prepared according to the accepted methods. The results of the study. As a result of the sampling after 7 days of opioid exposure we found inhomogeneous osmiophilicity and compaction of the nucleus pulposus matrix in which intensively accumulated osmiophilic grains of glycogen proteoglycans, increased the number of collagen fibers, some of them were heterogeneous. It was also noted the development of moderate degenerative changes in some notochondral cells, which was accompanied by increased vacuolization of the cytoplasm by inhomogeneous compaction of the nucleus and an increase of heterochromatin there. After 14 days necrotic changes in the cells of the nucleus pulposus, as well as the destruction of collagen fibers of the annulus fibrosus were found. In particular, an increase in the amount of heterochromatin in the nucleui of notochondral cells, which was accompanied by a decrease in the volume of the nucleui and inhomogeneous swelling of the cytoplasm. Active fibroblasts were often visualized in the annulus fibrosus. Intense osmiophilicity and thickening of collagen fibers of the annulus fibrosus were observed in some areas of the fibrous ring. Focal destruction of collagen fibers was also noted. In the areas of destruction the fibrils of collagen fibers disintegrated into an inhomogeneous fine-grained stratified mass and were located loosely. Conclusions. At the end of the first week we found that the cytoplasmic processes of chondrocytes decreased in volume, shortened, underwent fragmentation and destruction, some of them detached from the surface of the plasmolemma. At the end of the second week signs of opioid exposure progressed and manifested by an increase in the destruction of cytoplasmic processes in chondrocytes. Also focal destruction of collagen fibers was noted. Keywords: opioid; intervertebral disc; rat; seventh and fourteenth day.

Significance: Osteonecrosis (ON) is characterized by bone tissue death due to disturbance of the nutrient artery. The detailed process leading to the necrotic changes has not been fully elucidated....

Ivasivka Khrystyna. Dynamics of changes in the structural components of the mucosa and cartilage of the larynx of rats at the end of 42 days of experimental opioid exposure and after 56 days with opioid withdrawal. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(07): 201-218. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.07.019 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.07.019 https://zenodo.org/record/5156375 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.06.2021. Revised: 12.07.2021. Accepted: 29.07.2021. UDC: 611. 321 - 018.3⁄. 73: 615.214.24.035.8] .08 Dynamics of changes in the structural components of the mucosa and cartilage of the larynx of rats at the end of 42 days of experimental opioid exposure and after 56 days with opioid withdrawal Khrystyna Ivasivka Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University Applicant of the Department of Normal Anatomy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4372-225х Abstract In our work we aimed to study the pathomorphological manifestations among the structural components of the laryngeal mucosa and cartilage in the later stages of the experimental opioid effect. This goal was achieved through the use of histological techniques to visualize the structural components of the laryngeal mucosa and cartilage. Histological sections with a thickness of 5 -7 mm were made. Histological specimens were prepared according to conventional methods using the dye hematoxylin, eosin, azan according to the method of Heidenhain, PAS-reaction according to Mc-Manus and Alcian blue according to Steedman. Microscopic examinations and photographing of the preparations were performed using an MBI-1 microscope and a Nicon D 3100 digital camera. At the end of 42 days of experimental exposure, the epithelial layer of the epiglottis was inhomogeneously thickened, with excessive accumulation on its pharyngeal and apical part of the stratum corneum. Individual epitheliocytes of the pharyngeal part of the epiglottis underwent necrotic changes, the horny substance loosened in places. On the pharyngeal surface of the mucous membrane found a small amount of mucus with impurities of erythrocytes. Dyscirculatory processes were also registered in the animals of the experimental group. In particular, dilatation and overflow of erythrocytes of vessels of own plate of a mucous membrane of an epiglottis, and also polymorphonuclear infiltration of own plate of a mucous membrane were observed. Key words: opioid; laryngeal mucosa; laryngeal cartilage; rat; early terms

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of the COVID19 pandemic, that has killed one million nine hundred people and infected more the 90 million until end of 2020, has been studied by many researchers. Here, we try to explain its biological behavior based on our recent autopsy information and review of literature. METHODS: In this study, patients with a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) result were considered eligible for enrollment. Histopathological examinations were done on 13 people who were hospitalized in Afzalipour hospital, Kerman, Iran. Clinical and laboratory data were reviewed. Tissue examination was done by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. RESULTS: The most frequent co-morbidity in the patients was cardiovascular disease. The common initial symptoms of COVID-19 infection were dyspnea and cough. In all cases, the number of white blood cells was higher than the normal range. Common histopathological findings were variable degrees of vasculitis as degenerative to necrotic changes of endothelium and trafficking of inflammatory cells in the vessel wall with fibrinoid necrosis. Tissue damage included interstitial acute inflammatory cells reaction with degenerative to necrotic changes of the parenchymal cells. CD34 and Factor VIII immunohistochemistry staining showed endothelial cell degeneration to necrosis at the vessel wall and infiltration by inflammatory cells. Electron microscopic features confirmed the degenerative damages in the endothelial cells. CONCLUSION: Our histopathological studies suggest that the main focus of the viral damage is the endothelial cells (endotheliopathica) in involved organs. Also, our findings suggest that degeneration of leukocytes occurs at the site of inflammation and release of cytokines (leukocytoclastica) resulting in a cytokine storm.

This is well established fact that the exposure of pesticide leads to the significant physiological and histological changes in aquatic fauna. Therefore, ecotoxicology and histopathology have become the important areas of research for scientists, now a days. In order to investigate histopathological effects of synthetic pyrethroids, Skin, Liver, kidney, gills, and spleen of Channa gachua were examined after exposure to sublethal and acute concentration of melathion (0.8 and 1.6 mg/L) for 20 days. Fishes showed degenerative, necrotic changes and congestion of blood vessels in gill filament. Severe degeneration in secondary gill lamellae, separation of gill filament from basement membrane, proliferation of mucus cells and atrophy of gill filament were seen. Hyperplasia was found as an increased number of epithelial cells at the distal or basal portions of kidney. Few nephrons had obstructed glomerular capillary and detachment of the tubular epithelium with the surrounding tissue. Necrosis was present in hematopoietic tissue, glomerular cells, and tubular cells. Melanomacrophage centers (MMC) were scattered throughout liver and spleen. Exudates and necrosis in the splenic white pulp were observed. The liver had a low number of necrotic hepatocytes and enlarged hepatic perisinusoidal areas containing eosinophilic material. Vacuolar dystrophy of hepatocytes and hypertrophy of hepatocytes were also observed. Fish showed serious skin lesions but did not show any behavioural abnormality as compared to controlled group. Their histological recovery was also examined for next 30 days. These changes which observed during exposure were reversed after 30 days of recovery period.

The aim of the study was a comparative study of the karyometric parameters of fibroblasts using various acid-modified solutions in the early stages of healing of skin wounds in rats.Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on 75 Wistar rats. For the treatment of wounds, 0.9% NaCl solution was used at a pH of 5.0; 7.0; and 7.5. The material was fixed in Shtiva liquid, 10% formalin solution. Thin paraffin sections (4–5 μm) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, azan according to Heidenhain. The area of fibroblast nuclei was determined planimetricallyResults. Three types of fibroblasts were found in the skin of intact rats. The papillary layer contained papillary fibroblasts; the reticular layer – reticular fibroblasts. The third type of fibroblasts was located between the hair follicles. In rats of all experimental groups, on the 1st day after the wound was inflicted, extensive inflammatory processes, hemorrhages, and necrotic changes in the structural components of the skin were revealed. On the 3rd day after the wound was inflicted in rats of the 1st and 4th groups, the area of the nuclei of papillary fibroblasts in the peripheral areas of the wound statistically significantly increased by 24.4% and 22.4%, respectively, compared with the control. In animals of the 3rd group, the area of fibroblast nuclei remained unchanged. On the 5th day, an increase in the number of fibroblasts over the entire surface of the wound was observed in rats of all experimental groups. The area of fibroblast nuclei in rats of the 4th group increased statistically significantly by 26.5% (Рrd group, the increase in the area of the nuclei in comparison with the control was only 6.5%, while no statistically significant changes were found in comparison with the control. The area of the fibroblast nuclei located between the hair follicles reached a maximum value, which indicated a high functional tension of the hair follicle fibroblasts. Conclusion. The use of 0.9% NaCl solution with pH 5.0 in the first phase of wound healing and 0.9% NaCl solution with pH 7.5 in the second phase of wound healing reduces inflammation processes, while the secretory activity of fibroblasts increases, and collagenization is accelerated.

The health status of Sciaenops ocellatus was studied by qualitative and quantitative histopathological analysis through histological damage prevalence and degree of tissue change (DTC) in response to 96 h and 9 days of exposure to 0.1, 0.8, and 8 g/L of light crude oil in seawater. The histology of the liver, spleen, kidney, and gills of the fish were analyzed and compared between treatments. Our results showed that the exposed fish developed lesions associated with degenerative and necrotic changes. The highest frequency of damage and DTC scores were observed in the liver and kidney from 96 h to 9-days post-exposure. Generalized additive models of location, scale, and shape, showed that the DTC was strongly associated with crude oil compounds such as napthalene, Cd, Ni, Pb, and bile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites. Our findings suggest that exposure to crude oil affects fish health, producing irreversible histological damage.

Introduction Glucocorticosteroid injections have been widely used in clinical practice. Betamethasone is one of the agents of this group of drugs. Its efficacy and therapeutic effect with intra-articular administration are undeniable. There are special instructions on the dosage and frequency of use of the drug but unfortunately there are cases of its wrong administration. There is also an evidence of an adverse effect on cartilage both of the drug itself and its combination with local anesthetics. Aim Evaluation of the results of different weekly intra-articular protocols of betamethasone administration on histological preparations of rabbit knee joints. Methods Histological preparations of the right knee joints of three groups of rabbits were studied: after one, three, and six administrations of betamethason per week and the control intact left knee joints. Results Histological preparations of the control group and the group with a single weekly administration of the drug did not have any changes in the structure of diarthrosis. Dystrophic and necrotic changes affecting all morphological components were observed in the joints of animals that received intra-articular injections of betamethason three times a week (compared to a single injection, the area of dystrophy and necrosis of the cartilage was greater by 10.05 ± 0.75 % (p < 0.05), of subchondral bone by 8.11 ± 0.5 % (p < 0.001), and of synovium by 6.25 ± 0.32 % (p < 0.05). The group with six injections of the drug per week had the most pronounced changes. The area of necrotic changes of the cartilage was greater by 6.39 ± 0.75 % than in the group with three injections per week (p < 0.001), of subchondral bone by 11.18 ± 0.5 % (p < 0.001), of synovium by 6.12 ± 0.32 % (p < 0.001). Discussion Inflammatory cell infiltration of joint structures was absent in all cases. It indicates an aseptic nature of tissue necrosis. Evidence has been obtained between the increase in the frequency of intra-articular injections of betamethasone and the severity of dystrophic and necrotic changes in all morphological components of the joint.

Summary: Purpose: This study investigated the ability of liquid nitrogen cryo-insults to induce early-stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in small tail Han sheep. Methods: 16 animals were subjected to unilateral cryo-insult using cryogen equipment with a cryo-insult probe, followed 1, 3, and 6 months later by X-ray, CT scanning, micro-CT scanning, and histological evaluation. Results: X-ray evaluation of operative femoral heads (Op-FHs) at each time point showed low density areas under the cartilage surface that paralleled sclerosis belts, and CT scans showed sclerosis and cyst areas in Op-FHs. Micro-CT analysis showed that the ratio of bone to total volume and mean trabecular thickness of regions of interest (ROIs) were lower in Op-FHs than in normal femoral heads (No-FHs) at each time point (n = 4, p < 0.05). Histological evaluation at 1 month showed that necrotic changes were dominant as evidenced by moderate empty lacunae, decreases in the number of hematopoietic cells, and moderate increases in the number of fibroblasts. At 3 and 6 months, fractured trabeculae, fibroblasts, and new blood capillaries were increased, indicating an absorption and repair process. Bone volume fraction of ROIs of Op-FHs was lower than in No-FHs at each time point (n = 4, p < 0.05) in histological evaluation. At 6 months, the maximum load of No-FHs was higher than Op-FHs (n = 4, p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate that early-stage ONFH can be induced in small tail Han sheep using cryogenic equipment. The translational potential of this article: This animal model may be helpful in developing new treatment modalities for human ONFH.

Background In cattle, the lingual diseases are primarily diagnosed postmortem by histopathological examination of the affected tongues obtained after the death or during necropsy. In humans, ultrasonography has been used to provide differential diagnoses, and for preoperative or intraoperative planning of glossectomy in various lingual diseases. This is a bovine clinical case report, in which ultrasonography for sudden swelling of the tongue, which was possibly caused by snake bite, was utilized as a preoperative indication to perform a glossectomy. Case presentation An eight-month-old female Japanese black calf presented with sudden swelling of the tongue with well-defined discoloration in the cranial region. A 10-MHz linear probe on a portable-type ultrasound machine (MyLabOne VET, Esaote Co., Genova, Italy) was applied to the ventral surface of the tongues in the affected case, and also in five healthy calves under sedation to observe normal tongues. Ultrasonography of the swollen tongue in this case revealed that the ventral lingual muscular layers were severely thickened compared with those of normal tongues. However, the muscle layers were regularly aligned with the echogenic muscular fibers. This resembled the lingual muscular architectures of normal tongues. Color-flow Doppler ultrasonography revealed that blood flow was weakened in the small peripheral vessels in the spaces between the lingual muscular structures, and was lacking in the deep lingual artery between the apex and base of the tongue. This finding was very different than that of normal tongues, which exhibited weakened or rich blood flows. Based on ultrasonographic findings, this case was treated with glossectomy. After recovery, the calf grew up normally with a normal appetite and rumination, and did not exhibit mouth pain behavior. Histopathologically, hemorrhagic necrotic changes, together with focal formation of fibrin thrombus in the lingual blood vessels in the affected tongue, were noted. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, the present report is the first description of lingual ultrasonography performed in cattle. In this case, ultrasonography enabled visualization of decreased vascularity, which might be associated with hemorrhage or formation of fibrin thrombus in the suddenly swollen tongue presented.

The world community is facing a problem that threatens the entire population of the planet – reproductive health. This is a multifactorial problem that requires an integrated approach and effective solutions. One of the important factors that is very difficult to control and which in itself is a problem, and its prevalence can be called an epidemic without exaggeration, is drug addiction. The solution of these problems determined the purpose of our work – to establish what changes occur at the micro- and ultrastructural levels under the action of opioids on the uterus of white laboratory rats. The method of hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for histological examination, and the method of electron microscopy was used for the study at the cellular level. After 4 weeks of administration of Nalbuphine to white laboratory rats on histological sections, significant changes were observed in all layers of the uterus. The vessels of the myometrium were dilated, overflowing with erythrocytes, sometimes containing neutrophils and lymphocytes, perivasally marked the appearance of macrophages, in the cytoplasm of which was golden-brown pigment. The development of vacuolar dystrophy was also observed in the myometrium. There were necrotic changes and vacuolar dystrophy in the epithelium of the uterine mucosa, and epitheliocytes in which necrotic changes occurred exfoliated into the lumen of the uterus. The outer surface of the perimetrium was uneven due to necrotic changes of the monolayer squamous epithelium. Hyperplasia of the stratified squamous epithelium was observed in the ectocervix, in the areas of which a chaotic accumulation of low-differentiated epithelial cells was found. Electron microscopy revealed that a significant number of smooth myocytes lost their characteristic process shape, their nuclei were deformed and were in the stage of apoptosis, karyopyknosis and even karyorrhexis. The nucleoplasm contained almost no nucleoli, and heterochromatin is located on the periphery of the nucleus. The enlightened cytoplasm is filled with myofilaments, which are randomly arranged in the cell. Mitochondria acquired various shapes and sizes, mostly with destroyed cristae and areas of enlightenment. Swollen connective tissue layers between myocytes testify to circulatory disorders. The damage described in the experiment at all levels indicates the destructive effect of Nalbuphine, which causes irreversible changes that lead to significant violations of the structure and function of the uterus, which leads to the conclusion that excessive drug use has a direct negative impact on the reproductive system.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a very heterogeneous disease. Some aspects of COVID-19 pneumonia question the real nature of ground glass opacities and its consolidative lesions. It has been hypothesized that COVID-19 lung involvement could represent not only a viral effect but also an immune response induced by the infection, causing epithelial/endothelial lesions and coagulation disorders. We report 3 cases of COVID-19 pneumonia in which contrast-enhanced ultrasound was suggestive of consolidations with perfusion defects, at least in part caused by ischemic or necrotic changes and not only by inflammatory or atelectasis events.

Goltsev, A.M., Malyukin, Y.V., Babenko, N.M. et al. Antitumor activity of spherical nanoparticles GdYVO4:Eu3+ depends on pre-incubation time. Appl Nanosci 10, 2749–2758 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01284-3 The significance of tumor cells incubation with spherical nanoparticles based on orthovanadates of rare-earth elements activated by europium GdYVO4:Eu3+ in the effectiveness of Ehrlich carcinoma growth inhibition was shown. Ehrlich carcinoma cells were incubated with nanoparticles for 1, 2, 3, and 4 h; afterwards, their accumulation in cells using a LSM 510 META confocal laser microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany), changes in mitochondrial function and apoptotic/necrotic cells were assessed. Even from the 1st hour of incubation, there was observed an increase in mean fluorescence intensity, indicating the beginning of nanoparticles accumulation inside the cells. By the third hour of incubation, the fluorescence values of total Ehrlich carcinoma population reached the maximum values. At the same time, the appearance of single cells with ultra-high level of fluorescence was established; the number of those did not exceed 5%. By the third hour of incubation with nanoparticles, there was a significant mitochondrial dysfunction of Ehrlich carcinoma cells and a convincing increase in the proportion of cells in the late apoptosis (An+/PI+) and necrosis (An-/PI+) compared to the control. The aforesaid changes in the Ehrlich carcinoma cells after 3-h pretreatment with nanoparticles contributed to the highest decrease in intensity of tumor growth in vivo down to 41.80%. Thus, the successful implementation of an antitumor effect of nanoparticles based on orthovanadates of rare earth elements activated by europium GdYVO4:Eu3+ implies their penetration and accumulation inside the cells as well as associated with impaired mitochondrial function and induction of apoptotic and necrotic changes in tumor cells.

Background . The development of acute pancreatitis is not limited to isolated damage to the pancreas. After creating models of acute pancreatitis using various substances that enhance the secretion of the gland, have a toxic or local activating effect, the researchers showed their dose-dependent effect. The question of the reaction of the hepatic microcirculation system during the development of acute pancreatitis, as well as their pathogenetic significance in the development of pathomorphological changes in the pancreas and liver in most aspects remains open. Objective . The purpose of the current study was to define the role of the hepatic mircocirculation in development of ultrastructural parenchymatous-stromal changes of the pancreas and liver in a model of acute pancreatitis using different doses of sodium taurocholate. M ethods. The variants of acute pancreatitis model were used with injection 50 mkl 1%, 2,5% and 5% solutions of sodium taurocholat into rat pancreatic duct. The morphological research of pancreas and liver were carried out in 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after initiation of inflammation. Results . The visible reaction of hepatic mircocirculation in the experimental model of acute pancreatitis was depended on character of pathomorphological changes in pancreas. This reaction demonstrated the phase character including: 1) activation of hepatic circulation, first of all in portal component, against a background of pancreatic enzyme toxemia; 2) development of inflammatory, dystrophic, destructive and necrotic changes in hepatic parenchyme together with mircocirculation disorders against a background of pancreatic necrotic toxemia; 3) recovery and adaptation or decompensation processes in mircocirculation system of liver and hepatic parenchyme depending on the degree of pancreatogenic toxemia|. Conclusion. Within 72 hours of the experiment, at the lowest and middling doses of sodium taurocholate, in the context of reduction of acute pancreatitis, there is a gradual renovation of the structure of the microvessels and normalization of the microcirculation of the liver. In the maximum doses sodium taurocholate (5% solution) cause degradation of the liver microvessels with the progression of hemorrhages, slit red blood cells and platelet aggregation, which causes blockage of the microcirculation and the development of necrotic changes in the hepatic parenchyma.

This article describes a clinical case demonstrating the difficulties of lifetime and post-mortem diagnosis in a patient with primary myelofibrosis complicated by a generalized fungal infection caused by a rare pathogen such as Candida lusitaniae. Management of such patients in non-specialized department with absence of bone marrow trepanobiopsy results associated with the variety of clinical situations in which such manifestations as neutrophilic leukocytosis with left shift without significant changes in the number of erythrocytes and platelets simultaneously with lymphadenopathy and visualizations of secondary foci in internal organs leads to wrong treatment management. And superposition of several pathological processes (granulomatous inflammation, foci of extramedulary hemopoesis and extensive necrotic changes) causes difficulties even for post-mortem verification of the diagnosis, that demonstrate the interest of this clinical case.

The work is aimed at the development and experimental testing of the polarization-correlation method for the analysis of the polycrystalline structure of biological layers. introduced a new parameter-complex degree of mutual anisotropy. the statistical (statistical moments of the 1st – 4th orders) structure of the distributions of the values of the cdma module of spatially structured fibrillar networks of histological sections of the myocardium that died due to mechanical asphyxia and heart attack was experimentally studied.

Exposure to nanoparticles by various routes results in size-dependent translocation of nanoparticles to the systemic circulation and subsequent accumulation in the liver. The purpose of this study was to determine possible adverse effects in the liver of long-lasting nanoparticle presence in the organ. Mice exposed to a single dose (162 µg/animal equivalent to 9 mg/kg body weight) of TiO2, CeO2 or carbon black nanoparticles by intratracheal instillation or intravenous injection, resulting in relatively low or high liver burdens, were followed for 1, 28 or 180 days. Clinical appearance, feed intake, body and liver weights, hematological indices, and transaminases and alkaline phosphatase activities were unaffected by exposure. Exposure-related foreign material persisted in the liver up to 180 days after intratracheal and intravenous exposure, mainly in sinusoids, near Kupffer cells, or around blood vessels. Increased incidences of histological findings after intratracheal or intravenous exposure included: initially, prominent nuclei of Kupffer cells, the apparent increase in binucleate hepatocytes (TiO2 and carbon black) and inflammatory infiltrations (CeO2), later, cytoplasmic vacuolation, pyknosis and necrosis, especially for CeO2. Thus, neither low nor high nanoparticle burden in the liver affected enzymatic markers of liver injury, but indications of exposure-related necrotic changes, particularly for CeO2 nanoparticles, were noted.

The aim of the study is the examination of the nephron tubules morphological changes at the early and late stages of the experimental chronic opioid effect. Varying degrees of the morphological changes of proximal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle and distal convoluted tubules under chronic nalbuphine effect in the dynamics have been detected. The materials of the study – kidneys of 56 sexually mature male-rats. The experimental animals received daily intramuscular nalbuphine injections for 98 days. From the first to the fourteenth day of the experiment the dose of nalbuphine was 0,212 mg/kg. Every next two weeks nalbuphine injections were done in increasing doses. For histological investigation was used commonly agreed method. The colouring was performed using hematoxylin and eosin as well as azan by Heidenhain's method. Varying degrees of morphological changes of proximal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle and distal convoluted tubules under continuous nalbuphine injection in the dynamics have been detected. The most vivid alterative changes can be observed in proximal convoluted tubules both: at the early and late stages of the experiment. At the early stages as of the 14th day of the experiment signs of granular dystrophy appear, as of the 28th day – necrotic changes, progressing further at the late stages of the experiment. The loops of Henle undergo sporadic destructive changes at the early stages and at the beginning of the late stage of the experiment. Distal convoluted tubules have been necrotic altered only at the late stages of the experiment.

Background. The development of acute pancreatitis is not limited to isolated damage to the pancreas. After creating models of acute pancreatitis using various substances that enhance the secretion of the gland, have a toxic or local activating effect, the researchers showed their dose-dependent effect. The question of the reaction of the hepatic microcirculation system during the development of acute pancreatitis, as well as their pathogenetic significance in the development of pathomorphological changes in the liver in most aspects remains open. Objective. The purpose of the current study was to define the role of the hepatic mircocirculation in development of pathomorphological changes of the liver after the damage of pancreas in different rat models of experimental acute pancreatitis. Methods. The variants of 2 models were used: 1) model with intraperitoneal injection of L-arginin in dosage 3 g/kg; 4 g/kg and 5 g/kg; 2) model with injection 50 mkl 1%, 2,5% and 5% solutions of sodium taurocholat into pancreatic duct. The hystologic research of pancreas and liver were carried out in 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after initiation of inflammation. Results and conclusion. The visible reaction of hepatic mircocirculation in the experimental models of acute pancreatitis was depended on character of pathomorphological changes in pancreas. This reaction demonstrated the phase character including: 1) activation of hepatic circulation, first of all in portal component, against a background of pancreatic enzyme toxemia; 2) development of inflammatory, dystrophic, destructive and necrotic changes in hepatic parenchyme together with mircocirculation disorders against a background of pancreatic necrotic toxemia; 3) recovery and adaptation or decompensation processes in mircocirculation system of liver and hepatic parenchyme depending on the degree of pancreatogenic toxemia|.

Today, the actual environmental problem of the agro-industrial complex is the damage to the fodder of vegetable origin, as well as livestock production by mycotoxins – secondary metabolites of mold fungi. Owing to the widespread spread and severe toxic effects on animals and humans, the study of ochratoxins, the main producers of Aspergillus ochraceus and Pennicilium viridicatum, is intensively studied. The pigs are very sensitive to ochratoxins, the effects of which the most pronounced changes develop in the organs of the urinary system, as well as in the gastrointestinal tract, the liver, the immune and nervous systems. Diagnosis of ochratoxicosis should be comprehensive, based on anamnestic data, clinical, pathologoanatomical and chemico-toxicological studies. In the course of the study, the pathoanatomical changes that are developing in the body of sows for ochratoxicosis are studied in detail. Also, a mycological and mycotoxicological study was conducted in which the producer of ochertoxins Aspergillus ochraceus was detected in feeds. The content of ochratoxin A in feed fed to sows varied from 8.32 mg/kg to 85.72 mg/kg, and in the kidneys its concentration was 4.34–48.33 mg/kg. In a pathologoanatomical study in the kidneys, there was a discovery of gialinosis and sclerosis of renal glomeruli, as well as hyaline droplets degeneration, necrotic changes in epithelial proximal tubule, infiltration of interstitium by lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, focal growth of connective tissue, which was accompanied by the appearance of cystic cavities in 21.4% of animals. In the gastrointestinal tract, acute catarrhal or catarrhal-hemorrhagic inflammation was detected, and in 28.57% of sows the ulcers of the fundus zone of the mucous membrane of the stomach, the development of which was accompanied by massive hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract and posthemorrhagic anemia. Alterative (necrotic and degenerative changes) of hepatocytes, which were most pronounced in the periportal zone of the liver lobes, as well as acute congestive hyperemia, stasis in vessels of the microcirculatory bed, focal infiltration of the stroma by lymphocytes and histiocytes, were recorded in the liver. In the peripheral organs of the immune system, necrotic changes in lymphoid cells were recorded, indicating an immunosuppressive effect of ochratoxins.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The majority of patients with HCC are diagnosed at advanced disease stages with vascular invasion, where curative approaches are often not feasible. Currently, sorafenib is the only available standard therapy for HCC with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT). However, in many cases, sorafenib therapy fails to achieve satisfactory results in clinical practice. We present a case of advanced HCC with PVTT that was treated with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) followed by liver transplantation. Three cycles of HAIC treatment resulted in necrotic changes in most of the tumors, and PVTT was reduced to an extent at which liver transplantation was possible. Further studies are required to determine the treatment strategies for advanced HCC with PVTT that can improve prognosis. (J Liver Cancer 2019;19:64-68)

Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cell (UCOGC) is a ductal carcinoma variant with a recently reported more protracted survival and pathognomonic histology comprising two cell populations: the mononuclear tumoral cells and nontumoral multinucleated giant cells. It usually presents as a large heterogenic tumor with mixed solid-cystic components. The tumor develops from the ductal epithelium but the sequence of epithelial changes is often not identified due to the rapid tumoral growth and associated necrotic changes. We report a case of a 76-year-old patient diagnosed with cephalic UCOGC originating in the epithelium of the main pancreatic duct with endoluminal growth and foci of other ductal neoplasms (high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and conventional ductal carcinoma). The particularity of our case consists in the identification of the columnar epithelium conversion, through high-grade PanIN, into UCOGC specific malignant features, in a large size tumor – aspect usually reported in small tumors. Alongside our case we also present a brief literature review of cephalic UCOGC case reports and case series.

Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile illness of childhood, one of its characteristic features is lymphadenopathy. Most often it manifests unilateral painful more than 1.5 sm in diameter enlargement of single or several cervical lymph nodes. In some cases increase in size can be observed in other lymph nodes groups: axillary, inguinal, paratracheal, para-aortic, retroperitoneal, mesenteric. In that case the dimension is smaller than 1.5 sm in diameter. Usually it occurs at the same time as fever and fades away after inflammation is terminated. Most typical morphological features are non-purulent necrotic changes with subcapsular necrotic lesions and non-specific changes: presence of enlargement of paracortical zone and expansion of sinus. The article presents a clinical case of Kawasaki disease diagnosis accompanied by severe lymphadenopathy, persistence of fever and progression of lymphadenopathy, appearance of supraclavicular lymph node after the introduction of intravenous immunoglobulin. This reflects the non-smooth course of the disease and required differential diagnosis, primarily with lymphoproliferative disease. A review of “unusual” cases of lymphadenopathy in patients with Kawasaki disease described in the literature is presented. The importance of carrying out a histological examination of the lymph node in a nonsmooth course of the disease is underlined. Histological variants of lymph node involvement in patients with Kawasaki disease are described.

The results of a statistical analysis of the distributions of characteristic values of the Stokes vector fourth parameter (crystallization parameter - CP) of the digital vector-parametric microscopic image of healthy spleen and with spleen with sepsis histological sections are presented. We determined the statistical significance of differentiation of vector-parametric maps of the microscopic image of histological sections of rat spleens from control group 1 and research groups 2-4 with different severity of septic pathology. The most diagnostic-sensitive statistical criteria for differentiating vector-parametric maps of microscopic images of histological sections of the spleen are established.

The results of the study of the possibilities of the method of differential Mueller-matrix mapping of the completely polarized polycrystalline component of the optically thick layers of the myocardium dead due to coronary heart disease (CHD) and acute coronary insufficiency (ACI) are presented.

Selenium (Se) deficiency is one of the crucial factors related to nervous system disease and necroptosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in regulating necroptosis. However, the mechanism of Se deficiency-induced necroptosis in the pig brain tissue and the role that miRNAs play in this process are unclear. Therefore, in this study, in vitro and pig models of Se deficiency were replicated, and electron microscopy, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot assays were performed. The results showed that brain cells typically undergo necrotic changes, and that Se deficiency suppresses mir-29a-3p, which increases the levels of TNFRSF1A (TNFR1). Subsequently, a distinct increase in the necroptosis markers (RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL) and an evident decrease in caspase 8 was observed. And the expression of 10 selenoproteins was decreased. Moreover, the in vitro experiments showed that the expression of mir-29a-3p decreased as the Se content in the medium decreased and the application of an mir-29a-3p inhibitor increased the number of necrotic cells and the accumulation of ROS, and these effects were inhibited by necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), respectively. Taken together, we proved that Se deficiency induced necroptosis both in vitro and in vivo through the targeted regulation of TNFR1 by mir-29a-3p in the pig brain.

Dzhyvak V., Klishch I., Datsko T., Khlibovska O. Influence of PRP on morphological changes in muscle in the early period after traumatic muscle injury in the experiment. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(6):171-178. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.06.019 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.06.019 https://zenodo.org/record/3905076 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 29.05.2020. Revised: 02.06.2020. Accepted: 23.06.2020. Influence of PRP on morphological changes in muscle in the early period after traumatic muscle injury in the experiment V. Dzhyvak, I. Klishch, T. Datsko, O. Khlibovska I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University of the MOH of Ukraine, Ternopil, Ukraine Dzhyvak V.H. – PhD, postgraduate student of the Department of Pathological Physiology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine. ORCID: 0000-0002-4885-7586, e-mail: djyvak@tdmu.edu.ua Khlibovska O.I. – MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine. ORCID: 0000-0003-3293-0010, e-mail: chlibovska@tdmu.edu.ua Datsko T.V. MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Pathologic Anatomy, Autopsy Course and Forensic Pathology I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine. ORCID: 0000-0001-9283-2629, e-mail: datsko_t@tdmu.edu.ua Klishch I.M. - Prof., DSc, PhD, MD Professor of Department of Functional and Laboratory Diagnostics I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine. ORCID 0000-0001-6226-4296, e-mail: klishch@tdmu.edu.ua Abstract. The aim of our study was to investigate the effectiveness of the use of platelet-rich plasma on morphological changes in muscle tissue in traumatic muscle injury in the experiment. Materials and methods of research. We analyzed the results of histological analysis of the muscle tissue of animals in an experiment in traumatic muscle injury treated with platelet-rich plasma. Depending on the treatment received, the animals were divided into: the first group - with traumatic thigh muscle injury without PRP correction (20 rats), the second group with traumatic thigh muscle injury with PRP correction (20 rats), the third group - control (20 intact rats). Preparation of PRP took place in two stages. Results and discussion. As a result of the conducted researches it was established that the introduction of PRP showed differences in morphological features on the seventh day at the beginning of the process of muscle recovery, compared with the first experimental group. There are signs of regeneration, while the muscle fibers are still in the process of formation and without vascularization. This morphological descriptive analysis confirms that in the group, which was treated PRP, was the best organization of the process of restoring muscle. Conclusions 1. In traumatic muscle injury in experimental animals, structural changes in muscle tissue begin to develop from the first day of the experiment throughout the study period and are manifested by severe circulatory disorders and the development of dystrophic - necrotic changes, especially in epithelial structures, reaching a maximum on the seventh day. 2. The introduction of PRP affects the better organization of the muscle recovery process. Key words: traumatic muscle injury; PRP; regeneration

Ground glass opacities, consolidation, and pleural effusions are observed in herpes simplex virus (HSV) pneumonia. Neither necrosis nor cavitation has been reported in areas of parenchymal disease. We describe a case of HSV pneumonia with unusual multiple cavitary and necrotic changes in an immunocompetent person. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of HSV pneumonia with multiple cavitary and necrotic changes in areas of consolidation and nodules.

The results of experimental testing of the diagnostic capabilities of the method of spectral-selective fluorescence microscopy of temporary necrotic changes in histological sections of kidney internal organs are presented.

In poultry farms, at the conditions of rapid intensification of production, a lot of stress factors, such as infectious, technological, fodder, medication and others, act on the bird organism, and the main burden is borne by the liver. Therefore, timely warning and control of liver disease is very important. One of the marker infections with a potent pathogenic toxic effect on the liver and the bird organism as a whole is pseudomonosis. Objective: study of morphological changes in the liver of broiler chickens at the use of “Karsilin” in the conditions of modeling of infectious-toxic hepatitis for the determination of hepatoprotective action. We conducted a histological examination of the liver of intact chickens (intact control); chickens infected with the strain of P. aeruginosa microorganisms (control pathology); chickens, for which the “Karsilin” or Thiotriazolin was used with preventive-therapeutic purposes at infecting P. aeruginosa. Microscopic picture of liver samples infected with P. aeruginosa chicks corresponds to moderately expressed non-specific reactive hepatitis with morphological signs: disorganization of the hepatic beams pattern, hydrocytic and fatty hepatocyte dystrophy, small foci necroses, inflammatory cellular infiltration; proliferative, stagnant processes, perivascular edema and hyperemia in the system of the hepatic triad. The use of “Karsilin” at experimental pseudomonosis reduced the intensity of pathological processes: the severity of hepatocyte dystrophy was less than 71%, and necrotic changes in hepatocytes and violations of the beam pattern were less than 75% compared with the control pathology. Feed supplement “Karsilin” demonstrates hepatoprotective effect, which is expressed by preventing or significantly reducing the intensity of the manifestation of dystrophic, necrotic, infiltrative and proliferative processes in hepatocytes and in the hepatic triad in conditions of infectious-toxic hepatitis caused by the pathological action of P. aeruginosa toxins in the body of chicken broilers. Feed supplement “Karsilin” on the activity of protective and regenerative action is not inferior, and according to many indicators, the comparison preparation Thiotriazolin prevails.

The current obstetrical protocols and the improved perinatal services have led to a significant decrease in the intrapartum and neonatal mortality; however, the rate of antenatal fetal death remains high. In a search for a mechanism of this abnormality, we conducted a comprehensive morphological study of the placental ultrastructure in women with antenatal fetal death. Aim: to determine the ultrastructural characteristics of the placenta in these women. Materials and methods. We analyzed 60 cases of antenatal fetal death and conducted an electron microscopic study of placental terminal chorionic villi. The placenta samples were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, then processed in alcohol at increasing concentration and acetone for dehydration, and finally polymerized in araldite resin. Ultrathin sections were obtained using an ultra-microtome and then examined with an electron microscope. Results. In 53 (88.3%) women, antenatal fetal death occurred in the early gestation period and in 7 (11.7%) women – at a period of 38-41 weeks. In the main group, the age of women ranged from 18 years to 42 years, and in the comparison group – from 22 to 37 years. In the main group, 16 (26.6%) women were in the late reproductive period (36 years and older). Among the women with antenatal fetal death, the most common diagnoses were: chronic fetoplacental insufficiency (CFPI) – 23 (39%), fetal development retardation syndrome (FDRS) – 16 (27%), and premature detachment of a normally situated placenta (PDNSP) – 10 (17%). Changes in the syncytiotrophoblast structure were detected in patients of both groups; in these changes, signs of vacuolization and destruction were most common. In women of the main group, sclerotic stroma and infiltration by mononuclears were found, whereas loosening and swelling of the stroma were detected in both groups. Changes in the vascular bed were revealed in 100% of cases with antenatal fetal death and in 40% in comparison group. Conclusion. In antenatal fetal death, the most common causes were: CFPI, FDRS, and PDNSP. In the morphological terms, there were destructive changes in the syncytiotrophoblast, edematous-destructive, sclerotic and necrotic changes in the stromal terminal chorionic villi, vascular changes (hypovascularization, stroma obliteration, stasis and erythrocyte sludging, formation of erythrocyte thrombi in the lumens of blood vessels), dysfunctional changes in endotheliocytes, and inflammatory changes.

A new technique of Mueller-matrix mapping of the birefringent structure of biological preparations of human organs tissues is suggested. The algorithms of reconstruction of average values and magnitude of fluctuations of the phase (birefringence) and amplitude (dichroism) of optically anisotropic structure of myocardium and connective tissue component of the vaginal wall histological section are proposed. The magnitudes and ranges of changes in the statistical moments of the 1st-4th order that characterize the distribution of average values and magnitude of fluctuations of birefringence and dichroism of the myocardium and connective tissue of the vaginal tissues histological sections were determined. Joint studies of distributions of the characteristics of phase and amplitude of the anisotropy of myocardium and connective tissue component of the vaginal wall tissues of different states were performed. The cases of various necrotic changes in the myocardium and pathological conditions of the vagina wall (prolapse of the genitals) are examined. Balanced accuracy of the method of Mueller-matrix polarization-phase and diffuse tomography of optically anisotropic polycrystalline networks in the differentiation of necrotic and pathological changes in human organs is determined.

WOS: 000450285900005 PubMed ID: 30071177 Objective: This study was conducted to examine the influence of smoke exposure of variable duration on the ultrastructure of and histopathologic and morphologic alterations in the olfactory epithelium.Methods: A total of 24 Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to three groups and fed a standard rat chow and tap water. Experimental rats in groups I and II were exposed to cigarette smoke in a glass cabin over a period of 2months for 5 or 15min, respectively, four times daily; control rats (group III) were not exposed to cigarette smoke. After dissection, all tissue specimens were processed using routine procedures for TEM.Results: Groups I and II exhibited the presence of intraepithelial inflammatory cells and especially deep invaginations in the nuclear membrane of supporting cells. Extended intercellular spaces, cytoplasmic protrusions on the apical surface of supporting cells, atrophy of microvilli and olfactory neuron cilia as well as numerous electron-dense granular structures and lysosome-like structures were observed to an increasing degree from group I to group II. Particularly in group II, both supporting cells and olfactory neurons exhibited a cytoplasmic edema, mitochondrial degeneration, and numerous vacuolar structures, as well as apoptotic and minimal necrotic changes. In this group, hyperplasia of basal cells was also observed.Conclusion: Our electron microscopic findings show that cigarette smoke leads to toxic degenerative changes in the rat olfactory mucosa.

The current study was designed to investigate pathological effects of fowl adenovirus in broilers exposed to aflatoxin B1. Fowl Adenovirus-4 (FAdV-4) infection is remerging in all types of poultry birds in Pakistan. Poultry feed contamination with mycotoxin (aflatoxin) is another important global issue. A total of 125-day old broiler birds were divided into six equal groups. Group A served as control. B and C groups were administered with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) 100 and 200 μg/kg feed. Group D was infected with FAdV-4, while groups E and F administered with both AFB1 (100 & 200 μg/kg) along with FAdV-4. These birds were monitored for clinical signs and mortality. Feed intake, body weight (BW), relative organ weights and gross & histopathological lesions were recorded. The highest mortality was observed in group F (FAdV-4 + AFB1 200 μg/kg feed) and the lowest mortality was observed in group B (AFB1 100 μg/kg feed). Body weights of all the groups were significantly (p

Zebrafish has become a popular research model in the last years, and several diseases affecting zebrafish research facilities have been reported. However, only one case of naturally occurring viral infections was described for this species. In 2015, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) was detected in zebrafish from a research facility in Spain. Affected fish showed lethargy, loss of appetite, abnormal swimming, distention of the coelomic cavity and, in the most severe cases, respiratory distress, pale gills and petechial haemorrhages at the base of fins. Cytomegaly was the most relevant histopathological finding in organs and tissues, sometimes associated to degenerative and necrotic changes. ISKNV belongs to the relatively newly defined genus Megalocytivirus, family Iridoviridae, comprising large, icosahedral cytoplasmic DNA viruses. This is the first case of naturally occurring Megalocytivirus infection in zebrafish research facilities, associated with morbidity. The virus has been identified based on both pathologic and genetic evidence, to better understand the pathogenesis of the infection in zebrafish and the phylogenetic relationship with other iridoviruses. Given the ability of megalocytiviruses to cross-species boundaries, it seems necessary to implement stringent biosecurity practices as these infections may invalidate experimental data and have major impact on laboratory and cultured fish.

One hundred and sixty, 1-day old broiler chicks were grouped into 4 equal groups, at the 10th day birds of groups 1- 3 were s.c inoculated with 0.5 ml containing y 1.5x 108 of S.xylosis, S. sciuri and S.lentus; respectively and group 4 was noninfected control. Clinical signs in infected groups started at 2-3dpi as general signs. Signs disappear in Ciprofloxacillin treated subgroups 24 hr post treatment and lasted to the 7th day in non treated. Average body weight gain in S.xylosis infected non treated was the highest (813.90 gm), followed by S. scuiri (778.50gm ) and 773.75 in S. lentus infected treated . FCR was the highest in control (1.69 treated and 1.74 non treated) followed by S. scuiri infected (1.81 non treated and 1.82 treated) and the lowest 1.94 was in S.lentus infected non treated. S. sciuri was reisolated from intestine and spleen (5th dpi) and from intestine (7 and 10 dpi). While S.lentuswas reisolated from intestine , liver and spleen (3rd dpi) ; from intestine and spleen (5th dpi) and intestine (10th dpi). Histopathological lesion was recorded in infected group as hemorrhages with sinusoidal dilation, focal areas of vacuolar degeneration , fatty degeneration and shrinkage of hepatocytes in liver, necrotic changes of lymphocytes and vacuolion of corpuscle in spleen. Leucocytic infiltration , degeneration and necrosis of epithelium surface and intraepithelial as well as submucosal leucoytic infiltration were seen in intestine. In conclusion the injected organisms induce mild subclinical disease with recording of histopathological lesions in liver, spleen and intestine. This area needs more investigation to explore pathogenicity of CoNS in chickens.

Background: Biomphalaria alexandrina snails are the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in Egypt. Aim of the work: this study aimed to evaluate the molluscicidal activity of the methanol extract of the plants Anagallis arvensis and Viburnum tinus against B. alexandrina (Normal and S. mansoni infected). Results: the present results proved high activity for both plant extracts (LC50 & LC90 which reached 45& 60 ppm and 38&59 ppm for A. arvensis and V. tinus, respectively). The effect of sub-lethal concentration, ½ LC5, of the two plant extracts (26 and 11 ppm, respectively) affected B. alexandrina survival rate to be in the following order, control > V. tinus treated > A. arvensis treated > infected > infected-A. arvensis treated > infected- V. tinus treated. On the other hand, exposure to those sub-lethal doses caused considerable reduction in the infection percentages. In addition, the histopathological effects of the examined sub-lethal concentrations on hepatopancreatic tubules of the treated snails showed cells vacuolation, presence of hyaline substances filled the lumens of the tubules and necrotic focal areas in case of A. arvnsis and vacuolar degeneration with the necrotic changes in case of V. tinus. While, alterations in the hermaphrodite glands of the treated snails included: degeneration and necrotic changes in the acini. The severity of lesions was progressed with infection as a result of invading of snail tissue by developmental stages of the S. mansoni cercariae. The ultrastructural micrographs were used to explain and confirm the recorded histopathological alterations in the hermaphrodite glands of the infected-treated snails. In comparison with the control and infected snail groups, infected-treated snails showed degeneration with severe deformation and destruction in their reproductive units, degeneration in developmental stages tissues of S. mansoni cercariae and accumulation of the toxic agents.Conclusion: the two examined plants, A. arvensis and V. tinus plant extracts showed high activity against B. alexandrina and provide a considerable scope in exploiting local indigenous resources for snail’s molluscicidal agents. The sub-letal concentrations, ½ LC5, of the two plant extracts caused a considerable reduction in survival rate and infection rate among S. mansoni infected snails. Histopathological changes in the digestive glands showed cells vacuolation, hyaline substance filled lumens of the tubules and necrotic focal areas in the digestive glands. Histopathological effects explained and confirmed by TEM images showed degeneration with severe deformation and destruction in the reproductive units.

Aim: to assess morphofunctional changes in rats' liver after left lobe resection using cold plasma hemostasis. Material and Methods. Research was performed on 6 experimental groups with 30 laboratory rats. There were 5 intact animals in control group and 5 animals in each group on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 14th, 30th day after liver left lobe resection and coagulation with cold plasma coagulator. The biochemical analysis, coagulogram control and morphological study of rats’ liver were performed. Results. Analysis of biochemical markers revealed that activity of AST, α-amylase, alkaline phosphatase and levels of glucose, urea are increased in early period what indicates on liver damage. AST is reduced by the 30th day. It indicates on repair of liver parenchyma. Slight increase of α-amylase and alkaline phosphatase levels by the 30th day is associated with continued overall reaction to surgery. There is increase of specific volume of hepatocytes with signs of degeneration, the number of cells with necrotic changes in 1 mm2, infiltrate density in 1 mm2 and specific volume of connective tissue in early period followed gradually reduce by the 30th day. These changes point out destructive process in early period and its gradual reduction by the 30th day. Specific volume of binucleated hepatocytes in early period is reduced and increased by the 30th day as a sign of reduction and further stimulation of regenerative process by the 30th day.

2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a highly persistent trace environmental contaminant that represents one of the most potent toxicants known to man. Dioxin is the name generally given to a class of super-toxic chemicals, formed as a by–product of the manufacture, molding, or burning of organic chemicals and plastics that contain chlorine. Oxidative stress may play a role in the toxic manifestations of dioxin. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the dose-dependent effects of dioxin on various indices of oxidative stress along with other biochemical parameters in blood and liver of male rabbit, and to examine the histopathological consequences in the liver. Twenty four male rabbits were divided randomly into three groups. The first group (12 rabbits) served as control and vehicle-carrier. The other two groups, six rabbits each, received different oral doses of dioxin (3 and 6 µg/kg body weight) on seven consecutive days. Dioxin caused exaggerated oxidative stress response in dioxin-treated rabbits as indicated by significant changes in total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Other biochemical parameters analyzed were also altered either slightly or significantly. The dioxin-mediated oxidative stress appears to cause hepatic histological changes. The hepatic tissue displayed microvesicular steatosis, and degenerative as well as necrotic changes. These changes were particularly prominent with the higher dose. In conclusion the results indicated that, the treatment of rabbits with dioxin may cause oxidative stress response and changes in some biochemical parameters and hepatic histological architecture in a dose-dependent manner.

Aim of the research There is more and more research on one rather underestimated object, which is a part of the hip joint - namely Ligamentum capitis femoris. Many doctors still believe that it plays a minor role in joint trophism, but a number of studies disprove this. The present study aims to demonstrate the lesions that occur in the hip joint when the Ligamentum capitis femoris (also known in literature as Ligamentum teres) is found damaged, with a focus on the blood vessels going alongside the ligament and supplying the head of the hip joint. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the pathological changes that occur in the hip joint due to obstruction of the arterial vessel entering the joint together with the ligament. This vascular change can be a result of many factors - traumatic, septic and aseptic. Materials and Methods To achieve our goals we set the following main tasks: to examine the structure of Ligamentum capitis femoris with an optical microscope after staining the samples with Hematoxylin Eosin and AZAN and to make a comparative complex analysis of the morphological characteristics of Ligamentum capitis femoris in humans. Results The examination of ligaments from cadavers - which have pathological changes in the hip joint - clearly shows the damage of the Ligamentum capitis femoris. Conclusions From the histological examination we conducted, we found that Ligamentum capitis femoris has a biological, mechanical and trophic role in the hip joint and its preservation is important in preventing future complications.

Intestinal ischemia can lead to fatal complications if left unrecognized during surgery. The current techniques of intraoperative microvascular assessment remain subjective. Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) has the potential to objectively evaluate microvascular blood flow in real-time setting. The present study evaluated the technical feasibility of real-time intestinal bloodstream evaluation using pCLE in a porcine intestinal ischemia model. Seven pigs were used. The intestinal ischemia model was prepared by sequentially dividing the mesenteric blood vessels. The intestinal bloodstream was evaluated on its serosal surface using pCLE (Cellvizio 488 probe, Ultra Mini O) at every 1-cm segment from a vessel-preservation border (i.e., the cut end of the vessel). Images of the blood vessels and flow of red blood cells (RBCs) in each visualized vessel were semi-qualitatively assessed using a 3-scale scoring system. In addition, 25 surgeons blindly assessed the 10 movies recorded at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 cm from a vessel-preservation border using a 4-scale scoring system to confirm the consistency of the evaluation of the pCLE system. Images of the blood vessels were successfully obtained from the cut end of the vessel to the segment 4 cm away. Good unidirectional flow of RBCs was observed from the cut end to the 2-cm segment, whereas the flow became bidirectional between 2 and 3 cm segments. Beyond 4 cm, no flow images were obtained. The specimen obtained from the segment beyond 4 cm showed remarkable mucosal color change, which was confirmed as a necrotic change histologically. The evaluations from the cut end of the vessel to the segment 1 cm away by surgeons were excellent or good and it was almost consistent. Real-time bloodstream evaluation using pCLE is feasible and potentially effective for predicting intestinal ischemia during surgery.

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is an acute, rapidly fatal, fungal infection, classically involving the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses. It is an aggressive, opportunistic infection that frequently progresses to involve the orbit and cerebrum. Cerebral extension in immunocompromised patients is almost universally fatal. There are limited data on mucormycosis in pediatric immunocompromised patients in the literature, with only few reports on rhinocerebral involvement. The immunocompromised patients described in this report presented with suspected periorbital and nasal cellulitis, progressing rapidly to necrotic changes in nasal tissue and oral palatal mucosa. In these patients, the surgical resection of mucormycosis-infected tissue followed by flap reconstruction combined with medical treatment effectively treated the infection, allowed for the rapid resumption of chemotherapy and dramatically improved the quality of life for both the patient and their family.

The objective of the study: to evaluate non-specific reactivity of the host based on the adaptive response, its impact on the clinical and morphological manifestations and efficiency of treatment of tuberculous exudative pleurisy.Materials and methods. The non-specific reactivity of 237 tuberculosis exudative pleurisy patients and its correlation with clinical and morphological manifestations and treatment efficiency were investigated as per methods developed by L.Kh. Garkavi and modified by N.A. Brazhenko (2006).Results. It was found out that tuberculosis pleurisy patients had significant disorders of non-specific reactivity by the moment when they were admitted to the in-patient unit: 59% of cases demonstrated compromised adaptive response and 80% had abnormal types of reactivity. Caseous necrotic changes were detected in punctual biopsy specimens more often in case of compromised response versus the normal one (43.8 and 23.6%, p

Adult male medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to 10 ppm of cadmium for 96 h, and the testes were examined histopathologically. Numerous apoptotic cells were found in the spermatogonia and spermatocytes at 72 and 96 h after initiation of cadmium exposure, and the pyknotic index, TUNEL-positive rate, and cleaved caspase-3-positive rate in the spermatogonia and spermatocytes of the cadmium-treated group were higher compared with the control group. No significant difference between the control and cadmium-treated groups was found in the phospho-histone H3-positive rate in the spermatogonia and spermatocytes. No edematous, hemorrhagic, or necrotic changes were observed within the testes in the cadmium-treated group. These results suggest that spermatogonia and spermatocytes in medaka testes are highly sensitive to cadmium. Exposure to 10 ppm of cadmium induced histopathologic changes in the testes that were similar to those described in rodents exposed to low doses of cadmium.

Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) is a potentially fatal condition. If vital signs are normal and laboratory data are not suggestive of any necrotic changes, a follow‐up computed tomography after a conservative procedure can be performed at short intervals to conservatively monitor the patient.

We studied the cardioprotective effect of 2,6-diisobornyl-4-methylphenol under conditions of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Daily administration of 2,6-diisobornyl-4-methylphenol (100 mg/kg intragastrically) over 3 days before and 5 days after modeling of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion prevented the increase in the infarction area by almost 2 times in comparison with the control by day 5 after recirculation. The type and severity of pathological changes in ECG parameters reflecting necrotic changes in the myocardium under the action of the compound significantly decreased by day 35 of the experiment. Animal survival rate during the first 24 h after ischemia/reperfusion modeling in the experimental group was by 29% higher than in the control group.

The material of experimental approbation of the Muller-matrix mapping method of polycrystalline structure of vitreous preparations in the task of diagnosing its temporary necrotic changes is presented.