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[620] Nectandra pulverulenta Nees Syst. Laur.: 283 [30 Oct.-5 Nov. 1836] (Nees 1836). Nectandra purusensis Coe-Teix., Acta Amazonica 5 (2): 158 (CoeTeixeira 1975). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Wp: ãyũ ’ɨ sili, ãyũ ’ɨ tawa, ãyũ ’ɨ witowa • Br: louro-abacate. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 4 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: M.-F. Prévost & P. Grenand 1000. SIZE. — Up to 30 m tall (Rohwer 1993)., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 483, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777, {"references":["ROHWER J. G. 1993. - Lauraceae: Nectandra. The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, 332 p. (Flora Neotropica Monograph; 60)."]}

[621] Nectandra reticulata (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 404 (Mez 1889). — Laurus reticulata Ruiz & Pav., Flora Peruviana 4: t. 348 [1804-1830] (Ruiz & Pavón 1804). Ocotea mollis Kunth, Nova genera et species plantarum [H.B.K.] 2: 164 [8 Dec. 1817] (Kunth 1818). — Persea mollis (Kunth) Spreng., Syst. Veg. [Sprengel] 2: 270 [Jan.-May 1825] (Sprengel 1825). — Nectandra mollis (Kunth) Nees, Hufeland. III: 14 (Nees 1833). Persea incana Schott, Syst. Veg. [Sprengel] 4 (2, Cur. Post.): 405 [Jan.-June 1827] (Schott 1827). Laurus aestivalis Vell., Fl. Flumin.: 164 [“1825” publ. 7 Sep.-28 Nov. 1829] (Vellozo 1829), nom. illeg. hom., non L. (Linnaeus 1753). Nectandra villosa Nees & Mart., Linnaea 8: 47 (Nees & Martius 1833). — Nectandra mollis var. villosa (Nees & Mart.) Meisn., Prodr. [A. P.de Candolle] 15 (1): 148 [May 1864] (Meisner 1864). Nectandra villosa var. venosa Nees, Syst. Laur.: 291 [30 Oct.-5 Nov. 1836] (Nees 1836), “ Venosa ”. — Nectandra mollis var. venosa (Nees) Meisn., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15 (1): 149 [May 1864] (Meisner 1864). Nectandra discolor (Kunth) Nees var. subvenosa Meisn., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15 (1): 157 [May 1864] (Meisner 1864). Nectandra laurel Klotzsch ex Nees var. triquetra Meisn., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15 (1): 147 [May 1864] (Meisner 1864). Nectandra mollis var. attenuata Meisn., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15 (1): 148 [May 1864] (Meisner 1864). Nectandra mollis var. intermedia Meisn., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15 (1): 149 [May 1864] (Meisner 1864). Nectandra pittieri Lasser, Bol.Técn. Minist. Agric. 3: 13 (Lasser 1942). HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 9 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: J.-F. Molino et al. 3309. INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 6 trees in 4 plots; Fmax, Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 483, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777, {"references":["MEZ C. 1889. - Lauraceae Americanae monographice descriptae. J ahrbuch des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und des Botanischen Museums zu Berlin 5: 1 - 556.","LINNAEUS C. 1753. - Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 1. Lars Salvius, Stockholm (Holmia), 560 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 37656"]}

ilustraciones, graficas La actividad agonista en LXR modula la producción de ApoE y ABCA1, disminuyendo la placa amiloide en modelos murinos, convirtiéndose así una alternativa terapéutica del Alzheimer. Estudios previos muestran que Nectandra reticulata es agonista de LXR, por lo que es de nuestro interés identificar la composición del extracto, relacionarlo con su actividad y optimizar la extracción de este. Es así cómo se analizó el extracto activo de N. reticulata, mediante RP-UHPLC-DAD y UHPLC-ESI-HRMS. Los resultados del análisis por EM evidenciaron que la mayoría de los compuestos presentes corresponden a flavonoides glicosilados. Para confirmar la identidad de las agliconas, se realizó una hidrólisis ácida, mostrando que el compuesto principal con un área cromatográfica de 84,5% a 355 nm corresponde a la quercitrina; el segundo compuesto en abundancia del 8,0% del área cromatográfica se identificó como afzelina. En menor proporción (6,9%) se determinó 3 o 7-(6''-p-cumaroilglucósido) kaempferol. Después de la identificación se realizaron estudios in silico e in vitro, permitiendo seleccionar a la quercitrina cómo marcador, ya que este metabolito presenta una actividad superior a la de los otros compuestos identificados e incluso de su respectiva aglicona. Finalmente se realizó la validación y optimización de la extracción de este metabolito, se encontró que al hacer la extracción asistida por ultrasonido la cantidad de quercitrina en el extracto y el rendimiento del proceso se ven influenciados principalmente por la proporción etanol:agua y la temperatura del sistema. La mejores condiciones de extracción encontradas fueron 60% de etanol, 50 °C y 40 mL/g (solvente:material vegetal). (Texto tomado de la fuente) The agonistic activity of LXR modulates the production of ApoE and ABCA1, reducing amyloid plaque in murine models, that means a therapeutic alternative for Alzheimer's. Previous studies show that Nectandra reticulata is an LXR agonist, it is our interest to identify the composition of the extract, relate it to its activity and optimize its extraction. The active extract of N. reticulata was analyzed by RP-UHPLC-DAD and UHPLC-ESI-HRMS. The mass analysis showed that most of the compounds present correspond to glycosylated flavonoids. To confirm the identity of the aglycones, acid hydrolysis was performed. There it was shown that the main compound with a chromatographic area of 84.5% at 355 nm corresponds to quercitrin; the second compound in abundance of 8.0% of the chromatographic area was identified as afzeline. In a smaller proportion (chromatographic area 6.9%) 3 or 7-(6''-p-coumaroylglucoside) kaempferol were found. After the identification, in silico and in vitro studies of the molecules were carried out, these studies allowed quercitrin to be selected as a marker, since this metabolite has a higher activity than the other identified compounds and even of its respective aglycone. Finally, the validation and optimization of the extraction of this metabolite was carried out, it was found that when performing the extraction assisted by ultrasound, the amount of quercitrin in the extract and the performance of the process are mainly influenced by the proportion of ethanol:water and temperature of the system. The best extraction conditions were 60% ethanol, 50 °C and 40 mL/g (solvent:plant material ratio). Maestría Magíster en Ciencias - Química Química de productos naturales

In the course of reviewing publications on Lauraceae, several nomenclatural problems were found. Solving these problems led to the proposal of new names for Litsea pseudoelongata Kosterm. (L. siamensis van der Werff), Cryptocarya lancifolia Kosterm. (C. stenophylla van der Werff), and C. pauciflora Lauterb. & K. Schum. (C. oligantha van der Werff). Beilschmiedia velutinosa Kosterm. is a synonym of B. lanatella Kosterm., and Lindera spicata Kosterm. (1992) is a later homonym of L. spicata Kosterm. (1973). Nectandra roberto-andinoi (C. Nelson) C. Nelson is transferred to Damburneya Raf., and Ocotea ligulata van der Werff is transferred to Mespilodaphne Nees & Mart.

Woody plant resources are important to human societies today and were also in the past. Here we assess the woody plant resources available to peoples in Northeastern Argentina in the pre-Hispanic period and assess how they were used. The Upper Parana Delta (Entre Rios province, Argentina) was occupied by indigenous societies during the last 2000 years, and evidence of those peoples has been found at Los Tres Cerros 1 archaeological site (inhabited at least between 765 to 1505 cal years AD). From the local traditional and ethnographical literature, a broad functionality of the determined taxa is proposed, to use as a basis for palaeoethnobotanical interpretations. Species of the Lauraceae, Passifloraceae, Fabaceae, Salicaceae, Boraginaceae and Apocynaceae families were found dispersed about the site; they possibly grew close to the settlement and had diverse indigenous uses (e.g. for the construction of canoes and other artefacts in daily use). Other species were found concentrated on the archaeological site. They were related to Euphorbaceae, Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Myrtaceae and Primulaceae and were probably used as fuel in domestic activities (e.g. to obtain light, heat and to cook food and fire pottery). Forty-three carbonized wood samples were studied. Charcoals related to Sapium, Nectandra and Aspidosperma genera were identified next to pottery and animal bones. The presence of Schinopsis in the anthracological record shows the extra-local link of the pre-Hispanic populations that occupied the Parana river basin. Finally, these new advances increase the knowledge about the vegetation nearby the archaeological site at the end of the Late Holocene., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Medicinal plants encompass a rich source of active compounds that can neutralize snake venoms or toxins. Nectandra angustifolia (Schrad.) Nees & Mart. (Lauraceae), commonly known as “laurel amarillo”, “aju’yhu”, “laurel-hu”, “laurel del rio”, is used in traditional medicine as a digestive, for the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis, pain, and as antivenom. Snakebite envenomation was included in category A of neglected tropical diseases (NTD), in 2017, as they affect millions of people in the world (Chippaux, J Venom Anim Toxins 23:38–39: 2017). In Argentina, the snake genus Bothrops is responsible for the greatest number of accidents. Presently, the application of serum antivenom is the only specific treatment. This treatment does not protect over local effects, which are the main cause of morbidity. In the search for effective antivenoms, extracts of different polarity obtained from Nectandra angustifolia were evaluated both, in vitro and in vivo, against the venom of B. diporus "yarara chica". The effect of seasonal variability in this activity was also studied, to optimize both, the harvest period and the most appropriate type of extract. By successive bio-guided fractionations of the ethanol extract of N. angustifolia a fraction enriched in flavonoids responsible for the alexiteric activity of the species has been isolated. The phytochemical study of the volatile fraction of N. angustifolia and N. megapotamica allowed for the phytochemical characterization of farther interesting compounds.

Floristic surveys are crucial to the conservation of biodiversity, but the vast majority of such surveys are limited to listing species names, and few take into account the evolutionary history of species. Here, we combine classical taxonomic and molecular phylogenetic (DNA barcoding) approaches to catalog the biodiversity of pteridophytes (ferns and lycophytes) of the Nectandra Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica. Surveys were carried out over three field seasons (2008, 2011, and 2013), resulting in 176 species representing 69 genera and 22 families of pteridophytes. Our literature survey of protected areas in Costa Rica shows that Nectandra has an exceptionally diverse pteridophyte flora for its size. Plastid rbcL was selected as a DNA barcode marker and obtained for >95% of pteridophyte taxa at this site. Combined molecular and morphological analyses revealed two previously undescribed taxa that appear to be of hybrid origin. The utility of rbcL for species identification was assessed by calculating minimum interspecific distances and found to have a failure rate of 18%. Finally we compared the distribution of minimum interspecific rbcL distances with two other areas that have been the focus of pteridophyte molecular surveys: Japan and Tahiti. The comparison shows that Nectandra is more similar to Japan than Tahiti, which may reflect the biogeographic history of these floras.

Lauraceae species are known as excellent essential oil (EO) producers, and their taxa are distributed throughout the territory of Brazil. This study presents a systematic review of chemical composition, seasonal studies, occurrence of chemical profiles, and biological activities to EOs of species of Licaria, Nectandra, and Ocotea genera collected in different Brazilian biomes. Based on our survey, 39 species were studied, with a total of 86 oils extracted from seeds, leaves, stem barks, and twigs. The most representative geographic area in specimens was the Atlantic Forest (14 spp., 30 samples) followed by the Amazon (13 spp., 30 samples), Cerrado (6 spp., 14 samples), Pampa (4 spp., 10 samples), and Caatinga (2 spp., 2 samples) forests. The majority of compound classes identified in the oils were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids. Among them, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, caryophyllene oxide, α-bisabolol, and bicyclogermacrenal were the main constituents. Additionally, large amounts of phenylpropanoids and monoterpenes such as safrole, 6-methoxyelemicin, apiole, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, and camphor were reported. Nectandra megatopomica showed considerable variation with the occurrence of fourteen chemical profiles according to seasonality and collection site. Several biological activities have been attributed to these oils, especially cytotoxic, antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal potential, among other pharmacological applications.

The Atlantic Forest in southeastern South America is a biodiversity hotspot with high species richness and high forest loss. Three large to medium-sized woodpecker species (Robust Woodpecker Campephilus robustus, Lineated Woodpecker Dryocopus lineatus, and the globally threatened Helmeted Woodpecker Celeus galeatus) coexist in the south of the ecoregion, and show remarkable convergence in plumage patterns and colouration, possibly driven by interspecific interactions. We assessed differentiation in nest tree species, nest substrates, and timing of breeding and evaluated whether nesting ecology may be a factor explaining an association with mature forests in the Helmeted Woodpecker. Robust and Lineated Woodpeckers excavated cavities in nine and eight nest tree species, respectively, whereas Helmeted Woodpeckers specialized narrowly on laurel trees (88% of nest cavities in two species in genus Nectandra of 52 ± 14 cm DBH). Helmeted Woodpecker is further distinguished by a more frequent use of living, partially decayed trees and by more frequent re-use of nest cavities. When nesting in selectively logged forest (vs. old-growth), Robust and Lineated Woodpeckers used trees with smaller DBH and Robust Woodpeckers excavated lower in trees. Helmeted Woodpeckers selected nest trees with similar dimensions in both environments, indicating lesser flexibility. Helmeted Woodpeckers bred 20-23 days later in the year than Lineated and Robust Woodpeckers, potentially allowing them to avoid nesting near the two larger species. The narrow specialization of Helmeted Woodpecker on nesting in Nectandra trees of large sizes at the onset of decay is a possible factor in making it sensitive to selective logging effects. To stop declines of Helmeted Woodpecker we recommend (1) sparing large trees from selective logging (including Nectandra and tree species used for roosting), and (2) restoring more forested areas to mature forest conditions. Fil: Lammertink, J. Martjan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Fernández, Juan Manuel. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentina. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. University of British Columbia; Canadá. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina

A durabilidade natural da madeira trata-se de excelente característica para destinar as peças de madeira em condições adequadas e eficientes de uso. Portanto, o estudo objetivou-se avaliar a resistência natural de seis espécies florestais madeireiras a cupins xilófagos em condição de campo. As madeiras estudadas das espécies tropicais foram andiroba (Carapa guianensis Aubl.), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão), cedro (Cedrella sp.), jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.), louro canela (Nectandra sp.) e maçaranduba (Manilkara elata (Allemão ex Miq.) Monach.). De cada espécie foram produzidas amostras com dimensões de 7,2 cm × 1,3 cm × 0,9 cm (longitudinal × radial × tangencial). Essas permaneceram expostas por período de 40 dias sob a ação de cupins Nasutitermes corniger Motschulsky em ensaio de preferência alimentar, com determinação da densidade, percentual de perda de massa, índice de deterioração e o índice de susceptibilidade. A madeira de andiroba apresentou maior perda de massa e susceptibilidade ao ataque de N. corniger. Já as espécies cedro e o louro canela demonstraram valores intermediários entre as demais para os aspectos analisados. As madeiras de aroeira, jatobá e maçaranduba se destacaram nos valores de notas atribuídas ao desgaste, bem como, na baixa susceptibilidade ao ataque, tendo demonstrado maior durabilidade natural e resistência biológica ao ataque. Portanto, essas últimas madeiras são as mais indicadas para utilizações que visem promover o seu uso eficiente, a fim de minimizar os danos causados por exposição às térmitas (cupins) xilófagos e maximizar a vida útil e segurança do produto madeireiro.

espanolSiete especies de Lauraceae de la Flora del Paraguay se vuelven a circunscribir y se comparan con las especies aparentadas: Nectandra angustifolia (Schrad.) Nees & Mart., Nectandra briquetii Hassl., Nectandra megaphylla Hassl., Ocotea catharinensis Mez, Ocotea floribunda (Sw.) Mez, Ocotea gracilipes Mez y Ocotea suaveolens (Meisn.) Hieron. Se proponen cinco sinonimos nuevos. EnglishSeven species of Lauraceae for the Flora of Paraguay are recircumscribed and compared with their close parents: Nectandra angustifolia (Schrad.) Nees & Mart., Nectandra briquetii Hassl., Nectandra megaphylla Hassl., Ocotea catharinensis Mez, Ocotea floribunda (Sw.) Mez, Ocotea gracilipes Mez and Ocotea suaveolens (Meisn.) Hieron. Five new synonyms are proposed.

Nectandra is one of the most representative genera of Lauraceae in the subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The objective of this work was to study the dendrochronological potential of Nectandra oppositifolia Nees and Mart. from two sites in Santa Catarina State in southern Brazil. A tree-ring chronology of 34 trees was developed. The time span ranged from 1843 to 2013. The oldest and youngest trees were 171 and 47 years-old and the average length of the series was 103 years. Average diameter and annual increment were 20.64 cm and 0.74 mm a−1; diameter and age were unrelated. The species has good dendrochronological potential with an intercorrelation of 0.61 between sites, indicating the existence of a synchronous pattern in the development of the trees. The climate response of the species could be seen by negative tree growth effects for previous hot and current rainy growth seasons.

Se registran 18 novedades para la flora vascular de Colombia a partir de ejemplares recolectados en la región de la Orinoquia. Los nuevos registros corresponden a: Duguetia riberensis Aristeg. ex Maas & Boon, Trigynaea duckei (R. E. Fr.) R. E. Fr. (Annonaceae); Tassadia medinae (Morillo) Morillo (Apocynaceae); Jaracanda orinocensis Sandw. (Bignoniaceae); Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam. var. brasiliensis (Cambess.) Chodat & Hassl. (Caryophyllaceae); Murdannia burchellii (C. B. Clarke) M. Pell. y M. aff. triquetra (Wall. ex C. B. Clarke) G. Brückn (Commelinaceae); Enterolobium barinense L. Cárdenas & Rodr.-Carr., Machaerium tovarense Pittier, Muellera crucisrubierae (Pittier) M. Sousa y Tachigali davidsei Zarucchi & Herend. (Leguminosae), Nectandra bartlettiana Lasser (Lauraceae); Lindernia brachyphylla Pennell ex Steyerm. (Linderniaceae); Campomanesia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb. (Myrtaceae); Christiana africana DC. (Malvaceae); Dulacia cyanocarpa Sleumer (Olacaceae); Phyllanthus microphyllus Kunth (Phyllanthaceae) y Gouania wurdackii Steyerm. (Rhamnaceae). Estas especies fueron recolectadas en los departamentos de Arauca y Vichada. Se discuten aspectos relacionados con la taxonomía y nomenclatura de estos nuevos registros, su distribución geográfica, sus afinidades con la flora presente en la Orinoquia venezolana y regiones con características florísticas similares. Se agrega una reseña histórica de las exploraciones en los llanos colombianos.

Available plastomes of the Lauraceae show similar structure and varied size, but there has been no systematic comparison across the family. In order to understand the variation in plastome size and structure in the Lauraceae and related families of magnoliids, we here compare 47 plastomes, 15 newly sequenced, from 27 representative genera. We reveal that the two shortest plastomes are in the parasitic Lauraceae genus Cassytha, with lengths of 114,623 (C. filiformis) and 114,963 bp (C. capillaris), and that they have lost NADH dehydrogenase (ndh) genes in the large single-copy region and one entire copy of the inverted repeat (IR) region. The plastomes of the core Lauraceae group, with lengths from 150,749 bp (Nectandra angustifolia) to 152,739 bp (Actinodaphne trichocarpa), have lost trnI-CAU, rpl23, rpl2, a fragment of ycf2, and their intergenic regions in IRb region, whereas the plastomes of the basal Lauraceae group, with lengths from 157,577 bp (Eusideroxylon zwageri) to 158,530 bp (Beilschmiedia tungfangensis), have lost rpl2 in IRa region. The plastomes of Calycanthus (Calycanthaceae, Laurales) have lost rpl2 in IRb region, but the plastome of Caryodaphnopsis henryi (Lauraceae) remain intact, as do those of the nonLaurales magnoliid genera Piper, Liriodendron, and Magnolia. On the basis of our phylogenetic analysis and structural comparisons, different loss events occurred in different lineages of the Laurales, and fragment loss events in the IR regions have largely driven the contraction of the plastome in the Lauraceae. These results provide new insights into the evolution of the Lauraceae as well as the magnoliids as a whole.

Chemosentizing of pathogens using natural compounds has been shown to be a promising alternative, resulting in increased efficacy of classical antifungal therapy. This study determines the chemical composition and antifungal, antichemotactic and antioxidant activities of Nectandra Rol species. ex Rottb. essential oils species, and its interaction with commercial antifungals. The chemical composition of N. megapotamica and N. lanceolata essential oils was established by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The major compounds identified in N. megapotamica oil were bicyclogermacrene (33.4%) and germacrene D (16.8%), while N. lanceolata were identified β-caryophyllene (32.5%), bicyclogermacrene (27.8%) and spathulenol (11.8%). The oils presented antidermatophytic effect and affinity by ergosterol indicating a possible involvement in fungal membrane. The combination of the essential oil from N. lanceolata and ciclopirox showed synergistic and additive effect on most isolates (75%) reducing the active concentration of the antifungal agents when in combination. The oils were also tested for their ability to inhibit leukocyte migration in vitro stimulated by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide and showed antichemotactic effect with reduction in migration in the range of 30.7–96.7%, suggesting that it could act in acute stage of inflammatory process. Antioxidant concentration-dependent activity was observed on both samples. N. lanceolata showed 50% antioxidant effect in the highest concentration tested. The results of the combination between antifungals and N. lanceolata essential oil indicate this oil as a possible complement to conventional therapy for topical treatment of superficial infections caused by dermatophytes, acting in the chemosensitization of the fungal cell and resulting in antifungal effect improvement with the advantage of the anti-inflammatory effect associated.

In the genus Nectandra , the presence of certain types of secondary metabolites has been determined, including sesquiterpenes, phytosterols, polyalcohols, arylpropionic acid derivatives, flavonols, arylpropanoids, furofuran lignans, dihydrobenzofuran neolignans [1], and certain norlignans [2], alkaloids [3], tannins [4], diterpenes [5], and components of essential oils [6]. However, the chemotaxonomic characteristics are determined by the presence of lignan-type compounds [7]. The ultimate goal of structural modification of natural products is to obtain new drugs [8]. In that sense, there is a growing interest in lignans and their synthetic derivatives due to applications in cancer chemotherapy and various other pharmacological effects [9]. This work corresponds to the first report of this type of structural modification of lignan compounds (7,7’-epoxylignans and diaryldimethylbutane lignans) isolated from Nectandra species. Therefore, this work can be used as a starting point for structure-activity relationship studies.

We present the list of amphibians for the El Silencio de Los Ángeles Cloud Forest (Villa Blanca Hotel and Reserve) in San Ramón de Alajuela, Costa Rica, Central America. We performed nocturnal visual and acoustic surveys in the trail system, mainly from 2013 to 2014. We also received data from the local guides up to 2019. We compared the similarity of amphibian richness of our site against other premontane reserves in Costa Rica with a cluster analysis (Jaccard index, single linkage). We recorded 26 species distributed in 16 genera, eight families and two orders. Notrotiton gamezi was the only threatened species detected. The El Silencio de los Ángeles Cloud Forest site is around 80 % similar to San Lorencito River Station and 55% to Nectandra Reserve. Containing 12% of the Costa Rica’s amphibian richness, this premontane woodland should be considered among the most important clouded forest in Central Costa Rica for amphibian conservation. Presentamos la lista de anfibios para el Bosque Nuboso de El Silencio de Los Ángeles (Hotel y Reserva Villa Blanca) en San Ramón de Alajuela, Costa Rica, Centro América. Realizamos estudios nocturnos visuales y acústicos en el sistema de senderos, principalmente de 2013 a 2014. También recibimos datos de los guías locales hasta 2019. Comparamos la similitud de la riqueza de anfibios de nuestro sitio contra otros sitios premontanos en Costa Rica con un Análisis Clúster (índice de Jaccard, enlace único). Registramos 26 especies distribuidas en 16 géneros, ocho familias y dos órdenes. Notrotiton gamezi fue la única especie amenazada detectada. El sitio del Bosque Nuboso de El Silencio de los Ángeles presenta una similitud de alrededor del 80% a la Estación del Río San Lorencito y 55% a la Reserva Nectandra. Con un 12% de la riqueza de anfibios de Costa Rica, este bosque premontano debe considerarse entre los bosques nublados más importantes del centro de Costa Rica para la conservación de los anfibios.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Nectandra angustifolia belongs to the Lauraceae family and it is widely known in phytomedicine by local inhabitants of South America against various maladies. It is popularly used for the treatment of different types of inflammatory processes, like rheumatism, arthritis and its associated pain. Aim of the study To characterize the phytochemicals in an ethanolic extract of Nectandra angustifolia and to evaluate the total antioxidant content and its anti-inflammatory effect with multiparametric analyses through in vitro assays and an in vivo model. Methods Leaves and stems of Nectandra angustifolia were air-dried and an ethanolic extract (NaE) was further obtained. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content were determined and the antioxidant activity was addressed by DPPH and FRAP assays. NaE was first analyzed by HPLC and then two tests were carried out as screening assays for anti-inflammatory activities: red blood cell membrane stabilization and protein denaturation. The non-cytotoxic concentration of NaE was determined for in vitro biological assays using RAW 264.7 (murine macrophages) cell cultures through cell counting with Trypan-blue and XTT assay. Subsequently, the cell cycle of RAW 264.7 cells exposed for 24 h to NaE was analyzed. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory capacity of NaE was evaluated by RT-qPCR of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, NF-κB translocation was observed by confocal microscopy at different times. Finally, formalin-induced mice paw inflammation was used as an in vivo model. Results The chromatographic profile of NaE showed peaks compatible with flavonoids content. NaE exhibited better membrane stabilization effect on HRBC and protection of BSA denaturation than the standard drug (diclofenac). NaE diminished mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines when added 1-h prior LPS stimulation. Moreover, NaE prevented the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus and in formalin-induced mice paw inflammation, reduced the edema and the stimulus of inflammatory phase. Conclusion This study shows for the first time, that Nectandra angustifolia ethanolic extract has a high content of flavonoids and that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biological properties as demonstrated by multiparametric analyses from in vitro assays and an in vivo model of inflammation.

The genus Nectandra , composed by approximately 120 species that are distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, belongs to the Lauraceae family. Plants from this genus, usually trees, have been used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal and antiprotozoal reagents; its biological potential has been reported in several studies conducted in vitro and in vivo. Chemically, the genus Nectandra contains different types of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids (aporphine, proaporphine, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline, and morphinandienone) and lignoids (furofuran, benzofuran, tetrahydrofuran, dihydrofuran, and 3,3-neolignan). Other compounds, such as terpenoids (mainly mono and sesquiterpenes), steroids, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids have been described in Nectandra genus. Other minor derivatives such as coumarins, benzoic acid derivatives, xanthone, benzophenones, lactones, sugars and fatty acids have also been isolated. Most of these studies associate biological aspects to isolated compounds. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the chemistry of the genus Nectandra and compile approximately 200 compounds isolated from different species, together with their therapeutic potential.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-09-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) PLRM Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Premise of research. The pantropical magnoliid family Lauraceae has an extensive macrofossil record that dates back to the Early Cretaceous. However, flower anatomy among extant species is relatively poorly known. We investigate flower structure and development in six Neotropical genera to elucidate the homologies of the floral parts, especially the prominent appendages that occur on the filaments of the inner fertile stamen whorl in some species. Methodology. We used SEM and LM to examine flower organization and development in 11 species of six genera (Aniba, Cryptocarya, Endlicheria, Licaria, Nectandra, Ocotea) and flower vasculature in two species (Cryptocarya moschata and Ocotea prolifera). Pivotal results. All the flowers examined are typical of Lauraceae: they are very small and possess two whorls of tepals that are similarly vascularized, with three bundles each (resembling bracteopetals), multiple androecium whorls, and a single carpel. Variation exists in some characters, especially in the androecium. A fourth (innermost) androecial whorl is present as staminodia in some species. The prominent stamen appendages are highly vascularized. Conclusions. The presence of three vascular bundles supplying both outer and inner tepals supports their potential homology as bracteotepals. Floral vasculature also indicates that the staminodia of the fourth androecial whorl are derived from stamens. A potential homology between the stamens and appendages remains debatable, because existing evidence is contradictory. Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Bot, BR-13506900 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Biociencias, Dept Bot, BR-31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Royal Bot Gardens, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Bot, BR-13506900 Sao Paulo, Brazil FAPEMIG: APQ-01225-13 FAPESP: 2010/08382-1

Dugout canoes are boats made from a single tree trunk. Even with the modernization of fishing, they are still made and used for artisanal fishing on the coast of southern and southeastern Brazil and in other regions of the world. Various tree species are used to construct these canoes and choosing a species is related to characteristics of the location, available raw materials and purpose of the boat. Our objective was to better understand the variation in dugout canoes in relation to tree species, tree size and fishing use, over time, along a coastal strip of southern and southeastern Brazil within the Atlantic Forest domain. We interviewed 53 artisans and analyzed 358 canoes that ranged from 1 to around 200 years old. Schizolobium parahyba is currently used the most. In the past, species of the family Lauraceae (Nectandra sp. / Ocotea sp.) were frequently used, as well as Cedrela fissilis and Ficus sp. The size of the canoes varied based on time, coastal region, environment where the boat is used (exposed or sheltered) and type of fishing. The average size of recent canoes was smaller than older canoes for more common species (S. parahyba and C. fissilis), reflecting changes in the vegetation of the biome over time, both in the species and size of individuals available. Latitudinal variation can also influence the availability of tree species along the studied regions. An increase in environmental monitoring has contributed to a decline in constructing dugout canoes, resulting in the use of fiberglass canoes and other motorized boats. Although canoe size varied based on region, location and use, today some of the older canoes represent large trees of the past and pieces of Atlantic Forest history.

espanolSe tipifican 15 nombres descritos en la familia Lauraceae a partir de colecciones de Paraguay en los generos Aiouea Aubl., Nectandra Rottb., Ocotea Aubl., Oreodaphne Nees & Mart. y Phoebe Nees. Seis lectotipos son designados: Nectandra lanceolata var. paraguariensis Hassl., Ocotea confusa Hassl., Ocotea gracilipes Mez, Ocotea lanceolata f. latifolia Hassl., Ocotea suaveolens var. robusta Hassl. y Oreodaphne suaveolens Meisn. Una lectotipificacion de segundo paso se realiza para Nectandra megaphylla Hassl. EnglishThe typification of 15 names described in the Lauraceae family from Paraguayan collections in the genera Aiouea Aubl., Nectandra Rottb., Ocotea Aubl., Oreodaphne Nees & Mart. and Phoebe Nees is presented. Lectotypes are designated for: Nectandra lanceolata var. paraguariensis Hassl., Ocotea confusa Hassl., Ocotea gracilipes Mez, Ocotea lanceolata f. latifolia Hassl., Ocotea suaveolens var. robusta Hassl. and Oreodaphne suaveolens Meisn. A second step lectotypification is made for Nectandra megaphylla Hassl.

Nectandra megaphylla Hassl. in Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 21: 92. 1919. Lectotypus (primer paso: ROHWER, 1993: 196; segundo paso: in hoc loco designatus): PARAGUAY. Amambay: “ Sierra de Amambay in via silvatica Picada Esperanza ”, VIII.1907 -1908, Hassler, E. & T. Rojas 10584 (G [G00228418]!; isolecto-: A [A00041951] foto!, B [B 100185040] foto!, BM [BM000092844] foto!, F [F0061511F] foto!, G [G00228416, G00228417]!, K [K000642330] foto!, NY [NY00355472] foto!, P [P00711038, P00711039, P00711040] foto!, S [S-R-7220] foto!). Syntypus: PARAGUAY. Amambay: “ In altaplanitie Sierra de Amambay, entre R. Dorado y Sto. Tomas ”, VIII.1912 -1913, Hassler, E. 11295 (G [G00228421]!; isosyn-: BM, F, G [G00228419, G00228420]!, GH, K, NY, P). Notas. – ROHWER (1993: 196) designó la colección Hassler & Rojas 10584 como lectótipo, pero sin especificar el espécimen original. Lo designamos formalmente aquí., Published as part of Ramella, Lorenzo & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2018, Tipificaciones en la familia Lauraceae de la Flora del Paraguay, pp. 109-113 in Candollea 73 (1) on page 111, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a11, http://zenodo.org/record/5724501, {"references":["ROHWER, J. G. (1993). Lauraceae: Nectandra. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 60."]}

Nectandra lanceolata var. grandifolia Mez in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 3: 794. 1903. Lectotypus (primer paso: ROHWER, 1993: 225; segundo paso: VAN DER WERFF et al., 2015: 47): PARAGUAY. San Pedro: “ In silva pr. fl. Corrientes ”, IX.1898 -1899, Hassler, E. 4484 (G [G00228372]!; isolecto-: BM [BM000947267] foto!, F [V0061510F] foto!, G [G00228371, G00228373, G00228374]!, GH [GH00041944, GH00041945] foto!, K [K000576200] foto!, NY [NY00355460] foto!, P [P00711031, P00711032] foto!). Syntypus: PARAGUAY. Canindeyú: “ In dumeto pr. Igatimi ”, X.1898 -1899, Hassler, E. 4876 (G [G00228378]!; isosyn-: BM [BM000092851] foto!, G [G00228375, G00228376, G00228377]!, K [K000576201] foto!, NY [NY00355461] foto!, P [P00711029] foto!). = Nectandra lanceolata Nees & Mart. in Linnaea 8: 47. 1833., Published as part of Ramella, Lorenzo & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2018, Tipificaciones en la familia Lauraceae de la Flora del Paraguay, pp. 109-113 in Candollea 73 (1) on page 110, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a11, http://zenodo.org/record/5724501, {"references":["ROHWER, J. G. (1993). Lauraceae: Nectandra. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 60.","VAN DER WERFF, H., C. A. ZANOTTI & J. C. OSPINA (2015). Lauraceae. Fl. Argentina 15: 41 - 57."]}

Nectandra membranacea f. floribunda Hassl. in Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 21: 96. 1919. Holotypus: PARAGUAY. Amambay: “ Sierra de Amambay ad margines humidas silvarum pr. Esperanza ”, VII.1907 - 1908, Hassler, E. & T. Rojas 10529 (G [G00228280]!; iso-: G [G00228291, G00228292, G00228864]!, MO, NY). = Nectandra angustifolia (Schrad.) Nees & Mart. in Linnaea 8: 48. 1833. Notas. – Se indica en VAN DER WERFF et al. (2015: 49) la necesidad de lectotipificar entre los pliegos de la colección Hassler & Rojas 10529 conservados en G. El espécimen [G00228280] es claramente la colección original en la cual figura un análisis ilustrado de las partes florales de la mano del autor. Se trata por lo tanto del holótipo y una lectotipificación es aquí superflua., Published as part of Ramella, Lorenzo & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2018, Tipificaciones en la familia Lauraceae de la Flora del Paraguay, pp. 109-113 in Candollea 73 (1) on page 111, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a11, http://zenodo.org/record/5724501, {"references":["VAN DER WERFF, H., C. A. ZANOTTI & J. C. OSPINA (2015). Lauraceae. Fl. Argentina 15: 41 - 57."]}

Nectandra briquetii Hassl. in Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Gen��ve 21: 93. 1919. Notas. ��� ROWHER (1993: 163), GRELA (2008: 2398) y VAN DER WERFF et al. (2015: 48) han incluido a N.briquettii Hassl. en la sinonimia de N. megapotamica que he reunido arriba con N. angustifolia. Considero sin embargo que N. briquetii merece ser aceptado por las diferencias morfol��gicas que se exponen en la Tabla 1., Published as part of Bernardi, Luciano, 2018, Novedades taxon��micas en Nectandra Rottb. y Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae) de la Flora del Paraguay, pp. 105-108 in Candollea 73 (1) on page 106, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a10, http://zenodo.org/record/5754150, {"references":["GRELA, I. (2008). Lauraceae. In: ZULOAGA, F. O., O. MORRONE & M. J. BELGRANO (ed.), Catalogo de las plantas vasculares del Cono Sur (Argentina, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 107: 2393 - 2404.","VAN DER WERFF, H., C. A. ZANOTTI & J. C. OSPINA (2015). Lauraceae. Fl. Argentina 15: 41 - 57."]}

Nectandra angustifolia (Schrad.) Nees & Mart. in Linnaea 8: 48. 1833. �� Ocotea angustifolia Schrad. in G��tt. Gel. Anz. 1821: 711. 1821. = Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 2: 824. 1902. �� Tetranthera megapotamica Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4(2): 156. 1827, syn. nov. = Nectandra membranacea f. floribunda Hassl. in Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Gen��ve 21: 96. 1919, syn. nov. Notas. ��� He reunido a N. megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez con N. angustifolia (Schrad.) Nees & Mart. bas��ndome en las descripciones de ROHWER (1993: 162) para N. megapotamica y ROHWER (1993: 168) para N. angustifolia. La comparaci��n de estas dos descripciones no mostraron diferencias significativas. Se tratan de arboles muy similares, con un grado de variaci��n limitado, que representan una sola y misma entidad. En cuanto a N. membranacea f. floribunda Hassl., ROHWER (1993: 163, 165) lo incluye en N. megapotamica. Efectivamente, esta forma no presenta diferencia y por lo tanto se incluye en la presente sinonimia., Published as part of Bernardi, Luciano, 2018, Novedades taxon��micas en Nectandra Rottb. y Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae) de la Flora del Paraguay, pp. 105-108 in Candollea 73 (1) on page 106, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a10, http://zenodo.org/record/5754150, {"references":["ROHWER, J. G. (1993). Lauraceae: Nectandra. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 60."]}

Nectandra dubia Hassl. in Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 21: 97. 1919. Holotypus: PARAGUAY. Amambay: “ In altaplanitie Sierra de Amambay ”, X.1912 -1913, Hassler, E. 11984 (G [G00228438]!). = Ocotea catharinensis Mez in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 30, Beibl. 67: 19. 1901., Published as part of Ramella, Lorenzo & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2018, Tipificaciones en la familia Lauraceae de la Flora del Paraguay, pp. 109-113 in Candollea 73 (1) on page 110, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a11, http://zenodo.org/record/5724501

Nectandra lanceolata var. parvifolia Mez in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 3: 794. 1903. Holotypus: PARAGUAY. Canindeyú: “ In silva pr. Curuguaty ”, IX.1898 -1899, Hassler, E. 4590 (G [G00228368]!; iso-: BM, G [G00228367, G00228369, G00228370]!, K, L, NY, P). = Nectandra lanceolata Nees & Mart. in Linnaea 8: 47. 1833. Notas. – El holótipo de N. lanceolata var. parvifolia Mez es idéntico a la lectotipificación superflua efectuada por VAN DER WERFF et al. (2015: 47). La descripción original indica claramente una única colección (Hassler 4590) y en G se puede perfectamente determinar la colecta [G00228368] que conforma el material original con las características de la diagnosis., Published as part of Ramella, Lorenzo & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2018, Tipificaciones en la familia Lauraceae de la Flora del Paraguay, pp. 109-113 in Candollea 73 (1) on pages 110-111, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a11, http://zenodo.org/record/5724501, {"references":["VAN DER WERFF, H., C. A. ZANOTTI & J. C. OSPINA (2015). Lauraceae. Fl. Argentina 15: 41 - 57."]}

Nectandra megaphylla Hassl. in Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Gen��ve 21: 92. 1919. Notas. ��� ROHWER (1993: 196) ha incluido N. megaphylla Hassl. ���with hesitation��� en la sinonimia de N. hihua (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohwer (�� Laurus hihua Ruiz & Pav.). Esta ��ltima especie es un conglomerado de tan vasta dimensi��n, de limites morfol��gicos tan amplios que todo concepto pragm��tico de la especie es imposible. Comparando el tipo de N. hihua con los de N. megaphylla he encontrado diferencias morfol��gicas que en su conjunto me parecen taxon��micamente diferenciales (Tabla 2)., Published as part of Bernardi, Luciano, 2018, Novedades taxon��micas en Nectandra Rottb. y Ocotea Aubl. (Lauraceae) de la Flora del Paraguay, pp. 105-108 in Candollea 73 (1) on page 106, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a10, http://zenodo.org/record/5754150, {"references":["ROHWER, J. G. (1993). Lauraceae: Nectandra. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 60."]}

Nectandra briquetii Hassl. in Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 21: 93. 1919. Holotypus: PARAGUAY. Amambay: “ In altaplanitie Sierra de Amambay. Orilla mont. Limeira ”, VI.1912 -1913, Hassler, E. 11247 (G [G00228405]!; iso-: A, BM, F, G [G00228406, G00228407, G00228408]!, K, MPU, P). Notas. – Se indica en VAN DER WERFF et al. (2015: 49) la necesidad de lectotipificar entre los pliegos de la colección Hassler 11247 conservados en G. El espécimen [G00228405] es claramente la colección original en la cual figuran tanto los elementos diagnósticos como un análisis ilustrado de las partes florales de la mano del autor. Se trata por lo tanto del holótipo y una lectotipificación es aquí superflua., Published as part of Ramella, Lorenzo & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2018, Tipificaciones en la familia Lauraceae de la Flora del Paraguay, pp. 109-113 in Candollea 73 (1) on page 110, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a11, http://zenodo.org/record/5724501, {"references":["VAN DER WERFF, H., C. A. ZANOTTI & J. C. OSPINA (2015). Lauraceae. Fl. Argentina 15: 41 - 57."]}

Nectandra lanceolata var. paraguariensis Hassl. in Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 21: 92. 1919. Lectotypus (in hoc loco designatus): PARAGUAY. Canindeyú: “ In dumeto pr. Igatimi ”, X.1898 -1899, Hassler, E. 4876 (G [G00228378]!; isolecto-: BM [BM000092851] foto!, G [G00228375, G00228376, G00228377]!, K [K000576201] foto!, NY [NY00355461] foto!, P [P00711029] foto!). Syntypus: PARAGUAY. San Pedro: “ In silva pr. fl. Corrientes ”, IX.1898 -1899, Hassler, E. 4484 (G [G00228372]!; isosyn-: BM [BM000947267] foto!, F [V0061510F] foto!, G [G00228371, G00228373, G00228374]!, GH [GH00041944, GH00041945] foto!, K [K000576200] foto!, NY [NY00355460] foto!, P [P00711031, P00711032] foto!). = Nectandra lanceolata Nees & Mart. in Linnaea 8: 47. 1833. Notas. – Dos síntipos (Hassler 4484 y Hassler 4876) fueron utilizados para la descripción de N. lanceolata var. grandifolia Mez (1903) y N. lanceolata var. paraguariensis Hassl. (1919). La lectotipificación de la var. grandifolia en base a la colección Hasler 4484 permite utilizar el segundo síntipo disponible (Hassler 4876) como lectótipo de la var. paraguariensis . Esta última variedad no es por lo tanto ilegítima contrariamente a lo indicado por ROHWER (1993: 225)., Published as part of Ramella, Lorenzo & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2018, Tipificaciones en la familia Lauraceae de la Flora del Paraguay, pp. 109-113 in Candollea 73 (1) on page 110, DOI: 10.15553/c2018v731a11, http://zenodo.org/record/5724501, {"references":["ROHWER, J. G. (1993). Lauraceae: Nectandra. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 60."]}

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T17:14:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-12-01 This study refers to specimens of Lauraceae collected in Brazil by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius between 1817 and 1820. He collected 57 currently accepted species of Lauraceae, which belong to nine genera: Aniba, Cassytha, Cinnamomum, Cryptocarya, Dicypellium, Licaria, Nectandra, Ocotea, and Persea, for which Martius is known to have made about 99 different collections. The vast majority of them are nomenclatural types and, taking into account the synonyms involved, encompassing 26 holotypes, 23 lectotypes, and 30 syntypes. Besides Martius himself, early descriptions and citations of these materials were made by Nees von Esenbeck, Meissner, and Mez, the first monographers of the family. Martius's collections were the basis for the Flora Brasiliensis, where the taxonomic treatment of Lauraceae was made by the Swiss botanist Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner in 1866, being of particular interest for indicating all the collections examined and available at that time. Here, we provide an annotated and updated list of 60 entries with information on the status of the names and their types, currently accepted names, collections found in different herbaria, accompanied by an Index to Scientific names and an Index to Collections. Although there are no cases of specimens of Lauraceae collected by Martius from his Martii Herbarium Florae Brasiliensis, they are also listed here since they have been attributed to him in literature. Lectotypes for two names, Cryptocarya speciosa, and Nectandra nitidula var. maior, are designated, and a new synonymy is proposed. Universidade Estadual Paulista júlio de Mesquita Filho Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica, Av. 24 A 1515, Bela Vista, Caixa Postal 199 Universidade Estadual Paulista júlio de Mesquita Filho Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica, Av. 24 A 1515, Bela Vista, Caixa Postal 199

The process of storing liquor in wooden barrels is a practice that aims to improve the sensory characteristics, such as color, aroma and flavor, of the beverage. The quality of the liquor stored in these barrels depends on wood characteristics such as density, permeability, chemical composition, anatomy, besides the wood heat treatment used to fabricate the barrels. Brazil has a great diversity of forests, mainly in the north, in the Amazon. This region is home to thousands of tree species, but is limited to the use of only a few native species to store liquors. The objective of this study was to determine some of the physical and chemical characteristics for four Amazon wood species. The results obtained in this study will be compared with others from woods that are traditionally used for liquor storage. The species studied were angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke) cumarurana (Dipteryx polyphylla (Huber) Ducke), jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) and louro-vermelho (Nectandra rubra (Mez) CK Allen). The trees were collected from Precious Woods Amazon Company forest management area, in Silves, Amazonas. Analyzes such as: concentration of extractives, lignin amount, percentage of minerals (ash) and tannin content, density, elemental analysis (CHNS-O) and thermal analysis were done. It was observed that the chemical composition (lignin, holocellulose) and elemental analysis (percentage of C, H, N and O) of the woods have significant differences. The jatobá wood presented higher tannin content, and in the thermal analysis, was that which had the lowest mass loss. O processo de armazenamento de bebidas destiladas em barris de madeira é uma prática que visa à melhoria das características sensoriais da bebida, tais como cor, aroma e sabor. A qualidade da bebida destilada armazenada nesses barris depende de características da madeira como densidade, permeabilidade, composição química e anatomia, além do tipo de tratamento térmico dado à madeira durante a confecção dos barris. O Brasil possui uma grande diversidade florestal, principalmente no norte do país, na Amazônia. Essa região abriga milhares de espécies de árvores, porém, limita-se à utilização de pouco mais de duas espécies nativas e outras exóticas para o armazenamento de bebidas. Assim, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, determinar algumas das características físicas e químicas das madeiras de quatro espécies florestais da Região Amazônica. Os resultados obtidos para as espécies arbóreas aqui estudadas serão comparados com os de madeiras já utilizadas para o armazenamento de bebidas destiladas. As espécies estudadas foram angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke), cumarurana (Dipteryx polyphylla (Huber) Ducke), jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) e louro-vermelho (Nectandra rubra (Mez) C.K. Allen). As árvores foram coletadas em área de manejo florestal da Empresa Precious Woods Amazon, em Silves, Amazonas. Dentre as análises realizadas foram determinados: teores de extrativos totais, quantidade de lignina, porcentagem de minerais (cinzas) e teores de taninos, além de densidade básica, análise elementar (CHNS-O) e análise térmica. Observou-se que a composição química estrutural (teores de lignina, holocelulose) e elementar (porcentagem de C, H, N e O) das madeiras possuem diferenças significativas. A madeira do jatobá possui maior teor de taninos e, na análise térmica, foi a madeira com menor perda de massa.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:22:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-09-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) In this study, we aimed to determine whether seasonality affects the content, chemical composition, and antimicrobial activity of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of three species of Nectandra (Nectandra megapotamica, Nectandra grandiflora, and Nectandra lanceolata) native to the Atlantic rainforest, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. In addition, we identified the compounds potentially related to the antimicrobial activity. Leaves were randomly collected in the middle of winter (August), spring (November), summer (February), and autumn (May). The influence of seasonality on the content and chemical composition of EOs from the Nectandra species was evident in this study. The EOs from N. lanceolata and N. grandiflora were characterized by similarities in the chemical composition and had a higher relative proportion of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. N. megapotamica presented a different chemical profile, with plenty of monoterpenic and sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons. Changes in the EO chemical profile because of seasonality were shown by the similarities between the EOs obtained in spring and autumn and the differences between the EOs obtained in summer and winter. The EO from the leaves of N. megapotamica harvested in winter and spring showed the highest control of the growth of Escherichia coli, and this antimicrobial action can be related to the monoterpenes α-pinene and β-pinene as well as myrcene and limonene. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the EO from the leaves of N. lanceolata harvested in summer and autumn was lower against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and can be related to the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons isobicyclogermacrenal, epi-zizanone, and germacrene B. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Agronomic Institute Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and the Environment University of Padova Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) CNPq: 305177 / 2015-0

Background A survey of the understory bryophytes in the Nectandra Cloud Forest Preserve yielded 1083 specimens distributed among 55 families, represented by 74 genera of mosses, 75 genera of liverworts and 3 of hornworts. We studied and analyzed the bryophytic distribution on six types of substrates: 1) corticolous, 2) epiphyllous, 3) saxicolous, 4) terricolous, 5) aquatic and 6) lignicolous. The richness and composition of bryophyte genera are compared to those of other previous bryophyte surveys from 4 other sites with different oceanic exposures, climatic and geographic conditions in Costa Rica. New information This is a report of the first extensive general survey of bryophytes at the Nectandra Reserve, a premontane cloud forest located on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica, an area much less studied compared to the Monteverde cloud forest on the Pacific slope.

Nectandra (Lauraceae) species have been used in folk medicine as an antidiarrheal, analgesic, antifungal, etc., and have many pharmacological proprieties.Investigation of the chemical composition and cytotoxicity of essential oil from Nectandra leucantha NeesMart. leaves. This is the first study involving N. leucantha reported in the literature.The essential oil of N. leucantha leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation. Its chemical composition was determined using a combination of GC/FID, GC/MS, and determination of Kovats index (KI). In vitro cytotoxic activity was evaluated against six cancer cell lines - murine melanoma (B16F10-Nex2), human glioblastome (U-87), human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), human colon carcinoma (HCT), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), and human cervical tumor (Siha) as well as against one non-tumorigenic cell line - human foreskin fibroblast (HFF).Thirty-three compounds were identified primarily sesquiterpenes (81.41%), the main compounds being bicyclogermacrene (28.44%), germacrene A (7.34%), spathulenol (5.82%), and globulol (5.25%). Furthermore, monoterpenes were also found in the analyzed oil (12.84%), predominantly α- and β-pinenes (6.59 and 4.57%, respectively). The crude essential oil displayed significant cytotoxic activity against B16F10-Nex2 (IC50 33 ± 1 μg/mL) and U87 (IC50 75.95 ± 0.03 μg/mL) and HeLa (IC50 60 ± 12 μg/mL) cell lines. The main identified compound, bicyclogermacrene, displayed IC50 ranging from 3.1 ± 0.2 to 21 ± 6 μg/mL.The results indicate that the crude oils from leaves of N. leucantha displayed cytotoxic activity being bicyclogermacrene, the main compound identified in the crude oil responsible, at least in part, for this potential.

Essential oils, mixtures of volatile compounds, are targets of research for new antimicrobial drugs. In order to verify the potential from species of the Nectandra genus, the present study evaluated the essential oils from Nectandra amazonum, Nectandra cuspidata, Nectandra gardineri, Nectandra hihua and Nectandra megapotamica to prospect samples with high concentration of a component and its antibacterial, antibiofilm and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activities. The essential oils from the leaves and barks were extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The concentrations of 10 and 100 μg/mL of the essential oil were evaluated and the inhibition of bacterial growth and biofilm formation were measured, while for the evaluation of anti-T. vaginalis trophozoite viability, the concentrations from 7.8 to 1000 μg/mL were tested. Seventy-three compounds were identified from essential oils, highlighted bicyclogermacrene (up to 49.9%), elemicin (up to 42.4%), intermedeol (up to 58.2%), (E)-asarone (up to 45.9%) and (+)-α-bisabolol (up to 93.7%). The essential oil from N. megapotamica leaves presented 93.7% of (+)-α-bisabolol and demonstrated the high capacity of inhibition of the biofilm formation, in particular, against Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This sample also had significant activity against T. vaginalis (IC50 of 98.7 μg/mL) and demonstrated cytotoxic and hemolytic effects in Vero cells and human erythrocytes. In general, the Nectandra genus revealed high chemical variability and a N. megapotamica specimen accumulated a compound on high concentration with great potential for biotechnological exploration as a new antibiofilm and anti-T. vaginalis.

The phytochemical study of Nectandra cuspidata led to the isolation and characterization of the new megastigmane 7-megastigmen-3b,6b,9x-triol (1), the aporphinoid alkaloids (� )-glaziovine (2) and (þ)-apoglaziovine (3), the sesquiterpene costic acid (4), polyprenols (5, 6 and 8), a-tocopherol (7) and the steroid b-sitosterol (9). The structures of the compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic data. This is the first description of the presence of megastigmanes in Nectandra genus. All compounds (1-9) were isolated for the first time from this species. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was also summarized. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cloud forests are common in the Neotropics and an important part of its hydrological cycle. An investigation on how elevation and recovery from agriculture affects cloud forest floristics and physical structure in Ecuador was undertaken. Species and diameter at a specified height (dsh) of trees were sampled in large plots in Maquipucuna and Yanacocha cloud forests in Ecuador and also in smaller plots at Maquipucuna recovering after cropping in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and banana (Musa sp.). (1) Palicourea sp. was the only species found at both primary sites; Vernonia pallens Sch.Bip., Erythrina megistophylla Diels, Nectandra sp., and Miconia sp. were found in both primary and secondary plots at Maquipucuna; and Miconia sp. was the only species in common between the Maquipucuna secondary plots and the primary plot at Yanacocha Reserve. (2) The mean stem size was similar between the primary Maquipucuna plots and the Yanacocha plot, but the Yanacocha plot had more total stems and more stems in each size category, which lead to more basal area, above-ground biomass, and canopy closure at Yanacocha compared to Maquipucuna. (3) In the secondary plots, there were no stems larger than 29 cm dsh at breast height, which lead to a much smaller mean stem size and lower basal area, above-ground biomass, and canopy closure compared to the primary plots at both sites. For the primary cloud forest at Maquipucuna, an increase in elevation changed the species-level floristics more than conversion to and then abandonment from agriculture; however, while a rise in elevation increased the number of stems, agriculture reduced stem size structure.

Os óleos voláteis e seus compostos isolados têm sido alvo de investigações relacionadas à capacidade de eliminar microrganismos patogênicos, considerando-se que sua função de proteção do vegetal contra o ataque de patógenos é um indicativo de que tais substâncias podem ser potencialmente terapêuticas. Em virtude da limitada terapia antifúngica disponível, associada ao desenvolvimento de resistência e níveis elevados de toxicidade, o emprego de tal classe de metabólitos secundários é investigado tanto na prevenção quanto no tratamento de processos infecciosos. O estudo das atividades biológicas de um óleo volátil está relacionado ainda ao entendimento das alterações na composição química ocasionadas por mudanças sazonais como tentativa de reconhecer fases do desenvolvimento do vegetal potencialmente ativas. Tendo em vista a importância da identificação de novas substâncias com atividade antifúngica a fim de proporcionar alternativas terapêuticas efetivas, este estudo determinou a composição química e as atividades antifúngica, antioxidante e antiquimiotáxica de óleos voláteis de Nectandra megapotamica, Nectandra lanceolata e Schinus lentiscifolius obtidos por hidrodestilação. Além disso, o mecanismo de ação antifúngico dos mesmos foi investigado e a variação da composição química sazonal do óleo volátil de N. megapotamica e sua relação com as atividades biológicas foi determinada. Quimicamente, ambos os óleos apresentaram predominância da fração sesquiterpênica, com os compostos biciclogermacreno (33,4%), β-cariofileno (32,5%) e γ-eudesmol (12,8%) identificados como majoritários respectivamente para as amostras de N. megapotamica, N. lanceolata e S. lentiscifolius. Atividade seletiva frente a dermatófitos foi evidenciada para os óleos de todas as espécies, sendo a membrana fúngica o provável alvo de ação. Especificamente para S. lentiscifolius há ainda o envolvimento da parede celular, indicado pela presença de dano em estruturas hifais, observadas por microscopia eletrônica, bem como resultado positivo para o ensaio de ergosterol. Através da técnica de checkerboard avaliou-se a combinação dos óleos voláteis e antifúngicos comerciais – terbinafina e ciclopirox – frente a isolados dos gêneros Microsporum e Trichophyton. Resumidamente, a combinação de N. lanceolata e ciclopirox apresentou interações 14 sinérgicas e aditivas para grande parte dos isolados (75%), enquanto que para S. lentiscifolius sinergismo foi observado principalmente em associação à terbinafina. Este efeito é devido, provavelmente, à ação das substâncias em alvos distintos da célula fúngica. Em relação à atividade antiquimiotáxica, os óleos de ambas as espécies inibiram significativamente a migração leucocitária, com percentual de atividade de até 95%. O efeito na quimiotaxia dos leucócitos está diretamente relacionado à ação da substância na fase inicial do processo inflamatório. Além das atividades mencionadas, o óleo de S. lentiscifolius apresentou efeito inibitório na formação de biofilme por M. canis, principal agente causador de tinea capitis. A capacidade de formação de biofilme por este microrganismo foi relatada pela primeira vez e caracterizada pela presença de regiões compactas de matriz extracelular polissacarídica, compatível com biofilme maduro. Em relação ao óleo de N. megapotamica, o estudo de variabilidade da composição química indicou forte influência da fração monoterpênica, principalmente limoneno, α- e β-pineno na bioatividade do óleo. Em suma, os resultados indicam que os óleos voláteis testados atuam de forma a sensibilizar a célula fúngica à ação do agente antifúngico resultando em melhora no efeito e redução da concentração ativa do fármaco, minimizando, consequentemente, os efeitos adversos relacionados. Além disso, apresentam a vantagem de um efeito anti-inflamatório associado, reduzindo sintomas e acelerando o processo de cura.

The genus Nectandra , composed by approximately 120 species that are distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, belongs to the Lauraceae family. Plants from this genus, usually trees, have been used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal and antiprotozoal reagents; its biological potential has been reported in several studies conducted in vitro and in vivo. Chemically, the genus Nectandra contains different types of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids (aporphine, proaporphine, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline, and morphinandienone) and lignoids (furofuran, benzofuran, tetrahydrofuran, dihydrofuran, and 3,3-neolignan). Other compounds, such as terpenoids (mainly mono and sesquiterpenes), steroids, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids have been described in Nectandra genus. Other minor derivatives such as coumarins, benzoic acid derivatives, xanthone, benzophenones, lactones, sugars and fatty acids have also been isolated. Most of these studies associate biological aspects to isolated compounds. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the chemistry of the genus Nectandra and compile approximately 200 compounds isolated from different species, together with their therapeutic potential.

Fil: Poszkus Borrero, Pablo A. Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Bohren, Alicia V. Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Keller, Hector A. Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Keller, Hector A. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Fil: Keller, Hector A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Fil: Grance, Luis A. Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Dummel, Claudio J. Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. La arquitectura foliar de 12 especies leñosas de la familia Lauraceae que crecen en la Provincia de Misiones (Argentina) fueron estudiadas con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de las mismas. Las especies se caracterizan por presentar hojas simples, pecioladas, de ápice generalmente acuminado y con o sin domacios. Los patrones de venación de primero, segundo, tercero, cuarto y quinto orden fueron descriptos e ilustrados para las especies estudiadas; éstas presentan una venación secundaria de varios tipos: broquidódroma (Nectandra megapotamica, Cryptocarya aschersoniana, Ocotea diospyrifolia, Endlicheria paniculata, Ocotea puberula y Ocotea sp.), acródroma suprabasal imperfecta-broquidódroma (Cinnamomum amoenum, Ocotea pulchella), craspedódroma (Ocotea acutifolia) y eucantódromo-broquidódroma (Nectandra lanceolata, Nectandra angustifolia, Ocotea lancifolia). La densidad de areolas fue observada como un carácter diagnóstico importante; no siendo el caso del número de lados que éstas poseen. Todas las especies presentaron estomas paracíticos. Los caracteres analizados, junto con los morfológicos y epidérmicos, permitieron la diferenciación de las 12 especies estudiadas, evidenciando la importancia de la arquitectura foliar en el reconocimiento en estado vegetativo. Por primera vez para la flora Argentina, Endlicheria paniculata es citada en esta contribución.

The species of Lauraceae collected by Ludwig Riedel, excluding Ocotea, are commented and contextualized according to the different itineraries he travelled in Brazil, from 1821 to 1836, indicating the localities and dates of collections, whenever possible. To complete this work, two diaries of Riedel have been consulted and the information from them cross-checked with the annotations found on specimen labels. An annotated list of 48 entries provides information on the status of species names and their types, currently accepted names, and collections found in different herbaria. Lectotypes for five names, Aydendron verrucosum var. attenuata, Aydendron parviflorum, Mespilodaphne parviflora, Nectandra spicata, and Oreodaphne fasciculata, are designated. The species of Ocotea collected by Riedel will be treated in part II of this series.

In the course of reconstructing the Brazilian herbarium of Prince Maximilian of Wied, several species were found in the literature which need either correction or clarification. Problems include priority considerations, authority of species names, conflicting typifications and other errors. This paper reports 12 currently accepted species collected by Prince Maximilian in Brazil, commenting on their taxonomic status and nomenclature. Included are type specimens of Andromeda ambigua Schrad. (lecto and isolectotypes; = Agarista revoluta (Spreng.) Hook. f. ex Nied.), Andromeda crassifolia Nees (lecto and isolectotypes; = Agarista revoluta), Aphelandra marginata Nees & Mart. (lecto and isolectotypes), Aphelandra maximiliana (Nees) Benth. (lecto and isolectotypes), Ceiba ventricosa (Nees & Mart.) Ravenna (lectotype), Cinnamodendron axillare (Nees) Endl. ex Walp. (lecto and isolectotypes), Croton gnaphaloides Schrad. (lecto and isolectotype), C. klaenzei Mull. Arg. (holotype), Geissomeria nitida (Nees & Mart.) Nees & Mart. (lecto and isolectotypes), Nectandra squarrosa Nees var. pyrifolia Nees (lecto and isolectotypes; = Ocotea squarrosa (Nees) Mez), Ocotea squarrosa (lecto and isolectotypes), Pavonia semiserrata (Schrad.) Steud. (lecto and isolectotypes), Stenandrium serpens Nees (lecto and isolectotypes), Zollernia falcata Wied-Neuw. & Nees (lecto and isolectotypes; = Z. glabra (Spreng.) Yakovlev) and Z. splendens Wied-Neuw. & Nees (lectotype; = Z. glabra). Additionally, a new name, Aphelandra verrugensis P. L. R. Moraes, is proposed to replace Synandra amoena Schrad., which is the oldest name of the taxon currently known as Aphelandra ignea Nees.

Cuticular characters are epidermal or stomatal characters and are often used in the taxonomy and classification of fossil or extant Lauraceae. However, there is no consensus on their usefulness, especially as to which characters take priority and at which taxonomic level. This study compared the cuticular characters of species within the Neotropical genera of the Ocotea Aubl. complex to the reported molecular phylogeny. Species of the following genera are included in this study: Aiouea Aubl., Aniba Aubl., Dicypellium Nees & Mart., Endlicheria Nees, Kubitzkia van der Werff, Licaria Aubl., Nectandra Rol. ex Rottb., Ocotea, Paraia Rohwer, H. G. Richt. & van der Werff, Pleurothyrium Nees, Rhodostemonodaphne Rohwer & Kubitzki, Umbellularia (Nees) Nutt., and Urbanodendron Mez. Species groups based on cuticular characters, especially characters of the stomata, agreed well with the various clades in the molecular phylogeny, but did not agree with species grouped according to the traditional generic conce...

This study provides the first evidence for plant- insect associations from fossil leaf impressions of the San Jose and Palo Pintado formations, dated as middle and upper Miocene age, from northwestern Argentina. The size, shape and arrangement of leaf damage on several plant hosts consists of various chew marks made by mandibulate insects occurring along the leaf blades of Malvaciphyllum quenquiadensis Anzotegui and Cristalli (Malvaceae), hole feeding along the leaf edge of Nectandra saltensis Anzotegui (Lauraceae), mines within the internal tissues of M. quenquiadensis, and oviposition scars in Cedrela sp. (Meliaceae). Based on specific, identifiable features of the plant damage, the likely producers responsible for this damage include external foliage feeders such as Orthoptera, Phasmoptera and Coleoptera; leaf miners from the Lepidoptera but possibly Hymenoptera and Diptera; and ovipositing insects representing the Odonata. Many of these insect groups were previously known from earlier Paleogene deposits of Argentina, and similar ovipositional damage has been documented from the early Eocene of Rio Negro and middle Eocene of Chubut in Patagonia, indicating geochronological continuity and occurrence in marsh and open woodland plant communities under warm and seasonal climatic conditions.

Immature stages of Memphis moruus stheno (Prittwittz) were subject of a behavior, biological and morphological study. The morphological study was carried out through observation by stereoscopic microscopy with camera lucida and micrometric lens attached for illustrations and measurements, respectively; and scanning electron microscopy for ultrastructural analysis. Behavioral data were obtained through direct observation in the field and laboratory. Eggs were laid on the underside of leaves of two Lauraceae species. The first to third instars build frass chains, the fourth and the fifth instars build a conical shelter using a single leaf of the host plant. Before pupation, larvae bend its body ventrally and the pupae are incapable of movement. Descriptions, illustrations and photographs of egg, all five instars and pupa are given. The cephalic morphology and chaetotaxy of first instar were described and illustrated. Results are compared with other Charaxinae immature stages.

Notes on the lecotypification of Nectandra sanguinea, the type of Nectandra, are presented, complementing the prior one proposed by Luciano Bernardi. This is necessary in order to clarify the confusion that arose after his analysis whereby the sheet designated by him as “holotypus” was subsequently altered, and because he mixed elements of two different sheets in the photographic plate indicated as being a single sheet of the “holotypus.” Corrections of authorship and the place and date of publication of the species name are also discussed, having been overlooked by most authors who were seemingly unaware of the existence of the original dissertation published by Rottboll in 1776.