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This paper uses co-produced historical material to explore the evolution of two innovative mental healthcare institutions that emerged in Oxfordshire in the 1960s. We highlight how the trajectories of both institutions were driven by chance events occurring within social environments, rather than emerging out of evidence or policy initiatives. Both institutions found a role for spontaneity and an openness to chance in the way they worked. We argue that this kind of institutional history would be unlikely today; the paper develops and uses the concept of regulatory culture to explain why. We suggest that the role of regulatory culture has been neglected in the history of psychiatry.

Bertram Mandelbrote was Physician Superintendent and Consultant Psychiatrist at Littlemore Hospital in Oxford from 1959 to 1988. A humane pragmatist rather than theoretician, Mandelbrote was known for his facilitating style of leadership and working across organisational boundaries. He created the Phoenix Unit, an innovative admission unit run on therapeutic community lines which became a hub for community outreach. Material drawn from oral histories and witness seminars reflects the remarkably unstructured style of working on the Phoenix Unit and the enduring influence of Mandelbrote and fellow consultant Benn Pomryn’s styles of leadership. Practices initiated at Littlemore led to a number of innovative services in Oxfordshire. These innovations place Mandelbrote as a pioneer in social psychiatry and the therapeutic community approach.

This paper presents coproduced ethnographic material concerning the development of mental healthcare services in Oxfordshire, UK. Our collaborative working method highlights arbitrary events and connections in both individual lives and in the lives of institutions. We introduce the analytic concept of happenstance to make sense of this. Happenstance helps us theorize how chance arises in particular social contexts, contains both randomness and patterning, and becomes entwined with agency. The notion of happenstance thus enables us to retain a sense that chance is social and makes links between individuals or institutions and their social surround independently of structuration or habitus. The anthropology of bureaucracy has focused on the clumsiness of institutional mechanisms and the strategies people adopt in response. We suggest a new angle, combining happenstance with Ian Hacking’s notion of “ecological niche” to suggest how an openness to happenstance might create a different kind of evolving institution.

Purpose This study aimed to review traditional and new perspectives in the interpretation of the development of youth cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Methods We analyzed data from (i) the literature which for 80 yr has been traditionally based on interpretations of peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2) in ratio with body mass (BM) and (ii) recent multilevel allometric models founded on 994 (475 from girls) determinations of 10- to 16-yr-olds’ peak V˙O2 with measures of age, maturity status, and morphological covariates (BM and fat-free mass), and from 10 to 13 yr, 110 peak V˙O2 determinations of maximum cardiovascular covariates (stroke volume, cardiac output, and arteriovenous oxygen difference). Results The application of ratio scaling of physiological variables requires satisfying specific statistical assumptions that are seldom met. In direct conflict with the ratio-scaled data interpretation of CRF, multilevel allometric modeling shows that with BM controlled, peak V˙O2 increases with age but the effect is smaller in girls than boys. Maturity status exerts a positive effect on peak V˙O2, in addition to those of age and BM. Changes in maximum cardiovascular covariates contribute to explaining the development of CRF, but fat-free mass (as a surrogate for active muscle mass) is the most powerful single influence. With age, maturity status, morphological covariates, and maximum cardiovascular covariates controlled, there remains an unexplained ~4% to ~9% sex difference in peak V˙O2. Conclusions The traditional interpretation of peak V˙O2 in ratio with BM is fallacious and leads to spurious correlations with other health-related variables. Studies of the development of CRF require analyses of sex-specific, concurrent changes in age- and maturation-driven morphological and maximum cardiovascular covariates. Multilevel allometric modeling provides a rigorous, flexible, and sensitive method of data analysis.

Purpose To challenge current conventions in paediatric sport science and use data from recent longitudinal studies to elucidate the development of aerobic and anaerobic fitness, with reference to youth athletes. Methods (1) To critically review the traditional practice of ratio scaling physiological variables with body mass and, (2) to use multiplicative allometric models of longitudinal data, founded on 1053 (550 from boys) determinations of 10–17-year-olds’ peak oxygen uptake ($$ {{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2} $$ VO 2 ) and 763 (405 from boys) determinations of 11–17-year-olds’ peak power output (PP) and mean power output (MP), to investigate the development of aerobic and anaerobic fitness in youth. Results The statistical assumptions underpinning ratio scaling of physiological variables in youth are seldom met. Multiplicative allometric modelling of longitudinal data has demonstrated that fat free mass (FFM) acting as a surrogate for active muscle mass, is the most powerful morphological influence on PP, MP, and peak $$ {{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2} $$ VO 2 . With FFM appropriately controlled for, age effects remain significant but additional, independent effects of maturity status on anaerobic and aerobic fitness are negated. Conclusions Ratio scaling of physiological variables with body mass is fallacious, confounds interpretation of the development of anaerobic and aerobic fitness, and misleads fitness comparisons within and across youth sports. Rigorous evaluation of the development of anaerobic and aerobic fitness in youth requires longitudinal analyses of sex-specific, concurrent changes in age- and maturation-driven morphological covariates. Age and maturation-driven changes in FFM are essential considerations when evaluating the physiological development of youth athletes.

Este artigo é resultado de estudo cujo objetivo tem sido investigar o tratamento dos gêneros jornalísticos em sala de aula. Para tanto, recorremos ao conceito de campo em Bakhtin e Bourdieu, buscando uma reflexão acerca da relação campo e gêneros discursivos. Ambos formulam observações relevantes para esclarecer como os gêneros são condicionados pelas características do campo a que pertencem, como se relacionam entre si e com gêneros de outros campos. Sabemos que uma parte do repertório de gêneros discursivos utilizados pela escola, sobretudo nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa, é oriunda do jornalismo que, como todo campo, possui coerções inerentes ao meio em que circulam, (re)produzindo discursos dos diferentes momentos sócio-históricos e ideológicos.

Quais as contribuições, a criação e exploração de recursos didáticos elaborados por arte-educadores/as podem acrescentar para o ensino de Arte na Educação Infantil? Nesta reflexão, temos como objetivo relatar o processo criativo que envolveu a produção de recursos didáticos para ações com Artes Visuais na Educação Infantil. Tais recursos foram desenvolvidos em 2019, durante a disciplina de Estágio Supervisionado em Artes Visuais, realizada junto a estudantes de um curso de licenciatura em Artes Visuais de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior e um Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil. Os recursos didáticos criados por nós foram elaborados a partir das obras do artista brasileiro Aldemir Martins e levaram em conta as especificidades identificadas em uma turma, com 25 crianças entre 11 meses e 1 ano e 11 meses. Na descrição desse processo, primeiro explicamos as especificidades do Estágio Supervisionado em Artes Visuais e enfatizamos as contribuições que ações educativas com Artes Visuais podem conferir às crianças da Educação Infantil. Depois, relatamos o processo criativo a partir do qual criamos e exploramos um conjunto recursos didáticos, e analisamos as maneiras como as crianças do Infantil 1 interagiram com aspectos artísticos e estéticos das obras de Aldemir Martins. Consideramos, por fim, que as intervenções, estudos e avaliações realizadas durante o Estágio Supervisionado apontam para a valorização das formas de ampliar/diversificar as maneiras como são criados e utilizados os recursos didáticos que promovem o conhecimento em Artes Visuais e chamamos atenção para a potência educativa que o/a arte-educador/a pode acarretar à Educação Infantil.

Purposes To investigate longitudinally (1) the contribution of morphological covariates to explaining the development of maximum cardiac output ($${\dot{\text{Q}}}$$Q˙ max) and maximum arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2 diff max), (2) sex differences in $${\dot{\text{Q}}}$$Q˙ max and a-vO2 diff max once age, maturity status, and morphological covariates have been controlled for, and, (3) the contribution of concurrent changes in morphological and cardiovascular covariates to explaining the sex-specific development of peak oxygen uptake ($$\dot{{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$$V˙O2). Methods Fifty-one (32 boys) 11–13-year-olds had their peak $$\dot{{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$$V˙O2, maximum heart rate (HR max), $${\dot{\text{Q}}}$$Q˙ max, and a-vO2 diff max determined during treadmill running on three annual occasions. The data were analysed using multilevel allometric modelling. Results There were no sex differences in HR max which was not significantly (p > 0.05) correlated with age, morphological variables, or peak $$\dot{{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$$V˙O2. The best-fit models for $${\dot{\text{Q}}}$$Q˙ max and a-vO2 diff max were with fat-free mass (FFM) as covariate with age, maturity status, and haemoglobin concentration not significant (p > 0.05). FFM was the dominant influence on the development of peak $$\dot{{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$$V˙O2. With FFM controlled for, the introduction of either $${\dot{\text{Q}}}$$Q˙ max or a-vO2 diff max to multilevel models of peak $$\dot{{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$$V˙O2 resulted in significant (p Conclusions (1) With FFM controlled for, there were no sex differences in $${\dot{\text{Q}}}$$Q˙ max or a-vO2 diff max, (2) FFM was the dominant influence on the development of peak $$\dot{{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$$V˙O2, and (3) with FFM and either $${\dot{\text{Q}}}$$Q˙ max or a-vO2 diff max controlled for, there remained an unresolved sex difference of ~ 4% in peak $$\dot{{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2} .$$V˙O2.

Background Current evidence of metabolic health benefits of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are limited to longer training periods or conducted in overweight youth. This study assessed 1) fasting and postprandial insulin and glucose before and after 2 weeks of HIIT in healthy adolescent boys, and 2) the relationship between pre intervention health outcomes and the effects of the HIIT intervention. Methods Seven healthy boys (age:14.3 ± 0.3 y, BMI: 21.6 ± 2.6, 3 participants classified as overweight) completed 6 sessions of HIIT over 2 weeks. Insulin resistance (IR) and blood glucose and insulin responses to a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test (MMTT) were assessed before (PRE), 20 h and 70 h after (POST) the final HIIT session. Results Two weeks of HIIT had no effect on fasting plasma glucose, insulin or IR at 20 h and 70 h POST HIIT, nor insulin and glucose response to MMTT (all P > 0.05). There was a strong negative correlation between PRE training IR and change in IR after HIIT (r = − 0.96, P Conclusion Two weeks of HIIT did not elicit improvements to fasting or postprandial glucose or insulin health outcomes in a group of adolescent boys. However the negative correlation between PRE IR and improvements after HIIT suggest that interventions of this type may be effective in adolescents with raised baseline IR.

Purpose To investigate (1) whether maximal stroke volume (SVmax) occurs at submaximal exercise intensities, (2) sex differences in SVmax once fat-free mass (FFM) has been controlled for, and, (3) the contribution of concurrent changes in FFM and SVmax to the sex-specific development of peak oxygen uptake $$ \left( {{\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2} } \right) $$V˙O2. Methods The peak $$ {\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2} $$V˙O2 s of 61 (34 boys) 11–12-year-olds were determined and their SV determined during treadmill running at 2.28 and 2.50 m s−1 using carbon dioxide rebreathing. The SVmax and peak $$ {\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2} $$V˙O2 of 51 (32 boys) students who volunteered to be tested treadmill running at 2.50 m s−1 on three annual occasions were investigated using multilevel allometric modelling. The models were founded on 111 (71 from boys) determinations of SVmax, FFM, and peak $$ {\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2} $$V˙O2. Results Progressive increases in treadmill running speed resulted in significant (p $$ {\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2} $$V˙O2, but SV levelled-off with nonsignificant (p > 0.05) changes within ~ 2–3%. In the multilevel models, SVmax increased proportionally to FFM0.72 and with FFM controlled for, there were no significant (p > 0.05) sex differences. Peak $$ {\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2} $$V˙O2 increased with FFM but after adjusting for FFM0.98, a significant (p $$ {\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2} $$V˙O2 remained. Introducing SVmax to the multilevel model revealed a significant (p $$ {\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2} $$V˙O2. Conclusions Fat-free mass explained sex differences in SVmax, but with FFM controlled for, there was still a ~ 5% sex difference in peak $$ {\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2} $$V˙O2. SVmax made a modest additional contribution to explain the development of peak $$ {\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2} , $$V˙O2, but there remained an unresolved sex difference of ~ 4%.

Rigorously determined peak oxygen uptake is internationally recognized as the criterion measure of youth cardiorespiratory fitness. The assessment and interpretation of children's and adolescents' peak oxygen uptake and the relationship of the measure with other health-related variables are well documented. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the prediction of peak oxygen uptake from field performance tests in young people. However, coupled with ratio-scaling of data and the raising of clinical red flags, these practices risk clouding our understanding of youth cardiorespiratory fitness and its relationship with current and future health. We believe these methods have the potential to mislead clinical practice and misguide recommendations for the promotion of youth cardiovascular health. We discuss relevant scientific evidence and interpretations that have emerged from predicting youth cardiorespiratory fitness from performance test scores. We argue that children deserve to have health care founded on evidence-based science and not on myths and misconceptions.La consommation maximale d'oxygène rigoureusement déterminée est reconnue à l'échelle internationale comme la mesure du critère de la capacité cardiorespiratoire des jeunes. On dispose de nombreuses informations sur l'évaluation et l'interprétation de la consommation maximale d'oxygène des enfants et des adolescents, ainsi que sur le lien de la mesure avec d'autres variables relatives à la santé. On a récemment constaté un regain d'intérêt à l'égard de la prédiction de la consommation maximale d'oxygène à partir de tests de performance sur le terrain chez les jeunes. Néanmoins, associées à une mise à l'échelle proportionnelle des données et à la diffusion d'alertes cliniques, ces pratiques risquent de brouiller notre compréhension de la capacité cardiorespiratoire des jeunes et de son lien avec leur santé actuelle et future. Nous pensons que ces méthodes sont susceptibles d'altérer les pratiques cliniques et les recommandations liées à la promotion de la santé cardiovasculaire des jeunes. Nous examinons les données et les interprétations scientifiques pertinentes qui ont émergé de la prédiction de la capacité cardiorespiratoire des jeunes à partir des résultats des tests de performance. Nous soutenons que les enfants méritent de bénéficier de soins de santé fondés sur des données scientifiques, et non sur des mythes et des idées fausses.La rigurosa determinación del consumo máximo de oxígeno es reconocida internacionalmente como la medida de criterio de la condición cardiorrespiratoria de los jóvenes. La evaluación e interpretación del consumo máximo de oxígeno de niños y adolescentes y la relación de la medida con otras variables relacionadas con la salud están bien documentadas. Recientemente ha resurgido el interés por la predicción del consumo máximo de oxígeno a partir de pruebas de rendimiento en campo en personas jóvenes. Sin embargo, junto con los datos de la escala de razón y el incremento de las señales de alerta clínicas, estas prácticas corren el riesgo de nublar nuestra comprensión de la condición cardiorrespiratoria en los jóvenes y su relación con la salud actual y futura. Se considera que estos métodos pueden inducir a error a la práctica clínica y a las recomendaciones mal orientadas para la promoción de la salud cardiovascular en los jóvenes. Se analizan las evidencias científicas relevantes y las interpretaciones que han surgido de la predicción de la condición cardiorrespiratoria en los jóvenes a partir de los puntajes de las pruebas de rendimiento. Se argumenta que los niños merecen que el cuidado de la salud se base en la ciencia basada en la evidencia y no en mitos y conceptos erróneos.يُعرف معدل الامتصاص الأقصى للأوكسجين المحدد بشكل صارم بأنه مقياس معياري للياقة القلبية التنفسية لدى الشباب. تم توثيق كل من تقييم وتفسير معدل الامتصاص الأقصى للأوكسجين لدى الأطفال والمراهقين، وكذلك علاقة المقياس بالمتغيرات الأخرى ذات الصلة بالصحة. عاود الظهور مؤخراً الاهتمام بالتنبؤ بمعدل الامتصاص الأقصى للأكسجين من اختبارات الأداء الميداني لدى الشباب. ومع ذلك، وبالإضافة إلى زيادة نسبة البيانات وظهور أجراس إنذار سريرية، فإن هذه الممارسات تخاطر بالتأثير على فهمنا للياقة القلبية التنفسية لدى الشباب، وعلاقتها بالمؤشرات الصحية الحالية والمستقبلية. نحن نؤمن بأن هذه الطرق لديها القدرة على إفساد الممارسة السريرية وتشتيت التوصيات الخاصة بتعزيز صحة القلب والأوعية الدموية لدى الشباب. نحن نناقش الأدلة العلمية والتفسيرات ذات الصلة والتي ظهرت نتيجة توقع اللياقة القلبية التنفسية لدى الشباب بناء على نتائج اختبار الأداء. نحن نؤكد أن الأطفال يستحقون الحصول على رعاية صحية ترتكز على العلوم المبنية على الأدلة وليس على الأساطير والمفاهيم الخاطئة.严格确定的峰值摄氧量是国际公认的青少年心肺健康标准。儿童与青少年的峰值摄氧量的评估和解释以及该量值与其他健康相关变量的关系已有详细记录。最近年轻人对于通过现场表现测试来预测峰值摄氧量的兴趣再次高涨。然而，伴随着数据比值缩放和临床危险信号的增加，这些做法使我们对青少年心肺健康及其与当前和未来健康的关系认识不清。我们认为这些方法有可能会把临床实践引入误区并且误导有关青少年心血管健康的建议。我们讨论了通过表现测试评分预测青少年心肺健康中出现的相关科学证据和解释。我们主张儿童应该享有以循证科学为基础，而不是基于误区和误解的医疗保健。.Тщательно определяемое пиковое потребление кислорода считается международным критерием определения кардиореспираторной выносливости у молодежи. Оценка и интерпретация пикового потребления кислорода у детей и подростков и связь этого параметра с другими переменными, относящимися к здоровью, хорошо зафиксированы документально. Наблюдается возрождение интереса к прогнозированию пикового потребления кислорода при проведении функциональных проб среди молодежи. Однако в сочетании с масштабированием данных и появлением сомнений клинического характера эти практики могут осложнить понимание кардиореспираторной выносливости молодежи и ее связи с текущим и будущим здоровьем. Авторы полагают, что эти методы могут быть обманчивыми для клинической практики и послужить основой для неправильных рекомендаций по профилактике сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний среди молодежи. Авторы обсудили соответствующие научные обоснования и интерпретации, которые появились в связи с прогнозированием кардиореспираторной выносливости молодежи по результатам функциональных проб. Авторы утверждают, что развитие системы детского здравоохранения должно опираться на научно обоснованные факты, а не на мифы и искаженные представления.

The purpose of the study was to examine whether a higher aerobic fitness in 9-10 year old children is related to superior macro and microvascular health and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Ninety-six 9-10 year olds (53 boys) completed the study. Body composition was assessed from air displacement plethysmography and magnetic resonance imaging. Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2) was assessed from a ramp-incremental cycling exercise test. Macrovascular outcomes were assessed from pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity (PWV) using applanation tonometry. Microvascular function was assessed from the functional microvascular reserve and skin erythrocyte flux after iontophoretic application of skin vasodilators. Assessment of CVD risk was assessed via body mass index, total body fat percentage and visceral adipose tissue, glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, while insulin resistance was calculated using Homeostatic model assessment. Aerobic fitness groups (higher vs lower) were calculated from V̇O2 peak scaled for body mass (mL·kg-0.61·min-1) and fat free mass (mL·FFM-1·min-1). Children with a higher V̇O2 peak scaled for body mass had a greater carotid to ankle PWV compared to those with lower aerobic fitness (mean ± SD: 6.08 ± 0.47 vs. 5.87 ± 0.43 m·s-1; p = 0.039), although this became non-significant when scaled for FFM (p = 0.56). No other mean differences in vascular or CVD risk health markers were present between higher and lower groups of aerobic fitness when scaled for body mass or FFM. Conclusion: Directly assessed aerobic fitness is not related to macro and microvascular health outcomes or CVD risk markers in 9-10 year olds.

We welcome Raffy Dotan’s Letter to the Editor (14) as it gives us another opportunity to promote evidence-based discussion of the development of youth aerobic fitness. Readers of our contributions to the 2019 Special Issue of Pediatric Exercise Science (6,27,28) will recall that we concluded with, “The authors encourage all pediatric exercise scientists to engage with this discussion, to share ideas and methods, and be willing to explore alternatives. There are many issues to resolve and constructive, collaborative debate will speed our collective aim toward a better understanding of pediatric aerobic fitness in health and disease” (27, p. 256). Not the words of authors preaching a “gospel” with “evangelistic persistence” as Dotan (14) suggests, but of scientists genuinely seeking to stimulate evidence-based discussion of the development of youth aerobic fitness and its relationship with health and well-being.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) reflects the integrated ability to deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the skeletal muscles and to utilize it to generate energy to support muscle activity during exercise. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2) is internationally recognized as the criterion measure of youth CRF. It is well-documented that in youth peak VO2 increases with sex-specific, concurrent changes in a range of age- and maturity status-driven morphological and physiological covariates with the timing and tempo of changes specific to individuals. However, a recent resurgence of interest in predicting peak VO2 from field test performances and the persistence of fallacious interpretations of peak VO2 in 1:1 ratio with body mass have obfuscated general understanding of the development of CRF. Moreover, as spurious relationships arise when ratio-scaled data are correlated with health-related variables the use of this scaling technique has confounded the relationship of youth CRF with indicators of current and future health. This paper reviews the extant evidence and concludes that the interpretation of youth CRF and the promotion of young people’s health and well-being should be founded on scientific facts and not on fictions based on flawed methodology and specious interpretation of data.

Purpose To investigate, longitudinally, short-term power output in relation to sex and concurrent changes in age, body mass, fat-free mass (FFM), and maturity status. Methods Multiplicative multilevel modeling which enables the effects of variables to be partitioned concurrently within an allometric framework was used to analyze the peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) of 388 11- to 18-yr-olds. Multilevel models were founded on 763 (405 from boys; 358 from girls) determinations of PP and MP from Wingate anaerobic tests, supported by anthropometric measures and maturity status. Results In both sexes, PP and MP were significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with age, body mass, and FFM. After controlling for body mass, initial models showed positive effects for age on PP and MP, with negative effects for sex and a sex by age interaction. Sex-specific models showed maturity status to have no additional effect on either PP or MP once age and body mass had been controlled for. Skinfold thicknesses in addition to body mass to provide a surrogate for FFM, yielded a significantly (P < 0.05) better statistical fit in all models compared with those based on either body mass or FFM estimated from youth-specific skinfold equations. Models founded on estimated FFM provided a significantly (P < 0.05) better fit than those based on body mass. Conclusions With body mass controlled for boys’ PP and MP are higher than those of girls and sex differences increase with age from 11 to 18 yr. A multilevel modeling approach has showed that in both sexes the most powerful influences on short-term power output are concurrent changes in age and FFM as reflected by the combination of body mass and skinfold thicknesses.

In this paper, we draw on cross-sectional, treadmill-determined, peak oxygen uptake data, collected in our laboratory over a 20-year period, to examine whether traditional per body mass (ratio) scaling appropriately controls for body size differences in youth. From an examination of the work of pioneering scientists and the earliest studies of peak oxygen uptake, we show how ratio scaling appears to have no sound scientific or statistical rationale. Using simple methods based on correlation and regression, we demonstrate that the statistical relationships, which are assumed in ratio scaling, are not met in groups of similar aged young people. We also demonstrate how sample size and composition can influence relationships between body mass and peak oxygen uptake and show that mass exponents derived from log-linear regression effectively remove the effect of body mass. Indiscriminate use of ratio scaling to interpret young people's fitness, to raise "Clinical Red Flags", and to assess clinical populations concerns us greatly, as recommendations and conclusions based upon this method are likely to be spurious. We urge those involved with investigating youth fitness to reconsider how data are routinely scaled for body size.

Purpose: To investigate peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2) in relation to sex, age, body mass, fat-free mass (FFM), maturity, and overweight status. Methods: Multiplicative, allometric models of 10- to 18-y...

Purpose To investigate the development of peak power output (PP) and mean power output (MP) during two different modes of exercise in relation to sex and concurrent changes in age, body mass, fat-free mass (FFM), maturity status and, in the case of MP, peak oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$\end{document}V˙O2). Methods PP and MP were determined cycling against a fixed braking force (Wingate anaerobic test) and running on a non-motorized treadmill. Peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} $$\end{document}V˙O2 was determined using cycle ergometry and treadmill running. 135 (63 girls) students initially aged 11–14 years were tested over 2 days on three annual occasions. The data were analysed using multiplicative allometric modelling which enables the effects of variables to be partitioned concurrently within an allometric framework. Multiplicative models were founded on 301 (138 from girls) determinations of PP and MP on each ergometer. Results With body mass controlled for, both PP and MP increased with age but maturity status did not independently contribute to any of the multiplicative allometric models. Boys’ PP and MP were significantly (p

Purposes To investigate the development of peak oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2) assessed on both a treadmill and a cycle ergometer in relation with sex and concurrent changes in age, body mass, fat-free mass (FFM), and maturity status and to evaluate currently proposed ‘clinical red flags’ or health-related cut-points for peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2. Methods Multiplicative multilevel modelling, which enables the effects of variables to be partitioned concurrently within an allometric framework, was used to analyze the peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2s of 138 (72 boys) students initially aged 11–14 years and tested on three annual occasions. Models were founded on 640 (340 from boys) determinations of peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2, supported by anthropometric measures and maturity status. Results Mean peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2s were 11–14% higher on a treadmill. The data did not meet the statistical assumptions underpinning ratio scaling of peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2 with body mass. With body mass appropriately controlled for boys’ peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2s were higher than girls’ values and the difference increased with age. The development of peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2 was sex-specific, but within sex models were similar on both ergometers with FFM the dominant anthropometric factor. Conclusions Data should not be pooled for analysis but data from either ergometer can be used independently to interpret the development of peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2 in youth. On both ergometers and in both sexes, FFM is the most powerful morphological influence on the development of peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2. ‘Clinical red flags’ or health-related cut-points proposed without consideration of exercise mode and founded on peak \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\dot{{V}}{\text{O}}_{2}$$\end{document}V˙O2 in ratio with body mass are fallacious.

SummaryThis article explores how ‘wicked problems’ such as climate change might force psychiatry to rethink some of its fundamental ideas and ways of working, including clinical boundaries, understandings of psychopathology and ways of organising. We use ethnographic evidence to explore how mental health service ‘survivor’ activists are already rethinking some of these issues by therapeutically orienting themselves towards social problems and collective understandings of well-being, rejecting ‘treatment as usual’ approaches to distress. In this way we provide an example of the potential of activists to help psychiatry negotiate the climate crisis.

International audience; Purpose :The aims of the present study were to determine during childhood and adolescence (i) the effect of sex on non-oxidative energy production, quantified by the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD), and (ii) the influence of AOD on high-intensity performance.Methods :Thirty-nine boys and 35 girls aged 10–17 years performed a 60 s all-out test on a rowing ergometer to determine AOD and mean power output (MPO). Multiplicative allometric modelling was used to assess the concurrent effects of lean body mass (LBM) and age on AOD.Results :AOD significantly increased with age in both sexes (p Conclusion :Non-oxidative energy production increased more extensively in boys than girls from the age of 14 years. Age and LBM accounted for the sexual differentiation of AOD during childhood and adolescence. In addition, AOD was found to be a determinant factor of high-intensity performance, more particularly in boys.

This paper examines the important role that two community-based campus stations - CHRY 105.5FM and CKLN 88.1FM -- play in community cohesion and identity formation in the Caribbean Canadian community in Toronto. The research questions are: What roles do community media play in the lives of Caribbean-Canadians in Toronto?; How do Caribbean Canadians access these media to tell their stories or hear their voice?; How do these media outreach to the large Caribbean Canadian community in Toronto?; How do they describe the relationship that they have with CHRY 105.5FM and CKLN 88.1 FM; and, Do these media affirm the marginalized status of Caribbean Canadians, or are they sites of transformation for Caribbean Canadians daring to contest their exclusion from mainstream radio? These radio stations readily accommodate people, including many on the margins, who are not represented in mainstream media - the public broadcaster, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), or private commercial radio stations. They are the employers of many immigrants, mainly volunteers, who face barriers because of their Caribbean accents, lack of a Canadian accent, and the lack of "Canadian experience". The 'othering' of these immigrants has pushed/pulled them to these community-based campus radio stations where they find a voice to challenge oppressive systems from outside and within. These are community enhancing spaces where the Caribbean diaspora will hear familiar genres of music - reggae, soca, calypso, ragga, zouk - and accents/languages (Spanish, French, Creole) of the multicultural and multilingual Caribbean diaspora in Toronto.

Basketball is characterized by high-intensity episodes predominantly reliant on anaerobic metabolism. The force-velocity test enables individual determination of an optimal braking force and emerged as appropriate to estimate optimal peak power. It has rarely been used in youth basketball. This study aimed to examine the contribution of body size, composition, and biological maturation to interindividual variation in force-velocity test output among pre-pubertal basketball players. The sample consisted of 64 male participants (8.4–12.3 years). Stature, sitting height, body mass and two skinfolds were measured, and leg length estimated. Fat-free mass and lower limb volume were estimated from anthropometry. Age at peak height velocity was predicted from maturity offset. Optimal peak power was correlated with all body size descriptors (correlation: 0.541–0.700). Simple allometric models explained 30–47% of inter-individual variance, with fat-free mass being the best predictor of performance. Whole-body fat-free mass (as a surrogate for active muscle mass) plus the indicator of maturation emerged as the best proportional allometric model (53% explained variance). Even at pre-pubertal ages, the interpretation of the force-velocity test requires assessing the metabolically active component of body mass.

International audience; PurposeThe aim of the present study was to investigate (i) how glycolytic metabolism assessed by accumulated oxygen deficit (AODgly) and blood metabolic responses (lactate and pH) resulting from high-intensity exercise change during growth, and (ii) how lean body mass (LBM) influences AODgly and its relationship with blood markers.MethodsThirty-six 11- to 17-year olds performed a 60-s all-out test on a rowing ergometer. Allometric modelling was used to investigate the influence of LBM and LBM + maturity offset (MO) on AODgly and its relationship with the extreme post-exercise blood values of lactate ([La]max) and pH (pHmin) obtained during the recovery period.ResultsAODgly and [La]max increased while pHmin decreased linearly with LBM and MO (r2 = 0.46 to 0.72, p

There is increasing evidence that cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE) is declining among Chinese children and youth. The 20-meter shuttle run test (20-m SRT) is considered the most effective and widely used field-based measurement of CRE for children and youth worldwide. However, there have been few attempts to set 20-m SRT norms for Chinese children and youth. We aimed to develop sex- and age-specific 20-m SRT norms for Chinese children and youth, and compare them with international standards. Participants were 69,960 healthy children and youth aged 9-17 years from six geographical areas of China, selected using a stratified cluster random sampling method. Sex- and age-specific 20-m SRT percentiles and curves were extracted for four common 20-m SRT metrics (laps, completed stages/minutes, speed at the last complete stage, estimated peak oxygen uptake). We also estimated the prevalence of healthy CRE according to the interim international cut-points (42 mL.kg(-1)min(-1) for boys, 35 mL·kg·(1)min(-1) for girls). Chinese boys consistently outperformed girls, while more girls (86.4%) exhibited healthy CRE than boys (67.1%). Younger children and youth were more likely to meet the standards compared with the older, regardless of sex. Chinese children and youth underperformed international norms by 0.85% for boys and 3.1% for girls. The performance indicator (z-score) of Chinese children and youth was -0.01, indicating that 20-m SRT performance was worse than the international mean. The sex differences were also higher for international than Chinese students. This study provided national sex- and age-specific 20-m SRT Chinese norms, offering a valuable tool for screening, monitoring and identifying target groups for future interventions and early prevention of cardiovascular risk factors.

Summary This paper shows how the implementation of a continuous-improvement process, in combination with precampaign-engineering and planning-optimization efforts, allowed the operator to expand the existing drilling-and-completion envelope in a mature offshore field. This provided a cost-effective means to access the remaining attic and undrained oil in a very shallow reservoir. Application of new technology, extended-reach-drilling (ERD) practices, complex completions, detailed engineering, good-quality real-time data, and execution support at the rigsite drove the evolution of well designs for the operator during the last 8 years, enabling the life of this mature asset to be extended. This paper highlights the evolutionary process applied to enable economic in-field development, with an emphasis on relevant transferable learnings that might be applicable to other complex ERD-well projects within the industry.

SummaryThis paper considers a witness seminar in which healthcare professionals discussed working on an acute admissions ward run along therapeutic community lines from the 1960s to the 1980s. Participants remarked that older styles of working are ‘unimaginable’ today. This paper discusses why. Literature from the humanities and social sciences suggest healthcare is reactive, reflecting wider cultural changes, including a preference for a more bureaucratic, standardised, explicit style of reasoning and a high valuation of personal autonomy. Such a reflection prompts questions about the nature of professional expertise, the role of evidence and the importance of the humanities and social sciences.Declaration of interestNone.

I would like to thank Raffy Dotan for his kind personal comments and interest in the “Special Topic: Top 10 Research Questions Related to Youth Aerobic Fitness” (Armstrong, 2017). The Special Topic...

This study examined the time course of adaptions in insulin sensitivity (IS) in adolescent boys after acute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity exercise (MIE). Eight boys (15.1±0.4 y) completed three 3-day experimental trials in a randomised order: 1) 8×1 min cycling at 90% peak power with 75 s recovery (HIIE); 2) cycling at 90% of gas exchange threshold for a duration to match work during HIIE (MIE); and 3) rest (CON). Plasma [glucose] and [insulin] were measured before (PRE-Ex), 24 and 48 h post (24 h-POST, 48 h-POST) in a fasted state, and 40 min (POST-Ex) and 24 h (24 h-POST) post in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). IS was estimated using the Cederholm (OGTT) and HOMA (fasted) indices. There was no change to HOMA at 24 h or 48 h-POST (all P>0.05). IS from the OGTT was higher POST-EX for HIIE compared to CON (17.4%, P=0.010, ES=1.06), and a non-significant increase in IS after MIE compared to CON (9.0%, P=0.14, ES=0.59). At 24 h-POST, IS was higher following both HIIE and MIE compared to CON (HIIE: P=0.019, 13.2%, ES=0.88; MIE: 9.7%, P=0.024, ES=0.65). In conclusion, improvements to IS after a single bout of HIIE and MIE persist up to 24 h after exercise when assessed by OGTT.

Assessment of plasma insulin and glucose outcomes is important in paediatric studies aimed at reducing future risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The aims of this study are to determine the between-method agreement and the day-to-day reliability of fasting and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-derived estimates of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in healthy boys. Fasting and OGTT assesments of insulin resistance and β-cell function were performed on 28 boys (12.3±2.9 years). Measurements were repeated after 1 week (fasting, n=28) and 1 day (OGTT, n=8). Agreement between estimates of insulin resistance and β-cell function was examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Reliability was assessed using change in the mean, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and typical error expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV). The Matsuda index was positively related with QUICKI (r=0.88, P0.05). For reliability, QUICKI had the lowest CV% for the fasting (4.7%) and the Cederholm index for the OGTT (6.4%) estimates. The largest CV% was observed in fasting insulin (30.8%) and insulinogenic index 30’ (62.5%). This study highlights differences in between-method agreement and day-to-day reliability for estimates of insulin resistance in youth. The low CV supports the use of the FGIR (fasting) and Cederholm (OGTT) indices in this population.

Peak oxygen uptake (2) is internationally recognized as the criterion measure of youth aerobic fitness, but despite pediatric data being available for almost 80 years, its measurement and interpretation in relation to growth, maturation, and health remain controversial. The trainability of youth aerobic fitness continues to be hotly debated, and causal mechanisms of training-induced changes and their modulation by chronological age, biological maturation, and sex are still to be resolved. The daily physical activity of youth is characterized by intermittent bouts and rapid changes in intensity, but physical activity of the intensity and duration required to determine peak 2 is rarely (if ever) experienced by most youth. In this context, it may therefore be the transient kinetics of pulmonary 2 that best reflect youth aerobic fitness. There are remarkably few rigorous studies of youth pulmonary 2 kinetics at the onset of exercise in different intensity domains, and the influence of chronological ag...

Background: In health-related studies, the development of aerobic fitness in youth is seldom elucidated and often misinterpreted. The issue is confused further by the use of performance data to replace or predict physiological variables. Objectives: To address methodological issues in the determination of young people’s peak oxygen uptake (peak 2); to examine the change in peak 2 with chronological age; to challenge the conventional interpretation of peak 2 in relation to body mass; to investigate the contribution of biological maturation to peak 2; and to clarify young people’s current aerobic fitness in relation to previous generations. Major findings: There is a progressive increase in peak 2 with chronological age in both sexes independent of the influence of body mass. Biological maturation exerts an additional positive effect on peak 2 in both sexes independent of chronological age and body mass. There is no compelling evidence to support a secular decrease in young people’s peak 2 but ubiquitous da...

Three papers which between them raise controversial issues, apply laboratory measures to sport performance, and expose gaps in knowledge were selected for commentary. The first paper (Sports Med. 2016;46:1451–1460) reviews the literature on peak V̇O2 in relation to body size and recommends that peak V̇O2 in youth is best expressed via allometric scaling of lean body mass. The second paper (Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2016;28:456–465) reports that maturity status has no effect on peak V̇O2, respiratory compensation point, or ventilatory threshold in youth soccer players once data have been allometrically normalized by lower limb muscle volume. It concludes that in future this technique should be used to compare the aerobic fitness of youth soccer players. The third paper (Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116:1781–1794) demonstrates that V̇O2 kinetics determined in a laboratory is related to measures associated with soccer match play and might distinguish superior performance within a group of highly trained youth players. The commentary stresses the importance of experimental rigor, emphasizes the need for appropriate scaling of physiological variables, challenges spurious correlations with health-related variables, endorses the use of a range of aerobic fitness measures, welcomes the application of laboratory data to sport performance, and identifies areas for future research.

ObjectivesThe 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT) is used to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) through the prediction of peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2), but its validity as a measure of CRF during childhood and adolescence is questionable. This study examined the validity of the 20mSRT to predict peak V˙O2 .MethodsPeak V˙O2 was measured during treadmill running. Log-linear regression was used to correct peak V˙O2 for body mass and sum of skinfolds plus age. Boys completed the 20mSRT under standardised conditions. Maximum speed (km/h) was used with age to predict peak V˙O2 using the equation developed by Léger et al. Validity was examined from linear regression methods and limits of agreement (LoA). Relationships between 20mSRT performance and allometrically adjusted peak V˙O2, and predicted per cent fat were examined.ResultsThe sample comprised 76 boys aged 11–14 years. Predicted and measured mass-related peak V˙O2 (mL/kg/min) shared common variance of 32%. LoA revealed that measured peak V˙O2 ranged from 15% below to 25% above predicted peak V˙O2 . There were no significant relationships (p>0.05) between predicted peak V˙O2 and measured peak V˙O2 adjusted for mass, age and skinfold thicknesses. Adjusted for body mass and age, peak V˙O2 was not significantly related (p>0.05) to 20mSRT final speed but a weak, statistically significant (r=0.24, pV˙O2 adjusted for mass and fatness. Predicted per cent fat was negatively correlated with 20mSRT speed (r=−0.61, pConclusionsThe 20mSRT reflects fatness rather than CRF and has poor validity grounded in its flawed estimation and interpretation of peak V˙O2 in mL/kg/min.

The purpose of the study was to examine whether a higher aerobic fitness in 9-10 year old children is related to superior macro and microvascular health and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Ninety-six 9-10 year olds (53 boys) completed the study. Body composition was assessed from air displacement plethysmography and magnetic resonance imaging. Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O(2)) was assessed from a ramp-incremental cycling exercise test. Macrovascular outcomes were assessed from pulse wave analysis and pulse wave velocity (PWV) using applanation tonometry. Microvascular function was assessed from the functional microvascular reserve and skin erythrocyte flux after iontophoretic application of skin vasodilators. Assessment of CVD risk was assessed via body mass index, total body fat percentage and visceral adipose tissue, glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, while insulin resistance was calculated using Homeostatic model assessment. Aerobic fitness groups (higher vs lower) were calculated from V̇O(2) peak scaled for body mass (mL·kg(-0.61)·min(-1)) and fat free mass (mL·FFM(-1)·min(-1)). Children with a higher V̇O(2) peak scaled for body mass had a greater carotid to ankle PWV compared to those with lower aerobic fitness (mean ± SD: 6.08 ± 0.47 vs. 5.87 ± 0.43 m·s(-1); p = 0.039), although this became non-significant when scaled for FFM (p = 0.56). No other mean differences in vascular or CVD risk health markers were present between higher and lower groups of aerobic fitness when scaled for body mass or FFM. Conclusion: Directly assessed aerobic fitness is not related to macro and microvascular health outcomes or CVD risk markers in 9-10 year olds.

Peak oxygen uptake (V O_2) is internationally recognized as the criterion measure of youth aerobic fitness, but flawed laboratory assessments and fallacious interpretations of peak V O_2 in ratio with body mass have confused our understanding of the development of aerobic fitness. Moreover, the recent emergence of specious predictions of peak V O_2 from performance tests and the promotion of spurious ‘clinical red flags’ and cardiometabolic cut-points have confused our understanding of the relationship between youth aerobic fitness and health. Recent longitudinal studies of 10-18 year-olds using multilevel allometric modelling have empirically demonstrated that peak V O_2 increases in accord with sex-specific, concurrent changes in age- and maturity status-driven morphological covariates with the timing and tempo of changes specific to individuals. During both cycle ergometry and treadmill running age- and maturity-status- driven changes in fat free mass have been revealed as the most powerful morphological influences on the development of youth aerobic fitness. To bring some clarity to current confusion, this paper argues that future studies must be founded on rigorous assessment and interpretation of peak V O_2 and ensure that they address the development of youth aerobic fitness and its relationship with present and future health in relation to appropriate sex-specific morphological covariates governed by individual biological clocks.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Do the phase II parameters of pulmonary oxygen uptake ( VO2 ) kinetics display linear, first-order behaviour in association with alterations in skeletal muscle oxygenation during step cycling of different intensities or when exercise is initiated from an elevated work rate in youths. What is the main finding and its importance? Both linear and non-linear features of phase II VO2 kinetics may be determined by alterations in the dynamic balance between microvascular O2 delivery and utilization in 11-15 year olds. The recruitment of higher-order (i.e. type II) muscle fibres during 'work-to-work' cycling might be responsible for modulating VO2 kinetics with chronological age. ABSTRACT This study investigated in 19 male youths (mean age: 13.6 ± 1.1 years, range: 11.7-15.7 years) the relationship between pulmonary oxygen uptake ( VO2 ) and muscle deoxygenation kinetics during moderate- and very heavy-intensity 'step' cycling initiated from unloaded pedalling (i.e. U → M and U → VH) and moderate to very heavy-intensity step cycling (i.e. M → VH). Pulmonary VO2 was measured breath-by-breath along with the tissue oxygenation index (TOI) of the vastus lateralis using near-infrared spectroscopy. There were no significant differences in the phase II time constant ( τVO2p ) between U → M and U → VH (23 ± 6 vs. 25 ± 7 s; P = 0.36); however, the τVO2p was slower during M → VH (42 ± 16 s) compared to other conditions (P

This commentary highlights 23 noteworthy publications from 2018, selected by leading scientists in pediatric exercise science. These publications have been deemed as significant or exciting in the field as they (a) reveal a new mechanism, (b) highlight a new measurement tool, (c) discuss a new concept or interpretation/application of an existing concept, or (d) describe a new therapeutic approach or clinical tool in youth. In some cases, findings in adults are highlighted, as they may have important implications in youth. The selected publications span the field of pediatric exercise science, specifically focusing on: aerobic exercise and training; neuromuscular physiology, exercise, and training; endocrinology and exercise; resistance training; physical activity and bone strength; growth, maturation, and exercise; physical activity and cognition; childhood obesity, physical activity, and exercise; pulmonary physiology or diseases, exercise, and training; immunology and exercise; cardiovascular physiology and disease; and physical activity, inactivity, and health.

To the editor: RUNX1 (also known as AML1 or CBFA2 ) and CBFB encode the α and β subunits of a heterodimeric core binding transcription factor complex involved in the development of normal hematopoiesis (reviewed by de Bruijn and Speck[1][1]). Both genes are rearranged in acute myeloid leukemia (

Recent publications in the British Journal of Sports Medicine ( BJSM) (mis)represent and (mis)interpret young people’s cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and potentially (mis)inform health promotion and clinical practice. 1 2 The papers recognise peak VO2as the criterion measure of CRF but base their estimations of peak VO2 on performances in 20 m shuttle runs (20mSRT). Moreover, and of serious concern to us, estimated peak VO2 is (mis)represented and (mis)interpreted in ratio with body mass (ie, in mL/kg/min). The papers identify a few of the limitations of shuttle running but a recent meta-analysis succinctly summarised the issues. It demonstrated that with children, over half of correlation coefficients between 20mSRT scores and peak VO2 explain less than 50% of the variance in peak VO2. The meta-analysis reported that the criterion-related validity of the 20mSRT with children was only ‘ moderate ’ and concluded, ‘testers must be aware that the performance score of the 20MSR test is simply estimation and not a direct measure of cardiorespiratory fitness’.3 An example of specious interpretation of 20mSRT scores is the assertion that …