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Black flies have medical importance because some species are vectors of the Onchocerciasis and Mansonelosis, nevertheless, their ecology and potential use as bioindicators is still poorly studied in the Neotropical Region. In Brazil, bioindicators use is strongly focused in a multimetrical ecological index approach; this way, we investigated the black fly spatial distribution, in relation to abiotic factors correlated to water quality, to provide baseline information for their utilization as standalone indicators of lotic systems integrity. We have tested the hypothesis that environmental changes related to urbanization, lead to decreased abundance and loss in the number of species of the black fly fauna. The sampling was conducted in 10 urban and 10 preserved streams during the dry season (August-September) of 2012, in the mountainous region of Teresópolis, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The streams were characterized for their environmental integrity conditions and physico-chemical properties of water. In each stream, five different rapid points were sampled in a section of 50 meters, 10 meters apart from each other. The black flies were sampled with a kick-net sampler on rocky substrates. The material was separated and the larvae were sorted in morphotypes, and later, the final instar specimens were dissected and identified with the help of taxonomical literature at species level. A total abundance of 488 larvae from nine species were collected, 5 (1.02 %) in extremely impacted streams, 470 (96.31 %) in intermediate streams and 13 (2.66 %) in preserved streams. The visual evaluation (HII) differed in relation to the water physico-chemical evaluation, in which more variation in the characterization of the sampling sites was observed. In Canonical Correspondence Analysis Simulium subpallidum, S. inscrustatum and S. pertinax were significantly associated with intermediate values of most of the variables, and then to intermediate impacted sites. On the other hand, Lutzsimulium hirticosta, S. subnigrum and Simulium sp. A were associated to low values of chemical variables, and then to more preserved sites. Most studies on the bioindicator potential of Simuliidae have suggested an approach to agricultural impacts, while our results, on the other hand, showed that Simuliidae species were present in streams with intermediate urban pollution impacts, but absent in heavily impacted sites. Thus, our data suggested that some species are associated to more pristine breeding sites, such as L. hirticosta and Simulium sp. A, while others may be good bioindicators of moderately impacted streams, such as S. pertinax, S. subnigrum and S. subpallidum. Aunque las moscas negras tienen importancia médica debido a que algunas de sus especies son vectores de la Oncocercosis y Mansonelosis, su ecología y su potencial como bioindicadores es aún poco estudiado en la Región Neotropical. En Brasil el uso de bioindicadores se centra principalmente en un índice ecológico multimétrico, en este estudio investigamos la distribución espacial de las moscas negras y su relación con los factores abióticos, para su utilización como indicadores de la integridad de los sistemas lóticos. En este sentido, hemos probado la hipótesis de que los cambios ambientales relacionados con la urbanización conducen a la disminución de la abundancia y la pérdida de especies de la mosca negra. El muestreo se llevó a cabo en la región montañosa del Estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, en 10 zonas urbanas y 10 arroyos conservados durante la estación seca (agosto-septiembre) de 2012. Los arroyos se caracterizaron por sus condiciones de integridad del ambiente y las propiedades físico-químicas de agua. Las moscas negras se muestrearon en sustratos rocosos con un kick-net sampler. El material se separó y las larvas se ordenaron por morfotipos y más tarde los especímenes en último estadio se disectaron e identificaron con la ayuda de la literatura taxonómica a nivel de especie. Una abundancia total de 488 larvas de nueve especies fueron recolectadas, 5 (1.02 %) en arroyos muy afectados, 470 (96.31 %) en intermedios y 13 (2.66 %) en conservados. La evaluación visual (HII) difiere de la físico-química del agua, en la que se observó una mayor variación. En el Análisis Correspondencia Canónica, Simulium subpallidum, S. inscrustatum y S. pertinax estaban asociadas significativamente con sitios de impacto intermedio, para la mayoría de las variables. Por otro lado, Lutzsimulium hirticosta, S. subnigrum y Simulium sp. A se asocian con valores bajos de las variables químicas, relacionado a sitios más conservados. La mayoría de los estudios sobre el potencial bioindicador de Simuliidae tienden a enfocarse en los impactos agrícolas, mientras que nuestros resultados, por otro lado, sugieren que las especies de Simuliidae están presentes en arroyos con impactos intermedios de contaminación urbana, pero ausentes en los sitios fuertemente afectados. Por lo tanto, nuestros datos sugieren que algunas especies tales como L. hirticosta y Simulium sp. A están asociadas a lugares de reproducción más prístinos, mientras que otras pueden ser bioindicadores de arroyos moderadamente afectados, como S. pertinax, S. subnigrum y S. subpallidum.

Tricorythodes chalaza sp. nov. Gon��alves, Da-Silva and Nessimian Male Imago. Diagnosis: 1) Vein CuP incomplete or absent (Fig. 1); 2) inner margins of styliger plate projected (Fig. 2); 3) basal swelling on segment II of forceps shaded with black (Fig. 2); 4) penes pyramidal with lateral margins sclerotized, divided apically (Fig. 2). Nymph. Diagnosis: 1) Maxillary palpi one segmented with distal setae (Fig. 7); 2) genal projections absent; 3) anterolateral projections of pronotum absent; 4) pronotum with prominent median tubercle (Fig. 5); 5) tarsal claws with 13���14 denticles without distal setae (Fig. 6); 6) dorsal surface of fore femora with transversal row of setae on submedian region (Fig. 9); 7) femora narrow, bordered by a row of setae as in Figs. 8���9; 8) abdominal color pattern as in Fig. 4; 9) lateral margins of abdominal terga III���VII expanded, tergum VIII possessing posterolateral spines (Fig. 4); 10) opercular gills triangular, yellow, with blackish shade (Fig. 10). Description. Male Imago: Length: 2.3���3.2mm body; 2.8���3.1mm wing. General coloration yellowish with black markings. Head: Yellowish, with black markings on posterior margin and two brownish markings near posterior margin and ocelli. Ocelli grayish white surrounded by black. Scape and pedicel whitish suffused with brown; flagellum light brown. Thorax: Pronotum whitish with black markings; two wide postero-lateral light brown markings on pronotum. Mesonotum light brown; lateral margins black on anterior and posterior ends; membranous filaments absent. Metanotum light brown. Sterna light brown. Wings: Membrane hyaline; longitudinal veins grayish and cross veins translucent white. Base of wings and vein C shaded with gray. Vein ICuA usually not jointed at base to CuA; when jointed, vein ICuA becomes very light colored and translucent near junction. CuP incomplete or absent (Fig. 1). Legs: Coxae and trochanteres of fore legs whitish with black markings; coxae and trochanteres of mid and hind legs yellowish with black markings. Femora whitish possessing black markings. Mid legs more suffused with black than fore legs, only lightly shaded; hind leg more strongly suffused than fore and mid leg. Tibiae whitish. Tarsal segments and tarsal claws yellowish; fourth tarsal segment of fore legs lightly shaded with gray on basal half. Abdomen: Whitish heavily suffused with black, so that only a median whitish longitudinal line can be seen on terga (Fig. 3). Sterna translucent white, gonads can be seen by transparence on final terga. Caudal filaments whitish shaded by black becoming fainted toward apex. Genitalia: Whitish; inner margin of forceps projected, basal swelling on segment II of forceps heavily shaded with black. Penes pyramidal with lateral margins strongly sclerotized; penes with apical division (Fig. 2). Variations: Some specimens had overall body coloration more heavily shaded with black, particularly on the head, thoracic terga and legs. In a few individuals, penes also presented a pair of black markings at base. Female Imago: Unknown. Mature Nymph: Length: 3.3���3.7mm body; 2.3 ���3.0mm caudal filaments. General coloration yellowish with black markings. Head: Yellow with median region and posterior margin of head bearing black markings. Antennae yellowish. Mouthparts yellow. Maxillary palpi one-segmented with apical setae (Fig. 7). Genal projection absent. Thorax: Pronotum yellow with blackish markings; possessing a prominent tubercle medially (Fig. 5). Anterolateral projection absent. Mesonotum yellow, bearing scattered blackish markings on lateral margins and between wing pads. Wing pads blackish. Sterna yellow. Legs: Yellow; dorsal surface of femora shaded with black, more so on mid than on fore femora, and heavily on hind femora (Figs. 8���9). Dorsum of fore femora with a transverse row of setae on sub median region (Fig. 9). Tarsal claws with 13���14 denticles, without distal setae (Fig. 6). Abdomen: Yellow heavily shaded with black. Forming a yellow median longitudinal line and yellow sublateral areas on terga. Lateral expansions of abdomen yellow; lateral margins of segments III���VII expanded with postero-lateral spines on segment VIII. Posterior margin of terga bearing setae (Fig. 4). Sterna yellow. Operculate gills triangular, yellow, with blackish shade. Remaining gills translucent white, suffused with black at base. Gill formula: 2���3 ��� 3 ��� 3 ��� 2 (Figs. 10���15). Caudal filaments light brown bearing setae at joints. Biology. Tricorythodes chalaza sp. nov. was found on rivers with slow current and sandy and muddy bottoms. Nymphs were collected in marginal banks and vegetation. Etymology. ���chalaz��� meaning ���tubercle���, in allusion to the presence of a prominent tubercle on pronotum. Type material. Holotype: Brazil, RJ, Maca��, C��rrego das Aduelas, 10m, 22 o 12 ' 27.9 ''S / 41 o 50 ' 24.2 ''W, 15.III. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1556). Paratypes: Brazil, RJ: Maca��, C��rrego das Aduelas, 10m, 22 o 12 ' 27.9 ''S / 41 o 50 ' 24.2 ''W, 15.III. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 11 male imagoes (DZRJ 1560); Maca��, C��rrego das Aduelas, 28m, 22 o 11 ' 10.4 ''S / 41 o 49 '09.9''W, 15. IV. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1561); Maca��, 1 o order tributary of C��rrego das Aduelas, 15m, 22 o 12 ' 11.8 ''S / 41 o 50 ' 55.4 ''W, 15. IV. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 2 male imagoes (DZRJ 1558); Maca��, Cachoeiros de Maca��, Rio Maca��, 68m, 22 o 25 ' 49.5 ''S / 42 o 12 '06.6''W, 05. IV. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1562); Maca��, Rio Maca��, 22 o 17 ' 42.9 ''S / 41 o 52 ' 48 ''W, 16. IV. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1557); same data, 3 male imagoes (DZRJ 1559); same data except Ferreira-Jr, N. leg. 11 nymphs (DZRJ 1563, DZRJ 1564, DZRJ 1566, DZRJ 1568, DZRJ 1570, DZRJ 1575, DZRJ 1576, DZRJ 1577); same locality, 21.I. 2008, Ferreira-Jr leg. 2 nymphs (DZRJ 1565 and DZRJ 1574); same locality, 2005, no leg. 4 nymphs (DZRJ 1567, DZRJ 1569, DZRJ 1573); Maca��, Sana, C��rrego Alegre, 22 o 15 ' 38.8 ''S / 42 o 10 '08.2''W, 19.II. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 1 nymph (DZRJ 1571); Brasil, RJ, Nova Friburgo, Cascata, Rio Maca��, 22 o 22 '03.2''S / 42 o 15 ' 27.8 ''W, 08.III. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 2 nymphs (DZRJ 1572 and DZRJ 1578). Discussion. T. chalaza sp. nov. is similar to T. bullus by sharing, on the male imagoes: vein CuP incomplete and penes pyramidal with lateral margins strongly sclerotized. Despite the resemblance, imagoes of the new species can be differentiated by having styliger plate projected on inner corner and basal swelling of segment II of the forceps heavily shaded with black, characteristics lacking on T. bullus. Moreover, in T. chalaza sp. nov. the vein CuP may be incomplete or absent, whereas in T. bullus this vein is always present though incomplete. Regarding the nymphs, T. bullus and T. cristatus also present a tubercle on pronotum as T. chalaza sp. nov. However, the new species can be differentiated from both by the absence of tubercles on head and mesothorax. An additional difference between these speciesis the number of denticles on tarsal claws: 13���14 in T. chalaza sp. nov., 16���18 in T. cristatus and 8���11 in T. bullus., Published as part of Gon��alves, In��s C., Da-Silva, Elidiomar R. & Nessimian, Jorge L., 2010, Two new species of Tricorythodes Ulmer, 1920 (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) from Southeastern Brazil, pp. 62-68 in Zootaxa 2721 on pages 63-65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199906, {"references":["Da-Silva, E. R., Goncalves, I. C. & De-Souza, M. R. 2010 (2009) Lista de especies pertencentes a ordem Ephemeroptera (Insecta) ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 67 (3 - 4), 383 - 394."]}

Thraulodes jones sp. nov. Gon��alves, Da-Silva & Nessimian Male Imago (Holotype): Length: body 12.0 mm; forewing 12.4 mm; hind wing 2.0 mm. General coloration light brown, with dark brown markings. First abdominal segments whitish. Wings hyaline. Head: Area between eyes and ocelli dark brown. Anterior margin of head yellowish, translucent. Ocelli white surrounded by black ring. Upper portion of turbinate eyes orange brown. Base of antenna surrounded by dark brown; scape with dark brown ring and pedicel dark brown; flagellum yellowish. Thorax: Pronotum yellowish bearing two median dark marks extending to posterior margin. General color of mesonotum and metanotum light brown. Posterior area of mesonotum yellowish, apex dark brown. Prosternum and mesosternum dark brown. Mesosternum with two median longitudinal light brown lines. Metasternum whitish with two dark brown markings. Thoracic pleura whitish with dark brown marks. Legs: Femora of foreleg whitish with a blackish subtriangular basal mark; blackish median band, well marked centrally and inconspicuous toward margins; inner margin of femora with apical half blackish; apical margin of femora blackish; area between median band and apex orange brown. Tibia light orange brown, distal fourth blackish. Tarsus brown with base and apex whitish; last tarsal segment and tarsal claws blackish (Fig. 1). Median and hind legs similar to foreleg in color, except for lack of basal blackish mark on femora; tarsi yellowish, with last tarsomere blackish. Wings: Membrane of wings hyaline with dark brown stain at base (Figs. 2���3). Forewing veins brownish, hind wing veins whitish. Area between C, Sc and R 1 of forewing whitish toward apex. Five basal and 17���18 cross-veins distal to bullae. Abdomen: Tergum I whitish with wide anteromedian blackish mark. Terga II���VI whitish translucent bearing 3 pairs of sub apical marks: median, sublateral and lateral. Terga VII���X orange brown. Terga VII���IX possessing one lateral sub apical blackish mark; anterior and posterior margins dark brown, except for anterior margin of tergum IX. All terga possessing a blackish dash on lateral margins (Fig. 4). Sterna whitish translucent. Sterna I���VII with pair of median, sub apical and apical-lateral blackish spots. Sterna VIII���IX without marks. Genitalia: Styliger plate whitish bearing very subtle grooves, posterior median projection present with rounded apex. Forceps whitish, first segment with distal half washed with gray, second segment with rounded internal distal projection. Penes long and slender, without lateral pouch. Inner margin sclerotized; apicolateral area with acute projection directed externally and posterioly; subapical spines long and projected internally and posteriorly (Fig. 5). Caudal filaments whitish, with wide and narrow dark brown bands irregularly distributed. Variations: Body measurements were smaller in some specimens, about 10.0 mm body length; 11.0 mm forewing; and 2.0 mm hind wing; Paratypes showed scape whitish and flagella shaded with dark brown. In one male paratype, the triangular mark at base of fore femora was absent and only 4 cross-veins basal to bullae were found. The dashes on lateral margins of abdominal terga were less conspicuous at first abdominal segments on one paratype. Female Imago: Length: body 10.0���11.0 mm; forewing 11.5���12.7 mm; hind wing 1.4 ���2.0 mm. General coloration light brown, abdomen shaded with dark brown. Wings hyaline. Head: Area between eyes and ocelli shaded with dark brown. Eyes black. Ocelli white surrounded by black. Anterior margin of head yellowish. Scape yellowish, pedicel dark brown and flagellum shaded with dark brown. Thorax: Pronotum yellowish; anterior and posterior margins of pronotum dark brown; median mark shaded with dark brown from which 2 pairs of marks arise, one on each side of pronotum. General color of mesonotum and metanotum as in male. Prosternum and metasternum whitish. Mesosternum dark brown with two median longitudinal light brown lines. Legs: Legs similar to male. Wings: Wings similar to male, except for having 3���4 cross-veins basal to bullae and C, Sc and R 1 area of forewing not whitish toward apex. Abdomen: Terga I���III shaded with dark brown; tergum IV also shaded except for yellowish median triangular mark extending from middle to posterior margin; terga V���VI yellowish shaded with dark brown on anterior area; tergum VII yellowish with anterior and posterior margins shaded with dark brown; tergum VIII yellowish, shaded with dark brown on anterior margin; terga IX���X yellowish; terga III���VI with a pair of sub apical dark brown marks; all terga possessing a dark brown dash on lateral margins. Sterna I���VI with a pair of apico-lateral dark brown marks, remaining sterna yellowish. Apex of female sternum cleft, V-shaped. Caudal filaments whitish, with wide and narrow dark brown bands irregularly distributed. Variations: Some females showed terga VII���IX more heavily shaded with dark brown. Females collected at Maca�� de Cima, Nova Friburgo, were found to be slightly bigger: body 11.5 ���12.0 mm; forewing: 15.0��� 16.2 mm; hind wing: 2.0��� 2.1 mm. They also showed a color pattern more intense than described above, prosternum with dark brown median mark and abdominal sterna with color pattern as in males. Mature Nymph (male): Length: body: 10.0���11.0 mm; caudal filaments: more than 13.0 mm (broken). General color dark brown with light brown areas. Head: Ocelli black; area surrounding ocelli light brown. Eyes black; turbinated portion dark brown reddish. Antennae about 2.6���2.7 times the size of the head, scape and pedicel dark brown, flagellum light brown. Labrum brown with basal lateral area light brown, wider than clypeus; its width about 3 times its length; presence of apical and sub-apical rows of whitish long setae (Fig. 6); anterior margin straight; with five very subtle emarginations (Fig. 7); lateral margins rounded. Mandibles with row of whitish setae on outer margin extending to level of outer incisor; setae long on distal half and short on basal half; outer margin projected; inner margin of outer incisor and both margins of inner incisor serrate; molars with serrate ridges; prosthecae well developed. Incisors, outer margin and basal third of mandibles brown; apical third whitish; molars and prosthecae light brown (Figs. 8���9). Right mandible outer incisor with three apical denticles; inner incisor with two denticles (Fig. 10); setae near molars light brown. Left mandible possessing 3 denticles on inner and outer incisors (Fig. 11). Maxilla whitish, flattened and rectangular; apical margin brown with row of apical long brown setae, simple and pectinated, and sub-apical interrupted row of shorter but thicker setae; inner margin bordered by long light brown setae, culminating on single pectinated setae; outer margin brown, dark brown basal to palpi insertion; posterior margin light brown, with light brown setae; palpi brown with outer margin bordered by long whitish setae, denser on segment III; inner margin of segment III and apical third of segment II with row of long setae (Fig. 12). Hypopharynx whitish with light brown setae; superlingua bearing long setae on apical margin and at base (Fig. 13); apex of lingua ventrally covered by short setae; outer margin more densely setose so that the region appears to be somewhat darkened. Labium yellowish white; densely covered by long light brown setae on glossa and apical third of paraglossa; first segment of palpi with scattered whitish setae on inner and outer margins; second segment with denser setae at apical third, outer margin with long setae and inner margin bearing short, spine-like setae (Fig. 14). Thorax: Pronotum brown with several scattered light brown spots; lateral margins light brown with sublateral dark brown stripe, posterior margin with light brown border not reaching lateral margins. General coloration of mesonotum dark brown, scattered with several brown spots; two brown longitudinal lines one on each side of median suture. Wing pads light brown, veins dark brown. Thoracic sterna yellowish. Legs: Femora of all legs brown with light brown marks, tibia, tarsi and claw light brown. Foreleg (Fig. 15): coxa with wide dark brown margin, outer margin bordered by long simple setae; femora dark brown with one basal, one sub-median and one sub-apical light brown marks; basal mark lighter, with inner grayish spot; outer margin with row of simple long setae and fewer shorter clavate setae, inner margin with few long simple setae, not as long as those of outer margin; margins and dorsal area of femora presenting short bristles; outer margin and dorsal region of tibia with row of simple setae, not as long as those on femora; inner margin with row of spines; apical half of tibia and tarsus somewhat shaded with brown; tarsus bearing simple setae. Tarsal claws with seven denticles, apical denticle over twice longer than subapical denticle (Fig. 16). Mid leg (Fig. 17): similar to foreleg except femora with one basal and one sub apical light brown mark and inner margin with row of strong short spines; outer margin of tibia with fringe of long simple setae; inner margin without setae. Hind leg (Fig. 18): similar to foreleg except basal mark of femora less conspicuous than in other legs, reduced to a line; inner margin with row of strong short spines, slightly longer than those of mid leg; outer margin of tibia fringed with long simple setae, short bristles and few clavate setae, inner margin with row of short bristles and row of long simple setae, although not as long as those of femora; outer margin of tarsus with row of simple long setae, some clavate setae and short bristles; Abdomen: Terga I���VII mainly dark brown, postero-lateral areas light brown; terga VIII���X light brown, somewhat yellowish. Tergum X with median mark and lateral margins dark brown (Fig. 19). Caudal filaments brownish. Posterior margin of terga and caudal filaments with row of spines, longer on caudal filaments. Gills purplish gray, with symmetrical lamellae; main trachea strongly pigmented but branches are visible although weakly marked; gills broad, tapering toward apex (Fig. 20). Variations: Body length was higher on female mature nymphs, reaching 12.0 mm. Some specimens showed different abdominal color pattern, with dark brown anterior margin on tergum VIII and on tergum IX, this coloration was interrupted on median region. Aside that, subtle variations on color intensity were found, with specimens overall darker or lighter on their color patterns. Type material: Holotype: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, Rio Boa Vista, Cachoeira Indiana Jones, 900 m, 22 o 19 '02.1"S / 42 o 17 ' 28.5 "W, 15.xi. 2008, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 800); Alotype: Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, tribut��rio de primeira ordem do C��rrego Santa Margarida, 844 m, 22 o 20 ' 35.5 "S / 42 o 18 '00.0"W, 16.xi. 2008, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. (Light trap) 1 female imago (alotype; DZRJ 807). Paratypes: same data, 2 nymphs (MZUSP); same data, 1 nymph (DZRJ 802); same locality and date, Alecrim, V.P. leg. 6 nymphs (DZRJ 803); same data, 1 nymph (DZRJ 804); Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, Rio Boa Vista, 583 m, 22 o 23 ' 57.9 "S / 42 o 19 ' 14.6 "W, 15.xi. 2008, Alecrim, V.P. leg. 1 nymph (DZRJ 805); Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, first order tributary of C��rrego Santa Margarida, 844 m, 22 o 20 ' 35.5 "S / 42 o 18 '00.0"W, 16.xi. 2008, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. (Light trap), 1 male and 3 female imagos (MZUSP); same data, 1 male imago (DZRJ 806); Additional material: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, Maca�� de Cima, Rio Maca��, 935 m, 22 o 24 ' 46 "S / 42 o 31 ' 16.2 "W, 12.ix. 2009, Alecrim, V.P. leg., 4 female imagos (DZRJ 812); same data, Gon��alves, I.C. leg., 1 nymph (MZUSP); same locality, 13.ix. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg., 1 female imago (DZRJ 809); same data, 1 female subimago (DZRJ 810); same data, 5 nymphs (DZRJ 811); same locality, 14.ix. 2009, Alecrim, V.P. leg., 3 female imagos (MZUSP); same locality, 18.ix. 2008, Alecrim, V.P. leg., 4 nymphs (DZRJ 808); Nova Friburgo, Maca�� de Cima, Rio Maca��, 977 m, 22 �� 25 ��� 30.6 ������S / 42 �� 32 ���00.7������W, 13.ix. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg., 3 nymphs (MZUSP); Teres��polis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos ��rg��os, Rio Paquequer, 933 m, 22 �� 27 ' 8.13 "S / 42 �� 59 ' 31.77 "W, 10.v. 2008, Henriques-Oliveira, A.L., Santos, A.P.M. & Ferreira-Jr., N. leg. (light trap), 1 male subimago (DZRJ 816); Maca��, Sana, C��rrego do Col��gio, 294 m, 22 �� 20 ' 23.4 "S / 42 �� 12 ' 13.5 "W, 19.ii. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. (light trap), one female subimago (DZRJ 818); same data, 1 male and 2 female imagos (DZRJ 819); S��o Paulo: Ubatuba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar ��� N��cleo Picinguaba, Rio da Fazenda, 41 m, 23 �� 20 ' 16.7 "S / 44 �� 50 ' 10.9 "W, 02.x. 2005, Santos, A.P.M. & Dumas, L.L. leg. (Light trap), 1 male and 2 female subimagos (DZRJ 821); same locality and date, Santos, A.P.M. leg. (Light trap), 1 male subimago (DZRJ 822). Etymology: The name jones is a reference to the type locality, the Boa Vista river at Indiana Jones waterfall. Life cycle associations: Nymphs and adults were associated from one male nymph (Holotype) and two female nymphs reared to adult stage. Biology: Nymphs were found on rocky stream bottoms in areas of moderate current., Published as part of Gon��alves, In��s C., Da-Silva, Elidiomar R. & Nessimian, Jorge L., 2010, A new species of Thraulodes Ulmer (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Southeastern Brazil, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 2438 on pages 62-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.194895

Tanytarsus patagonicus (Reiss, 1972) comb. n. (Figs 1���15) Type material. Holotype: 1 adult male, South Chile, Puerto Natales, Province of Magallanes, Laguna Diana, shore ponds, 2.I. 1970, slide mounted in Euparal, leg. F. Reiss (NHRS). Paratypes: 4 adult males, same as holotype except deposited at ZSM; 4 pupal exuviae, same as holotype except deposited at ZSM; 2 pharate males as holotype except deposited at ZSM; 1 pharate male, South Chile, Lago Villarrica, 3.XI. 1969, slide mounted in Euparal, leg. F. Reiss; 2 pupal exuviae, Lago Pellaifa, drift, 5.XII. 1953, slides mounted in Euparal, leg. L. Brundin; 3 adult males, Argentina, Bariloche, Laguna Trebol (shallow littoral lake), 17.XI. 1969, slides mounted in Euparal, leg. F. Reiss; 2 pupal exuviae as previous (all paratypes at ZSM). Additional material examined: 1 adult male, Chile, 21.8. 1970, slide mounted in Euparal; 1 pharate male, South Chile, Puerto Natales, Province of Magallanes, Laguna Diana, shore pond, 1. I. 1970, slide mounted in Euparal, leg. F. Reiss; 1 adult male as previous (all material deposited at ZSM). Diagnosis. Male Imago: Antenna short (brachycerous), plume reduced; low AR; palp reduced; wing somewhat reduced and cuneate, wing vein R 2 + 3 distinct; wings with few setae, all wing setae shorter than those observed in Neotropical Tanytarsus; tarsomere 4 of mid leg cordiform; tergite IX without median setae; anal tergal bands separate, curved, ending ���almost together��� on the middle of tergite; anal point with pair of weakly developed, low anal crests; with field of microtrichia on entire surface between the crests; spines absent, 5���7 short setae between anal crests; superior volsella circular, posteromedian margin well projecting and thumb-like, without microtrichia; digitus short and rounded; median volsella with ramose lamellae; gonostylus large, thick and curved inwards, distally rounded. Pupa: Frontal setae thin and short, cephalic tubercles weakly developed; wing sheath without nose, prealar tubercle rectangular; thoracic horn thin, with small, weakly sclerotized spines; three precorneals not in triangular pattern, placed on a tubercle; tergite II with homogeneous shagreen, interrupted/ sparse medially; T III with pair of long bands of longer spines on posterior half of tergite, bands curving outward; T IV with bracket-shaped pair of long bands of longer spines directed to caudal, median and oral; T V and T VI with elongate spine patches; T VIII���IX with fine oral-lateral shagreen; posterolateral comb of segment VIII with 4���6 stronger marginal teeth and 12���17 smaller ones on pad; abdominal segment I without lateral seta; segments II���VII with 3 lateral setae; segment VIII with 4 lateral taeniae, 2 dorsal setae and 1 ventral seta and 1 ventral taenia. Larva: Antennal pedestal with rounded, wrinkled spur, segment 2 of antenna with narrow, not sclerotized ring near base; AR 1.82; Lauterborn organs small, 3���4 ��m long, situated on apex of very long and slim pedicels, pedicels annulated for more than 4 / 5 of their length; mentum with eleven brown to dark brown teeth, median tooth trifid; mandible with dorsal pale tooth, apical tooth and 4 inner teeth brown to dark brown; clypeal seta S 3 unequally bifid. Emendations to previous diagnoses: The eyes of Tanytarsus patagonicus adult males have small dorsomedian extensions (Cranston et al. (1989) list this as absent), the thorax has 1 prealar (in Cranston et al. (1989) prealars are absent) and the wing vein R 2 + 3 is "fused" with R 4 + 5 along 2 / 3 of its length basally, ending midway between apices of R 1 and R 4 + 5. Description. Male Imago (n = 6) Head (Figs 1���2). AR 0.45���0.53. Antenna short (brachycerous) and more or less curved, plume reduced. Antennal flagellomeres one to twelve 400���428 ��m long, thirteen 188���197 ��m long, total length 588���625 ��m. Eyes with dorsomedian extension; large frontal tubercles (length 18���22 ��m), about 2.5 times as long as wide; 9���10 temporal setae; clypeus with 20���24 setae; lengths of palpomeres (in ��m): 35 ���37, 38���40, 58���66, 60���61, 68��� 72, total length 259���276 ��m. Thorax. Length 892���1000 ��m. Scutal tubercle absent; 7���8 dorsocentrals, 8���12 acrostichals, 1 prealar, 4��� 6 scutellars. Haltere with 4���5 setae. Wing. Weak brachyptery, length 1500���1700 ��m, width about 640 ��m; L/WR about 2.53. Brachiolum with 1 seta, Sc bare, R with 14 setae, R 1 with 9 setae, R 2 + 3 distinct, bare, ending midway between apices of R 1 and R 4 + 5, R 4 + 5 with 10 setae, M bare, M 1 + 2 with 14 setae, M 3 + 4, Cu, Cu 1 and Postcubitus bare, An with 2 setae. Cell m and false vein bare, r 4 + 5 with 42 setae, m 1 + 2 with 32 setae (false vein bare), m 3 + 4 with 5 setae, cu and an bare. Legs (Figs 3���6). Fore tibia without spur (in the original description with small scales distal frayed), mid tibia with pair of small, separated combs (12 ��m long), only 1 comb with spur, hind tibia with 2 separated combs (12 ��m long) without spur, according to Cranston et al. (1989) occasionally 1 spur is present. Tarsomeres of mid (principally) and hind leg shorter, tarsomere 4 of mid leg cordiform. Lengths of leg segments and leg ratios as in table 1. fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV p 1 800���815 518���580 * 670���700 310���330 268���295 240���255 150���165 1.20���1.29 2.00��� 2.05 1.96���1.99 p 2 667���700 510���560 150���165 90���100 70���90 51���60 68���75 0.29 4.38���4.75 7.63���7.84 p 3 800���840 660���700 260���280 160���185 168���190 92���100 91���100 0.39���0.40 3.16���3.36 5.50���5.61 *In the original description the length of tarsomere 1 of fore leg is 435 ��m. Abdomen. Length 2340���3140 ��m. Hypopygium (Figs 7���10). Tergite IX 172���200 ��m long, without median setae and with 28���32 apical setae, lateral tooth absent. T IX with microtrichia-free areas on each side of anal point. Orolateral spine of laterosternite IX present, 4���5 ��m long. Anal tergal bands separate, curved, running parallel and ending ���somewhat together��� on the middle of tergite, more or less close to anal point. Anal point 57���70 ��m long, elongate with rounded tip, with pair of weakly developed, low anal crests (29���37 ��m long) not extending posterior to tergite IX; with field of microtrichia on entire surface between the crests; spines absent, 5���7 shorter setae between anal crests. Superior volsella oval, posteromedian margin well projecting and thumblike, without microtrichia; anterior, median, lateral and posterior margins curved; 13���14 setae on dorsal surface, 1���2 setae proximal on projection of posteromedian margin, 4 setae on median margin (1���2 dorsal, 2��� 3 ventral) and 1 seta ventral, close to anterior margin. Longitudinal axes of superior volsella and body at angle of 36���40 ��. Digitus short and blunt, not reaching median margin of superior volsella. Median volsella 22���27 ��m long with 18���25 ��m long simple lamellae and 32���40 ��m long ramose lamellae, not reaching apex of inferior volsella. Inferior volsella 150���153 ��m long elongate and thick, expanded in distal half, area carrying setae with moderately large dorsoapical swelling. Gonocoxite length 148���155 ��m; gonostylus 185���198 ��m, large, thick and curved inwards, distally rounded; hypopygium ratio (HR) 0.77���0.82. Pupa (n= 5) Total length 3840���4510 ��m long. Pupal exuviae pale brown, thorax and lateral muscle marks somewhat brownish. Cephalothorax (Figs 11���13). Frontal apotome smooth, with wrinkles on area of cephalic tubercles. Frontal setae thin and short, 50���62 ��m long, mounted apical on weakly developed cephalic tubercles; frontal warts absent. Pedicel sheath tubercle well developed. Thorax smooth, 1040���1100 ��m long, with points along median suture; a small, rounded tubercle is present anteriorly near median antepronotal. Thoracic horn thin, 292���373 ��m long, with small, weakly sclerotized spines. Wing sheath without nose, prealar tubercle well developed, rectangular. Three precorneals in row, apparently placed on a tubercle, another small tubercle is present close to Pc 3. Anterior precorneal stronger (100���125 ��m), Pc 2 (85���102 ��m) and Pc 3 (92���110 ��m) closer to each other; 1 median (100���115 ��m) and 2 lateral antepronotals (4���5 ��m and 62���79 ��m, the latter one difficult to measure, appearing to be broken in most of the specimens); 2 pairs of dorsocentrals, anterior pair 73���100 ��m (thin) and 42���53 ��m (thick), posterior pair 68���76 ��m (thin) and 110���120 (thick), the latter one stronger than other three. Abdomen (Figs 14���15). Total length 2800���3420 ��m. Tergites I and VII without armament. T II with homogeneous shagreen, interrupted/ sparse medially. T III with pair of long bands of longer spines placed on posterior half of tergite, bands curved outward. T IV with bracket-shaped pair of long bands of longer spines directed to caudal, median and oral. T V and T VI with elongate spine patches. T VIII���IX with fine orallateral shagreen. Sternites I, IV���VII without armament. S II���III with very fine oral-lateral shagreen. S VIII with fine oral-lateral shagreen. Conjunctives and pleura unarmed. Hook row 204���260 ��m, about 1 / 2 width of tergite II. Pedes spurii A absent; pedes spurii B present on segment II. Posterolateral comb of segment VIII 60 ���76 ��m wide, with 4���6 strong marginal teeth and 12���17 smaller ones on pad. Abdominal setation: segment I with 3 D, the most anterior longer, 0 L and 0 V; segment II with 4 D, 3 L and 4 V; segments III���VII with 5 D, 3 L and 5 V; segment VIII with 2 D, 4 lateral taeniae and 1 V and 1 ventral taenia. Anal lobe well developed, with fringe of 17���20 taeniae in single row and with two pairs of dorsal taeniae. Tergites II���VIII with O-setae. Distribution and ecological notes. Tanytarsus patagonicus is recorded from southern Chile and Argentina (Patagonia). Larvae and pupae inhabit ponds, lakes and coastal lagoons. According to Reiss (1972), the larvae probably prefer to inhabit nutrient-rich sediments of standing waters, where mass-developments can occur. Since adults were never trapped at the surrounding vegetation of the corresponding water-body, Reiss (1972) presumed that the brachypterous males do not form swarms and the mating probably takes place on water surface., Published as part of Sanseverino, Angela M., Trivinho-Strixino, Susana & Nessimian, Jorge L., 2010, Taxonomic status of Nimbocera Reiss, 1972, a junior synonym of Tanytarsus van der Wulp, 1874 (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 43-57 in Zootaxa 2359 on pages 44-49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193613, {"references":["Reiss, F. (1972) Die Tanytarsini (Chironomidae, Diptera) Sudchiles und Westpatagoniens. Mit Hinweisen auf die Tanytarsini-Fauna der Neotropis. Studies on Neotropical Fauna, 7, 49 - 94.","Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M. E., Pinder, L. C. V. & Reiss, F. (1989) The adult males of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. In: Wiederholm, T. (Ed.), Chironomidae of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. Part 3. Adult males. Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 34, 353 - 502."]}

Tanytarsus limneticus Sublette, 1964 (Figs 16���25) Nimbocera pinderi (Steiner & Hulbert, 1982); 4 th instar larvae. Synonymised by Epler (1992). Type material (USA). Paratypes: 1 adult male, Louisiana, Natchitoches, U.S. Fish Hatchery, 20.IX. 1958, leg. R. F. Tyler (Collection of J. E. Sublette); 1 adult male as previous except 12.IX. 1958, specimen remounted in Euparal, leg. J. E. Sublette (Collection of J. E. Sublette). Additional material examined: Nimbocera pinderi (Steiner & Hulbert, 1982): 1 adult male, USA, Florida, Boca Grande, a lab pond, 27.XII. 1982, R. Rutter (ZMBN); 1 adult male plus 1 pupal exuviae as previous, 2 pharate males as previous. Diagnosis. Male Imago: AR about 1.37; large frontal tubercles; dorsocentrals in one row, close to scutellum in a group of 2���4 setae; high number of acrostichals and scutellars; 2���3 prealars; M and Sc veins with setae; tergite IX without microtrichia-free areas; anal tergal bands separate, curved; anal point with pair of well developed anal crests; spines placed irregularly between anal crests, 2 shorter setae are present anteriorly between crests; superior volsella with field of microtrichia on anterolateral margin, posteromedian corner projecting; digitus pointed, triangular to somewhat cone-like, not extending or extending a little beyond margin of superior volsella; median volsella with foliate lamellae. Pupa: Frontal setae short, cephalic tubercles weakly developed; prealar somewhat rounded to quadrate and inwardly folded; thoracic horn thin and with spinules; three precorneals not in triangular pattern, placed on an tubercle; tergite II with median homogeneous shagreen; T III with pair of long bands of longer spines placed on posterior half of tergite and lateral fields of fine shagreen, bands anteriorly straight, posteriorly curved outward; T IV with bracket-shaped pair of long bands of spines, anterior part with thin short spines directed to caudal and median, posterior part with longer spines directed to oral; T V���VI with anterior pair of rounded spine patches; T VIII with fine anterolateral shagreen; T IX with anterior shagreen; posterolateral comb of segment VIII quite broad; abdominal segment I with 2 dorsal long taeniae and without lateral seta, segment II���VII with 3 lateral setae, segment VIII with 3 lateral taeniae, 1 dorsal seta and 1 ventral taenia. Larva: Antennal pedestal without spur, segment 2 of antenna with narrow, not sclerotized ring near base; AR 1.66; Lauterborn organs small, situated on apex of long and slim pedicels, pedicels annulated for about 4 / 5 of their length; mentum with pale, pentamerous median tooth and 5 pairs of brown lateral teeth; mandible with dorsal pale tooth, apical tooth and 3 inner teeth brown to dark brown. Description. Male Imago (n = 4) Head. AR 1.33���1.44. Antennal flagellomeres one to twelve 442���470 ��m long, thirteen 590���680 ��m long, total length 1032���1150 ��m. Eyes with dorsomedian extension; large frontal tubercles (length 16���18 ��m), about 2.5 times as long as wide; 12���13 temporal setae; clypeus with 19���23 setae; lengths of palpomeres (in ��m): 32 ���40, 38���44, 80���90, 98��� 118, 168 ��� 192, total length 416���484 ��m. Thorax. Length 1140���1230 ��m. Scutal tubercle absent; 12���15 dorsocentrals in one row + group of 2���4 dorsocentrals posteriorly, 23���30 acrostichals, 2���3 prealars, 13 scutellars. Haltere with 6���8 setae. Wing. Wing length 1780���1882 ��m, width 548���575 ��m; L/WR 3.21���3.24. Brachiolum with 1 seta, Sc with 1���5 setae, R with 46���56 setae, R 1 with 50���67 setae, R 4 + 5 with 80���105 setae, M with 16���28 setae, M 1 + 2 with 74���92 setae, M 3 + 4 with 47���63 setae, Cu with 18���39 setae, Cu 1 with 24���34 setae, Postcubitus with 42���63 setae and An with 44���70 setae. Cell m with 35���44 setae (+ 20���26 setae on false vein), r 4 + 5 with more than 200 setae, m 1 + 2 with more than 200 setae (+ 43���55 setae on false vein), m 3 + 4 with about 182 setae, cu with about 134 setae and an with about 142 setae. Legs. Foreleg bearing single tibial spur (22���28 ��m). Lengths of combs of mid tibia 20���23 ��m (with 32��� 35 ��m long spur) and 21���23 ��m (with 40���42 ��m long spur); lengths of combs of hind tibia 23���28 ��m (with 42���46 ��m spur) and 22���26 ��m (with 44���48 ��m long spur). Lengths of leg segments and leg ratios as in table 2. fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV p 1 910���990 508���560 1074���1190 610���638 550���562 478���495 180���190 2.11���2.15 1.36���1.46 1.23���1.39 p 2 920���952 760���794 498���530 298���310 235���252 148���170 100���107 0.65���0.66 2.74���2.78 3.28���3.37 p 3 953���1000 949���964 670���695 400���420 330���342 210���213 127���130 0.70���0.72 2.40���2.43 2.82���2.83 Abdomen. Length 2950���3060 ��m. Hypopygium (Figs 16���19). Tergite IX 186���200 ��m long with 9���10 median setae (not placed between anal tergal bands, not separated into groups, placed from well anterior to anal point base to close to anal point base), 18���20 apical setae, apparently without lateral teeth. T IX without microtrichia-free areas. Orolateral spine of T IX present, 2���3 ��m long. Anal tergal bands separate, curved, short, not running parallel and ending well anterior to anal point base. Anal point 80���84 ��m long, elongate with rounded to slightly pointed tip, with pair of well developed anal crests (34���50 ��m long); field of microtrichia on entire surface between the crests; spines placed irregularly between anal crests; 2 shorter setae are present anteriorly between crests. Superior volsella with small to large field of microtrichia on anterolateral margin, anterior margin slightly curved, lateral and posterior margins curved, median margin concave, posteromedian corner projecting; 6���14 setae on dorsal surface, 2���3 setae on median margin and 1 seta on a ventral tubercle, close to anterior margin. Longitudinal axes of superior volsella and body at angle of 28���34 ��. Digitus pointed, triangular to somewhat cone-like, not extending or extending a little beyond margin of superior volsella. Median volsella 24���30 ��m long, surpassing superior volsella but not reaching apex of inferior volsella, with 26���33 ��m long simple lamellae and 30���40 ��m long foliate lamellae. Inferior volsella 130���135 ��m long, somewhat thick and slightly straight, distal part oval, only slightly swelled. Gonocoxite length 138���150 ��m; gonostylus 150���156 ��m, somewhat elongate, straight and thin; hypopygium ratio (HR) 0.92���0.98. Pupa (n = 4) Total length 5135���5800 ��m. Pupal exuviae pale brown, thorax and lateral muscle marks somewhat brownish. Cephalothorax (Figs 20���23). Frontal apotome smooth, with some wrinkles. Frontal setae short, 49���52 ��m long, mounted apically on weakly developed cephalic tubercles; frontal warts absent. Pedicel sheath tubercle well developed. Thorax smooth, 1290���1320 ��m long, with small teeth along median suture and granulation close to the basis of thoracic horn. Wing sheath with weakly developed nose, prealar tubercle well developed, somewhat rounded to quadrate and inwardly folded. Thoracic horn thin, 680���720 ��m long, with spinules. Three precorneals not in triangular pattern, placed on a tubercle. Anterior precorneal 170���238 ��m, Pc 2 (196���204 ��m) and Pc 3 (212���248 ��m) closer to each other, Pc 3 thicker and longer; 1 median (136���154 ��m) and 2 lateral antepronotals (100���110 ��m, 1 seta base); 2 pairs of dorsocentrals, anterior pair 102���140 ��m (thin) and 69���82 ��m long (thick), posterior pair 100���104 ��m (thin) and 94���96 ��m (thick). Abdomen (Figs 24���25). Total length 3845���4480 ��m. Tergites I and VII without armament. T II with median homogeneous shagreen, sparse/interrupted medially. T III with pair of long bands of long spines on posterior half of tergite, fields of fine shagreen lateral to spine bands, bands anteriorly straight, posteriorly curved outward. T IV with bracket-shaped pair of long bands of spines, anterior part with thin short spines directed to caudal and median, occasionally sparse or absent, posterior part with longer spines directed to oral. T V���VI with anterior pair of rounded spine patches. T VIII with fine anterolateral shagreen. T IX with anterior shagreen, sparse or interrupted on median part. Sternites I���VII apparently without armament. S VIII with fine oral-lateral shagreen. Conjunctives and pleura unarmed. Hook row 280���372 ��m, about 1 / 2 width of tergite II. Pedes spurii A absent; pedes spurii B present on segment II, weakly developed. Posterolateral comb of segment VIII broad, 112���120 ��m wide, consisting of 9���14 strong marginal teeth and 28���42 smaller ones. Abdominal setation: segment I with 2 dorsal taeniae and 1 dorsal seta, 0 L and 1 pair of ventral seta bases; segment II with 3 D, the most anterior and posterior setae somewhat taeniate, and two pairs of dorsal seta bases, 3 L and 4 V; segment III with 5 D, the most anterior and posterior setae somewhat taeniate, and two pairs of dorsal seta bases, 3 L and 5 V; segments IV���VII with 3 L, dorsal and ventral setae difficult to see; segment VIII with 1 D, 3 lateral taeniae and 1 ventral taenia. Anal lobe well developed, with complete fringe of 18���20 taeniae in single row and two pairs of dorsal taeniae. Tergites II���VIII with O-setae. Distribution and ecological notes. Tanytarsus limneticus is a Nearctic species recorded from the USA. Caldwell et al. (1997) pointed out that "although originally listed by Hudson et al. (1990) as occurring in lakes, rivers, and streams, T. limneticus appears to occur only in lentic habitats. Larvae of similar, typically stream dwelling species (possibly Tanytarsus guerlus Roback or similar species), have probably been confused with T. limneticus ". Epler (2001) mentioned that most T. limneticus larvae collected by him are from bottom sediments of eutrophic ponds or slowly flowing rivers., Published as part of Sanseverino, Angela M., Trivinho-Strixino, Susana & Nessimian, Jorge L., 2010, Taxonomic status of Nimbocera Reiss, 1972, a junior synonym of Tanytarsus van der Wulp, 1874 (Diptera: Chironomidae), pp. 43-57 in Zootaxa 2359 on pages 49-53, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.193613, {"references":["Sublette, J. E. (1964) Chironomidae (Diptera) of Louisiana. I. Systematics and immature stages of some lentic chironomids of west-central Louisiana. Tulane Studies in Zoology, 11, 109 - 150.","Steiner, J. W. & Hulbert, J. L. (1982) Nimbocera pinderi, a new species (Diptera: Chironomidae) from the southeastern United States. Florida Entomologist, 65 (2), 228 - 233.","Epler, J. H. (1992) Identification manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida. FL Dept. Environ. Reg., Orlando, Florida, 302 pp.","Caldwell, B. A., Hudson, P. L., Lenat, D. R. & Smith, D. R. (1997) A revised annotated checklist of the Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) of the Southeastern United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 123 (1 + 2), 1 - 53.","Hudson, P. L., Lenat, D. R., Caldwell, B. A. & Smith, D. (1990) Chironomidae of the Southeastern United States: A checklist of species and notes on biology, distribution, and habitat. Fish and Wildlife Research, 7, 1 - 46.","Epler, J. H. (2001) Identification manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Div. Water Quality, North Carolina."]}

Tricorythodes diasae sp. nov. Gonçalves, Da-Silva and Nessimian Male Imago. Diagnosis: 1) Vein CuP of wings absent or incomplete (Fig. 16); 2) distal 3 / 4 of hind legs black; 3) inner margins of styliger plate projected (Fig. 17); 4) penes rectangular with lateral margins sclerotized, forming two distal lobes inserted apico-dorsally with rounded margins (Fig. 17). Nymph. Diagnosis: 1) Maxillary palpi one-segmented with distal setae (Fig. 22); 2) Genal projection absent; 3) anterolateral projections of pronotum absent; 4) Tubercles absent on head and thorax; 5) tarsal claws with 10–11 denticles, without distal setae (Fig. 23); 6) dorsal surface of fore femora with transversal row of setae on median region (Fig. 21); 7) femora narrow, not bordered by a row of long setae (Figs. 20–21); 8) lateral margins of abdominal terga III–VI expanded, terga VII–VIII bearing posterolateral spines (Fig. 19); 9) opercular gill triangular, yellowish, with scattered blackish dots (Fig. 24). Description. Male Imago: Length: 2.8–3.2mm body; 2.7 –3.0mm wing. General coloration translucent white with black markings. Head: Brown suffused with blackish spots. Eyes and ocelli black. Scape, pedicel and flagellum whitish washed with brown. Thorax: Pronotum translucent whitish washed with blackish spots, lateral margins brown. Mesonotum brown, posterior margin blackish. Membranous filaments short, inconspicuous. Metanotum whitish, heavily shaded with black. Prosternum whitish with blackish dots. Meso and metasternum yellowish. Wings: Membrane hyaline, veins blackish. Basal third of Sc possessing blackish spots along the vein. Vein CuP absent or incomplete (Fig. 16). Legs: Forelegs with coxae, trochanteres and femora yellowish-white; tibiae, tarsus and tarsal claws whitish; last tarsal segment faintly washed with black. Mid legs with coxae, trochanteres and femora yellowish-white; tibia, tarsus and tarsal claws whitish. Hind legs with coxae, trochanteres and basal fourth of femora yellowish white; distal 3 / 4 of femora and tibia washed with black; tarsus and tarsal claws whitish. Abdomen: Terga translucent white heavily washed with black (Fig. 18). Sterna translucent white; lateral margins of sterna I–IV washed with black; remaining segments becoming more heavily shaded towards end of the abdomen. Caudal Filaments translucent white, basal segments washed with black. Genitalia: Forceps and penes translucent white. Inner margin of forceps projected. Penes rectangular with lateral margins sclerotized; possessing two distal lobes with lateral margins rounded; distal lobes inserted dorsoapically (Fig. 17). Female Imago: Unknown. Mature Nymph: Length: 4.5mm body; 2.7–3.2mm caudal filaments. General coloration yellowish with blackish markings. Head: Yellowish; washed with black between eyes and ocelli. Scape, pedicel and flagellum yellowish. Mouthparts yellow; maxillary palpi one-segmented with apical setae (Fig. 22). Genal projection absent. Thorax: Pronotum yellow; heavily shaded with black. Antero-lateral projection absent. Mesonotum yellowish; metanotum whitish yellow. Sterna yellowish. Legs: Yellowish. Fore femora with median transversal row of long setae (Fig. 21). Hind femora dorsally shaded with faint blackish (Fig. 20). Tarsal claw with 10–11 denticles (Fig. 23). Abdomen: Terga yellowish heavily shaded by blackish. Sterna yellowish with lateral margins shaded with black. Lateral margins of segments III–VI expanded; segments VII and VIII with postero-lateral spines (Fig. 19). Operculate gills triangular; all gills yellowish with scattered blackish dots. Gill formula 2–3 – 3 – 3 – 2 (figs. 24–29). Caudal filaments yellowish, with row of long setae on joints. Variations: In some specimens, shading on terga VIII–X formed a pair of yellowish marks medially. Biology. Tricorythodes diasae sp. nov. nymphs were found on pool litter and marginal banks on slow current areas of rivers. These substrata were usually covered by sediment, commonly found covering the body of nymphs of the genus. Etymology. The new species is named in honor of Lucimar G. Dias, friend and researcher of Ephemeroptera. Type material. Holotype: Brazil, RJ, Macaé, Glicério, Córrego Duas Barras, 146m, 22 o 14 ' 41.2 ''S 42 o03' 30.2 '', 22.III. 2009, Jardim G.A. & Sampaio, B.H.L. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1579); Paratypes: Brazil, RJ: Macaé, Frade, Rio das Pedras, 262m, 22 o 14 ' 28 ''S / 42 o06'05.7'', 20.III. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 2 males imagoes (DZRJ 1580); Macaé, Estrada Frade-Sana, Rio São Pedro, 426m, 22 o 13 ' 45.1 ''S / 42 o07' 39.6 ''W, 20.III. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 2 male imagoes (DZRJ 1581); Macaé, Córrego das Aduelas, 10m, 22 o 12 ' 27.9 ''S / 41 o 50 ' 24.2 ''W, 15.III. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1582); Macaé, 1 o order tributary of Córrego das Aduelas, 15m, 22 o 12 ' 11.8 ''S / 41 o 50 ' 55.4 ''W, 15. IV. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1584); Macaé, Cachoeiros de Macaé, Rio Macaé, 68m, 22 o 25 ' 49.5 ''S / 42 o 12 '06.6''W, 05. IV. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1585); Casimiro de Abreu, Figueira Branca, Ribeirão da Luz, 77m, 22 o 25 ' 48.2 ''S / 42 o 12 ' 14.9 ''W, 05. IV.2009, 21 male imagoes (DZRJ); Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, Córrego dos Patos, 644m, 22 o 24 '08.6''S / 42 o 19 ' 14.2 ''W, 06.III. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 3 male imagoes (DZRJ 1588); Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, Toca da Onça, Rio Bonito, 608m, 22 o 24 '05.6''S / 42 o 19 ' 17.8 ''W, 05.III. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 8 male imagoes (DZRJ 1589 and DZRJ 1590); same locality, 2008, Nessimian, J.L., Dumas, L.L. & Santos, A.P.M. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1591); Nova Friburgo, Cascata, Rio Macaé, 370m, 22 o 22 '03.2''S / 42 o 15 ' 27.8 ''W, 08.III. 2009, Alecrim, V.P. leg. 2 nymphs (DZRJ 1592 and DZRJ 1593); Nova Friburgo, Encontro dos Rios, Rio Macaé, 515m, 22 o 23 ' 37.1 ''S / 42 o 18 ' 20.6 ''W, 08.III. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 3 nymph (DZRJ 1594); Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, Rio Boa Vista, 900m, 22 o 19 '02.1''S / 42 o 17 ' 28.5 ''W, 15.XI. 2008, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 1 nymph (DZRJ 1595); Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, Rio Macaé, 600m, 22 o 21 ' 47.3 ''S / 42 o 18 ' 37.6 ''W, 16.XI. 2008, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 1 nymph (DZRJ 1596). Discussion. Nymphs of Tricorythodes diasae sp. nov. resemble those of T. barbus Allen, 1967 by having abdominal segments III–VI expanded as well as lack of tubercles on head and thorax, and no subapical black markings on tibiae and tarsi. In spite of that, they can be identified by the maxillary palpi (one-segmented with apical setae), lack of genal projection and antero-lateral projections on prothorax, posterolateral spines of the abdomen on segments VII–VIII, and tarsal claw with 3–4 marginal denticles and 1–2 submarginal denticles. Whereas T. barbus presents maxillary palpi 3 -segmented also with apical setae, genal projection and antero-lateral projections of prothorax present, posterolateral spines of the abdomen on segment VII and tarsal claw with one pair of submarginal denticles. Male imagoes of T. diasae sp. nov. are quite unique among Tricorythodes species from possessing lobes of penes distinctively separated and inserted dorso-appically on penes, with rounded margins.

Thraulodes jones sp. nov. Gonçalves, Da-Silva & Nessimian Male Imago (Holotype): Length: body 12.0 mm; forewing 12.4 mm; hind wing 2.0 mm. General coloration light brown, with dark brown markings. First abdominal segments whitish. Wings hyaline. Head: Area between eyes and ocelli dark brown. Anterior margin of head yellowish, translucent. Ocelli white surrounded by black ring. Upper portion of turbinate eyes orange brown. Base of antenna surrounded by dark brown; scape with dark brown ring and pedicel dark brown; flagellum yellowish. Thorax: Pronotum yellowish bearing two median dark marks extending to posterior margin. General color of mesonotum and metanotum light brown. Posterior area of mesonotum yellowish, apex dark brown. Prosternum and mesosternum dark brown. Mesosternum with two median longitudinal light brown lines. Metasternum whitish with two dark brown markings. Thoracic pleura whitish with dark brown marks. Legs: Femora of foreleg whitish with a blackish subtriangular basal mark; blackish median band, well marked centrally and inconspicuous toward margins; inner margin of femora with apical half blackish; apical margin of femora blackish; area between median band and apex orange brown. Tibia light orange brown, distal fourth blackish. Tarsus brown with base and apex whitish; last tarsal segment and tarsal claws blackish (Fig. 1). Median and hind legs similar to foreleg in color, except for lack of basal blackish mark on femora; tarsi yellowish, with last tarsomere blackish. Wings: Membrane of wings hyaline with dark brown stain at base (Figs. 2–3). Forewing veins brownish, hind wing veins whitish. Area between C, Sc and R 1 of forewing whitish toward apex. Five basal and 17–18 cross-veins distal to bullae. Abdomen: Tergum I whitish with wide anteromedian blackish mark. Terga II–VI whitish translucent bearing 3 pairs of sub apical marks: median, sublateral and lateral. Terga VII–X orange brown. Terga VII–IX possessing one lateral sub apical blackish mark; anterior and posterior margins dark brown, except for anterior margin of tergum IX. All terga possessing a blackish dash on lateral margins (Fig. 4). Sterna whitish translucent. Sterna I–VII with pair of median, sub apical and apical-lateral blackish spots. Sterna VIII–IX without marks. Genitalia: Styliger plate whitish bearing very subtle grooves, posterior median projection present with rounded apex. Forceps whitish, first segment with distal half washed with gray, second segment with rounded internal distal projection. Penes long and slender, without lateral pouch. Inner margin sclerotized; apicolateral area with acute projection directed externally and posterioly; subapical spines long and projected internally and posteriorly (Fig. 5). Caudal filaments whitish, with wide and narrow dark brown bands irregularly distributed. Variations: Body measurements were smaller in some specimens, about 10.0 mm body length; 11.0 mm forewing; and 2.0 mm hind wing; Paratypes showed scape whitish and flagella shaded with dark brown. In one male paratype, the triangular mark at base of fore femora was absent and only 4 cross-veins basal to bullae were found. The dashes on lateral margins of abdominal terga were less conspicuous at first abdominal segments on one paratype. Female Imago: Length: body 10.0–11.0 mm; forewing 11.5–12.7 mm; hind wing 1.4 –2.0 mm. General coloration light brown, abdomen shaded with dark brown. Wings hyaline. Head: Area between eyes and ocelli shaded with dark brown. Eyes black. Ocelli white surrounded by black. Anterior margin of head yellowish. Scape yellowish, pedicel dark brown and flagellum shaded with dark brown. Thorax: Pronotum yellowish; anterior and posterior margins of pronotum dark brown; median mark shaded with dark brown from which 2 pairs of marks arise, one on each side of pronotum. General color of mesonotum and metanotum as in male. Prosternum and metasternum whitish. Mesosternum dark brown with two median longitudinal light brown lines. Legs: Legs similar to male. Wings: Wings similar to male, except for having 3–4 cross-veins basal to bullae and C, Sc and R 1 area of forewing not whitish toward apex. Abdomen: Terga I–III shaded with dark brown; tergum IV also shaded except for yellowish median triangular mark extending from middle to posterior margin; terga V–VI yellowish shaded with dark brown on anterior area; tergum VII yellowish with anterior and posterior margins shaded with dark brown; tergum VIII yellowish, shaded with dark brown on anterior margin; terga IX–X yellowish; terga III–VI with a pair of sub apical dark brown marks; all terga possessing a dark brown dash on lateral margins. Sterna I–VI with a pair of apico-lateral dark brown marks, remaining sterna yellowish. Apex of female sternum cleft, V-shaped. Caudal filaments whitish, with wide and narrow dark brown bands irregularly distributed. Variations: Some females showed terga VII–IX more heavily shaded with dark brown. Females collected at Macaé de Cima, Nova Friburgo, were found to be slightly bigger: body 11.5 –12.0 mm; forewing: 15.0– 16.2 mm; hind wing: 2.0– 2.1 mm. They also showed a color pattern more intense than described above, prosternum with dark brown median mark and abdominal sterna with color pattern as in males. Mature Nymph (male): Length: body: 10.0–11.0 mm; caudal filaments: more than 13.0 mm (broken). General color dark brown with light brown areas. Head: Ocelli black; area surrounding ocelli light brown. Eyes black; turbinated portion dark brown reddish. Antennae about 2.6–2.7 times the size of the head, scape and pedicel dark brown, flagellum light brown. Labrum brown with basal lateral area light brown, wider than clypeus; its width about 3 times its length; presence of apical and sub-apical rows of whitish long setae (Fig. 6); anterior margin straight; with five very subtle emarginations (Fig. 7); lateral margins rounded. Mandibles with row of whitish setae on outer margin extending to level of outer incisor; setae long on distal half and short on basal half; outer margin projected; inner margin of outer incisor and both margins of inner incisor serrate; molars with serrate ridges; prosthecae well developed. Incisors, outer margin and basal third of mandibles brown; apical third whitish; molars and prosthecae light brown (Figs. 8–9). Right mandible outer incisor with three apical denticles; inner incisor with two denticles (Fig. 10); setae near molars light brown. Left mandible possessing 3 denticles on inner and outer incisors (Fig. 11). Maxilla whitish, flattened and rectangular; apical margin brown with row of apical long brown setae, simple and pectinated, and sub-apical interrupted row of shorter but thicker setae; inner margin bordered by long light brown setae, culminating on single pectinated setae; outer margin brown, dark brown basal to palpi insertion; posterior margin light brown, with light brown setae; palpi brown with outer margin bordered by long whitish setae, denser on segment III; inner margin of segment III and apical third of segment II with row of long setae (Fig. 12). Hypopharynx whitish with light brown setae; superlingua bearing long setae on apical margin and at base (Fig. 13); apex of lingua ventrally covered by short setae; outer margin more densely setose so that the region appears to be somewhat darkened. Labium yellowish white; densely covered by long light brown setae on glossa and apical third of paraglossa; first segment of palpi with scattered whitish setae on inner and outer margins; second segment with denser setae at apical third, outer margin with long setae and inner margin bearing short, spine-like setae (Fig. 14). Thorax: Pronotum brown with several scattered light brown spots; lateral margins light brown with sublateral dark brown stripe, posterior margin with light brown border not reaching lateral margins. General coloration of mesonotum dark brown, scattered with several brown spots; two brown longitudinal lines one on each side of median suture. Wing pads light brown, veins dark brown. Thoracic sterna yellowish. Legs: Femora of all legs brown with light brown marks, tibia, tarsi and claw light brown. Foreleg (Fig. 15): coxa with wide dark brown margin, outer margin bordered by long simple setae; femora dark brown with one basal, one sub-median and one sub-apical light brown marks; basal mark lighter, with inner grayish spot; outer margin with row of simple long setae and fewer shorter clavate setae, inner margin with few long simple setae, not as long as those of outer margin; margins and dorsal area of femora presenting short bristles; outer margin and dorsal region of tibia with row of simple setae, not as long as those on femora; inner margin with row of spines; apical half of tibia and tarsus somewhat shaded with brown; tarsus bearing simple setae. Tarsal claws with seven denticles, apical denticle over twice longer than subapical denticle (Fig. 16). Mid leg (Fig. 17): similar to foreleg except femora with one basal and one sub apical light brown mark and inner margin with row of strong short spines; outer margin of tibia with fringe of long simple setae; inner margin without setae. Hind leg (Fig. 18): similar to foreleg except basal mark of femora less conspicuous than in other legs, reduced to a line; inner margin with row of strong short spines, slightly longer than those of mid leg; outer margin of tibia fringed with long simple setae, short bristles and few clavate setae, inner margin with row of short bristles and row of long simple setae, although not as long as those of femora; outer margin of tarsus with row of simple long setae, some clavate setae and short bristles; Abdomen: Terga I–VII mainly dark brown, postero-lateral areas light brown; terga VIII–X light brown, somewhat yellowish. Tergum X with median mark and lateral margins dark brown (Fig. 19). Caudal filaments brownish. Posterior margin of terga and caudal filaments with row of spines, longer on caudal filaments. Gills purplish gray, with symmetrical lamellae; main trachea strongly pigmented but branches are visible although weakly marked; gills broad, tapering toward apex (Fig. 20). Variations: Body length was higher on female mature nymphs, reaching 12.0 mm. Some specimens showed different abdominal color pattern, with dark brown anterior margin on tergum VIII and on tergum IX, this coloration was interrupted on median region. Aside that, subtle variations on color intensity were found, with specimens overall darker or lighter on their color patterns. Type material: Holotype: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, Rio Boa Vista, Cachoeira Indiana Jones, 900 m, 22 o 19 '02.1"S / 42 o 17 ' 28.5 "W, 15.xi. 2008, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 800); Alotype: Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, tributário de primeira ordem do Córrego Santa Margarida, 844 m, 22 o 20 ' 35.5 "S / 42 o 18 '00.0"W, 16.xi. 2008, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. (Light trap) 1 female imago (alotype; DZRJ 807). Paratypes: same data, 2 nymphs (MZUSP); same data, 1 nymph (DZRJ 802); same locality and date, Alecrim, V.P. leg. 6 nymphs (DZRJ 803); same data, 1 nymph (DZRJ 804); Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, Rio Boa Vista, 583 m, 22 o 23 ' 57.9 "S / 42 o 19 ' 14.6 "W, 15.xi. 2008, Alecrim, V.P. leg. 1 nymph (DZRJ 805); Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, first order tributary of Córrego Santa Margarida, 844 m, 22 o 20 ' 35.5 "S / 42 o 18 '00.0"W, 16.xi. 2008, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. (Light trap), 1 male and 3 female imagos (MZUSP); same data, 1 male imago (DZRJ 806); Additional material: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, Macaé de Cima, Rio Macaé, 935 m, 22 o 24 ' 46 "S / 42 o 31 ' 16.2 "W, 12.ix. 2009, Alecrim, V.P. leg., 4 female imagos (DZRJ 812); same data, Gonçalves, I.C. leg., 1 nymph (MZUSP); same locality, 13.ix. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg., 1 female imago (DZRJ 809); same data, 1 female subimago (DZRJ 810); same data, 5 nymphs (DZRJ 811); same locality, 14.ix. 2009, Alecrim, V.P. leg., 3 female imagos (MZUSP); same locality, 18.ix. 2008, Alecrim, V.P. leg., 4 nymphs (DZRJ 808); Nova Friburgo, Macaé de Cima, Rio Macaé, 977 m, 22 º 25 ’ 30.6 ’’S / 42 º 32 ’00.7’’W, 13.ix. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg., 3 nymphs (MZUSP); Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Rio Paquequer, 933 m, 22 ° 27 ' 8.13 "S / 42 ° 59 ' 31.77 "W, 10.v. 2008, Henriques-Oliveira, A.L., Santos, A.P.M. & Ferreira-Jr., N. leg. (light trap), 1 male subimago (DZRJ 816); Macaé, Sana, Córrego do Colégio, 294 m, 22 ° 20 ' 23.4 "S / 42 ° 12 ' 13.5 "W, 19.ii. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. (light trap), one female subimago (DZRJ 818); same data, 1 male and 2 female imagos (DZRJ 819); São Paulo: Ubatuba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar – Núcleo Picinguaba, Rio da Fazenda, 41 m, 23 ° 20 ' 16.7 "S / 44 ° 50 ' 10.9 "W, 02.x. 2005, Santos, A.P.M. & Dumas, L.L. leg. (Light trap), 1 male and 2 female subimagos (DZRJ 821); same locality and date, Santos, A.P.M. leg. (Light trap), 1 male subimago (DZRJ 822). Etymology: The name jones is a reference to the type locality, the Boa Vista river at Indiana Jones waterfall. Life cycle associations: Nymphs and adults were associated from one male nymph (Holotype) and two female nymphs reared to adult stage. Biology: Nymphs were found on rocky stream bottoms in areas of moderate current.

Tricorythodes diasae sp. nov. Gon��alves, Da-Silva and Nessimian Male Imago. Diagnosis: 1) Vein CuP of wings absent or incomplete (Fig. 16); 2) distal 3 / 4 of hind legs black; 3) inner margins of styliger plate projected (Fig. 17); 4) penes rectangular with lateral margins sclerotized, forming two distal lobes inserted apico-dorsally with rounded margins (Fig. 17). Nymph. Diagnosis: 1) Maxillary palpi one-segmented with distal setae (Fig. 22); 2) Genal projection absent; 3) anterolateral projections of pronotum absent; 4) Tubercles absent on head and thorax; 5) tarsal claws with 10���11 denticles, without distal setae (Fig. 23); 6) dorsal surface of fore femora with transversal row of setae on median region (Fig. 21); 7) femora narrow, not bordered by a row of long setae (Figs. 20���21); 8) lateral margins of abdominal terga III���VI expanded, terga VII���VIII bearing posterolateral spines (Fig. 19); 9) opercular gill triangular, yellowish, with scattered blackish dots (Fig. 24). Description. Male Imago: Length: 2.8���3.2mm body; 2.7 ���3.0mm wing. General coloration translucent white with black markings. Head: Brown suffused with blackish spots. Eyes and ocelli black. Scape, pedicel and flagellum whitish washed with brown. Thorax: Pronotum translucent whitish washed with blackish spots, lateral margins brown. Mesonotum brown, posterior margin blackish. Membranous filaments short, inconspicuous. Metanotum whitish, heavily shaded with black. Prosternum whitish with blackish dots. Meso and metasternum yellowish. Wings: Membrane hyaline, veins blackish. Basal third of Sc possessing blackish spots along the vein. Vein CuP absent or incomplete (Fig. 16). Legs: Forelegs with coxae, trochanteres and femora yellowish-white; tibiae, tarsus and tarsal claws whitish; last tarsal segment faintly washed with black. Mid legs with coxae, trochanteres and femora yellowish-white; tibia, tarsus and tarsal claws whitish. Hind legs with coxae, trochanteres and basal fourth of femora yellowish white; distal 3 / 4 of femora and tibia washed with black; tarsus and tarsal claws whitish. Abdomen: Terga translucent white heavily washed with black (Fig. 18). Sterna translucent white; lateral margins of sterna I���IV washed with black; remaining segments becoming more heavily shaded towards end of the abdomen. Caudal Filaments translucent white, basal segments washed with black. Genitalia: Forceps and penes translucent white. Inner margin of forceps projected. Penes rectangular with lateral margins sclerotized; possessing two distal lobes with lateral margins rounded; distal lobes inserted dorsoapically (Fig. 17). Female Imago: Unknown. Mature Nymph: Length: 4.5mm body; 2.7���3.2mm caudal filaments. General coloration yellowish with blackish markings. Head: Yellowish; washed with black between eyes and ocelli. Scape, pedicel and flagellum yellowish. Mouthparts yellow; maxillary palpi one-segmented with apical setae (Fig. 22). Genal projection absent. Thorax: Pronotum yellow; heavily shaded with black. Antero-lateral projection absent. Mesonotum yellowish; metanotum whitish yellow. Sterna yellowish. Legs: Yellowish. Fore femora with median transversal row of long setae (Fig. 21). Hind femora dorsally shaded with faint blackish (Fig. 20). Tarsal claw with 10���11 denticles (Fig. 23). Abdomen: Terga yellowish heavily shaded by blackish. Sterna yellowish with lateral margins shaded with black. Lateral margins of segments III���VI expanded; segments VII and VIII with postero-lateral spines (Fig. 19). Operculate gills triangular; all gills yellowish with scattered blackish dots. Gill formula 2���3 ��� 3 ��� 3 ��� 2 (figs. 24���29). Caudal filaments yellowish, with row of long setae on joints. Variations: In some specimens, shading on terga VIII���X formed a pair of yellowish marks medially. Biology. Tricorythodes diasae sp. nov. nymphs were found on pool litter and marginal banks on slow current areas of rivers. These substrata were usually covered by sediment, commonly found covering the body of nymphs of the genus. Etymology. The new species is named in honor of Lucimar G. Dias, friend and researcher of Ephemeroptera. Type material. Holotype: Brazil, RJ, Maca��, Glic��rio, C��rrego Duas Barras, 146m, 22 o 14 ' 41.2 ''S 42 o03' 30.2 '', 22.III. 2009, Jardim G.A. & Sampaio, B.H.L. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1579); Paratypes: Brazil, RJ: Maca��, Frade, Rio das Pedras, 262m, 22 o 14 ' 28 ''S / 42 o06'05.7'', 20.III. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 2 males imagoes (DZRJ 1580); Maca��, Estrada Frade-Sana, Rio S��o Pedro, 426m, 22 o 13 ' 45.1 ''S / 42 o07' 39.6 ''W, 20.III. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 2 male imagoes (DZRJ 1581); Maca��, C��rrego das Aduelas, 10m, 22 o 12 ' 27.9 ''S / 41 o 50 ' 24.2 ''W, 15.III. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1582); Maca��, 1 o order tributary of C��rrego das Aduelas, 15m, 22 o 12 ' 11.8 ''S / 41 o 50 ' 55.4 ''W, 15. IV. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1584); Maca��, Cachoeiros de Maca��, Rio Maca��, 68m, 22 o 25 ' 49.5 ''S / 42 o 12 '06.6''W, 05. IV. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1585); Casimiro de Abreu, Figueira Branca, Ribeir��o da Luz, 77m, 22 o 25 ' 48.2 ''S / 42 o 12 ' 14.9 ''W, 05. IV.2009, 21 male imagoes (DZRJ); Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, C��rrego dos Patos, 644m, 22 o 24 '08.6''S / 42 o 19 ' 14.2 ''W, 06.III. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 3 male imagoes (DZRJ 1588); Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, Toca da On��a, Rio Bonito, 608m, 22 o 24 '05.6''S / 42 o 19 ' 17.8 ''W, 05.III. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 8 male imagoes (DZRJ 1589 and DZRJ 1590); same locality, 2008, Nessimian, J.L., Dumas, L.L. & Santos, A.P.M. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1591); Nova Friburgo, Cascata, Rio Maca��, 370m, 22 o 22 '03.2''S / 42 o 15 ' 27.8 ''W, 08.III. 2009, Alecrim, V.P. leg. 2 nymphs (DZRJ 1592 and DZRJ 1593); Nova Friburgo, Encontro dos Rios, Rio Maca��, 515m, 22 o 23 ' 37.1 ''S / 42 o 18 ' 20.6 ''W, 08.III. 2009, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 3 nymph (DZRJ 1594); Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, Rio Boa Vista, 900m, 22 o 19 '02.1''S / 42 o 17 ' 28.5 ''W, 15.XI. 2008, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 1 nymph (DZRJ 1595); Nova Friburgo, Lumiar, Rio Maca��, 600m, 22 o 21 ' 47.3 ''S / 42 o 18 ' 37.6 ''W, 16.XI. 2008, Gon��alves, I.C. leg. 1 nymph (DZRJ 1596). Discussion. Nymphs of Tricorythodes diasae sp. nov. resemble those of T. barbus Allen, 1967 by having abdominal segments III���VI expanded as well as lack of tubercles on head and thorax, and no subapical black markings on tibiae and tarsi. In spite of that, they can be identified by the maxillary palpi (one-segmented with apical setae), lack of genal projection and antero-lateral projections on prothorax, posterolateral spines of the abdomen on segments VII���VIII, and tarsal claw with 3���4 marginal denticles and 1���2 submarginal denticles. Whereas T. barbus presents maxillary palpi 3 -segmented also with apical setae, genal projection and antero-lateral projections of prothorax present, posterolateral spines of the abdomen on segment VII and tarsal claw with one pair of submarginal denticles. Male imagoes of T. diasae sp. nov. are quite unique among Tricorythodes species from possessing lobes of penes distinctively separated and inserted dorso-appically on penes, with rounded margins., Published as part of Gon��alves, In��s C., Da-Silva, Elidiomar R. & Nessimian, Jorge L., 2010, Two new species of Tricorythodes Ulmer, 1920 (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) from Southeastern Brazil, pp. 62-68 in Zootaxa 2721 on pages 65-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199906, {"references":["Da-Silva, E. R., Goncalves, I. C. & De-Souza, M. R. 2010 (2009) Lista de especies pertencentes a ordem Ephemeroptera (Insecta) ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 67 (3 - 4), 383 - 394.","Allen, R. K. (1967) New species of New World Leptohyphinae (Ephemeroptera: Tricorythidae). Canadian Entomologist, 99, 350 - 375."]}

Tricorythodes chalaza sp. nov. Gonçalves, Da-Silva and Nessimian Male Imago. Diagnosis: 1) Vein CuP incomplete or absent (Fig. 1); 2) inner margins of styliger plate projected (Fig. 2); 3) basal swelling on segment II of forceps shaded with black (Fig. 2); 4) penes pyramidal with lateral margins sclerotized, divided apically (Fig. 2). Nymph. Diagnosis: 1) Maxillary palpi one segmented with distal setae (Fig. 7); 2) genal projections absent; 3) anterolateral projections of pronotum absent; 4) pronotum with prominent median tubercle (Fig. 5); 5) tarsal claws with 13–14 denticles without distal setae (Fig. 6); 6) dorsal surface of fore femora with transversal row of setae on submedian region (Fig. 9); 7) femora narrow, bordered by a row of setae as in Figs. 8–9; 8) abdominal color pattern as in Fig. 4; 9) lateral margins of abdominal terga III–VII expanded, tergum VIII possessing posterolateral spines (Fig. 4); 10) opercular gills triangular, yellow, with blackish shade (Fig. 10). Description. Male Imago: Length: 2.3–3.2mm body; 2.8–3.1mm wing. General coloration yellowish with black markings. Head: Yellowish, with black markings on posterior margin and two brownish markings near posterior margin and ocelli. Ocelli grayish white surrounded by black. Scape and pedicel whitish suffused with brown; flagellum light brown. Thorax: Pronotum whitish with black markings; two wide postero-lateral light brown markings on pronotum. Mesonotum light brown; lateral margins black on anterior and posterior ends; membranous filaments absent. Metanotum light brown. Sterna light brown. Wings: Membrane hyaline; longitudinal veins grayish and cross veins translucent white. Base of wings and vein C shaded with gray. Vein ICuA usually not jointed at base to CuA; when jointed, vein ICuA becomes very light colored and translucent near junction. CuP incomplete or absent (Fig. 1). Legs: Coxae and trochanteres of fore legs whitish with black markings; coxae and trochanteres of mid and hind legs yellowish with black markings. Femora whitish possessing black markings. Mid legs more suffused with black than fore legs, only lightly shaded; hind leg more strongly suffused than fore and mid leg. Tibiae whitish. Tarsal segments and tarsal claws yellowish; fourth tarsal segment of fore legs lightly shaded with gray on basal half. Abdomen: Whitish heavily suffused with black, so that only a median whitish longitudinal line can be seen on terga (Fig. 3). Sterna translucent white, gonads can be seen by transparence on final terga. Caudal filaments whitish shaded by black becoming fainted toward apex. Genitalia: Whitish; inner margin of forceps projected, basal swelling on segment II of forceps heavily shaded with black. Penes pyramidal with lateral margins strongly sclerotized; penes with apical division (Fig. 2). Variations: Some specimens had overall body coloration more heavily shaded with black, particularly on the head, thoracic terga and legs. In a few individuals, penes also presented a pair of black markings at base. Female Imago: Unknown. Mature Nymph: Length: 3.3–3.7mm body; 2.3 –3.0mm caudal filaments. General coloration yellowish with black markings. Head: Yellow with median region and posterior margin of head bearing black markings. Antennae yellowish. Mouthparts yellow. Maxillary palpi one-segmented with apical setae (Fig. 7). Genal projection absent. Thorax: Pronotum yellow with blackish markings; possessing a prominent tubercle medially (Fig. 5). Anterolateral projection absent. Mesonotum yellow, bearing scattered blackish markings on lateral margins and between wing pads. Wing pads blackish. Sterna yellow. Legs: Yellow; dorsal surface of femora shaded with black, more so on mid than on fore femora, and heavily on hind femora (Figs. 8–9). Dorsum of fore femora with a transverse row of setae on sub median region (Fig. 9). Tarsal claws with 13–14 denticles, without distal setae (Fig. 6). Abdomen: Yellow heavily shaded with black. Forming a yellow median longitudinal line and yellow sublateral areas on terga. Lateral expansions of abdomen yellow; lateral margins of segments III–VII expanded with postero-lateral spines on segment VIII. Posterior margin of terga bearing setae (Fig. 4). Sterna yellow. Operculate gills triangular, yellow, with blackish shade. Remaining gills translucent white, suffused with black at base. Gill formula: 2–3 – 3 – 3 – 2 (Figs. 10–15). Caudal filaments light brown bearing setae at joints. Biology. Tricorythodes chalaza sp. nov. was found on rivers with slow current and sandy and muddy bottoms. Nymphs were collected in marginal banks and vegetation. Etymology. “chalaz” meaning “tubercle”, in allusion to the presence of a prominent tubercle on pronotum. Type material. Holotype: Brazil, RJ, Macaé, Córrego das Aduelas, 10m, 22 o 12 ' 27.9 ''S / 41 o 50 ' 24.2 ''W, 15.III. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1556). Paratypes: Brazil, RJ: Macaé, Córrego das Aduelas, 10m, 22 o 12 ' 27.9 ''S / 41 o 50 ' 24.2 ''W, 15.III. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 11 male imagoes (DZRJ 1560); Macaé, Córrego das Aduelas, 28m, 22 o 11 ' 10.4 ''S / 41 o 49 '09.9''W, 15. IV. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1561); Macaé, 1 o order tributary of Córrego das Aduelas, 15m, 22 o 12 ' 11.8 ''S / 41 o 50 ' 55.4 ''W, 15. IV. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 2 male imagoes (DZRJ 1558); Macaé, Cachoeiros de Macaé, Rio Macaé, 68m, 22 o 25 ' 49.5 ''S / 42 o 12 '06.6''W, 05. IV. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1562); Macaé, Rio Macaé, 22 o 17 ' 42.9 ''S / 41 o 52 ' 48 ''W, 16. IV. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 1 male imago (DZRJ 1557); same data, 3 male imagoes (DZRJ 1559); same data except Ferreira-Jr, N. leg. 11 nymphs (DZRJ 1563, DZRJ 1564, DZRJ 1566, DZRJ 1568, DZRJ 1570, DZRJ 1575, DZRJ 1576, DZRJ 1577); same locality, 21.I. 2008, Ferreira-Jr leg. 2 nymphs (DZRJ 1565 and DZRJ 1574); same locality, 2005, no leg. 4 nymphs (DZRJ 1567, DZRJ 1569, DZRJ 1573); Macaé, Sana, Córrego Alegre, 22 o 15 ' 38.8 ''S / 42 o 10 '08.2''W, 19.II. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 1 nymph (DZRJ 1571); Brasil, RJ, Nova Friburgo, Cascata, Rio Macaé, 22 o 22 '03.2''S / 42 o 15 ' 27.8 ''W, 08.III. 2009, Gonçalves, I.C. leg. 2 nymphs (DZRJ 1572 and DZRJ 1578). Discussion. T. chalaza sp. nov. is similar to T. bullus by sharing, on the male imagoes: vein CuP incomplete and penes pyramidal with lateral margins strongly sclerotized. Despite the resemblance, imagoes of the new species can be differentiated by having styliger plate projected on inner corner and basal swelling of segment II of the forceps heavily shaded with black, characteristics lacking on T. bullus. Moreover, in T. chalaza sp. nov. the vein CuP may be incomplete or absent, whereas in T. bullus this vein is always present though incomplete. Regarding the nymphs, T. bullus and T. cristatus also present a tubercle on pronotum as T. chalaza sp. nov. However, the new species can be differentiated from both by the absence of tubercles on head and mesothorax. An additional difference between these speciesis the number of denticles on tarsal claws: 13–14 in T. chalaza sp. nov., 16–18 in T. cristatus and 8–11 in T. bullus.

Members of Buenoa are restricted to the Western Hemisphere, with the greatest diversity of species in South America. There are about 50 described species and approximately 20 of them have been reported from Brazil. Buenoa pseudomutabilis Barbosa, Ribeiro and Nessimian, sp. nov. is described here from Maricá, Rio de Janeiro State. This species resembles B. mutabilis Truxal, 1953 because males have a stridulatory area on inner surface of forefemur, forefemur narrowed at apex, with length more than three times its width at apex, and rostral prong longer than third rostral segment. Males of B. pseudomutabilis sp. nov. can be readily recognized by the presence of 21 to 25 teeth in the stridulatory comb of foretibia, whereas in B. mutabilis the stridulatory comb of foretibia consists of approximately 33 to 38 teeth. Males of B. pseudomutabilis sp. nov. bear one nodule on each ventral laterotergite 1 of abdomen. A key to male species of Buenoa occurring in Rio de Janeiro State, including the new species, is provided. Os representantes de Buenoa restringem-se ao hemisfério ocidental, sendo a América do Sul a região que abriga o maior número de espécies descritas. Das 50 espécies descritas, cerca de 20 ocorrem no Brasil. Buenoa pseudomutabilis Barbosa, Ribeiro & Nessimian, sp. nov. é descrita com base em representantes de Maricá, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sendo similar à B. mutabilis Truxal, 1953 quanto à presença de uma área estridulatória na superfície interna do fêmur anterior dos machos, pelo aspecto estreito do ápice desse fêmur (com o comprimento maior que três vezes a largura do seu ápice) e pelo dente lateral do rostro maior que o seu terceiro segmento. Espécimes machos de B. pseudomutabilis sp. nov. podem ser distinguidos facilmente pela presença de um pente com 21 a 25 dentes na tíbia anterior, enquanto o dos machos de B. mutabilis consiste de aproximadamente 33 a 38 dentes. Os machos de B. pseudomutabilis sp. nov. apresentam um nódulo em ambos os lados do primeiro tergito látero-ventral do abdome. Uma chave de identificação para os representantes machos das espécies de Buenoa ocorrentes no Rio de Janeiro com a espécie nova incluída é fornecida.

The last instar larva of M. latus (Fabricius, 1801) is described and figured, based on reared specimens from Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Some notes on the biotope are provided. A larva de terceiro ínstar de M. latus (Fabricius, 1801) é descrita e ilustrada, baseado em espécimes criados da Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Algumas notas acerca do biótopo onde as larvas foram coletadas são incluídas.

Key to Brazilian genera of Plecoptera based on last­instar nymphs 1 Thoracic gills present (Fig. 1), sometimes subanal lobe gill also present; mandible with apical teeth sharp, molar region inconspicuous (Fig. 3); maxillae with setal rows below lacinial teeth (Fig. 5); labium with poorly developed glossae and well developed round paraglossae (Fig. 7); pronotum ellipsoid with posterior margin with median concavity (Fig. 9); paraproct small and quadrangular, not visible in ventral view (Fig. 11)......................................................................... Perlidae … 2 1 ' Thoracic gills absent, anal gill rosette always present (Fig. 2); mandibles with apical teeth blunt, molar region well developed (Fig. 4); maxillae with rows of setae on apex of lacinia, covering partially or completely lacinial teeth (Fig. 6); labium with glossa and paraglossa well developed, subequal and digitiform (Fig. 8); pronotum subquadrangular, posterior margin without median concavity (Fig. 10 a) or with large triangular anterolateral projections (Fig. 10 b); paraproct large and triangular, visible on ventral view (Fig. 12).............................. Gripopterygidae … 5 FIGURES 1­ 3 ­ 5­7 ­ 9­11. Perlidae. 2­4 ­ 6­8 ­ 10 a­ 10 b­ 12. Gripopterygidae. 1. Anacroneuria sp., ventral view showing thoracic gills (tg).; 2. Gripopteryx sp., dorsal view showing the anal gill rosette (gr).; 3. Kempnyia sp., right mandible ventral view; 4. Gripopteryx sp., right mandible ventral view; 5. Kempnyia sp, right maxilla ventral view; 6. Guaranyperla sp., right maxilla ventral view; 7. Kempnyia sp., labium; 8. Gripopteryx sp., labium; 9. Anacroneuria, head and pronotum (dorsal view); 10 a. Paragripopteryx sp., head and pronotum (dorsal view); 10 b. Guaraniperla sp., head and pronotum (dorsal view); 11. Macrogynoplax sp., end of abdomen (ventral view) showing paraprocta (p); 12. Paragripopteryx sp.., end of abdomen (ventral view showing paraprocta (p). FIGURES 13­15 ­ 17­19 ­ 21 Macrogynoplax, 14­16 ­ 18­20 ­ 22 ­ Anacroneuria. 13 and 14. left mandible, ventral view; 15 and 16. left maxilla, ventral view; 17 and 18. labium; 19 and 20. head and pronotum; 21 and 22. left foreleg, lateral view. 2 (1) Mandibular basal teeth acute and prominent (Fig. 13); maxillae with inner margin concave (Fig. 15); maxillary and labial palpi slender, 2 nd and 3 rd segments of maxillary palpus at least 5 times as long as wide, 2 nd segment of labial palpus at least 7 times as long as wide. (Figs 15, 17); posterior margin of pronotum with lateral expansion (Fig. 19); foreleg raptorial (Fig. 21) .............................. Macrogynoplax 2 ’ Mandibular basal teeth blunt (Fig. 14); maxillae with inner margin not concave (Fig. 16); maxillary and labial palpi not so slender as in Macrogynoplax, 2 nd and 3 rd segments of maxillary palpus less than 5 times as long as wide and 2 nd segment of labial palpus less than 7 times as long as wide (Figs 16, 18); posterior margin of pronotum without lateral expansion (Fig. 20); foreleg not raptorial (Fig. 22)..... 3 3 (2 ’) Two ocelli present; post­frontal line with median portion not curving anteriorly between ocelli (Fig. 23); interocellar distance 1 / 3 or less of distance from each ocellus to adjacent eye (Fig. 23); maxillae with dorsal patch of small setae adjacent to inner margin (Fig. 25); fore femora usually with transverse row of well developed setae (Fig. 27); supra­coxal gills SC 2 and SC 3 absent (Fig. 29); pleural gill III composed by three rami basally, inserted ventrally, and very apparent in ventral view; subanal lobe gills absent (Fig. 31) ............................... Anacroneuria 3 ’ Two or three ocelli present; post­frontal line with median portion curving anteriorly in between paired ocelli (Fig. 24); interocellar distance 2 / 3 of distance from each ocellus to adjacent eye (Fig. 24); maxillae without dorsal patch of small setae adjacent to inner margin (Fig. 26); fore femora without transverse row of well developed setae (Fig. 28); supra­coxal gills SC 1, SC 2 and SC 3 present (Fig. 30); pleural gill III composed by single ramus basally, inserted laterally, and not very apparent in ventral view; subanal lobe gills present or absent (Fig. 32)............... 4 4 (3 ’) Femur with ventral sulcus extending from apex to near the base (Fig. 33)............................................................................................................. Enderleina (see text) 4 ’ Femur with ventral sulcus restricted to apical 2 / 3 (Fig. 34)................... Kempnyia 5 (1 ’) Pronotum with large triangular anterolateral projection, flanking head (Fig. 10 b); dorsum with vesicular setae (Fig. 35); abdominal tergum X with elongate median posterior projection (Fig. 36) ............................................................ Guaranyperla 5 ’ Pronotum without anterolateral projection (Fig. 10 a); dorsum without vesicular setae; abdominal tergum X without posterior median projection (Fig. 37), if median projection present, it is spine­like and curved ventrally (Fig. 38)........... 6 6 (5 ’) Thoracic and abdominal terga with spines, sometimes thoracic spines small (Figs 38, 39) Gripopteryx 6 ’ Thoracic and abdominal terga without spines (Fig. 40)........................................ 7 7 (6 ’) Mandible with setae present on molar region and/or posterad (Fig. 41); femora without ventral spine (Fig. 43)..................................................... Paragripopteryx 7 ’ Mandibles glabrous (Fig. 42); femora with ventral spine (Fig. 44) .......... Tupiperla

Key to Brazilian genera of Plecoptera based on last��instar nymphs 1 Thoracic gills present (Fig. 1), sometimes subanal lobe gill also present; mandible with apical teeth sharp, molar region inconspicuous (Fig. 3); maxillae with setal rows below lacinial teeth (Fig. 5); labium with poorly developed glossae and well developed round paraglossae (Fig. 7); pronotum ellipsoid with posterior margin with median concavity (Fig. 9); paraproct small and quadrangular, not visible in ventral view (Fig. 11)......................................................................... Perlidae ��� 2 1 ' Thoracic gills absent, anal gill rosette always present (Fig. 2); mandibles with apical teeth blunt, molar region well developed (Fig. 4); maxillae with rows of setae on apex of lacinia, covering partially or completely lacinial teeth (Fig. 6); labium with glossa and paraglossa well developed, subequal and digitiform (Fig. 8); pronotum subquadrangular, posterior margin without median concavity (Fig. 10 a) or with large triangular anterolateral projections (Fig. 10 b); paraproct large and triangular, visible on ventral view (Fig. 12).............................. Gripopterygidae ��� 5 FIGURES 1�� 3 �� 5��7 �� 9��11. Perlidae. 2��4 �� 6��8 �� 10 a�� 10 b�� 12. Gripopterygidae. 1. Anacroneuria sp., ventral view showing thoracic gills (tg).; 2. Gripopteryx sp., dorsal view showing the anal gill rosette (gr).; 3. Kempnyia sp., right mandible ventral view; 4. Gripopteryx sp., right mandible ventral view; 5. Kempnyia sp, right maxilla ventral view; 6. Guaranyperla sp., right maxilla ventral view; 7. Kempnyia sp., labium; 8. Gripopteryx sp., labium; 9. Anacroneuria, head and pronotum (dorsal view); 10 a. Paragripopteryx sp., head and pronotum (dorsal view); 10 b. Guaraniperla sp., head and pronotum (dorsal view); 11. Macrogynoplax sp., end of abdomen (ventral view) showing paraprocta (p); 12. Paragripopteryx sp.., end of abdomen (ventral view showing paraprocta (p). FIGURES 13��15 �� 17��19 �� 21 Macrogynoplax, 14��16 �� 18��20 �� 22 �� Anacroneuria. 13 and 14. left mandible, ventral view; 15 and 16. left maxilla, ventral view; 17 and 18. labium; 19 and 20. head and pronotum; 21 and 22. left foreleg, lateral view. 2 (1) Mandibular basal teeth acute and prominent (Fig. 13); maxillae with inner margin concave (Fig. 15); maxillary and labial palpi slender, 2 nd and 3 rd segments of maxillary palpus at least 5 times as long as wide, 2 nd segment of labial palpus at least 7 times as long as wide. (Figs 15, 17); posterior margin of pronotum with lateral expansion (Fig. 19); foreleg raptorial (Fig. 21) .............................. Macrogynoplax 2 ��� Mandibular basal teeth blunt (Fig. 14); maxillae with inner margin not concave (Fig. 16); maxillary and labial palpi not so slender as in Macrogynoplax, 2 nd and 3 rd segments of maxillary palpus less than 5 times as long as wide and 2 nd segment of labial palpus less than 7 times as long as wide (Figs 16, 18); posterior margin of pronotum without lateral expansion (Fig. 20); foreleg not raptorial (Fig. 22)..... 3 3 (2 ���) Two ocelli present; post��frontal line with median portion not curving anteriorly between ocelli (Fig. 23); interocellar distance 1 / 3 or less of distance from each ocellus to adjacent eye (Fig. 23); maxillae with dorsal patch of small setae adjacent to inner margin (Fig. 25); fore femora usually with transverse row of well developed setae (Fig. 27); supra��coxal gills SC 2 and SC 3 absent (Fig. 29); pleural gill III composed by three rami basally, inserted ventrally, and very apparent in ventral view; subanal lobe gills absent (Fig. 31) ............................... Anacroneuria 3 ��� Two or three ocelli present; post��frontal line with median portion curving anteriorly in between paired ocelli (Fig. 24); interocellar distance 2 / 3 of distance from each ocellus to adjacent eye (Fig. 24); maxillae without dorsal patch of small setae adjacent to inner margin (Fig. 26); fore femora without transverse row of well developed setae (Fig. 28); supra��coxal gills SC 1, SC 2 and SC 3 present (Fig. 30); pleural gill III composed by single ramus basally, inserted laterally, and not very apparent in ventral view; subanal lobe gills present or absent (Fig. 32)............... 4 4 (3 ���) Femur with ventral sulcus extending from apex to near the base (Fig. 33)............................................................................................................. Enderleina (see text) 4 ��� Femur with ventral sulcus restricted to apical 2 / 3 (Fig. 34)................... Kempnyia 5 (1 ���) Pronotum with large triangular anterolateral projection, flanking head (Fig. 10 b); dorsum with vesicular setae (Fig. 35); abdominal tergum X with elongate median posterior projection (Fig. 36) ............................................................ Guaranyperla 5 ��� Pronotum without anterolateral projection (Fig. 10 a); dorsum without vesicular setae; abdominal tergum X without posterior median projection (Fig. 37), if median projection present, it is spine��like and curved ventrally (Fig. 38)........... 6 6 (5 ���) Thoracic and abdominal terga with spines, sometimes thoracic spines small (Figs 38, 39) Gripopteryx 6 ��� Thoracic and abdominal terga without spines (Fig. 40)........................................ 7 7 (6 ���) Mandible with setae present on molar region and/or posterad (Fig. 41); femora without ventral spine (Fig. 43)..................................................... Paragripopteryx 7 ��� Mandibles glabrous (Fig. 42); femora with ventral spine (Fig. 44) .......... Tupiperla, Published as part of Olifiers, Martina H., Dorvill��, Lu��s F. M., Nessimian, Jorge L. & Hamada, Neusa, 2004, A key to Brazilian genera of Plecoptera (Insecta) based on nymphs, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 651 on pages 4-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158008