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2. Blue Flashes as Counterparts to Narrow Bipolar Events: the Optical Signal of Shallow In-Cloud Discharges

Author

Li, Dongshuai, Luque, Alejandro, Gordillo‐Vázquez, F. J., Liu, Feifan, Lu, Gaopeng, Neubert, Torsten, Chanrion, Olivier, Zhu, Baoyou, Østgaard, Nikolai, Reglero, Víctor, European Research Council, European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), National Key Research and Development Program (China), and National Natural Science Foundation of China

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Narrow bipolar events (NBEs), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, business.industry, Cloud computing, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Lightning, Signal, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, 13. Climate action, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Thunderstorm, business, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Streamer, Blue luminous events (BLUEs), Geology, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Narrow Bipolar Events (NBEs) are powerful radio emissions from thunderstorms, which have been recently associated with blue optical flashes on cloud tops and attributed to extensive streamer electrical discharges named fast breakdown. Combining data obtained from a thunderstorm over South China by the space-based Atmosphere Space Interactions Monitor, the Vaisala GLD360 global lightning network and very low frequency/low frequency radio detectors, here we report and analyze for the first time the optical emissions of blue luminous events associated with negative NBEs and located at the top edge of a thundercloud. These emissions are weakly affected by scattering from cloud droplets, allowing us to estimate the source extension and optical energy involved in the process. The optical energy in the 337-nm band emitted by fast breakdown is about 104 J, which involves around 109 streamer initiation events. © 2021. The Authors., This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union H2020 programme/ERC grant agreement 681257. It also received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the M. Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement SAINT 722337. Additionally, this work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MINECO, under project PID2019-109269RB-C43 and FEDER program. D. Li, A. Luque and F. J. Gordillo-Vázquez acknowledge financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). F. Liu, G. Lu and B. Zhu are supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC1501501) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (41775004, 41875006, 42005068, U1938115).

Published
2021

3. A simultaneous observation of lightning by ASIM, Colombia-Lightning Mapping Array, GLM and ISS-LIS

Author

Montanya, Joan, Lopez, Jesus A., Morales, Carlos, van der Velde, Oscar, Fabro, Ferran, Pineda, Nicolau, Navarro-Gonzalez, Javier, Reglero, Victor, Neubert, Torsten, Chanrion, Olivier, Goodman, Steven J., Ladino-Rincon, Alfonso, Romero, David, Sola, Gloria, Horta, Ricard, and Freijo, Modesto

Subjects
lightning, International Space Station, ASIM, MMIA, GLM, LIS, LMA, optical energy thunderstorm, flash, cloud-to-ground, photometer, Geostationary Lightning Mapper, Lightning Imaging Sensor, Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor, Lightning Mapping Array, radiance, atmospheric electricity, radar, cloud optical depth, leader, streamer
Abstract

This dataset accompanies the paper in the AGUJournal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres"A simultaneous observation of lightning by ASIM, Colombia-Lightning Mapping Array, GLM and ISS-LIS" and contains data of the lightning flash in Colombia detected by: Colombia Lightning Mapping Array Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor - Modular Multi-spectral Imaging Array (ASIM MMIA) Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) Lightning Imaging Sensor on the International Space Station (ISS-LIS) Barrancabermeja weather radar (IDEAM - Colombian Radar Network) Sounding temperature data Cloud-to-ground data (LINET-Keraunos) ELF magnetic field data from Cape Verde UPC station For any questions, contact the first author. NOTES Colombia Lightning Mapping Array The file 'Colombia_LMA.zip' includes: 10 min LMA output text file: 'LYLOUT_181122_085000_0600.dat' LMA sources of the investigated flashfiltered with the method described in van der Velde and Montanyà (2013): 'LMA_noise_reduced.txt' In addition the file 'Supplementary_LMA_and_OpticalDepth.docx' includes plots of the LMA flash with filtered and unfiltered data Data from Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor - Modular Multi-spectral Imaging Array (ASIM MMIA) MMIA original data files can be obtained from:https://asdc.space.dtu.dk The files that containthe event are: mmiatriggeredobservationtmlevel1_observation_time_2018-11-22_08-57-21_observation_id_5154.cdf mmiatriggeredobservationtmlevel1_observation_time_2018-11-22_08-57-21_observation_id_5155.cdf Here,numerical data of the photometersand images extracted from these files are included in the file'MMIA.zip' that contains: 'MMIA_181122L1.txt':In this file the first column is UT time in seconds, second column corresponds to 337.0 nm photometer, third column to 180-230 nm and the fourth column to 777.4 nm. 'CHU_181122L1.zip': MMIA 777.4 nm (CHU2)and 337.0 nm (CHU1)camera images. Raster (.asc) and georeferenced (.tiff) images are provided. Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) The file 'GLM_2018_11_22.txt' contains GLM data extracted from the repository indicated in the paper. Lightning Imaging Sensor on the International Space Station (ISS-LIS) The file 'LIS_2018-11-22.csv' contains ISS-LIS data extracted from the repository indicated in the paper. BarrancabermejaWeather radar (IDEAM - Colombian Radar Network) The file 'radar.zip' contains radar images including cross-sections. The original files can be obtained from: https://registry.opendata.aws/ideam-radares/ The used data fileare: BAR181122090846.RAWZJN5 Temperature profile The file '326_0900_Sounding_2.txt' contains the used temperature profile. Cloud-to-ground data: Date hh mm ss LAT LON kA 20181122 8 57 21.845 7.4770 -73.84360 -24 20181122 8 57 22.167 7.48450 -73.81760 10.7 ELF magnetic field data from Cape Verde UPC station The file 'HPhi.txt' contains time (column 1) in seconds and magnetic field (column 2) in A/m for the event.&nbsp

Published
2021
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4. Observatory science with eXTP

Author

in't Zand, Jean J. M., Bozzo, Enrico, Qu, Jinlu, Li, Xiang-Dong, Amati, Lorenzo, Chen, Yang, Donnarumma, Immacolata, Doroshenko, Victor, Drake, Stephen A., Hernanz, Margarita, Jenke, Peter A., Maccarone, Thomas J., Mahmoodifar, Simin, De Martino, Domitilla, De Rosa, Alessandra, Rossi, Elena M., Rowlinson, Antonia, Sala, Gloria, Stratta, Giulia, Tauris, Thomas M., Wilms, Joern, Wu, Xuefeng, Zhou, Ping, Agudo, Iván, Altamirano, Diego, Atteia, Jean-Luc, Andersson, Nils A., Baglio, M. Cristina, Ballantyne, David R., Baykal, Altan, Behar, Ehud, Belloni, Tomaso, Bhattacharyya, Sudip, Bianchi, Stefano, Bilous, Anna, Blay, Pere, Braga, Joao, Brandt, Søren, Brown, Edward F., Bucciantini, Niccolò, Burderi, Luciano, Cackett, Edward M., Campana, Riccardo, Campana, Sergio, Casella, Piergiorgio, Cavecchi, Yuri, Chambers, Frank, Chen, Liang, Chen, Yu-Peng, Chenevez, Jérôme, Chernyakova, Maria, Jin, Chichuan, Ciolfi, Riccardo, Costantini, Elisa, Cumming, Andrew, D'Aì, Antonino, Dai, Zi-Gao, D'Ammando, Filippo, De Pasquale, Massimiliano, Degenaar, Nathalie, Del Santo, Melania, D'Elia, Valerio, Di Salvo, Tiziana, Doyle, Gerry, Falanga, Maurizio, Fan, Xilong, Ferdman, Robert D., Feroci, Marco, Fraschetti, Federico, Galloway, Duncan K., Gambino, Angelo F., Gandhi, Poshak, Ge, Mingyu, Gendre, Bruce, Gill, Ramandeep, Götz, Diego, Gouiffès, Christian, Grandi, Paola, Granot, Jonathan, Güdel, Manuel, Heger, Alexander, Heinke, Craig O., Homan, Jeroen, Iaria, Rosario, Iwasawa, Kazushi, Izzo, Luca, Ji, Long, Jonker, Peter G., José, Jordi, Kaastra, Jelle S., Kalemci, Emrah, Kargaltsev, Oleg, Kawai, Nobuyuki, Keek, Laurens, Komossa, Stefanie, Kreykenbohm, Ingo, Kuiper, Lucien, Kunneriath, Devaky, Li, Gang, Liang, En-Wei, Linares, Manuel, Longo, Francesco, Lu, Fangjun, Lutovinov, Alexander A., Malyshev, Denys, Malzac, Julien, Manousakis, Antonios, McHardy, Ian, Mehdipour, Missagh, Men, Yunpeng, Méndez, Mariano, Mignani, Roberto P., Mikusincova, Romana, Miller, M. Coleman, Miniutti, Giovanni, Motch, Christian, Nättilä, Joonas, Nardini, Emanuele, Neubert, Torsten, O'Brien, Paul T., Orlandini, Mauro, Osborne, Julian P., Pacciani, Luigi, Paltani, Stéphane, Paolillo, Maurizio, Papadakis, Iossif E., Paul, Biswajit, Pellizzoni, Alberto, Peretz, Uria, Pérez Torres, Miguel A., Perinati, Emanuele, Prescod-Weinstein, Chanda, Reig, Pablo, Riggio, Alessandro, Rodriguez, Jerome, Rodríguez-Gil, Pablo, Romano, Patrizia, Różańska, Agata, Sakamoto, Takanori, Salmi, Tuomo, Salvaterra, Ruben, Sanna, Andrea, Santangelo, Andrea, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schanne, Stéphane, Schatz, Hendrik, Shao, Lijing, Shearer, Andy, Shore, Steven N., Stappers, Ben W., Strohmayer, Tod E., Suleimanov, Valery F., Svoboda, Jir̆í, Thielemann, F.-K., Tombesi, Francesco, Torres, Diego F., Torresi, Eleonora, Turriziani, Sara, Vacchi, Andrea, Vercellone, Stefano, Vink, Jacco, Wang, Jian-Min, Wang, Junfeng, Watts, Anna L., Weng, Shanshan, Weinberg, Nevin N., Wheatley, Peter J., Wijnands, Rudy, Woods, Tyrone E., Woosley, Stan E., Xiong, Shaolin, Xu, Yupeng, Yan, Zhen, Younes, George, Yu, Wenfei, Yuan, Feng, Zampieri, Luca, Zane, Silvia, Zdziarski, Andrzej A., Zhang, Shuang-Nan, Zhang, Shu, Zhang, Shuo, Zhang, Xiao, Zingale, Michael, in ’t Zand, Jean, Drake, Stephen, Jenke, Peter, Maccarone, Thomas, Rossi, Elena, Tauris, Thomas, Andersson, Nils, Ballantyne, David, Brown, Edward, Cackett, Edward, D’Aì, Antonino, D’Ammando, Filippo, D’Elia, Valerio, Ferdman, Robert, Galloway, Duncan, Gambino, Angelo, Heinke, Craig, Jonker, Peter, Kaastra, Jelle, Lutovinov, Alexander, Mignani, Roberto, O’Brien, Paul, Osborne, Julian, Papadakis, Iossif, Pérez Torres, Miguel, Shore, Steven, Stappers, Ben, Strohmayer, Tod, Suleimanov, Valery, Torres, Diego, Watts, Anna, Weinberg, Nevin, Wheatley, Peter, Woods, Tyrone, Woosley, Stan, Zdziarski, Andrzej, in ’t Zand, Jean J. M., Bozzo, Enrico, Qu, JinLu, Li, Xiang-Dong, Amati, Lorenzo, Chen, Yang, Donnarumma, Immacolata, Doroshenko, Victor, Drake, Stephen A., Hernanz, Margarita, Jenke, Peter A., Maccarone, Thomas J., Mahmoodifar, Simin, de Martino, Domitilla, De Rosa, Alessandra, Rossi, Elena M., Rowlinson, Antonia, Sala, Gloria, Stratta, Giulia, Tauris, Thomas M., Wilms, Joern, Wu, XueFeng, Zhou, Ping, Agudo, Iván, Altamirano, Diego, Atteia, Jean-Luc, Andersson, Nils A., Baglio, M. Cristina, Ballantyne, David R., Baykal, Altan, Behar, Ehud, Belloni, Tomaso, Bhattacharyya, Sudip, Bianchi, Stefano, Bilous, Anna, Blay, Pere, Braga, João, Brandt, Søren, Brown, Edward F., Bucciantini, Niccolò, Burderi, Luciano, Cackett, Edward M., Campana, Riccardo, Campana, Sergio, Casella, Piergiorgio, Cavecchi, Yuri, Chambers, Frank, Chen, Liang, Chen, Yu-Peng, Chenevez, Jérôme, Chernyakova, Maria, Jin, ChiChuan, Ciolfi, Riccardo, Costantini, Elisa, Cumming, Andrew, D’Aì, Antonino, Dai, Zi-Gao, D’Ammando, Filippo, De Pasquale, Massimiliano, Degenaar, Nathalie, Del Santo, Melania, D’Elia, Valerio, Di Salvo, Tiziana, Doyle, Gerry, Falanga, Maurizio, Fan, XiLong, Ferdman, Robert D., Feroci, Marco, Fraschetti, Federico, Galloway, Duncan K., Gambino, Angelo F., Gandhi, Poshak, Ge, MingYu, Gendre, Bruce, Gill, Ramandeep, Götz, Diego, Gouiffès, Christian, Grandi, Paola, Granot, Jonathan, Güdel, Manuel, Heger, Alexander, Heinke, Craig O., Homan, Jeroen, Iaria, Rosario, Iwasawa, Kazushi, Izzo, Luca, Ji, Long, Jonker, Peter G., José, Jordi, Kaastra, Jelle S., Kalemci, Emrah, Kargaltsev, Oleg, Kawai, Nobuyuki, Keek, Lauren, Komossa, Stefanie, Kreykenbohm, Ingo, Kuiper, Lucien, Kunneriath, Devaky, Li, Gang, Liang, En-Wei, Linares, Manuel, Longo, Francesco, Lu, FangJun, Lutovinov, Alexander A., Malyshev, Deny, Malzac, Julien, Manousakis, Antonio, McHardy, Ian, Mehdipour, Missagh, Men, YunPeng, Méndez, Mariano, Mignani, Roberto P., Mikusincova, Romana, Miller, M. Coleman, Miniutti, Giovanni, Motch, Christian, Nättilä, Joona, Nardini, Emanuele, Neubert, Torsten, O’Brien, Paul T., Orlandini, Mauro, Osborne, Julian P., Pacciani, Luigi, Paltani, Stéphane, Paolillo, Maurizio, Papadakis, Iossif E., Paul, Biswajit, Pellizzoni, Alberto, Peretz, Uria, Pérez Torres, Miguel A., Perinati, Emanuele, Prescod-Weinstein, Chanda, Reig, Pablo, Riggio, Alessandro, Rodriguez, Jerome, Rodríguez-Gil, Pablo, Romano, Patrizia, Różańska, Agata, Sakamoto, Takanori, Salmi, Tuomo, Salvaterra, Ruben, Sanna, Andrea, Santangelo, Andrea, Savolainen, Tuoma, Schanne, Stéphane, Schatz, Hendrik, Shao, LiJing, Shearer, Andy, Shore, Steven N., Stappers, Ben W., Strohmayer, Tod E., Suleimanov, Valery F., Svoboda, Jirí, Thielemann, F.-K., Tombesi, Francesco, Torres, Diego F., Torresi, Eleonora, Turriziani, Sara, Vacchi, Andrea, Vercellone, Stefano, Vink, Jacco, Wang, Jian-Min, Wang, JunFeng, Watts, Anna L., Weng, ShanShan, Weinberg, Nevin N., Wheatley, Peter J., Wijnands, Rudy, Woods, Tyrone E., Woosley, Stan E., Xiong, ShaoLin, Xu, YuPeng, Yan, Zhen, Younes, George, Yu, WenFei, Yuan, Feng, Zampieri, Luca, Zane, Silvia, Zdziarski, Andrzej A., Zhang, Shuang-Nan, Zhang, Shu, Zhang, Shuo, Zhang, Xiao, Zingale, Michael, Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (ObAS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), eXTP, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre de Recherche en Information Biomédicale sino-français (CRIBS), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), ASI Science Data Center (ASDC), Italian Space Agency, INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera (OAB), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie (LA), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Istituto di Radioastronomia [Bologna] (IRA), KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Sciences & Technologie, IASF, Area di Ricerca di Tor Vergata, Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Physics and Astronomy [Southampton], University of Southampton, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Institut für Astrophysik [Wien], Universität Wien, Sabanci University [Istanbul], The George Washington University (GW), Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Deakin University [Burwood], Copernicus Astronomical Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences (CAMK), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering [Trondheim] (MTP NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Ethoikos, Radicondoli, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester [Manchester], Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Sichuan University [Chengdu] (SCU), University of Warwick [Coventry], U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), University College of London [London] (UCL), Medical School (University of Nanjing), Nanjing University (NJU), Beijing Municipal Climate Center, Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie (MPIFR), Laboratorio de Investigación y Formación en Informática Avanzada [La Plata] (LIFIA), Facultad de Informática [La Plata], Universidad Nacional de la Plata [Argentine] (UNLP)-Universidad Nacional de la Plata [Argentine] (UNLP), NLD, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Instituto de Ciencias del Cosmos (ICCUB), MDM-2014-0369, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), European Research Council (ERC), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Royal Society, Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Science Centre, Poland (NCN), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Society (UK), European Research Council, European Commission, National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Basic Research Program (China), National Science Foundation (US), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Polish Academy of Sciences, Astronomy, Discrete Technology and Production Automation, in't Zand, Jean J. M., Qu, Jinlu, Tauris, Thomas M., Wilm, Joern, Wu, Xuefeng, Jin, Chichuan, D'Aì, Antonino, D'Ammando, Filippo, D'Elia, Valerio, Fan, Xilong, Ge, Mingyu, Lu, Fangjun, Mchardy, Ian, Men, Yunpeng, O'Brien, Paul T., Shao, Lijing, Svoboda, Jir̆í, Thielemann, F. -K., Wang, Junfeng, Weng, Shanshan, Xiong, Shaolin, Xu, Yupeng, Yu, Wenfei, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. GAA - Grup d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse UMR5219 (IMT), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Istituto di Radioastronomia (IRA), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), George Washington University (GW), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering [Trondheim], Sichuan University, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Météo France-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, University of Geneva, CAS - Institute of High Energy Physics, Nanjing University, INAF/IASF Bologna, National Institute for Astrophysics, University of Tübingen, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, ICREA, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Texas Tech University, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Leiden University, University of Amsterdam, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, University of Urbino, Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, CAS - Purple Mountain Observatory, CSIC, IRAP, New York University Abu Dhabi, Georgia Institute of Technology, Middle East Technical University, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Roma Tre University, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Michigan State University, Osservatorio Astrofisico Di Arcetri, Florence, University of Cagliari, Wayne State University, Osservatorio Astronomico Roma, CAS - Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University

Subjects
cataclysmic binaries, Astronomy, FIELD CAMERAS OBSERVATIONS, space research instruments nuclear astrophysics flare stars accretion and accretion disks mass loss and stellar winds cataclysmic binaries X-ray binaries supernova remnants active galactic nuclei X-ray bursts gamma-ray bursts gravitational waves, General Physics and Astronomy, gamma-ray burst, space research instrument, 01 natural sciences, Gamma ray bursts, Observatory, Accretion and accretion disks, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, gravitational wave, accretion and accretion disk, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), supernova remnants, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], flare stars, gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, accretion and accretion disks, active galactic nuclei, gravitational waves, mass loss and stellar winds, nuclear astrophysics, space research instruments, X-ray binaries, X-ray bursts, Physics and Astronomy (all), Space research instruments, X ray burst, Supernova, QUIET, High mass, X-ray binarie, Mass loss and stellar winds, Nuclear astrophysics, Gamma-ray bursts, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, PULSAR-WIND NEBULAE, FAST RADIO-BURSTS, Astrofísica nuclear, Active galactic nucleus, TIDAL DISRUPTION, Supernova remnants, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Polarimetry, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, ACCRETING NEUTRON-STARS, Gravitational waves, cataclysmic binarie, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, SUPERMASSIVE BLACK-HOLES, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, X-ray burst, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Cataclysmic binaries, Active galactic nuclei, flare star, White dwarf, Flare stars, Stars, supernova remnant, QB460-466 Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], mass loss and stellar wind, Física::Astronomia i astrofísica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], X-RAY, Supernova remmants, X ray binaries, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], SEYFERT 1 GALAXY, nuclear astrophysic
Abstract

Disponible preprint en: arXiv:1812.04023v1 [astro-ph.HE] [v1] Mon, 10 Dec 2018 19:00:52 UTC (4,376 KB), In this White Paper we present the potential of the enhanced X-ray Timing and Polarimetry (eXTP) mission for studies related to Observatory Science targets. These include flaring stars, supernova remnants, accreting white dwarfs, low and high mass X-ray binaries, radio quiet and radio loud active galactic nuclei, tidal disruption events, and gamma-ray bursts. eXTP will be excellently suited to study one common aspect of these objects: their often transient nature. Developed by an international Consortium led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science, the eXTP mission is expected to be launched in the mid 2020s.© 2018, Science China Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature., This work was supported by the Royal Society, ERC Starting (Grant No. 639217), the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Global Fellowship (Grant No. 703916), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11233001, 11773014, 11633007, 11403074, 11333005, 11503008, and 11590781), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2015CB857100), NASA (Grant No. NNX13AD28A), an ARC Future Fellowship (Grant No. FT120100363), the National Science Foundation (Grant No. PHY-1430152), the Spanish MINECO (Grant No. AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P), the ICCUB (Unidad de Excelencia 'Maria de Maeztu') (Grant No. MDM-2014-0369), EU's Horizon Programme through a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Fellowship (Grant No. 702638), the Polish National Science Center (Grant Nos. 2015/17/B/ST9/03422, 2015/18/M/ST9/00541, 2013/10/M/ST9/00729, and 2015/18/A/ST9/00746), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA15020100), and the NWO Veni Fellowship (Grant No. 639.041.647).

Published
2019

5. Effect of runaway electrons on discharge breakdown in air at atmospheric pressure : simulation study

Author

Bonaventura, Z., Chanrion, Olivier, Bourdon, Anne, Neubert, Torsten, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Saclay-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-École polytechnique (X)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2017

6. Effect of runaway electron preionization on discharge breakdown in air at atmospheric pressure : simulation study

Author

Bonaventura, Z., Chanrion, Olivier, Bourdon, Anne, Pechereau, François, Tholin, Fabien, Neubert, Torsten, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Référent-HAL, LPP

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2017

7. 2d axisymmetric beambulk modelling of the generation of runaway electrons by streamers

Author

Chanrion, Olivier, Bonaventura, Z., Bourdon, Anne, Neubert, Torsten, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Référent-HAL, LPP

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2017

8. Perturbations to the Lower Ionosphere by Tropical Cyclone Evan in the South Pacific Region

Author

Kumar, Sushil, Amor, Samir Nait, Chanrion, Olivier, and Neubert, Torsten

Abstract

Very Low Frequency (VLF) electromagnetic signals from navigational transmitters propagate worldwide in the earth-ionosphere waveguide formed by the earth and the electrically conducting lower ionosphere. Changes in the signal properties are signatures of variations in the conductivity of the reflecting boundary of the lower ionosphere which is located in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, and their analysis is, therefore, a way to study processes in these remote regions. Here we present a study on amplitude perturbations of local origin on the VLF transmitter signals (NPM, NLK, NAA and JJI) observed during tropical cyclone (TC) Evan, 9-16 December 2012 when TC was in the proximity of the transmitter-receiver links. We observed a maximum amplitude perturbation of 5.7dB on JJI transmitter during 16 December event. From Long Wave Propagation Capability model applied to three selected events we estimate a maximum decrease in the nighttime D-region reference height (H') by ~5.2 km (13 December, NPM) and maximum increase in the daytime D-region H' by 6.1 km and 7.5 km (14 &16 December, JJI).The results suggest that the TC caused the neutral densities of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere to lift and sink (bringing the lower ionosphere with it), an effect that may be mediated by gravity waves generated by the TC. The perturbations were observed before the storm was classified as a TC, at a time when it was a tropical depression, suggesting the broader conclusion that severe convective storms, in general, perturb the mesosphere and the stratosphere through which the perturbations propagate.

Published
2017

9. Profuse activity of blue electrical discharges at the tops of thunderstorms

Author

Chanrion, Olivier, Neubert, Torsten, Mogensen, Andreas, Yair, Yoav, Stendel, Martin, Singh, Rajesh, and Siingh, Devendraa

Abstract

Thunderstorm clouds may reach the lower stratosphere, affecting the exchange of greenhouse gases between the troposphere and stratosphere. This region of the atmosphere is difficult to access experimentally and our knowledge of the processes taking place here is incomplete. We recently recorded a color video footage of thunderstorms over the Bay of Bengal from the International Space Station. The observations show a multitude of blue, km-scale, discharges at the cloud top layer at ~18 km altitude and a pulsating blue discharge propagating into the stratosphere reaching ~40 km altitude. The emissions are related to the so-called blue jets, blue starters and possibly pixies. The observations are the first of their kind and give a new perspective on the electrical activity at the top of tropical thunderstorms; further, they underscore that thunderstorm discharges directly perturb the chemistry of the stratosphere with possible implications for the Earth's radiation balance.

Published
2017

10. Analyses of electron runaway in front of the negative streamer channel

Author

Babich, L. P., Bochkov, E. I., Kutsyk, I. M., Neubert, Torsten, and Chanrion, Olivier

Abstract

X-and γ-ray emissions, observed in correlation with negative leaders of lightning and long sparks of high-voltage laboratory experiments, are conventionally connected with the bremsstrahlung of high-energy runaway electrons (REs). Here we extend a focusing mechanism, analyzed in our previous paper, which allows the electric field to reach magnitudes, required for a generation of significant RE fluxes and associated bremsstrahlung, when the ionization wave propagates in a narrow, ionized channel created by a previous streamer. Under such conditions we compute the production rate of REs per unit streamer length as a function of the streamer velocity and predict that, once a streamer is formed with the electric field capable of producing REs ahead of the streamer front, the ionization induced by the REs is capable of creating an ionized channel that allows for self-sustained propagation of the RE-emitting ionization wave independent of the initial electron concentration. Thus, the streamer coronas of the leaders are probable sources of REs producing the observed high-energy radiation. To prove these predictions, new simulations are planned, which would show explicitly that the pre-ionization in front of the channel via REs will lead to the ionization wave propagation self-consistent with REs generation.

Published
2017

11. Positive streamer initiation from raindrops in thundercloud fields

Author

Babich, L. P., Bochkov, E. I., Kutsyk, I. M., Neubert, Torsten, and Chanrion, Olivier

Abstract

The threshold field for the electric gas discharge in air is ≈26 kVcm−1atm−1, yet the maximum field measured (from balloons) is ≈3 kVcm−1atm−1. The question of how lightning is stimulated is therefore one of the outstanding problems in atmospheric electricity. According to the popular idea first suggested by Loeb and developed further by Phelps, lightning can be initiated from streamers developed in the enhanced electric field around hydrometeors. In our paper, we prove by numerical simulations that positive streamers are initiated, specifically, around charged water drops. The simulation model includes the kinetics of free electrons, and positive and negative ions, the electron impact ionization and photon ionization of the neutral atmospheric constituents, and the formation of space charge electric fields. Simulations were conducted at air pressure 0.4 atm, typical at thundercloud altitudes, and at different background electric fields, drop sizes, and charges. We show that the avalanche-to-streamer transition is possible near drops carrying 63–485 pC in thundercloud fields with intensity of 10 kVcm−1atm−1 and 15 kVcm−1atm−1 for drops sizes of 1 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively. Thus, the electric field required for the streamer formation is larger than the measured thunderstorm fields. Therefore, the results of simulations suggest that second mechanisms must operate to amplify the local field. Such mechanisms could be electric field space variations via collective effects of many hydrometeors or runaway breakdown. ©2016. American Geophysical Union.All Rights Reserved.

Published
2016

12. High-energy radiation from thunderstorms and lightning with LOFT. White Paper in Support of the Mission Concept of the Large Observatory for X-ray Timing

Author

Marisaldi, M., Smith, D. M., Brandt, Søren, Briggs, M. S., Budtz-Jørgensen, Carl, Campana, R., Carlson, B. E., Celestin, S., Connaughton, V., Cummer, S. A., Dwyer, J. R., Fishman, G. J., Fullekrug, M., Fuschino, F., Gjesteland, T., Neubert, Torsten, Østgaard, N., and Tavani, M.

Abstract

The Large Observatory for X-ray Timing, LOFT, is designed to perform fast X-ray timing and spectroscopy with uniquely large throughput (Feroci et al., 2014). LOFT focuses on two fundamental questions of ESA’s Cosmic Vision Theme “Matter under extreme conditions”: what is the equation of state of ultradense matter in neutron stars? Does matter orbiting close to the event horizon follow the predictions of general relativity? These goals are elaborated in the mission Yellow Book (http://sci.esa.int/loft/ 53447-loft-yellow-book/) describing the LOFT mission as proposed in M3, which closely resembles the LOFT mission now being proposed for M4. The extensive assessment study of LOFT as ESA’s M3 mission candidate demonstrates the high level of maturity and the technical feasibility of the mission, as well as the scientific importance of its unique core science goals. For this reason, the LOFT development has been continued, aiming at the new M4 launch opportunity, for which the M3 science goals have been confirmed. The unprecedentedly large effective area, large grasp, and spectroscopic capabilities of LOFT’s instruments make the mission capable of state-of-the-art science not only for its core science case, but also for many other open questions in astrophysics. LOFT’s primary instrument is the Large Area Detector (LAD), a 8.5m2 instrument operating in the 2–30 keV energy range, which will revolutionise studies of Galactic and extragalactic X-ray sources down to their fundamental time scales. The mission also features a Wide Field Monitor (WFM), which in the 2–50 keV range simultaneously observes more than a third of the sky at any time, detecting objects down to mCrab fluxes and providing data with excellent timing and spectral resolution. Additionally, the mission is equipped with an on-board alert system for the detection and rapid broadcasting to the ground of celestial bright and fast outbursts of X-rays (particularly, Gamma-ray Bursts). This paper is one of twelve White Papers that illustrate the unique potential of LOFT as an X-ray observatory in a variety of astrophysical fields in addition to the core science.

Published
2015

14. More evidence for a one-to-one correlation between Sprites and Early VLF perturbations

Author

Haldoupis, C., Amvrosiadi, N., Cotts, B. R. T., van der Velde, O. A., Chanrion, Olivier Arnaud, and Neubert, Torsten

Abstract

Past studies have shown a correlation between sprites and early VLF perturbations, but the reported correlation varies widely from ∼50% to 100%. The present study resolves these large discrepancies by analyzing several case studies of sprite and narrowband VLF observations, in which multiple transmitter‐receiver VLF pairs with great circle paths (GCPs) passing near a sprite‐producing thunderstorm were available. In this setup, the multiple paths act in a complementary way that makes the detection of early VLF perturbations much more probable compared to a single VLF path that can miss several of them, a fact that was overlooked in past studies. The evidence shows that visible sprite occurrences are accompanied by early VLF perturbations in a one‐to‐one correspondence. This implies that the sprite generation mechanism may cause also sub‐ionospheric conductivity disturbances that produce early VLF events. However, the one‐to‐one visible sprite to early VLF event correspondence, if viewed conversely, appears not to be always reciprocal. This is because the number of early events detected in some case studies was considerably larger than the number of visible sprites. Since the great majority of the early events not accompanied by visible sprites appeared to be caused by positive cloud to ground (+CG) lightning discharges, it is possible that sprites or sprite halos were concurrently present in these events as well but were missed by the sprite‐watch camera detection system. In order for this option to be resolved we need more studies using highly sensitive optical systems capable of detecting weaker sprites, sprite halos and elves.

Published
2010

15. Production of runaway electrons by negative streamer discharges

Author

Chanrion, Olivier Arnaud and Neubert, Torsten

Subjects
Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

In this paper we estimate the probability that cold electrons can be accelerated by an ambient electric field into the runaway regime, and discuss the implications for negative streamer formation. The study is motivated by the discovery of ms duration bursts of γ-rays from the atmosphere above thunderstorms, the so-called Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes. The radiation is thought to be bremsstrahlung from energetic (MeV) electrons accelerated in a thunderstorm discharge. The observation goes against conventional wisdom that discharges in air are carried by electrons with energies below a few tens of eV. Instead the relativistic runaway electron discharge has been proposed which requires a lower threshold electric field; however, seed electrons must be born with energies in the runaway regime. In this work we study the fundamental problem of electron acceleration in a conventional discharge and the conditions on the electric field for the acceleration of electrons into the runaway regime. We use particle codes to describe the process of stochastic acceleration and introduce a novel technique that improves the statistics of the relatively few electrons that reach high energies. The calculation of probabilities for electrons to reach energies in the runaway regime shows that even with modest fields, electrons can be energized in negative streamer tips into the runaway regime, creating a beamed distribution in front of the streamer that affects its propagation. The results reported here suggest that theories of negative streamers and spark propagation should be reexamined with an improved characterization of the kinetic effects of electrons.

Published
2010

18. Analysis of the thunderstorm systems producing sprites: overview of the 2003 campaign

Author

Soula, Serge, Velde, Oscar van der, Allin, Thomas, Neubert, Torsten, Bor, Jozsef, Satori, Gabriela, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Danish National Space Center, Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute (GGRI), Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences [Budapest], and Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract

A goal within the CAL project is to characterize the physics of the thundercloud which produces the TLEs. So, the aspects of meteorological environments, cloud system structure, and electrical activity are considered. Data from the French meteorological radar networkARAMIS provide reflectivity factor horizontal fields (PPI mode) at a 5-minute periodicity. Data from the Météosat satellite provide cloud top temperatures and therefore the height of the cloud systems. Data of detection and location of cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes issued from the French Météorage network are used. The CG lightning activity of the convective system producing the sprites in term of rate and location, can be analysed at several time scales, that of the system lifetime, that of the short period around each sprite. The intra-cloud (IC) activity can be considered when the thunderstorm is located in a zone covered by a SAFIR system, especially in the South-Eastern of France. Such a system detects and locates by interferometry VHF sources produced by the leader phases of any lightning flash. Two events of the 2003 summer campaign produced activity within the SAFIR area. During 7 nights of the 2003 campaign, more than 100 sprites were observed from the Pic-du-Midi with the video camera. Several features of the convective systems producing them can be pointed out. The sprites observed seem to be produced by large convective systems in stratiform areas with high cloud top and with low flash rates. The sprite production rate can be high in some cases of these stratiform zones. Thus, in these generally locally restricted areas, the proportion of positive CG flash and that of CG parent flash are very high, which could implicate a generating charge process out of the main convective cell core of the system. The strong charge moments of the sprite parent positive CG flash determined in some cases could confirm this feature. [No pdf]

Published
2005

20. Blue Flashes as Counterparts to Narrow Bipolar Events: The Optical Signal of Shallow In-Cloud Discharges

Author

Li, Dongshuai, Luque, Alejandro, F. J. Gordillo-Vázquez, Feifan Liu, Gaopeng Lu, Neubert, Torsten, Chanrion, Olivier, Baoyou Zhu, Østgaard, Nikolai, and Reglero, Víctor

Subjects
13. Climate action
Abstract

The data that support the findings of the paper "Blue Flashes as Counterparts to Narrow Bipolar Events: The Optical Signal of Shallow In-Cloud Discharges". Data Description: Cloudscat_data: The modeling data based on Cloudscat model for eight Blue LUminous Events (BLUEs). MMIA_data: The photometer signals and its images for eight Blue LUminous Events (BLUEs) measured from the Modular Multispectral Imaging Array (MMIA) of ASIM. New_eq2_data: The modeling data based on the proposed eqation(2) for eight Blue LUminous Events (BLUEs).

21. Climatology of Transient Luminous Events and Lightning Observed Above Europe and the Mediterranean Sea

Author

Martin Füllekrug, Carl‑Fredrik Enell, Veronika Barta, Ferruccio Zanotti, Diego Valeri, Yoav Yair, Thomas Farges, Serge Soula, Martin Popek, Olivier Chanrion, Marco Prevedelli, Antti Mäkelä, Anna Odzimek, József Bór, Marco Ridolfi, Przemyslaw Zoladek, Enrico Arnone, Antti Kero, Keren Mezuman, Torsten Neubert, Oscar van der Velde, Stefano Dietrich, Roberto Labanti, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Elèctrica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LRG - Lightning Research Group, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Bologna] (CNR), Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences [Budapest], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), National Space Institute [Lyngby] (DTU Space), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), EISCAT Scientific Association [Sweden], Département Analyse Surveillance Environnement (DASE), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering [Bath], University of Bath [Bath], University of Oulu, Italian Meteor and TLE Network (IMTN), Bologna, Italy, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [New York], Columbia University [New York], Institute of Geophysics [Warsaw], Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), University of Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica [Firenze] (INO-CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Interdisciplinary Center [Israël] (IDC), Interdisciplinary Center, Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), ul. Bartycka 18A, 00-716 Warsaw, Funding: European Commission H2020 (Grant No. H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 no. 722337), European Project: 0722337(2007), Arnone, Enrico, Bór, József, Chanrion, Olivier, Barta, Veronika, Dietrich, Stefano, Enell, Carl-Fredrik, Farges, Thoma, Füllekrug, Martin, Kero, Antti, Labanti, Roberto, Mäkelä, Antti, Mezuman, Keren, Odzimek, Anna, Popek, Martin, Prevedelli, Marco, Ridolfi, Marco, Soula, Serge, Valeri, Diego, van der Velde, Oscar, Yair, Yoav, Zanotti, Ferruccio, Zoladek, Przemyslaw, Neubert, Torsten, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), University of Bologna/Università di Bologna, National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA)

Subjects
Transient luminous event, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Lightning, Mediterranean sea, Europe Climatology, Geochemistry and Petrology, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Climatology, Enginyeria elèctrica [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Transient luminous events, Thunderstorms, Ground-based observations, Europe, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Thunderstorms, Lightning, Transient luminous events, Ground-based observations, Europe, Climatology, Thunderstorm, Environmental science, Seasonal cycle, Llamps
Abstract

International audience; In 1999, the first sprites were observed above European thunderstorms using sensitive cameras. Since then, Eurosprite campaigns have been conducted to observe sprites and other transient luminous events (TLEs), expanding into a network covering large parts of Europe and coastal areas. In 2009 through 2013, the number of optical observations of TLEs reached a peak of 2000 per year. Because of this unprecedented number of European observations, it was possible to construct a climatology of 8394 TLEs observed above 1018 thunderstorm systems and study for the first time their distribution and seasonal cycle above Europe and parts of the Mediterranean Sea. The number of TLEs per thunderstorm was found to follow a power law, with less than 10 TLEs for 801 thunderstorms and up to 195 TLEs above the most prolific one. The majority of TLEs were classified as sprites, 641 elves, 280 halos, 70 upward lightning, 2 blue jets and 1 gigantic jet. The climatology shows intense TLE activity during summer over continental areas and in late autumn over coastal areas and sea. The two seasons peak, respectively, in August and November, separated by March and April with almost no TLEs, and a relative minimum around September. The observed TLE activity, i.e. mostly sprites, is shown to be largely consistent with lightning activity, with a 1/1000 of observed TLE-to-lightning ratio in regions with most observations. The overall behaviour is consistent among individual years, making the observed seasonal cycle a robust general feature of TLE activity above Europe

Published
2020

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