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Low adoption of agricultural technologies slows efforts to increase agricultural productivity and enhance rural livelihoods in developing countries. A large body of literature has sought explanations for the problem, but the focus has been mainly on micro-level farm and community factors affecting adoption. Institutional factors such as policies and market conditions, which are also important, have been largely overlooked and, few, if any, studies combine the two levels of analysis. We use Morocco as a case study to analyze institutional and farm-level factors affecting diffusion and adoption of improved wheat varieties. Results show both sides to be important. Institutional factors such as overly stringent variety testing procedures, imbalance of power among actors in the seed sector and ill-conceived variety licensing contracts limit access to seeds of more recently released varieties. Adoption of older new varieties is found to be affected by farm and farmer characteristics, but imperfect access to new seeds, sometimes associated with the failings identified above, is also a constraint. Findings signal the need for increased private engagement in seed multiplication; revised variety testing procedures; alternative royalty mechanisms; and enhanced linkages between public research and private seed companies. CGIAR Research Program on Wheat - CRP-WHEATCGIAR [200077] Published version Funding for this research was obtained from the CGIAR Research Program on Wheat - CRP-WHEAT (Agreement No. 200077).

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-oag-10.1177_00307270211023058 for Are continued public sector and CGIAR investments on wheat crop improvement research justifiable? A Moroccan case by Yigezu A Yigezu, Tamer El-Shater, Zewdie Bishaw, Abdoul Aziz Niane, Mohamed Boughlala, Michael Baum and Ahmed Amri in Outlook on Agriculture

60 ÖZET Çalışma iki bölümden oluşmaktadır: (1) Suriye, de depolanmış ürün zararlılarının surveyi ve (2) Halep (Suriye),de farklı tipteki hububat depolarında toplanmış Rhizopertha dominica (Fabricius)nm phosphine karşı dayanıklılığının varlığı, yayılışı ve nedenlerinin araştırması. Suriye'de farklı ürün üretiminin yapıldığı bölgelerde 40'dan fazla depodan 52 örnek toplanmıştır. Bu örneklerde en yaygın ve birincil zararlı olarak, herikiside %63 oranında bulunan Sitophilus spp. ve R. dominica saptanmıştır. Diğer zararlılardan Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) %33 Trogoderma granarium Everts %20, Sitotrocra cerealella (Olivier) %8 oranında örneklerde bulunduğu belirlenmiştir. İkincil zararlılardan Tribolium spp. toplanan örneklerde %93 oranında bulunan en yaygın türlerdir, bu gruptan Tenebriodes mauritanicus (Linnaeus) %15, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller %10, Cryptolestes ferrigineus (Stephens) %3 oranında bulunduğu saptanmıştır. Toplanan dokuz baklagil örneğinde Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus) hakim zararlı olup %67 oranında bulunmaktadır, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) %44, her bir Bruchus ( Bruchus lentis Froelick ve B. pisorum (Linnaeus)) türü ise %il oranında bulunduğu kaydedilmiştir. Depolanmış ürünlerdeki zararlılarla ile mücadele yoğun bir şekilde kullanılan phosphine fumigasyonu ile yapılmaktadır. Phosphine1nin uygulama kolaylığı, etkinliğinin fazla olması ve emniyeti nedeni ile geniş bir kullanım alanı bulmaktadır. Bulunla beraber, fumigasyon hataları ve etkisinin giderek azalması ile ilgili kayıtlar oldukça artmaktadır. Bu konu ile ilgili olarak Suriye ve komşu ülkelerde phosphine yaygınlığı ve dayanıklılığı ile ilgili çalışmalar ise çok azdır. Bu çalışmada Kuzey Suriye'de 14 farklı tipteki `depodan61 toplanan Rhizopertha dominica örnekleri laboratuvarda biri önerilen doz olmak üzere, 3 ayrı phosphine dozunda fumige edilmiştir. Sonuçta test edilen 14 örnekten ikisinde önerilen dozda %41 ve %71 oranında ölüm saptanmıştır. LD50 seviyesinde dayanıklılık oranı bu iki örnekte 2.8 ve 8.1, LDçg seviyesinde ise 3.4 ve 3.8 olarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm depolardaki fumigasyon uygulamaları dikkate alındığında, phosphine karşı dayanıklılığın oluşumunda uygulama hatalarının katkısı olabilir. 62 SUMMARY The study was comprised of two parts: (1) a survey on storage insect pests in Syria, and (2) phosphine susceptibility tests to investigate the presence, extent, and reasons for phosphine resistance in Rhizopertha dominica (Fabricius) strains collected from Aleppo, Syria. In the survey 52 samples were collected from more than 40 storage facilities located in the different crop production areas of Syria. The results showed that Sitophilus spp. and R. dominica (Fabricius) were the most prevalent primary pests occurring both in 63% of the host samples, compared to 33% for Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus), 20% for Trigoderma granarium Everts, and 8% for Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier). For the secondary pests Tribolium species were the most prevalent occurring in 93% of the host samples, compared to 15% for Tenebriodes mauritanicus (Linnaeus), 10% for Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, 10% for Plodia interpuntella (Hübner), and 3% for Crvptolestes ferrigineus (Stephens). In 9 legume samples Callosobruchus chinensis (Linnaeus) was dominant occurring, in 67% of the samples compared to 44% for Callosobruchs maculatus (Fabricius) and 11% for each of the two Bruchus species ( Bruchus lentis Froelich and Bruchus pisorum (Linnaeus)). Storage pest control relies heavily on fumigation with phosphine. The popularity of phosphine is due to its ease of application, effectiveness, and safety. However, the number of reports concerning fumigation failing to control pests has considerably increased. The information on presence, and extent of resistance in Syria and neighboring countries is very limited. In this study 14 strains of Rhizopertha dominica (Fabricius) from storage facilities of Northern Syria were63 exposed to three phosphine fumigation tests, including discriminating dosages. Two out of the 14 strains tested were resistant with mortality rates of 41% and 71% at the discriminating dose respectively. The range of resistance ratios was 2.8 to 8.1 at the LD 50 level and 3.4 to 3.8 at the LD 90 level. Whole godown fumigation practices and inadequate monitoring may have contributed to the buildup of resistance. 70