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The article presents the authors’ vision of the formation of the “philosophy of history” as a form of philosophical knowledge. Analyzing the retrospective of its formation in the first part of the article, the interpretation of the “philosophy of history” is given not as one of the sections of philosophy in general, but as one of its modes in the semantic horizon of which a specific answer to the main question of philosophy is achieved: what is the source of all that exists? In the context of this consideration of the problem, philosophy is viewed as the highest form of human activity, integrating all types of human activity as expressions of its spiritual and, in this sense, supernatural content. In fact, this concerns the formation of historical self-consciousness as one of the modes of the manifestation of modern civilization. The authors trace how “historicity” has asserted itself in the structure of human thinking from the time of antiquity to the present. Through the views of Herodotus, Polybius and Titus Livy, Blessed Augustine, Machiavelli, Vico, Hegel, and Marx, the step-by-step logic of this process is revealed. In the second part of the article, the authors consider the content of the actual “historical” form of being that is characteristic of modern, bourgeois civilization. Independent human activity appears here for the first time as an unconditional principle of the world order (or reality as such), and interest in the past as a source is replaced by interest in the future as a target setting. Thus, the classical philosophy of history is transformed into historiosophy. In conclusion, the authors touch upon the specifics of historical self-consciousness in the Russian intellectual and spiritual tradition. They assume that the experience of recent Russian history cannot be adequately understood in terms of bourgeois thinking since its content does not correspond to the value orientations of the latter.

The demand for the use of radioactive isotopes in medicine is increasing with each coming year necessitating the increased output of radionuclide products. One of the most widely spread radionuclides used in medicine is technetium-99m (99mТс) (Feasibility of producing molybdenum-99 2015, NEA 2012, The Supply of Medical Radioisotopes 2015). The very short 99mТс life (6-hour half-life) requires its production directly on the site of medical treatment. This is achieved using molybdenum-technetium generators (Kodina and Krasikova 2014, Technical Reports No. NF-T-5.4. 2013, Technetium-99 Generator 2021) loaded with molybdenum-99 (99Мо), which uninterruptedly decays (half-life of 66 hours) yielding 99mTc. Close attention must be paid in the course of production of molybdenum-technetium generators to radiation safety during transportation of 99Мо on the territory of the manufacturing facility. The main measure for ensuring radiation safety during transportation of 99Мо is the application of special packaging kits. The Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry JSC uses a wide range of packaging kits of types A and B for transportation of radioactive materials on the territory of the manufacturer with design features providing the required level of radiation safety. In particular, the KL-15 shipping cask loaded/unloaded from the top is used for onsite transportation of 99Мо for charging molybdenum-technetium generators. The maximum permissible activity of 99Мо is not specified in the passport of the KL-15 cask. Planned construction of a radionuclide production shop in accordance with GMP requirements will require the increase of output of target radionuclides by several times. The above considerations necessitated the evaluation of the maximum permissible activity of 99Мо planned to be transported in KL-15 casks. No other type of standard casks can be used because of their outside dimensions prohibiting the unloading of 99Мо inside the “hot” chamber. Calculation and experimental evaluation of permissible 99Мо activity during transportation inside the KL-15 cask was performed. The paper presents the calculated evaluation of the maximum permissible activity of 99Мо in a KL-15 cask to ensure the radiation exposure of personnel of group A working with the cask not exceeding the established level at the enterprise (80 μSv per shift) and not requiring the use of additional measures and means of protection. The results of the work allow us drawing the conclusion that the KL-15 cask ensures the required level of radiation safety with up to 241 Ki of 99Мо loaded in the cask.

Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта Российского гуманитарного научного фонда «Отечественная философская журналистика. 1917–1922 гг.» (проект № 16-03-00623).