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Following the success of the inaugural games, the Microbial Olympics return with a new series of events and microbial competitors. The games may have moved to a new hosting venue, but the dedication to training, fitness, competition (and yes, education and humour) lives on. Four years have passed since the London games1, where phage burst through to take sprint glory and Rhodobacter dominated in the pool. Where Pseudomonas's disgrace made MRSA mighty and the common cold took relay gold. Winners have become legend, while valiant losers fade from memory. The next generation comes along rapidly in the world of microbial sport though, and a fresh cohort of competitors now rises. Training hard for selection, our new crop of microbial athletes have been honing their fitness and acquiring the skills needed to compete. With operons switched on and secretion systems sharpened, our heroes are ready to do battle once more. The drums are beating, the torch is lit, let the carnival begin. As the sun rises over the newly constructed Nature Microbiology stadium, we welcome you to the Microbial Olympics 2016.

In this position paper, we discuss a first step towards an approach for the migration of supervisory machine control (SMC) architectures. This approach is based on the identification of SMC concerns and the definition of corresponding transformation rules.

Software architectures have high costs for change, are complex, and erode during evolution. We believe these problems are partially due to knowledge vaporization. Currently, almost all the knowledge and information about the design decisions the architecture is based on are implicitly embedded in the architecture, but lack a first-class representation. Consequently, knowledge about these design decisions disappears into the architecture, which leads to the aforementioned problems. In this paper, anew perspective on software architecture is presented, which views software architecture as a composition of a set of explicit design decisions. This perspective makes architectural design decisions an explicit part of a software architecture. Consequently, knowledge vaporization is reduced, thereby alleviating some of the fundamental problems of software architecture.

A key aspect in creating autonomous dynamic software systems is the possibility of reasoning about properties of runtime variability and dynamic behavior, e.g. when and how to reconfigure the system. Currently these properties are often not made explicit in the software architecture. We argue that having explicit models for the different architectural elements is a necessity, as it enables separation of concerns both pre-deployment and post-deployment. In this paper we propose a reconfiguration process based on a number of explicit models. Using this process as a basis for architectural development facilitates the design and evolution of autonomous reconfiguration.

Thirty-three practitioners, researchers, students, and tool vendors gathered in Dagstuhl, Germany, for five days in April 2016 to discuss the state of managing technical debt in software engineering. Participants reflected on the significant advances that the Managing Technical Debt (MTD) community has made since its inception in 2010; reached a consensus on a definition, called the Dagstuhl 16K technical debt definition; and discussed avenues for future progress in the area. This paper provides a brief history, summarizes current research, and offers a roadmap and a vision that describe the areas of research where significant challenges remain.

Welcome to the Ninth International Workshop on Managing Technical Debt, collocated with the 18th International Conference on Agile Software Development (XP 2017) in Cologne. The technical debt research community continues to expand through collaborations of industry, tool vendors, and academia. The main topic of this year's workshop was on the impact of agile development approaches towards the management of technical debt.

Admitting the scenario is strongly heterogeneous, sometimes even inconsistent, the argument of sharing is undoubtedly one of the most exciting and current topic of research and planning, especially when interpreted in relation to those transformations that have been induced on the ways of living the urban space by the new life conditions. The evolution of meaning which some of the classic dialectical pairs, such as transitory-permanence and public-private have gone through represents the basis of a conceptual reflection on the horizon of the field of study that deals with the ways of residing. No longer an emergency response, but a statement of a transition phase (even economic) that requires a transformation of the paradigms, on which large part of the modern theories is based. This is what emerges from the Department of Architecture of the University of Roma Tre’s ongoing research, conducted with a multidisciplinary approach and with the involvement of different disciplines’ scholars: the research moves forward theoretical and practical considerations that focus on the collective way of residing, paying particular attention to the issue of sharing through enhanced translation of the concept. In this sense, the residence of academic students, even for the exact needs of the users and for its specific social character, represents one of the most suitable types to the experimentation design. A scholar’s residential function, in fact, tends to express itself through a lifestyle that requires the coexistence of private and shared spaces too, according to a program based on "collective spheres of carrying out common socializing activities in which different levels of appropriation and use of space may be present, both by small and larger groups"(Annex A to Ministerial Decree 27/2011, paragraph 6.3). University residences built in recent years, particularly the most virtuous ones, show that the quality of the student's life depends mainly on the type and nature of the shared places or the complementary activities and support services, not only within the residential structure but also in relationship with the city. The paper, after providing an update of the ongoing research, analyses case studies in which the theme of sharing is, as well as qualifying for the students, a significant element of the project.

This paper deals with the evolution of the pediatric hospitals from an architectural point of view starting from the early Twentieth Century. Furthermore the architectonic organization is strictly related to the spread of infectious diseases because until the half of the last century the mortality rate of hospedalized children was very high. The primary concern of pediatric hospitals was so to limit and to impede as much as possible hospital contagion. To separate the areas dedicated to treatment and hospitalization, and to build separate and isolated pavilions, ventilated and surounded by unencumbered green areas, are some of the building solutions that have been realized in the past. The model of pavilion hospital was so determined, and dominated hospital constructions until the 1960’s-1970’s. Although hospital contagion still represents an important problem today in pediatric hospitals due to the fragile nature of the patients, at the beginning of the century doctors, when faced with wide-spread contagion due to the ineffectiveness of the treatment of infections, consolidated the practice of separating the ill, subdividing the hospital wards into “cubicles”, i.e. small individual rooms in place of large common rooms. In this paper the different solutions are analysed and the main architectural models are compared.

This article concerns French rhythm. Rhythm (repetition and alternation of similar or opposite patterns) may be perceived at three different levels: the breath group (or intonation group), the prosodic word and the syllable. The breath group level (or intonation group) consists in the repetition and alternation of two highly contrastive global tunes, which resembles Jones' Tune 1 and Tune 2 for English, but the differences between the rising or falling tunes are extremely exaggerated in French. The second level concerns the repetition of an archetypal prosodic word (PW) rising pattern. A PW is composed of one or more lexical words. For a given rhythm, the speaker tends to utter PWs of similar length, regrouping, if necessary, short lexical words in a single PW. The up and down of Fo in French are bounded to boundaries. they are bounded to lexical stresses in English. The last level is characterized by the repetition of open syllables (3/4 of the syllables are open, and half are of CV type). Based on Fraisse's work on “intensive” (with initial accentuation) and “temporal” (with final lengthening) rhythmization, it is concluded that both types of rhythms, intensive and temporal, coexist in French and English; Accentuation (on lexically stressed syllable) is dominant in English (intensive rhythm), and (final) lengthening recessive. In French, temporal rhythm is dominant, but initial accentuation coexists and may prevail in some styles. It is concluded that, if English is interpreted as a “stress language”, French should be considered as a “boundary language”. The notion of “boundary” is cognitively more present in French than the notion of “stress”., Cet article concerne le rythme en français. Le rythme (répétition et alternance de patrons similaires ou contraires) peut être perçu à trois niveaux : le groupe de souffle (ou groupe intonatif), le mot prosodique et la syllabe. Le groupe de souffle consiste dans la répétition et l'alternance de deux « tunes » hautement contrastés, qui ressemblent aux Tunes 1 et 2 de Jones pour l'anglais, mais la différence entre les «tunes » montant et descendant est fortement exagérée en Français. Le second niveau consiste en la répétition d'un patron prosodique de mots montant. Un mot prosodique est composé d'un ou plusieurs mots lexicaux. Pour un rythme donné, le locuteur a tendance à égaliser la durée des mots prosodiques, quitte à regrouper plusieurs mots lexicaux courts en un seul mot prosodique. Les mouvements de Fo en français sont alignés avec les frontières des mots prosodiques, et on assiste à la répétition de mêmes patrons prosodiques étalés sur plusieurs syllabes; ils sont alignés avec les syllabes lexicalement accentuées en anglais. Le dernier niveau est caractérisé par la répétition de syllabes ouvertes (3/4 des syllabes sont ouvertes en français, et la moitié sont de type CV). Basé sur le travail de Fraisse concernant les rythmes intensifs (avec accentuation initiale) et temporel (avec un allongement final), il est conclu que les deux types de rythmes, intensif et temporel, coexistent en français et en anglais. L'accentuation des syllabes lexicalement accentuées est dominante en anglais (rythme intensif), et l'allongement final récessif. En français, le rythme temporel est dominant, mais l'accentuation initiale coexiste et peut dominer dans certains styles. Il est conclu que, si l'anglais est interprété comme une ‘stress language', une langue à accent, le français devrait être considéré comme une langue à frontières. La notion de frontière, plutôt que celle d'accent, est présente dans l'esprit des locuteurs.