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The design concept of the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), which is under construction at BNL, considers adding a 2nd Interaction Region (IR) and detector to the machine after completion of the present EIC project. Recent progress with development and fabrication of large-aperture high-field magnets based on the Nb3Sn technology for the HL-LHC makes this technology interesting for the 2nd EIC IR. This paper summarizes the results of feasibility studies of large-aperture high-field Nb3Sn dipoles and quadrupoles for the 2nd EIC IR., 14th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC'23)

The stress-management cos-theta (SMCT) coil is a new concept which has been proposed and is being developed at Fermilab in the framework of US Magnet Development Program (US-MDP) for high-field and/or large-aperture accelerator magnets based on low-temperature and high-temperature superconductors. The SMCT structure is used to reduce large coil deformations under the Lorentz forces and, thus, the excessively large strains and stresses in the coil. A large-aperture Nb3Sn SMCT dipole coil has been developed and fabricated at Fermilab to demonstrate and test the SMCT concept including coil design, fabrication technology and performance. The first SMCT coil has been assembled with 60-mm aperture Nb3Sn coil inside a dipole mirror configuration and will be tested separately and in series with the insert coil. This paper summarizes the large-aperture SMCT coil design and parameters and reports the coil fabrication steps and its assembly in dipole mirror configuration.

Colliders are built on a foundation of superconducting magnet technology that provides strong dipole magnets to maintain the beam orbit and strong focusing magnets to enable the extraordinary luminosity required to probe physics at the energy frontier. The dipole magnet strength plays a critical role in dictating the energy reach of a collider, and the superconducting magnets are arguably the dominant cost driver for future collider facilities. As the community considers opportunities to explore new energy frontiers, the importance of advanced magnet technology - both in terms of magnet performance and in the magnet technology's potential for cost reduction - is evident, as the technology status is essential for informed decisions on targets for physics reach and facility feasibility., contribution to Snowmass 2021

This White Paper brings together our previous studies on a Muon Collider (MC) and presents a design concept of the 6 TeV MC optics, the superconducting (SC) magnets, and a preliminary analysis of the protection system to reduce magnet radiation loads as well as particle backgrounds in the detector. The SC magnets and detector protection considerations impose strict limitations on the lattice choice, hence the design of the collider optics, magnets and Machine Detector Interface (MDI) are closely intertwined. As a first approximation we use the Interaction Region (IR) design with beta-star=3 mm, whereas for the arcs we re-scale the arc cell design of the 3 TeV MC. Traditional cos-theta coil geometry and Nb3Sn superconductor were used to provide field maps for the analysis and optimization of the arc lattice and IR design, as well as for studies of beam dynamics and magnet protection against radiation. The stress management in the coil will be needed to avoid large degradation or even damage of the brittle SC coils. In the assumed IR designs, the dipoles close to the Interaction Point (IP) and tungsten masks in each IR (to protect magnets) help reducing background particle fluxes in the detector by a substantial factor. The tungsten nozzles in the 6 to 600 cm region from the IP, assisted by the detector solenoid field, trap most of the decay electrons created close to the IP as well as most of the incoherent electron-positron pairs generated in the IP. With sophisticated tungsten, iron, concrete and borated polyethylene shielding in the MDI region, the total reduction of background loads by more than three orders of magnitude can be achieved., contribution to Snowmass 2021. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1204.6721

FNAL and CERN are developing a twin-aperture 11 T Nb$_{3}$Sn dipole suitable for installation in the LHC. This paper describes the design and parameters of the 11 T dipole developed at FNAL for the LHC upgrades in both single-aperture and twin-aperture configurations, and presents details of the constructed dipole models. Results of studies of magnet quench performance, quench protection and magnetic measurements performed using short 1 m long coils in the dipole mirror and single-aperture configurations are reported and discussed. FNAL and CERN are developing a twin-aperture 11-T Nb_3Sn dipole suitable for installation in the LHC. This paper describes the design and parameters of the 11-T dipole developed at FNAL for the LHC upgrades in both single-aperture and twin-aperture configurations, and presents details of the constructed dipole models. Results of studies of magnet quench performance, quench protection, and magnetic measurements performed using short 1-m-long coils in the dipole mirror and single-aperture configurations are reported and discussed.

CERN and FNAL are developing 11 T Nb$_{3}$Sn dipole magnets for the LHC collimation system upgrade. Due to the large stored energy, protection of these magnets during a quench is a challenging problem. This paper reports the results of experimental studies of key quench protection parameters including longitudinal and radial quench propagation in the coil, coil heating due to a quench, and energy extraction and quench-back effect. The studies were performed using a 1 m long 11 T Nb$_{3}$Sn dipole coil tested in a magnetic mirror configuration.

The LHC upgrade plans foresee installation of additional collimators in the LHC lattice. To provide the necessary longitudinal space for these collimators, shorter and stronger Nb$_{3}$Sn dipoles compatible with the LHC lattice and main systems could be used. This paper describes the design and status of the twin-aperture Nb$_{3}$Sn dipole being developed by FNAL and CERN for the LHC, and reports test results of two collared coils to be used in the first 1 m long twin-aperture dipole model.

FNAL and CERN are developing a 5.5-m-long twin-aperture Nb3Sn dipole suitable for installation in the LHC. A 2-m-long single-aperture demonstrator dipole with 60 mm bore, a nominal field of 11 T at the LHC nominal current of 11.85 kA and 20% margin has been developed and tested. This paper presents the results of quench protection analysis and protection heater study for the Nb3Sn demonstrator dipole. Extrapolations of the results for long magnet and operation in LHC are also presented., 10 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

FNAL and CERN are carrying out a joint R&D; program with the goal of building a 5.5-m-long twin-aperture 11-T Nb_3Sn dipole prototype that is suitable for installation in the LHC. An important part of the program is the development and test of a series of short single-aperture and twin-aperture dipole models with a nominal field of 11 T at the LHC operation current of 11.85 kA and 20% margin. This paper presents the results of magnetic measurements of a 1-m-long single-aperture Nb_3Sn dipole model fabricated and tested recently at FNAL, including geometrical field harmonics and effects of coil magnetization and iron yoke saturation.

The US LHC accelerator research program (LARP) is developing a new generation of large - aperture high - field quadrupoles based on Nb 3 Sn conductor for the High luminosity upgrade of Large Hadron Collider (HiLumi - LHC). Tests of the first series of 120 - mm aperture HQ coils revealed the necessity for further optimization of the coil design and fabrication process. Modifications in coil design were gradually implemented in two HQ coils previously tested at Fermi National Accelerato r Laboratory (Fermilab) using a magnetic mirror structure (HQM01 and HQM02). This paper describes the construction and test of an HQ mirror model with a coil of optimized design and with an interlayer resistive core in the conductor. The cable for this co il was made of a smaller diameter strand, providing more room for coil expansion during reaction. The 0.8 - mm strand, used in all previous HQ coils was replaced with a 0.778 - mm Nb 3 Sn strand of RRP 108/127 sub - element design. The coil was instrumented with voltage taps, heaters, and strain gauges to monitor mechanical and thermal properties and quench performance of the coil.

Fermilab and CERN have a joint R&D; program with the goal of building a 5.5-m-long twin-aperture Nb$_3$Sn dipole magnet suitable for installation in the Large Hadron Collider. The first step of this program is the development of a 2-m-long single-aperture demonstration dipole with the nominal field of 11 T at the Large Hadron Collider nominal current of 11.85 kA, 60 mm bore and ~ 20% margin. Prior to the construction of the real magnets, a shorter section of the magnet straight part was assembled to validate the results of the structural finite element analysis and to gain experience with magnet assembly. This paper summarizes the lessons learned from this mechanical model.

The requirements and operating conditions for a Muon Collider Storage Ring (MCSR) pose significant challenges to superconducting magnets. The dipole magnets should provide a high magnetic field to reduce the ring circumference and thus maximize the number of muon collisions during their lifetime. One third of the beam energy is continuously deposited along the lattice by the decay electrons at the rate of 0.5 kW/m for a 1.5-TeV c.o.m. and a luminosity of 1034 cm-2s-1. Unlike dipoles in proton machines, the MCSR dipoles should allow this dynamic heat load to escape the magnet helium volume in the horizontal plane, predominantly towards the ring center. This paper presents the analysis and comparison of radiation effects in MCSR based on two dipole magnets designs. Tungsten masks in the interconnect regions are used in both cases to mitigate the unprecedented dynamic heat deposition and radiation in the magnet coils., 3 pp. Particle Accelerator, 24th Conference (PAC'11) 28 Mar - 1 Apr 2011: New York, USA

Magnetic and mechanical designs of a Nb3Sn quadrupole magnet with 120-mm aperture suitable for interaction regions of hadron colliders are presented. The magnet is based on a two-layer shell-type coil and a cold iron yoke. Special spacers made of a low-Z material are implemented in the coil mid-planes to reduce the level of radiation heat deposition and radiation dose in the coil. The quadrupole mechanical structure is based on aluminum collars supported by an iron yoke and a stainless steel skin. Magnet parameters including maximum field gradient and field harmonics, Nb3Sn coil pre-stress and protection at the operating temperatures of 4.5 and 1.9 K are reported. The level and distribution of radiation heat deposition in the coil and other magnet components are discussed., Comment: 3 pp. 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference: IPAC'10, 23-28 May 2010: Kyoto, Japan

Conceptual designs of a superconducting dipole magnet for a Storage Ring of a Muon Collider with a 1.5 TeV center of mass (c.o.m.) energy and an average luminosity of 10 34 cm-2s-1 are presented. In contrast to proton machines, the dipoles for the Muon Collider should be able to handle ~0.5 kW/m of dynamic heat load from the muon beam decays. The magnets are based on Nb3Sn superconductor and designed to provide an operating field of 10 T in the 20-mm aperture with the critical current margin required for reliable machine operation. The magnet cross-sections were optimized to achieve the best possible field quality in the aperture occupied by beams. The developed mechanical structures provide adequate coil prestress and support at the maximum level of Lorentz forces in the coil. Magnet parameters are reported and compared with the requirements., Comment: 4 pp. Applied Superconductivity Conference (ASC 2010), 1-6 Aug 2010: Washington, D.C

Fermilab is involved in the development of new generation high-field accelerator magnets using state-of-the-art Nb$_3$Sn strands produced using different technologies. Two 1-m long models-mirror configuration and dipole magnet-were fabricated recently at Fermilab based on powder-in-tube (PIT) Nb$_3$Sn strands with small effective filament size. This paper describes the parameters of superconducting strands and cable, the details of magnet design and fabrication procedure, and reports the results of PIT coil testing.

Superconducting quadrupole magnets operating in superfluid helium at 1.9 K, with 70 mm bore and nominal field gradient of 205 T/m at collision optics, are being developed by the US LHC Accelerator Project for the Interaction Regions of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A magnet model program to validate and optimize the design is underway. This paper reports results of field quality measurements of four model magnets. (3 refs).