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Itelmen negative structures are classified as follows: (A) suffix-type negation and (B) finite-type negation. (A) suffix-type negation: negative particle (qaʔm, zaq, wijaq) + LV(lexical verb)-negative suffix (+ AUXiliary verb) (B) finite-type negation: negative particle (χeʔnc) + finite verb (optative or subjunctive mood) Negation in suffix-type (A) is double-marked with a negative particle and the negative suffix, while negation in finite-type (B) is marked only by the negative particle. Each negative particle has a different negative function and co-occurs with a different finite form: qaʔm + LV-kaq/-(a)q (+ AUX in indicative past and present tense) － negation in the non-future zaq + LV-kaq/-(a)q (+ AUX in second person optative) － negative imperative wijaq + LV-kaq/-(a)q (or other suffixes) (+ AUX in subjunctive or optative) － non-factive or prohibitive χeʔnc + LV in optative or subjunctive finite form － negation in the future or non-factive The distinction between the indicative and optative that exists in the affirmative is lost in the future negative. In Itelmen, negation in the non-future is marked as realis (indicative past/present tense), while negation in the future and non-factive is marked as irrealis (optative or subjunctive). In conclusion, negation in Itelmen has a strong connection with the mood category, and especially with the reality status (realis/irrealis distinction).

Itelmen (a Chukotko-Kamchatkan language spoken in Kamchatka in the Russian Federation) contains the verbal forms K--KNEN and K--IN, which function as adjectives. Previously, Russian linguists considered the K—KNEN and K--IN forms to be participles similar to the ɣe--linor n--qinforms in Chukchi and Koryak or infinite forms only applicable for third person past predicates. In this paper, I present examples of the K--KNEN and K--IN forms from my field data and argue that these forms should be considered adjectival participles. The K--KNEN form seems to be an agent-oriented participle when it is used with intransitive verbs, whereas the K--IN form appears to be a patient-oriented participle from transitive verbs. Both forms are used as adjectives—attributives, complements or predicates—and retain their verbal elements such as tense (primarily past tense), aspect (durative), and voice (active or passive).

「環太平洋の言語」成果報告書A2-043, ELPR publication series A2-043

「環太平洋の言語」成果報告書A2-033, ELPR publication series A2-033