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This article will compare two works by two Black Surinamese authors from the last century: Anton de Kom (1898–1945) and Edgar Cairo (1948–2000). While keenly aware that the Netherlands/the Dutch Empire has shaped their world by forceful and violent means, in their writing both Cairo and de Kom effectively push the Netherlands to the margins. In these texts it is present as the evil force to be fought, or as the invisible past evils that have created the present, but these stories are not about the Dutch or The Netherlands. De Kom counters the Dutch narratives and heroes with those of the enslaved people who escape to the hinterlands (het binnenland), while Cairo flaunts white colonial norms with his story of what he calls ‘the backyard’ (het erf). De Kom’s hinterland and Cairo’s backyard echo chronotopes such as Paul Gilroy’s slave ship and Édouard Glissant’s metaphors of the plantation, the hinterland and the creole language. These are conceptions of the Caribbean and Black diasporic history, voicing some of the ways in which ‘culture happened’ in spite of the efforts of colonization and the plantation system, offering an alternative that is native to a transplanted people/diasporic people. Publisher PDF

Acacia senegal (L), a nitrogen fixing tree and a drought resistant species with potentials to improve infertile soils was planted in Sahel zone of Jigawa State, Nigeria for the production of gum arabic. However, information on the soil physico-chemical properties under plantation in Nigeria is scanty, hence the objective of this paper was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of soil under gum arabic tree (Acacia senegal L) wild plantation in Sahel zone of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from four 30 x 30m plots in the plantation and another plot in open land (control). Three replicate soil samples were taken from 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-60 cm soil depths, analysed for micro and macronutrients using standard methods. Soil texture of the plantation is loamy sand but with slight textural differentiation under the open land. Mean soil bulk density ranged from 1.6 g/cm3 in the plantation to 1.8g/cm3 in the open woodland. The high values of soil bulk density might be ascribed to loss of organic matter as a result of soil erosion and animal grazing which are common occurrences. Results obtained indicated that the ECEC decreased as the soil depth increased and is low in values while the CEC of soils range from 5.57 to 5.97. The physicochemical properties of soils under the plantation were significantly different at P < 0.05 compared with the control an indication that Acacia senegal can gradually improves soil quality and productivity especially in Sahel zone of the northern part of Nigeria.

Land use change and nutrient pollution are two pervasive stressors that can modify carbon cycling, as they influence the inputs and the transformation of detritus. Understanding their impact on stream food webs and on diversity is particularly pressing, as streams are largely fuelled by detrital material received from the adjacent riparian environment. Here we assess how a switch from native deciduous forest to Eucalyptus plantations and nutrient enrichment alter the size distribution of stream detritivore communities and decomposition rates of detritus. As expected, more detritus resulted in higher size-independent, or overall, abundance (i.e. higher intercept of size spectra). This change in overall abundance was mainly driven by a change of the relative contribution of large taxa (Amphipoda and Trichoptera), which changed from an average relative abundance of 55.5 to 77.2 % between the sites compared for resource quantity differences in our study. In contrast, detritus quality modified the relative abundance of large vs small individuals (i.e. size spectra slopes), with shallow slopes of size spectra (proportionately more large individuals) associated with sites with nutrient-richer waters and steeper slopes (proportionately fewer large individuals) associated with sites draining Eucalyptus plantations. Decomposition rates of alder leaves due to macroinvertebrates increased from 0.0003 to 0.0142 when relative contribution of large organisms increased (modelled slopes of size spectra: −1.00 and − 0.33, respectively), highlighting the importance of large sized individuals for ecosystem functioning. Our study reveals that land use change and nutrient pollution can greatly impair the transfer of energy through the detrital or ‘brown’ food web by means of intra- and inter-specific responses to quality and quantity of the detritus. These responses enable linking land use change and nutrient pollution to ecosystem productivity and carbon cycling. This work was carried out with financial support from the EU Commission within the RivFunction project (contract EVK1-CT-2001-00088). AL acknowledges the financial support by the mobility program Ikermugikortasuna-2019 of the Basque Government.

This thesis interrogates the operation of credit for contracted palm oil production and its impacts on the lives of peasant communities in the Colombian Caribbean. My work presents a detailed account of how credit shapes the operation of contract farming schemes as well as the labouring experiences of peasant palm fruit producers. In this account, I approach debt as an infrastructure of agrarian capitalism that underpins and transforms agrarian lives. In the contract farming scheme I study, the devices through which debt becomes an infrastructure are materialised in the institutional arrangements of contract farming which were created to comply with credit access conditions. This institutional architecture encompasses the peasant palm cooperatives, the price-setting procedures, the exclusivity agreement that tied fruit output to the local palm mill, and the technical package that made peasants dependent on external inputs and expert knowledge provided by the local palm plantation. These contract farming conditions are infrastructures of debt that enable the provision of capital for production, and the circulation and appropriation of surplus value. However, in their operation, these infrastructures facilitate the alienation of landed and landless peasant labour and exploit the unwaged reproductive labour that sustains the life of communities in the oil palm plantation. This thesis begins by placing the debt infrastructures I study in context and subsequently analyses the operation of these infrastructures from the standpoint of labour. On one hand, I analyse how debt infrastructures shape the exploitation of peasants, landed palm fruit producers and plantation workers alike. On the other hand, I show the moral and social reproductive labour required to operate such infrastructures. In my argument, I show how debt infrastructures are based on local land, labour, and capital relations and how these infrastructures transformed each to enable palm fruit production. Debt is an infrastructure that transforms the productive and reproductive labour necessary to produce palm oil.

This paper presents an innovative product design in the context of plantation studies, focusing on improving the planting pole, a widely used tool in the sector. We identified several issues with the current planting pole, including its limited effectiveness due to the ability to plant only one hole at a time, long-term health effects on workers caused by its use, and the preference for traditional planting methods among smallholders, who are not sufficiently exposed to new technologies. To address these issues, we propose an improved planting pole design that incorporates the principles of the Industry 4.0 revolution. Our product is constructed from PVC pipe, stainless steel, and electronic components, offering enhanced effectiveness and adjustability compared to conventional planting poles. By refining the existing tool, we aim to increase productivity and reduce the health risks associated with manual planting. Our primary target market is smallholders who have yet to adopt modern planting technologies. By introducing this innovative product to this demographic, we aim to foster widespread adoption of efficient and ergonomic tools in the plantation sector, contributing to increased productivity and improved worker well-being. This abstract emphasizes the potential benefits of our product design and the importance of innovation in addressing the challenges faced by the plantation industry.

Smallholder farmers and large plantation companies both grow oil palm trees because palm fruit is getting better and making palm oil is becoming more profitable. Small farmers in rural areas can make a lot of money from palm oil because it is in high demand and gives high returns per hectare. Large companies use machinery on their plantations, but smallholders use traditional methods to get Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) and loose fruit seeds from oil palm trees because machinery is so expensive. The Loose Fruit Collector (LFC) is a new upgrade that was made to help workers in the palm oil industry be more productive. Machines like the LFC are made to make workers' jobs easier, cut down on hard work, boost productivity, and, in the end, make more money. Workers in the plantation industry must spend a lot of time and energy collecting seeds. Also, bending over for long periods of time to collect loose fruit seeds can be bad for their health. Our new idea is meant to solve these problems by making it easier, faster, and less physically demanding for both small farmers and large estates to collect their crops. By making the palm oil industry more efficient and caring for its workers, we can help protect its future and keep income and productivity from going down. This abstract talks about the importance of innovation and the possible benefits of the LFC for both smallholders and plantation companies.

Soil carbon sequestration is vital to reduce the atmospheric carbon concentration, which is expected to increase within future climatic scenarios. The present study aims to investigate the effects of land use changes to different plantation systems on SOC stocks, and simulate these changes using the RothC model in Mizoram, India. With this aim, four land uses, viz., secondary forest, oil palm, orange, and arecanut plantations, established on degraded shifting cultivation lands, and a control natural forest were selected for this study. The soils were sampled 0–30 cm in the secondary forest, plantations, and the natural forest, at an interval of five years. Measured SOC stocks were the highest in the secondary forest (67.0 Mg C ha−1) and the lowest under the oil palm plantation (37.4 Mg C ha−1), 10 years after land use conversion. The climate change projections for 2021–2035 and 2036–2050 indicated that temperature and rainfall changes, projected to increase by 0.8 and 2.0 °C, and 5.9 and 5.4%, respectively, will affect SOC stocks in the future differently, depending on the land use and carbon input from vegetation. Baseline climate simulations under land use change showed the highest increase in the SOC stock under the secondary forest (116%), and the lowest in the oil palm plantation (27%). Overall, the model predicted that SOC stocks would increase, but the rate of change (0.23–1.86 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) varied with different land uses, plant species, and land management practices. The model results indicated that restoring secondary forest following the abandonment of a shifting cultivation and orange plantations are the best options to improve SOC stocks within future climate change scenarios. Conversely, arecanut and oil palm need to be reduced because the SOC storage is lower.

This article as a whole discusses a sudden transformation of the social order of society on the island of Sumatra. Then the change in society is influenced by the existence of agrarian conflicts which cannot be separated from the political aspect. The pattern of society that was originally still simple suddenly became more complex due to the existence of a new policy that brought immigrants flocking to East Sumatra to try out the regulations belonging to the Dutch East Indies government in classifying land ownership systems. The purpose of writing this article is based on changes in social attitudes due to agrarian conflicts in East Sumatra. The procedure for developing the discussion is carried out using a qualitative descriptive method based on data sourced from the reading literature and bibliography. The author also tries to present the use of explorative interpretation or meaning. The results of this study as a whole explain the rise of local rulers to a higher position in society and the movement of these communities in maintaining their full power over their land rights. General or joint tenure of land leads to tenure systems of several different types., Artikel ini secara keseluruhan membahas mengenai sebuah transformasi tatanan sosial masyarakat secara mendadak di Pulau Sumatera. Kemudian perubahan masyarakat tersebut dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan konflik agraria yang tidak lepas dari aspek politis. Pola masyarakat yang semula masih sederhana secara tiba-tiba berubah menjadi lebih kompleks karena keberadaan kebijakan baru yang membawa para pendatang berbondong-bondong menuju Sumatera Timur guna menjajal peraturan milik pemerintahan Hindia Belanda dalam mengelompokan sistem kepemilikan tanah. Adapun tujuan penulisan artikel ini didasarkan atas perubahan sikap sosial akibat konflik agraria di daerah Sumatera Timur. Prosedur dalam mengembangkan pembahasan dilakukan menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif berdasarkan pada data yang bersumber dari literatur bacaan dan kepustakaan. Penulis juga berusaha untuk menyajikan penggunaan interpretasi atau pemaknaan secara eksploratif. Hasil penelitian ini secara keseluruhan menerangkan kenaikan penguasa lokal ke dalam kedudukan yang lebih tinggi dalam masyarakat serta pergerakan masyarakat tersebut dalam mempertahankan kekuasaan penuh mereka atas hak lahan miliknya. Penguasaan tanah secara umum atau bersama-sama membawa pada sistem kepemilikan dalam beberapa jenis yang berbeda.

It is well established that forest type can have a profound impact on soil physicochemical properties but the associated changes in soil microbial communities and the mechanisms by which soil quality is improved by various plantations are not fully understood. In this study, soil physicochemical properties and microbial and enzyme activities were investigated in four forest types–Castanopsis hystrix pure forests (CHPF), C. hystrix–Pinus elliottii mixed forests (CHPEF), C. hystrix–Michelia macclurei mixed forests (CHMMF), and C. hystrix–Mytilaria laosensis mixed forests (CHMLF) in the subtropical region of China. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of afforestation types on characteristics of soil–its physical, chemical, and biological properties. The results showed that the contents of soil total organic carbon (TOC), soil total nitrogen (TN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) were significantly improved in both CHMMF and CHMLF mixed forest stands when compared to the CHPF pure stand. Soil enzyme activities were enhanced in the mixed forests. In particular, high phosphatase activity was observed in CHMLF stands, leading to the transformation of soil phosphorus to available phosphorus in this forest type. Our study demonstrated that the broad–leaved mixed forests, but not coniferous mixed forests, could significantly improve soil quality in the study region. Our research provides a scientific insight into the promotion of vegetation restoration and plantation forest management in plantation regions of subtropical areas.

The occurrence of deadwood is inevitable during the process of plantation conversion, but the influences of conversion and the potential environmental effect on deadwood species diversity remain unclear. We established two fixed plots in Chinese fir thinned forest (TF) and Chinese fir and Michelia macclurei Dandy mixed forest (MF) (100 × 80 and 120 × 60 m2, respectively). We classified the deadwood into groups based on origin and by status, and analyzed deadwood species diversity using four common diversity indices. We also investigated the contribution of topographic factors to tree mortality using redundancy analysis. The species composition of deadwood differed markedly between the MF and TF. The species diversity and variety of deadwood status were greater for the TF than MF, although abundance was lower. Topography was poorly correlated with deadwood in the MF, while in the TF, altitude was strongly correlated with deadwood from Chinese fir, shade-intolerant late-coming populations, and fallen wood. Slope was negatively correlated with late-coming populations and fallen wood, but deadwood correlations with convexity were weak. These results indicate that cultivation methods strongly alter the species composition, status, abundance and diversity of deadwood in plantations. Topographic factors and targeted cultivation practices promote the formation of deadwood.

Both forest management—especially forest tending—and afforestation help to enhance the carbon sequestration of forest vegetation. However, with limited resources, appropriate measures need to be selected to increase the vegetation carbon sinks based on regional endowments. This study aimed to assess the differences in the effects and costs of afforestation and forest tending on vegetation carbon sequestration and to help select suitable afforestation and forest tending areas. In this paper, we used panel fixed effects models to analyze the effects of afforestation and forest tending on vegetation carbon sequestration and conducted a regional heterogeneity analysis to identify suitable afforestation and tending areas. Our results show that the vegetation carbon sequestration capacity of forest tending is 4.48 times higher than that of afforestation, and there is obvious spatial heterogeneity in the effects of afforestation and forest tending on vegetation carbon sequestration. Specifically, the marginal contribution of afforestation is higher than that of tending in northwest and southwest China, whereas the marginal contribution of tending is greater in other regions. Additionally, the afforestation cost for vegetation carbon sequestration is 44.44 times higher than that of tending. Therefore, the management of existing forests must be enhanced, especially in northeastern, southern, and northern China. Similar to the northwest and southwest regions of China, there is still a need to emphasize the use of suitable space for afforestation.

El tráfico de los braceros antillanos hacia sus plantaciones de caña de azúcar en Cuba fue utilizado por los monopolios de Estados Unidos a principios del siglo XX para el ascenso de la producción del dulce. El presente trabajo, basado en la información obtenida en los archivos de la United Fuit Company en Cuba, describe y analiza la presencia masiva de trabajadores procedentes de Haití y el Caribe anglófono en las tierras de esta empresa de Estados Unidos en la Mayor de las Antillas y en otras similares de capital norteamericano. Este artículo se refiere a las presiones de esta compañía sobre los gobiernos republicanos cubanos para satisfacer sus apetitos de ganancias y rentabilidad. Le trafic d’ouvriers antillais vers les plantations de canne à Cuba a été utilisé par les monopoles américains au début du xxème siècle pour augmenter la production de sucre. Cet article, basé sur des informations obtenues dans les archives de la United Fruit Company à Cuba, décrit et analyse la présence massive de travailleurs haïtiens et de la Caraïbe anglophone sur les terres de cette entreprises étasunienne et d’autres sociétés similaires dans l’île. Cet article relate les pressions exercées par la UFC sur les gouvernements cubains pour satisfaire ses appétits de profit et de rentabilité.

Indonesia is the second rubber-producing country in the world. Rubber is not a priority crop in Southeast Sulawesi, but there exist some smallholder rubber plantations in the province. This research aimed to analyze feasibility of rubber plantations in Southeast Sulawesi province. The research was conducted in Puriala Subdistrict, Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, from September 2022 to February 2023. Data analysis used Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Payback Period (PP), and Sensitivity Analysis. Data collection methods included interviews, observation, and documentation. Research results showed that the NPV was Rp96,840,424, BCR = 1.18,. IRR = 24%, and PP = 9.13 years, indicating that rubber plantation is financially feasible. The results of the sensitivity analysis of a 10% decrease in sales price or a 10% increase in costs showed that the plantation is still feasible. However, the simultaneous 10% decrease in sales price and a 10% increase in production cost indicated that plantation is no longer feasible. Given that the data used are only 12 years from the potential 25 years of economic life of the plantation, rubber plantation is highly feasible in the province.

Forest stand structure is not only a crucial factor for regulating forest functioning but also an important indicator for sustainable forest management and ecosystem services. Although there exists a few national/global structure databases for natural forests, a country-wide synthetic structure database for plantation forests over China, the world’s largest player in plantation forests, has not been achieved. In this study, we built a country-wide synthetic stand structure database by surveying more than 600 peer-reviewed literature. The database covers tree species, mean stand age, mean tree height, stand density, canopy coverage, diameter at breast height, as well as the associated ancillary in-situ topographical and soil properties. A total of 594 published studies concerning diverse forest stand structure parameters were compiled for 46 tree species. This first synthesis for stand structure of plantation forests over China supports studies on the evolution/health of plantation forests in response to rapid climate change and intensified disturbances, and benefits country-wide sustainable forest management, future afforestation or reforestation planning. Potential users include those studying forest community dynamics, regional tree growth, ecosystem stability, and health, as well as those working with conservation and sustainable management. This dataset is freely accessible at http://www.doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.j00076.00091.

The rapid expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia has generated a large and growing number of protests against palm oil companies over, mainly, access to land. So far, these protests have been mainly studied through scattered case studies, which precludes an understanding and analysis of general patterns. Addressing this challenge, this paper presents the results of the first-ever large-scale collaborative effort to document 150 conflicts between rural Indonesians and palm oil companies in four Indonesian provinces (West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, Riau and West Sumatra). With this material this article unpacks trajectories of the anti-corporate activism sparked by the rapid expansion of palm oil plantations, discussing the causes, character of protests, conflict resolution efforts and outcomes of these conflicts. We find that palm oil conflicts generate a particular ‘rightless’ form of collective action: instead of invoking legal provisions or rights, communities often avoid formal institutions while adopting largely accommodative forms of protest aimed at improving their bargaining position vis-à-vis companies. Despite regular and intense protests often directed at local governments, we find that in 68 percent of the studied conflicts communities fail to address their grievances. We argue that this limited success is not just due to the inadequacies of legal frameworks but also to the way in which Indonesia’s informalized state institutions foster collusion between powerholders and palm oil companies. Such collusion has facilitated the repression of protests and undermined the effectiveness of conflict resolution mechanisms.

Background Most North American temperate forests are plantation or regrowth forests, which are actively managed. These forests are in different stages of their growth cycles and their ability to sequester atmospheric carbon is affected by extreme weather events. In this study, the impact of heat and drought events on carbon sequestration in an age-sequence (80, 45, and 17 years as of 2019) of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) forests in southern Ontario, Canada was examined using eddy covariance flux measurements from 2003 to 2019. Results Over the 17-year study period, the mean annual values of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) were 180 ± 96, 538 ± 177 and 64 ± 165 g C m–2 yr–1 in the 80-, 45- and 17-year-old stands, respectively, with the highest annual carbon sequestration rate observed in the 45-year-old stand. We found that air temperature (Ta) was the dominant control on NEP in all three different-aged stands and drought, which was a limiting factor for both gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystems respiration (RE), had a smaller impact on NEP. However, the simultaneous occurrence of heat and drought events during the early growing seasons or over the consecutive years had a significant negative impact on annual NEP in all three forests. We observed a similar trend of NEP decline in all three stands over three consecutive years that experienced extreme weather events, with 2016 being a hot and dry, 2017 being a dry, and 2018 being a hot year. The youngest stand became a net source of carbon for all three of these years and the oldest stand became a small source of carbon for the first time in 2018 since observations started in 2003. However, in 2019, all three stands reverted to annual net carbon sinks. Conclusions Our study results indicate that the timing, frequency and concurrent or consecutive occurrence of extreme weather events may have significant implications for carbon sequestration in temperate conifer forests in Eastern North America. This study is one of few globally available to provide long-term observational data on carbon exchanges in different-aged temperate plantation forests. It highlights interannual variability in carbon fluxes and enhances our understanding of the responses of these forest ecosystems to extreme weather events. Study results will help in developing climate resilient and sustainable forestry practices to offset atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions and improving simulation of carbon exchange processes in terrestrial ecosystem models.

The research on Paulownia cultivation and wood properties is up to date in many countries. However, there are no data on the properties of this wood defined on a microscale, on microtome samples. The main aim of this study was to find the best valorization path for the wood of Paulownia Shang Tong Hybrid F1 from an extensively cultivated plantation established in April 2017 in Poland by determining the tensile strength, the wood density, the strength-to-density ratio, and the modulus of elasticity on a cross-section of the trunk. The wood was collected from extensive plantation, where production is based on the natural resources of the habitat and ambient weather conditions, which is the opposite to the intensive cultivation model, which is the recommended model of Paulownia cultivation. The results of this study show that the mean density of the analyzed samples was approximately 210 kg/m3 when the mean value of the modulus of elasticity (MOE) was approximately 2400 MPa. The mean result for the tensile strength ratio to density was 11.25 km. In the case of anatomical structure, the increasing trend with age was noticed both in fiber and vessel characteristics. The study results provide unique data worldwide about Paulownia wood’s properties based on a cross-section of the trunk, from plantations cultivated in conditions which are not recommended by seedlings producers. The obtained data indicate that the Paulownia wood (examined) from the cultivation in this study has a technical quality similar to that of model-intensive agricultural plantations.

Life on plantations in the first half of the 20th century, which was autonomous, gave a great freedom to the planters. They worked on the plantations almost without any interferences from the colonial government in Batavia. Everything related to the plantation companies was the initiative and policy of the planters themselves. However, the difference between reality and what they dreamed of before when they were still in the Netherlands eventually led to various uncanny phenomena such as feeling alienated, odd, and displaced. This paper aimed to reveal these various phenomena in Rubber's novel by using Homi K. Bhabha's postcolonialism theory which drew inspiration from Freud's psychoanalytic theory of unheimlich. The method used was the close reading method with the poststructuralism assumption that the text did not convey what appeared to be said at first, what will be said, or what is expected to be said. For this reason, reading was carried out carefully and repeatedly on lingual units in the form of text or fragments in Rubber in order that every sign, ideas and statements had meanings.

La production de caoutchouc au Brésil est généralement associée à une extraction du latex de l’Hévéa (Hevea brasiliensis) « sauvage » dans la forêt amazonienne. Cependant, plus de la moitié de la production du caoutchouc naturel du pays vient des nombreuses plantations de l'Hévéa de la région nord-ouest de l'État de São Paulo. La saignée de l'Hévéa est une activité́ manuelle qui se trouve au cœur d’un secteur agricole attaché à l'industrie, notamment l'industrie du pneu. Cette activité exige un haut niveau de compétence technique du saigneur, puisque la précision de ses incisions sur l'arbre détermine la rentabilité et la longévité de la plantation. Dans cet article, l’objectif est de mettre en évidence comment les saigneurs travaillent avec les hévéas dans les plantations à São Paulo, au Brésil et de caractériser leurs relations de travail avec ces arbres à partir de l’ethnographie de la technique, un parcours méthodologique capable de donner à voir les médiations entre humains et plantes dans les contextes de travail agricole. Natural Rubber production in Brazil is mostly associated with the extraction of latex from “wild” rubber trees in the Amazon rainforest. However, almost half of the country's natural rubber production comes from numerous rubber plantations (Hevea brasiliensis) in the north-western region of the State of São Paulo. The tapping of rubber trees is a manual activity at the heart of an agricultural sector attached to industry, in particular the tire industry. This seemingly simple activity requires a high level of technical skill from the tapper, since the accuracy of his incisions on the tree determines the profitability and longevity of the plantation. In this article the objective is to highlight how tappers work with rubber trees in plantations in São Paulo, Brazil and to characterize their working relationships with these trees from the perspective of the ethnography of techniques, a methodological journey capable of to show the mediations between humans and plants in the context of agricultural work. La producción de caucho natural en Brasil generalmente está asociada con la extracción de látex de los árboles de Siringa (Hevea brasiliensis) «silvestres» en la selva amazónica. Sin embargo, casi la mitad de la producción de caucho natural del país proviene de las numerosas plantaciones en la región noroeste del Estado de São Paulo. La sangría del caucho natural es una actividad manual que está en el corazón de un sector agrícola ligado a la industria, en particular la industria del neumático. Esta actividad, aparentemente simple, en realidad requiere un alto nivel de habilidad técnica por parte del siringuero, ya que la precisión de sus incisiones en el árbol determina la rentabilidad y la longevidad de la plantación. En este artículo el objetivo es resaltar cómo los siringueros trabajan con los árboles de caucho en plantaciones en São Paulo, Brasil y caracterizar sus relaciones de trabajo con estos árboles a partir de la etnografía de la técnica, un recorrido metodológico capaz de destacar las mediaciones entre humanos y plantas en el contexto del trabajo agrícola.

Sundarban is the world’s largest mangrove wetland. This study, conducted in 2016, to compare blue carbon sequestration with different natural metapopulations and a four-year-old Avicennia marina (30% area)-Rhizophora mucronata (70% area)-mixed mangrove plantation under anthropoganic stress. The aims of the study is to find out the variations in soil ecological function indicators (pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density, soil texture, available nitrogn, phosphorus and soil organic carbon) and key ecological service indicator (soil blue carbon pool) between sites. Simpson’s Index of dominance, diversity and Shannon-Weiner Index revealed that all the sites are under ecological stress, with the Suaeda maritima-dominated mudflat having the least biodiversity. It is also revealed that pH and electrical conductivity were highest in Suaeda maritima and Phoenix padulosa-dominated metapopulations, whereas organic carbon was the highest under the mangrove plantation and Avicennia marina-dominated site. Available nitrogen was recorded highest in the community with the Sonneretia sp.-Avicennia marina association. The mixed mangrove plantation had the highest blue carbon pool. The species diversity was not found to be related with the distance from the nearby conserved mangrove forest, contrary to the island biogeography theory. This study concludes with a recommendation of mixed mangrove plantations to restore the degraded saline mudflats along the human settlements across the globe.

13 Pág., This study aimed to review the requirements and difficulties of natural and artificial regeneration of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) in the Mediterranean Basin. Cork oak regeneration is achieved naturally by means of sexual or vegetative reproduction (by seeds or by sprouting), or artificially through direct seeding, or seedling planting. Both natural and artificial regeneration of cork oak fre-quently encounter numerous difficulties which limit the ecological conditions for cork oak regeneration, including acorn predation, slow growth, vegetative competition, browsing of seedlings, fires, pests and diseases, and summer drought. We reviewed the state of the art of these difficulties and s ummarize the potential solutions for each regeneration form., The authors sincerely thank Walt Koenig (Hastings Reservation, UC Berkeley) for technical language editing. The authors also acknowledge the Faculty of Science of Bizerte (University of Carthage, Tunisia) and the Silvo-Pastoral Institute of Tabarka (University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia).

The cypress species Hesperocyparis lusitanica (Mill.) Bartel and H. macrocarpa (Hartw.) Bartel (formerly known as Cupressus lusitanica and C. macrocarpa) are widely grown in New Zealand where they are noted for their high-value timber. Preliminary cypress growth models were developed in New Zealand in 2004 based on limited growth data. Here, we describe new stand-level growth models developed for these two species using measurements from 521 permanent sample plots. Each model consists of several component sub-models including a height/age model, a diameter/age model, a mortality function and a stand-level volume function, with different parameter estimates used for each species. The mean top height is predicted from age and site index using common-asymptote Richards models. Modified common-asymptote Korf functions are used to predict the mean diameter as a function of age, stand density and a diameter index. The volume-based 300 Index, defined as the mean annual volume increment at age 30 years for a reference regime of 300 stems ha−1, can be calculated directly from the site index and diameter index using the volume function. These models will be of considerable value to forest managers for regime evaluation and yield prediction. By more robustly describing site productivity using the 300 Index, the models provide an improved framework for understanding and quantifying site productivity.

Through an encounter with a plantation forest in western Denmark called Klosterheden, this article explores the possibilities for what Anna Tsing calls multispecies resurgence – the ability of ecologies to survive and recover through interspecies cooperation. Highlighting endangered conditions for ongoing survival in a world of Anthropocene proliferations, the article tells three entangled stories of how the forest landscapes in Klosterheden have changed in the past century: First, the story of the forest as a landscape of war. Then, the story of the forest as a landscape of multispecies companionship. And finally, the story of the forest as a landscape in between resurgence and disrepair. The overarching argument is that in an Anthropocene world altered by human activities, ongoing survival requires renewed care and attention towards the complexities of multispecies resurgence. This entails, among other things, making space for the resurgent dynamics of natural ecologies and recognizing the limits of human existence vis-à-vis other forms of earthly life.

International audience; (CJUE 10 févr. 2022, aff. C-595/20, UE c/ ShareWood, D. 2022. 280 ; ibid. 915, obs. S. Clavel et F. Jault-Seseke ; RTD com. 2022. 690, obs. A. Marmisse – d'Abbadie d'Arrast. Nous remercions notre collègue et ami Louis d'Avout de nous avoir signalé cette décision)

La récente mise au jour d’un fonds d’archives privées tiré d’un vieux grenier d’un logis d’Angoumois donne à voir l’itinéraire d’un Saintongeais devenu capitaine de navires et planteur de café à Saint-Domingue : Jean-Baptiste Georgeon.Rares sont les personnalités de cette étoffe connue pour l’arrière-pays de Saintonge-Angoumois. Plus courantes sont les trajectoires renseignées des grands officiers du port de La Rochelle comme Claude-Vincent Polony dont les mémoires ont été édités , le capitaine Joseph Micheau étudié par Jacques Péret ou de Bordeaux avec la grande étude du groupe socioprofessionnel des capitaines du port de la Lune finement analysé par Frédéric Candelon-Boudet . Entre lettres, comptes, factures, documents notariés et formulaires de l’indemnité de Saint-Domingue, c’est toute une trajectoire individuelle, professionnelle et familiale ainsi qu’un réseau construit entre les deux rives de l’Atlantique, liant la Saintonge, l’Angoumois et les Amériques (Saint-Domingue et les États-Unis) que l’on peut reconstituer de la veille de la guerre d’Indépendance Américaine à la Monarchie de Juillet. Loin d’être singulier, le parcours de Jean-Baptiste Georgeon et de sa famille illustre combien la mer et l’outre-mer ont été des perspectives professionnelles fortes pour des familles dont les biographies ont connu des bifurcations fortes au temps des Révolutions à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Candelon-Boudet Frédéric, Les capitaines du port de Lune. Bordeaux des Lumières. L’appel du large, Bordeaux, Mollat, 2022.Pairault Louis-Gilles, Luc Albert-Michel (éd.), Mémoires d’un officier de marine négrier. Histoire des services à la mer et dans les ports de Claude-Vincent Polony (1756-1828), La Crèche, La Geste, 2019.Péret Jacques, Joseph Micheau, capitaine rochelais. Négrier, corsaire et marin de la République (1751-1821), La Crèche, La Geste, 2015.

In the National Park “Russian North” in the summer of 2021, we studied the consequences of the impact of the hurricane. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that without health-improving measures in the form of selective sanitary felling, the sanitary condition of pine stands in the Sokolsky Forest of the Russian North National Park, in our opinion, may significantly deteriorate soon. В национальном парке «Русский Север» в летний период 2021 г. нами изучены последствия воздействия урагана. По результатам исследования можно сделать вывод, что без проведения оздоровительных мероприятий в виде выборочных санитарных рубок в скором времени санитарное состояние сосновых древостоев в Сокольском бору национального парка «Русский Север», по нашему мнению, может значительно ухудшиться.

Afforestation is an approach for ecological restoration. Soil total phosphorus is one of the important ecological and evolutionary elements for carbon cycles and plant growth following afforestation. However, studies on soil total phosphorus of afforestation on abandoned ponds with different slopes are still lacking. Soil total phosphorus and other soil properties from afforestation sites with different slopes were investigated. Soil total phosphorus, total nitrogen, bulk density, soil water contents and pH of poplar (Populus spp.) plantation sites (Slope 1) with a steep slope and pond cypress (Taxodium spp.) plantation sites (Slope 2) with a flat slope were determined. Soil total nitrogen stocks, soil total phosphorus stocks and the ratio of soil total nitrogen to total phosphorus (N:P) were calculated. Results showed that soil bulk density, soil water content, total phosphorus, total phosphorus stocks and total nitrogen stocks of three soil layers at Slope 1 were significantly lower than those of Slope 2. N:P of Slope 1 was significantly higher, but no significant difference of total nitrogen and pH were found between the two sampling sites. Soil bulk density, soil water content and total nitrogen had significant positive relationships with both total phosphorus and total phosphorus stocks. No obvious correlation was found between pH and total phosphorus or total phosphorus stocks. Redundancy analysis (RDA analysis) suggested that soil water content and bulk density had the most important individual effect on total phosphorus and total phosphorus stocks with values at 59.3% and 59.5%, respectively. It is recommended that afforestation on a flat or gentle slope rather than on a steep gradient could be helpful for accumulation of soil total phosphorus and phosphorus stocks and could decrease the risk of soil phosphorus loss, when afforestation is used for ecological restoration.

Nematode damage to coffee poses a serious threat to coffee production all over the world, including Vietnam. Accordingly, the nematode community composition could be a reliable indicator of ecological shifts that affect coffee plants' health. Here, we analysed the nematode communities in the rhizosphere of a monoculture Robusta coffee plantation in Dak Lak of the Central Highlands, Vietnam. We found changes in the community composition of nematodes in an age gradient of replanting coffee plants and revealed distinct patterns of nematode distribution in the soils of healthy and diseased plant groups. Further analyses indicate the impact of intensive farming and inefficient nematode controls, which caused disturbances and a gradual decrease of the nematode fauna diversity in the plantation soil. These results can add to a complete prediction model for plant fitness using nematode community composition.

Plantations are typically monocultures, which limits their sustainability. Therefore, understanding acclimatization strategies and resource use efficiencies in plant species and life forms aids the improvement of vegetation diversity and ecological functions. Here, 19 species from forest plantations in Fangshan, Beijing, China were studied. We determined their net photosynthetic (Pn), and transpiration rates (E), light response curve, stomatal conductance (gs), and leaf nitrogen (N) content. We analyzed the leaf N content (Nmass), specific leaf area (SLA), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax), water use (WUE), nitrogen use (NUE), and carbon use (CUE) efficiencies and connected them with both species and life forms. Pnmax, SLA, Nmass, WUE, NUE, and CUE significantly differed among species. Evergreen conifers had the lowest SLA and Nmass but the highest WUE and CUE. Evergreen coniferous trees had lower SLA, Nmass, Pnmax, and NUE but higher WUE than deciduous trees and shrubs. The SLA, Nmass, and Pnmax of nitrogen-fixing plants were the highest. A correlation analysis revealed that WUE was positively correlated with CUE and negatively correlated with NUE. Moreover, WUE was negatively correlated with Nmass and SLA. These insights into the adaptability differences of woody plant species and life forms provide a scientific basis for the selection of appropriate species for sustainable forest plantations.

As an important source of medicine, food, and high-quality wood, Choerospondias axillaris has been widely planted in South China. However, few studies of its growth traits and rhythm and concerning the selection of superior provenances/families were developed. In this study, 77 families from five provenances were studied and grouped. Tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and crown width within and between rows were measured. The relevance between growth traits and environmental factors was also analyzed. The results showed the height, DBH, and crown width within and between rows were divided into slow, mean, and fast growth periods, which was significantly related with sunshine hours in earlier months. Next, monthly rainfall showed an extremely positive correlation with the increase in tree height, DBH, and plant volume. Then, the monthly volume increment had a significantly positive correlation with five meteorological factors, excluding sunshine hours with increasing months, while the monthly growth of tree height and crown width within and between rows was significantly negatively correlated with sunshine hours. Based on these results, the superior families No. 15, 76, and 56, which originated from the Raoping provenance, were selected for their fast growth and available adaptation. These results provided the reliable growth rhythm of a young C. axillaris stand, which established a basis for fertilizing and forest tending. During these processes, meteorological factors, especially humidity and sunshine duration, had important effects on growth, implying that the external climate should be paid more attention to promote fast growth and prevent diseases and insect pests. Moreover, selecting superior families was helpful to further breeding and plantation.

Many commercial species are light-demanding and regenerate with difficulty in natural forest, which compromises the sustainability of logging. Okan, Cylicodiscus gabunensis Harms is one of the most exploited species in Central Africa and its regeneration is deficient in evergreen forest. In forest concessions, the enrichment of logging gaps with commercial species has already been tested but only for a few species. Mixed results have been obtained because the ability of seedlings to emerge from competing vegetation depends on the species, the environment and the silvicultural techniques adopted. This paper aims to determine the performance of C. gabunensis when planted in felling gaps. The impact of fertilization and biochar application on the performance of the seedlings was examined, as well as the role of predation played by large mammals. In 30 gaps, whose light levels were quantified, we planted nine seedlings and applied three treatments (fertilizer and biochar, fertilizer, control). The performance of the seedlings (survival, mammal damage and growth) was followed for 18 months. In another 30 gaps, the preferential consumption of C. gabunensis seedlings was quantified using camera traps. Seedlings had moderate and highly variable growth (1.84 cm to 2.50 cm in height and 0.201 mm to 0.267 mm in basal diameter per month, all treatments combined). Gap size and initial fertilization significantly boosted growth in diameter and survival rate. Elephants preferentially sought out C. gabunensis seedlings and after 18 months they destroyed 35% of the plants. Enrichment of logging gaps with C. gabunensis should therefore be limited to the largest gaps in forests with low elephant densities. Initial fertilization is recommended but not allowed under the sustainable management certification guidelines. We suggest that these standards should be adapted to maximize the chances of success.

La caña de azúcar es uno de los cultivos productivos más importantes del mundo, con presencia en más de un centenar de países tropicales y subtropicales. Para el año 2018, los países de las Américas fueron responsables de más del 53% del total de caña de azúcar producida en el mundo. A pesar de que Colombia no se encuentra en los primeros países productores y exportadores, es importante destacar su elevada productividad por hectárea. En vista de esta singularidad y de la importancia regional que este cultivo tiene en el suroccidente colombiano, este trabajo tiene por objetivo la estimación de una función de producción tipo Cobb-Douglas para una plantación, dividida en subplantaciones denominadas suertes, localizada en la vereda Tierradura, Municipio Miranda, Departamento del Cauca, Colombia. Para ello se clasificó y ordenó información histórica registrada en cada una de las sub-plantaciones para el periodo 2003-2019. Para llevar a cabo la estimación y considerando los problemas de sesgo e imprecisión de los modelos de datos panel estimados por variables instrumentales (VI) o por el método generalizado de momentos (GMM) cuando el número de observaciones es pequeño, se procedió a realizar la estimación empleando Mínimos Cuadrados con Variables Dicotómicas Corregidos (MCVDC), por medio del comando xtlsdv del Stata. Este comando permite utilizar 3 posibles opciones para corregir la inconsistencia: Anderson-Hsiao, Arellano-Bond y Blundell-Bond, siendo la opción de Arellano-Bond la más eficiente, ya que se apoya en un número mayor de instrumentos internos. Los resultados obtenidos por el modelo de Arellano-Bond indican, primero, que el proceso de producción se puede describir por medio de una función de rendimientos constantes a escala; y, segundo, que el número de hectáreas cosechadas y el total de jornales tienen el signo esperado (0,778 y 0,067) y son estadísticamente significativos al 1% y al 10%, respectivamente. De manera específica esto significa que, si se aumenta el área de tierra cultivada o el total de jornales en 1%, la producción de caña aumentaría en 0,778% o en 0,067%, correspondientemente. Sugar cane is one of the most important productive crops in the world, with a presence in more than one hundred tropical and subtropical countries. For the year 2018, more than 53% of the world’s production of sugar cane was generated by countries in the Americas. Although Colombia is not among the top producing and exporting countries, it is important to highlight its high productivity per hectare. Given this singularity and the regional importance that this crop has in southwestern Colombia, this work aims to estimate a Cobb-Douglas production function for a plantation, divided into sub-plantations called suertes, located in the Tierradura village, Miranda Municipality, Department of Cauca, Colombia. To do this, we collected and classified historical information for each of the sub-plantations for the period 2003-2019. To conduct the estimation and considering the inaccuracy and bias problems of panel data models estimated by instrumental variables (IV) or by the generalized method of moments (GMM) when the number of observations is small, we proceeded to carry out the estimation using Least Squares with Corrected Dichotomous Variables. This is done using Stata’s xtlsdv command. This command allows the use of 3 possible options to correct the inconsistency: Anderson-Hsiao, Arellano-Bond, and Blundell-Bond, being the Arellano-Bond the most efficient option since it is supported by a greater number of internal instruments. The estimated results obtained by the Arellano-Bond method indicate, first, that the process can be described by a constant returns to scale production function and, second, that the number of hectares of cultivated land and total wages have the expected signs (0.778 and 0.067) and are statistically significant at 1% and 10%, respectively. Particularly, this means that if either the area of cultivated land or total wages is increased by 1%, sugarcane production would increase by 0.778% or 0.067%, correspondingly. La canne à sucre est l'une des cultures productives les plus importantes au monde. Elle est présente dans plus d'une centaine de pays tropicaux et subtropicaux. En 2018, les pays des Amériques étaient responsables de plus de 53% du total de la canne à sucre produite dans le monde. Bien que la Colombie ne figure pas parmi les premiers pays producteurs et exportateurs, il est important de souligner sa forte productivité par hectare. Compte tenu de cette singularité et de l'importance régionale de cette culture dans le sud-ouest de la Colombie, l'objectif de ce travail est d'estimer une fonction de production de type Cobb-Douglas pour une plantation, divisée en sous-plantations appelées suertes, située à Tierradura, municipalité de Miranda, département du Cauca, Colombie. Àce propos, les informations historiques enregistrées dans chacune des sous-exploitations pour la période 2003-2019 ont été classées et ordonnées. Pour réaliser l'estimation et compte tenu des problèmes de biais et d'imprécision des modèles de données de panel estimés par variables instrumentales (VI) ou par la méthode des moments généralisés (GMM) lorsque le nombre d'observations est faible, nous avons procédé à l'estimation en utilisant la méthode des moindres carrés avec variables dichotomiques corrigées (MCVDC), au moyen de la commande xtlsdv de Stata. Cette commande permet d'utiliser 3 options possibles pour corriger l'incohérence : Anderson-Hsiao, Arellano-Bond et Blundell-Bond, l'option Arellano- Bond étant la plus efficace, car elle s'appuie sur un plus grand nombre d'instruments internes. Les résultats obtenus par le modèle Arellano-Bond indiquent, premièrement, que le processus de production peut être décrit par une fonction de rendements d'échelle constants ; et, deuxièmement, que le nombre d'hectares récoltés et le salaire journalier total ont le signe attendu (0,778 et 0,067) et sont statistiquement significatifs à 1% et 10%, respectivement. Concrètement, cela signifie que si la superficie des terres cultivées ou le nombre total de travailleurs augmente de 1%, la production de canne à sucre augmentera respectivement de 0,778% ou 0,067%. A maioria dos países latino-americanos dispõe de normativas sobre recursos hídricos, tanto para regular a utilização como para a proteção deste recurso natural. O pagamento de uma "taxa de irrigação", prevista em grande parte das legislações, é um instrumento que busca melhorar a eficiência na alocação do recurso, bem como assegurar o financiamento do sistema hídrico. A atribuição de preço está intimamente ligada à determinação do "valor econômico da água". O objetivo desta investigação é determinar os componentes deste valor e o impacto que este dado acarreta na taxa de irrigação, tomando por base a gestão de um sistema de irrigação de curso artificial e de domínio público: o aqueduto construído na região citrícola de Villa Rosario, província de Entre Rios, Argentina. Para identificar a formação do valor da água fez-se uso de fontes secundárias de informação. O procedimento de "análise de conflitos" permitiu desvelar os diferentes atores intervenientes, assim como suas posições com relação à gestão da irrigação, fazendo uso de informação de distintas fontes (consultorias e entrevistas). Procedeu-se, finalmente, a entrevistar os produtores a partir de uma amostragem estratificada, cujo objetivo foi reforçar aspectos econômicos e organizativos do consórcio. Os resultados permitiram determinar o custo de disponibilidade do recurso, que compreende o custo da inversão e os gastos de manutenção, o qual foi estimado em US$ 0,04936 por m3 de água. Tal tarifa representa o pagamento mínimo a ser realizado pelos produtores para o uso com finalidades produtivas, sem subvenção e sem considerar nenhum tipo de lucro, tampouco externalidades econômicas e ambientais. Por seu turno, o custo de oportunidade assumiu distintos valores segundo diferentes escalas de explorações consideradas: US$/m3 0,01224 para explorações de 15 ha; US$/ m3 0,1056 para explorações de 23 ha; US$/m3 0,1715 para 23 ha com irrigação antes da obra. 131-146 agroalimentaria@ula.ve / ciaal.ula@gmail.com ciaal.ula@gmail.com ciaal.ula@gmail.com ciaal.ula@gmail.com Semestral http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/agroalimentaria

In light of the Plantationocene, a term recently elaborated to capture the magnitude of power of plantation systems from European Colonialism and plantation slavery to industrial animal farming and plant monocultures in the present climate crisis, political anthropology faces new challenges in noticing resistance. While plantation struggles have been crucial for conceptual innovations since the late 1960s as well as new arts of noticing, the related crises of climate change, extractivism and exterminism garner a new urgency to rethink resistance in the light of the multispecies turn. Examining recent anthropological examples of resistance in, around, and against plantations, this article opens the concept of resistance to include the agency of nonhumans and their capacity to make social and political changes, fight back, form alliances and co-produce rebelliously charged effects, meanings and interpretations. The article discusses the emerging field of anthropology of more-than-human resistance and helps in re-calibrating the anthropologist’s art of noticing it. In doing so, the text elaborates three challenges – the risk of romanticizing resistance, of reifying it, and of conceptual stretching. To cope with the challenges in forging anthropology of more-than-human resistance, two particular strategies are further outlined – of focusing on the articulations of resistance, and fostering a closer affiliation to activism and organized protest.

The expansion of plantation poses new challenges for mapping forest, especially in mountainous regions. Using multi-source data, this study explored the capability of the random forest (RF) algorithm for the extraction and mapping of five forest types located in Yanqing, north China. The Google Earth imagery, forest inventory data, GaoFen-1 wide-field-of-view (GF-1 WFV) images and DEM were applied for obtaining 125 features in total. The recursive feature elimination (RFE) method selected 32 features for mapping five forest types. The results attained overall accuracy of 87.06%, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.833. The mean decrease accuracy (MDA) reveals that the DEM, LAI and EVI in winter and three texture features (entropy, variance and mean) make great contributions to forest classification. The texture features from the NIR band are important, while the other texture features have little contribution. This study has demonstrated the potential of applying multi-source data based on RF algorithm for extracting and mapping plantation forest in north China.

This research was conducted to: 1) analyze the contribution of female worker income to household income, and 2) analyze the factors that influence the female worker income of plantation female workers at P.T. Agro Muko (Mukomuko Estate). The number of female workers at P.T. Agro Muko (Mukomuko Estate) was 297. Therefore, by using the Slovin formula, the counted number respondents was 75. The contribution of female worker’s income to household income was counted with the percentage of female worker’s income contribution to the total of household income. Meanwhile, the factors that influenced to the income of female worker was analyzed using multiple linear regression model. The results indicate that the average income of female worker is Rp 1,481,680/month with an average contribution of 55.17% to household income. Female worker ages and husband’s income had negative effect on the female worker income, while formal education, number of family dependents, and working experience had positive effect. Other family member’s income had no effect.

Understanding the perceptions and attitudes of local people towards afforestation is crucial for successful afforestation. To better understand the people's perceptions about the coastal green belt, we surveyed the Satkhira and Bhola districts during January 2021. A questionnaire survey of 200 respondents was conducted by a purposive and random sampling technique to obtain quantitative data. On the other hand, two Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were performed to obtain qualitative data based on the diversity of age, sex, education, and occupation variables. We used to evaluate the respondent’s perceptions about the coastal green belt by 5-point Likert scale data. The majority portion of the people in our study area was poor and their profession was fisherman and housewife among males and women respectively. The majority of them agreed that the green belt helped them in numerous ways, to rear their cattle and built a house near the green belt, by promoting the growth of crops, and further protect them from different natural calamities by reducing wind velocity. Shelterbelts greatly enhance tourism in that area, improved communication facilities, and increase their socio-economic condition and values. Shelterbelt has long-term benefits, peoples have positive attitudes towards shelterbelt and they seek training to maintain this shelterbelt smoothly. Respondents wanted fruit tree species as shelterbelt species near the embankment. This information can be used for policy formulation in terms of successful plantation by considering people’s attitudes, which may work in both mitigation and adaptation of climate change in the coastal remote areas of Bangladesh.

The plantation sector is an agricultural sub-sector that has the potential to be developed in Sukoharjo Regency, therefore it is necessary to study potential plantation crops for priority development. The aim of this research is to formulate a development strategy for agribisation of estate crops.Analysis of the data used is Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats (SWOT) and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). Sugarcane plantation is a priority crop to be developed in Sukoharjo Regency and the chosen strategy is market penetration. This strategy is to do with upgrading activities of farmers in the development of sugarcane commodities through seeding, production, institutions, capital, human resources, appropriate technology.

Des projets pour développer la sériciculture en Guadeloupe et en Martinique voient le jour peu de temps après leur colonisation par les Français, dans le deuxième quart du xviie siècle. La grave crise sucrière des années 1680 conduit à une diversification agricole encouragée par les pouvoirs publics et ouvre la porte à la production de soie. Toutefois, les essais de culture du mûrier et d’élevage du ver à soie se succèdent jusqu’au milieu du xviiie siècle sans grand succès. Dans les années 1830, alors que la plupart des productions traditionnelles aux Antilles, comme le sucre et le café, sont en crise et qu’en France l’industrie séricicole est à son apogée, de nouveaux essais favorisés par l’avancée des sciences sont menés dans les îles. La métropole jouera un rôle essentiel dans la transmission d’un savoir-faire et l’exportation de technologie. La Guadeloupe comptera à cette époque jusqu’à trois magnaneries et une quarantaine d’hectares plantés en mûriers. Cependant, la difficulté d’élever le ver à soie en zone tropicale et le contexte économique et politique difficile à la veille de l’abolition de l’esclavage conduiront cette entreprise à l’échec. Projects for the development of silkworm were launched shortly after the colonization of Guadeloupe and Martinique by the French in the second quarter of the seventeenth century. The sugar crisis of the 1680s led to agricultural diversification. This diversification was encouraged by the government and opened new doors to the production of silk. However, mulberry trees culture and silkworm breeding trials were carried out until the middle of the eighteenth century but encountered a limited success. In the 1830s, most of the traditional Caribbean products such as sugar and coffee were in crisis. While the silk industry in France was at its peak, new trials were conducted on the islands, encouraged by the advancement of science. The Metropole played a key role in the transmission of know-how and the export of technology. At that time Guadeloupe had up to three silkworm nurseries and forty hectares planted with mulberry trees. However, the difficulty of raising silkworms in tropical areas and the difficult political and economic situation in the wake of the abolition of slavery had led this undertaking to fail.

Obradom tla stvaramo kvalitetne uvjete za biljku i njezin razvoj. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati kako zapušteno zemljište pretvoriti u parcelu sa najboljim uvjetima za podizanje nasada oraha. Krčenje starih panjeva, podrivanje, gnojidba, rigolanje, tanjuranje samo su neke od mjera sistematizacije tla potrebne za ovaj postupak. Uz pomoć klimatskih podataka sa hidrometereološkog zavoda, analizirano je područje podizanja nasada u Mrzoviću. Pomoću tih podataka utvrđena je prosječna količina padalina i srednje dnevne temperature. Ovi podaci bili su od velike pomoći pri odabiru sorti, ali i dokaz kako je potrebno provesti sustav za navodnjavanje zbog manjka oborina. Melioracijska gnojidba obavljena je na temelju uputa sa analize tla, organskim i mineralnim gnojivom, te karbokalkom. Uzevši u obzir sunčevu svjetlost i vjetar, potrebno je osmisliti plan formiranja nasada i smjer redova. Sadnja sadnica oraha obavila se ručno u prehodno iskopane rupe. Hrvatska ima izrazito male prinose oraha po hektaru. Za veće prinose potrebno je obaviti kvalitetno melioracijsko uređenje zemljišta, izabrati lateralne sorte pogodne za našu klimu i prižiti orahu dovoljno njege, By cultivating the soil, we create quality conditions for the plant and its development. This work will show you how to turn neglected land into a parcel with the best conditions for growing nuts. Removing old stumps, pruning, fertilizing, planting, are some of the measures of soil systematization required for this process. Using the climate data from the hydrometeorological Institute, the area of the plantation in Mrzović was analyzed. This data shows us average amount of rainfall and daily temperatures. This information was very helpful in selecting the varieties, but also evidence that we need an irrigation system due to lack of rainfall. The fertilization was done by recommendation, with organic and mineral fertilizers and lime. The direction of the plantation is positioned by the sunlight and wind direction. Planting walnut seedlings was done manually in previously dug holes. Croatia has extremely low yields per hectare. For higher yields, it is necessary to carry out quality land reclamation, to select lateral varieties appropriate to our climate and to give enough nut care.

Irrigation and nitrogen application directly affect the availability and distribution of soil nutrients. Understanding the response of soil nutrients to long-term water–fertilizer coupling conditions is helpful to improve the management and use efficiency. Irrigation was divided into three gradient levels, which accounted for 45%, 60%, and 75% (W1, W2, and W3) of the field water holding capacity. Based on pure nitrogen, four levels of nitrogen application were set: 0.0, 101.6, 203.2, and 304.8 kg·hm−2 (N0, N1, N2, and N3). We measured tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH), and we analyzed the chemical properties of the soil at 0–40 cm depth, from 2007 to 2020. The ranges of DBH, tree height, individual volume, and stand volume were 5.80–25.25 cm, 6.10–16.47 m, 0.01–0.37 m3, and 11.76–481.47 m3·hm−2, respectively. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in the soil ranged from 8.60 g·kg−1 to 18.72 g·kg−1, from 0.21 g·kg−1 to 0.79 g·kg−1, from 8.09 mg·kg−1 to 47.05 mg·kg−1, and from 90 mg·kg−1 to 322 mg·kg−1, respectively. Soil pH value decreased rapidly at a rate of 0.31 units per year for the first five years. Irrigation and nitrogen application, and their interaction, had significant (p < 0.01) effects on soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and nitrate-nitrogen. We suggest maintaining the field water holding capacity above 60%, with a nitrogen application rate of 203.2 kg·hm−2, to save water, maintain soil fertility, and optimize soil nitrogen supply. Our study aimed to achieve scientific and accurate fertilization of Populus tomentosa stands over different periods, to alleviate the decline of soil fertility, and to improve the utilization rate of water and fertilizer through long-term nutrient monitoring.

Trees are decapitated to form a low-topped crown to improve cuttings and cone harvesting conditions. To do this, offer different methods of crowns decapi-tation with an intensity of 55-75%. The stimulating effect of pruning on the productivity of trees, the crowns growth, and the formation of multi-tops esti-mated. The plantations of Siberian cedar Pinus sibirica Du Tour are established to obtain valuable seeds and improve the environmental conditions in the subur-ban area of large industrial centers of Siberia. The Siberian cedar is distinguished not only by its high silvicultural characteristics, but also by the nutritional quali-ty of its pine "nuts". The aim of the research was to establish the peculiarities of crown formation for Siberian cedar on the plantation "Meteostation" over a 12-year period after decapitation. The plantation was established under the supervi-sion of R.N. Matveeva. Planting scheme 5 × 5 m applied. The object of the re-search was 54-year-old Siberian cedar grown from seeds harvested in 1964 in Leninogorsk Forestry of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The decapitation was per-formed for trees of 42 years old in 2005 at the height of 1.4-1.7 m. The height of the trees before decapitation varied from 3.3 to 4.5 m, the trunk diameter – from 9.5 to 23.6 cm. The average crown diameter was 3.8-4.3 m. The upper part of the crown is removed by 50.0-66.7%. The trees were measured for height, growth of the leading shoots replacing the central shoot, and trunk diameter at the soil sur-face. The level of variability was assessed according to S.A. Mamaev scale. By 2017, the trees had reached the height of 5.6-9.1 m; the number of leading shoots replacing the central one was 3-7. Trees with a trunk diameter of 12-18 cm had 3-4 leading shoots replacing the central one; those with a diameter of 20-26 cm had 6-7 shoots each. Linear growth of branches replacing the central shoot for the 12-year period was 4.0-7.6 m. The maximum growth was noted in tree 4-98: 7.0-90.0 % more than the others. Trees 4-33, 4-46, 4-73, 4-117 had the largest trunk diameter. It was found that the level of variability of tree height is low; growth, trunk diameter - medium, the number of leading shoots - high. The highest height (9.1 m) had the tree number 4-98, exceeding the others by 8.3-62.5 %. The aver-age number of lateral branches formed during the 5-year period on the leading shoots was compared. Between 2013 and 2017, the average growth was between 23.6 and 45.5 cm. The highest value of average growth over the 5-year period (45.5 cm) was in tree number 4-73, which was 12.1-71.0% higher than the others. Trees 4-117 and 4-33 were distinguished by weak growth, where the average growth was 23.6-29.9 cm. The average number of lateral branches formed during the 5-year period on the leading shoots was compared: by 4.4-7.9 branches of 3.6 to 2.0 m in length. The greatest length of lateral branches was on tree No. 4-85. Weak branch formation in whorls was observed in tree 4-117. A close direct cor-relation was established between the diameter of the trunk and the number of leading shoots; the number of leading shoots and the total number of lateral branches on the shoots; the trunk diameter during pruning, and the height of trees after 12 years of decapitation. The decapitation has resulted in the formation of a multi-trunk crown in Siberian cedar trees. When decapitating Siberian cedar trees, it is necessary to give preference to the specimens that have the largest number of developed lateral branches in the lower whorls, the trunk diameter is larger. It is recommended to leave at least 6-7 leading shoots during decapitation.

The regular planting and periodic harvesting of a single tree species are features of plantations, which are associated with a reduction of biodiversity. Such plantations are strongly encouraged to be converted into mixed forests. However, the spatial structure dynamics of plantations during the conversion process are poorly understood. In subtropical regions, thinned forest of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata [Lamb.] Hook.) and mixed forest of Chinese fir and Michelia macclurei Dandy are considered two ideal modes of plantation management. In this study, we analyzed the spatial structure dynamics of two forest stands and their six main tree populations over a rotation of 27 years, using spatial point analyses. We found that Chinese fir and M. macclurei had a regular distribution pattern (scale, r = 0-1 m) in the early stages of planting (1993), and Chinese fir maintained this pattern after experiencing self-thinning and selective cutting. In addition, non-planted tree species (i.e., natural regeneration of late-seral species, NRLSS) displayed significantly intraspecific clumping, which resulted in the distribution patterns of the forest stands changing from regular to aggregated (r = 0-5.5, 1-20 m), and the species distribution of mixed forest changed from random to clumped (r = 0-20 m). Moreover, during the management period (1993-2018), individuals were significantly differentiated in terms of size, and some small trees in the thinned forest were aggregated together. For the NRLSS, the diameter at breast height was randomly distributed (r = 0-20 m). Furthermore, Chinese fir and M. macclurei were separated at r = 0-1 m in the planting stage, but any pair of the six main populations in the thinned forest and mixed forest were randomly correlated over a rotation. Finally, the nearest neighbor distance of the stands became shorter after conversion, while the values for Chinese fir increased. After 25 years, the mixed plantation and the thinned plantation had a complex spatial structure. They develop towards natural forests and could be used as a template for future plantation management.

Increased demand for sustainable timber products has resulted in large investments in agroforestry in Australia, with plantations growing various Pinus species, selected to suit a plantation’s environment. Juvenile Pinus species have a low fire tolerance. With Australia’s history of wildfires and the likelihood of climate change exacerbating that risk, the potential for a total loss of invested capital is high unless cost-effective targeted risk minimisation is part of forest management plans. Based on the belief that the understory profiles within the juvenile plantations are a major factor determining fuel hazard risks, an accurate assessment of these profiles is required to effectively mitigate those risks. At present, assessment protocols are largely reliant on ground-based observations, which are labour-intensive, time consuming, and expensive. This research project investigates the effectiveness of using geospatial analysis of drone-derived photographic data collected in the commercial pine plantations of south-eastern Queensland as a cost-saving alternative to current fuel hazard risk assessment practices. Understory composition was determined using the supervised classification of orthomosaic images together with derivations of canopy height models (CHMs). The CHMs were subjected to marker-controlled watershed segmentation (MCWS) analysis, isolating and removing the plantation pine trees, enabling the quantification of understory fuel profiles. The method used proved highly applicable to immature forest environments with minimal canopy closure, but became less reliable for close canopied older plantations.

Introduced willows have mostly been employed as a renewable feedstock for bioenergy in the northeastern USA. The question of whether introduced willows provide the same biodiversity value and attractiveness as native willows has not yet been explored. The objective of this study was to compare the attractiveness of native and introduced willows to different subfamilies of bees. The common garden experiment planted at Storrs, CT, USA, included three native (S. eriocephala, S. sericea, S. lucida) and three introduced (S. ‘SX64’, S. ‘Onondaga’, S. ‘S365’) willows. Various willow taxa flowered at different times through spring, allowing pollinators to be collected over a 6-week period using colored bowl traps. As a result, 2430 bees were collected and identified to the subfamily level. Andreninae was the most prevalent pollinator visiting all taxa of willows, followed by Hylaeinae and Colletinae. There were no significant differences in the number of pollinators collected from either native or introduced taxa during the progressive willow flowering during mid-March–May of 2021 and 2022, suggesting their equal attractiveness to pollinators. Similarly, during the concurrent flowering of the two native and two introduced taxa, there were no significant differences in the number of pollinators associated with either group suggesting that when pollinators had foraging choices, they were similarly attracted to both native and introduced willows. The overall finding of this study suggested that plantings of either native or introduced willows to meet bioenergy goals offer similar benefits of floral resources for pollinators.

この30年間に行われた植物考古学の研究から，約7000年前にはじまる縄文時代前期以降，本州の中央部から東北部では，人々は集落周辺の植物資源を管理して利用していたことが示されている。この植物資源管理は日本列島に在来のクリと中国大陸から移入されたウルシを中心として行われ，縄文時代の人々は植物資源を管理するとともに，クリの果実と木材を，またウルシの漆液と木材，果実を集落周辺で活用していた。しかしこの2種の植物遺体の出土状況は大きく異なっている。縄文時代の遺跡出土木材では，クリは本州中部から東北部および北海道西南部の406遺跡から出土しているのに対し，ウルシは本州中部から東北部の35遺跡から出土しているにすぎない。また両種が出土している遺跡で，花粉と木材の出土量を比較すると，クリの植物遺体はウルシの植物遺体の10～100倍ほど出土している。縄文時代の漆器の出土状況から考えると，本州の中央部から東北部では普通にウルシ林が維持されていたと考えられるのに，なぜウルシとクリに出土状況の違いが生じるのかを下記の三つの仮説をもとに検討した。第一の仮説は，クリに比べてウルシが植栽される集落が限定的なので，ウルシの植物遺体の検出例が少ないという考えである。第二の仮説は，クリに比べてウルシの植栽地が内陸側に位置していて，植物遺体が埋積する低地から遠いために，植物遺体として残りにくいという考えである。第三の仮説は，縄文時代の集落周辺にはウルシ資源よりもクリ資源のほうが多く維持されていたために，クリの植物遺体に比べてウルシの植物遺体の検出率が低いという考えである。検討の結果，第二の仮説がもっとも支持されたが，集落を地域規模で比較する場合には，第一の仮説も意味を持つことが明らかになった。, Archaeobotanical studies carried out in Japan during the last thirty years have shown that, at least in central to northeastern Honshu, people carried out a sophisticated management of plant resources around their settlements since the early Jomon period starting at ca. 7000 years ago. This management system was centered on a native chestnut species, Castanea crenata, and an introduced lacquer tree, Toxicodendron vernicifluum, and people used the fruits and wood of chestnut trees and the lacquer, fruits, and wood of lacquer trees extensively by maintaining their resources around their settlements. However, plant remains of these two species occur quite differently around Jomon sites. Wood remains of chestnut trees occur commonly from central to northeastern Honshu to southwestern Hokkaido at 406 sites, whereas those of lacquer trees occur sparingly in central to northeastern Honshu at 35 sites. At respective sites where both trees occur, wood remains and pollen of chestnut trees usually occur 10 to 100 times as common as those of lacquer trees. To examine reasons for this discrepancy in the occurrences of these two trees at Jomon sites in spite of the common occurrence of lacquerware in central to northeastern Honshu, three hypotheses were tested. The first hypothesis postulated that settlements with lacquer tree plantations were far fewer than those with chestnut tree plantations during the Jomon period. The second hypothesis postulated that the more inland location of lacquer tree plantations than that of chestnut tree plantations, that was away from the depositional sites of plant remains, hindered the preservation of lacquer tree remains and the detection of the existence of lacquer trees around Jomon settlements. The third hypothesis postulated that the amount of lacquer tree resources was usually far less than that of chestnut trees at usual Jomon settlements. The analysis supported the second hypothesis most positively, but the first hypothesis also had some importance in relation to settlement characteristics at the regional level.

Key message Juglans, Fraxinus, Quercus and Pinus species seem to better maximize the carbon–water ratio providing useful indications on species selection for forestry plantations in areas with increasing drought risk. Abstract Maximizing carbon sequestration for a given water budget is extremely important in the contest of climate change in the Mediterranean region, which is characterized by increasing temperatures and rising water stress. This issue is fundamental for plantation stands, where limited water availability during the growing season reduces CO2 assimilation and, consequently, tree growth. In this study, the main objective was to investigate the performances in terms of carbon–water balance of conifer (Pinus halepensis and Cupressus sempervirens) and hardwood (Quercus robur, Juglans regia, Fraxinus excelsior and Populus spp.) mixed plantations. To this aim, we used carbon isotope signatures to evaluate the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and the species-specific relationship between basal area increments (BAI) and iWUE. At the species level, the highest iWUE values corresponded to the lowest carbon accumulation in terms of BAI, for water-saving species such as Cupressus. Conversely, Populus had the lowest iWUE and the highest BAI accumulation. Juglans, Fraxinus, and Pinus showed the most balanced ratio between BAI and iWUE. Overall, no clear correlation of iWUE and BAI was evident within all species, except for Populus and Cupressus. Considering projected aridification and increased temperatures that will negatively impact the growth, our data suggest that Pinus, for conifers, and Quercus, Juglans, Fraxinus for hardwood species should be preferred when choosing species for forestry plantation, as they performed better in terms of BAI and iWUE ratio.

Die verbesserten Douglasienherkünfte in Frankreich Le douglas est planté sur 415 000 ha en France. Du fait de sa croissance rapide, sa plasticité et la qualité de son bois, le douglas occupe une place croissante dans les reboisements. Chaque année, les 700 kg de semences nécessaires pour produire les plants destinés aux reboisements sont récoltés dans huit vergers à graines. Les performances et la plasticité de ces huit variétés sont évaluées dans une large gamme de milieux en vue de fournir aux reboiseurs des conseils d’utilisation pour le court terme et des perspectives à plus long terme face au réchauffement climatique. Des mesures recueillies sur 24 sites à un stade encore juvénile (5 à 8 ans) ne montrent pas de différences marquées entre variétés pour la survie. En revanche, elles mettent en évidence des différences d’environ trois semaines entre la date de débourrement des plants du verger le plus précoce et celle du plus tardif. Sur l’ensemble des sites, hormis un verger composé de clones californiens, la supériorité de croissance en hauteur des variétés par rapport à celle d’un peuplement de l’aire naturelle utilisé comme témoin varie entre 7 et 16%. Par ailleurs, si la croissance en hauteur est très dépendante du site de test, les interactions entre variétés et sites restent très peu significatives. Cet article présente enfin la stratégie adoptée pour créer une nouvelle génération de vergers à graines, destinée à produire 1000 kg de semences par an, tenant compte d’une évolution possible des besoins en variétés de douglas souhaitées par la filière forêt bois française.

Reforestation, which converts abandoned farmland back into forestland by planting woody species, can provide habitat for wildlife, including the brown bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758). In the Shiretoko World Heritage site, northern Japan, where brown bears occur at high density, conifers have been planted since the 1970s to reforest abandoned farmland. In this area, brown bears were first observed digging for cicada Lyristes bihamatus Motschulsky, 1861 = Auritibicen bihamatus (Motschulsky, 1861) nymphs from 2000. Our preliminary observations suggested that the emergence of digging behavior might be associated with reforestation. We examined whether reforestation provided a foraging habitat for brown bears. We found that digging occurred only within the restored conifer forests, but not within the natural forest. The densities of cicada nymphs in the restored forests were higher than in the natural forest. These results indicate that the reforestation of abandoned farmland provides a foraging habitat for brown bears by increasing the availability of cicada nymphs in the Shiretoko World Heritage site.

We examined the growth and survival of Brazil-nut trees, Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) under different environmental conditions and levels of canopy openness within experimental plantations in the Trombetas River valley, in northern Brazil. We planted 144 seedlings in three anthropogenic habitats with different levels of sunlight exposition: crop field (100% canopy opening), shrub fallow (20-80% canopy opening) and Brazil-nut forest (< 10% canopy opening). We measured plant height and diameter annually and recorded mortality and resprouting over ten years. The performance of B. excelsa differed significantly among habitats, with the highest growth rate observed at the highest level of canopy openness (crop field). Survival was highest in crop field (85%) and shrub fallow (63%) and lowest in Brazil-nut forest (17%). Resprouting capacity was higher in the crop field, as Brazil-nut plants recovered after fire episodes, with most plants resprouting more than one shoot. Some trees in the crop field began to produce flowers and fruits at 9-10 years. We showed that B. excelsa juveniles are light-demanding, with higher survival and growth under conditions of high light exposure. We suggest the use of Brazil-nut trees for reforestation, restoration of degraded lands and enrichment of secondary vegetation, as long as an adequate management is adopted (e.g., maintaining plants exposed to direct sunlight and control of competing pioneer species). RESUMO No presente estudo analisamos o crescimento e a sobrevivência da castanheira, Bertholletia excelsa (Lecythidaceae) em diferentes condições ambientais e níveis de abertura de dossel em plantações experimentais localizadas na bacia do Rio Trombetas, na Amazônia oriental brasileira. Plantamos 144 mudas em habitats antrópicos com diferentes intensidades de luz: roçados recentemente abandonados (100% de abertura de dossel), capoeira de 2-3 anos (20-80% de abertura de dossel) e castanhal maduro (< 10% de abertura de dossel). Anualmente, durante dez anos, medimos a altura e diâmetro das plantas, e registramos mortalidade e rebrotação. A performance de B. excelsa variou significativamente entre os habitats, tendo a taxa de crescimento mais alta sido observada no roçado. A sobrevivência foi mais alta no roçado (85%) e na capoeira (63%) e mais baixa no castanhal (17%). A capacidade de rebrotação das plantas de castanheira foi maior no roçado, onde as plantas de castanheira se recuperaram após episódios de fogo, a maioria com rebrotação de mais de um caule. Algumas plantas do roçado começaram a produzir flores e frutos aos 9-10 anos do plantio. Nós mostramos que plantas jovens de B. excelsa são heliófilas (com alta demanda de luz), com maior crescimento e sobrevivência em condições de alta luminosidade. Sugerimos a utilização da castanheira em programas de reflorestamento, restauração de áreas degradadas e enriquecimento de floresta secundária, sempre que se adotem medidas adequadas de manejo (e.g., manutenção das condições de exposição direta à luz solar e controle de espécies pioneiras competidoras).