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In modern printing, a large number of tasks are associated with the mutual transformation of color spaces. In particular, the most common pair of hardware-dependent color spaces is RGB and CMYK, the mutual transformation of colors in which is ambiguous, which creates significant problems in color reproduction. To solve this problem, we propose using color space invariants — gradation trajectories and gradation surfaces, which are analogs of gradation curves for initial col-orants and their binary overlays, constructed in the absolute color space of the CIE Lab. Invariants are introduced on the basis of the mathematical apparatus of the differential geometry of spatial curves and surfaces. Practical application of color space invariants involves certain difficulties associated with their complex analytical description; moreover, for most practical problems, the high accuracy of the model is redundant. For the practical application of invariants, we propose a simpler approach using natural color sampling in digital printing systems. As an example, the procedure for determining the gray balance for an electrophotographic printing press is given. © 2020, Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

The EU-project FAST (GA 685825) has developed a 3D printer machine prototype for the manufacture of bone implants (scaffolds), by merging masterbatches of biodegradable polymer poly(ethylene oxide)terephthalate/poly(butylene terephthalate) [PEOT/PBT] doped with nanofillers [reduced graphene oxide (rGO), hydroxyapatite (HA) and magnesium aluminium hydroxide ciprofloxacin hydrotalcite (LDH-CFX)], and atmospheric plasma technology. This paper focus on the safe design strategies identified by FAST to address the risk to health resulting from the potential airborne emission of nano-objects and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAAs) by the 3D printer prototype, which might result in occupational exposures by inhalation. The work also includes measurements of airborne emissions and occupational exposures carried out during the verification stage of the prototype design. Nanofillers particles (rGO, n-HA, LDH-CFX) were not observed, neither at source nor in the working area, suggesting no release of free nanofillers to the air one they have been embedded in the polymer masterbatch. Additionally, the exposure in the workplace was far below the selected Occupational Exposure Levels (OELs), for total particle number concentration (PNC), dust, elemental carbon (EC) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The results showed that, when working with the current prototype in normal operation (for its intended use) and with controls enabled [enclosure with the doors closed and Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) activated], the emission from the machine and the worker's exposure to NOAAs are well controlled. The project FAST received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, under grant agreement Nº 685825. This paper reflects only the authors’ views, and the Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

In this work, gain of a traditional horn antenna is enhanced up to 2.9 dB over X-band using 3D printed square-shaped multi-layer lens. For this purpose, firstly the multi-layer lenses are designed using Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) and simulated in 3-D CST Microwave Studio (MWS) environment as consisting of square-shaped five layers with variable dielectric constants and heights. Thus, optimum values of the dielectric constants and heights are resulted limiting from 1.15 to 2.1 and 9.2 mm to 10 mm, respectively compatible for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) based 3D-printing process. Finally, the optimum lens is realized by 3D printer via FDM evaluating infill rate of cheap Polylactic Acid (PLA) material for each layer. The simulated and measured performance of the multi-layer dielectric structures are hand to hand. The horn antenna equipped by our proposed dielectric lens achieves gain enhancement of the traditional antenna up to 2.9 dB over the operation band. Furthermore, the proposed design is compared with the counterpart designs in literature and based on the comparison results it can be said that the proposed design achieves the better performance in the smaller in size as equipped a traditional X-band horn antenna. © 2021 Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES). All rights reserved.

The accuracy and repeatability of the color reproduction in print is determined by the fine-tuning of the tone reproduction curves of the basic printing colorants (most often this is CMYK). However, the diversity of manufacturers of printing equipment and dyes introduces an element of significant uncertainty about color uniformity. In addition, the traditional approach does not take into account the effect of hue change when applying the original dyes, as well as the nonlinearity of the hue rise in high- and low-density areas. Determining the color of base colorants that produces the most uniform tone change is an important engineering challenge. Previously, there was no scientific basis for such calculations. We recently proposed an alternative color correction model based on gradation trajectories as an analogue of gradation curves in the CIE Lab space. We have also described the extension of the approach to double color overlay (gradation surfaces) and its analytical and discrete implications. The trajectories are the geodetic lines on gradation surfaces. In this paper, we propose using the gradation trajectories to determine “ideal” or “true” initial printing dyes for electrophotography. To simplify calculations, natural color discretization in digital printing is used. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Wake Forest University, WFU Support for this research was provided by the Babcock Graduate School of Management, Wake Forest University; Rutgers Business School – Newark and New Brunswick, Rutgers University; and the Jones Graduate School of Management, Rice University. Helpful comments on earlier versions of this chapter were provided by Jack Brittain, Margaret Duval, Reuben McDaniel, Tim Ruefli, John Slocum, Kathie Sutcliffe, and Doug Wholey.

An efficient and low-cost approach to manufacture Opto-Mechatronic Interconnect Devices will be obligatory to handle the strongly increasing amount of data. The presented approach is based on a flexographic printing process. To adjust the transferred material the printing form is functionalized by means of laser-induced structures using an ultrashort-pulsed laser. The long-term goal is to adjust the printing result through microstructures in the printing form in order to create spatially resolved material transfer. In this work, first the ablation parameters are investigated at different repetition rates using a femtosecond laser. Further, a line structure is inserted in the material transferring areas of the printing form, which is consequently widened. Its influence on the printing result is presented. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Han sido pocos los estudios en la historiografía nacional sobre el proceso de producción y comercialización de libros en la República de Colombia durante el siglo xix. A partir del análisis de las actividades de los impresores, los escritores de textos, los comerciantes y las autoridades políticas en Cartagena, en este artículo se demostrará que la difusión de las letras en la sociedad republicana estuvo sujeta a la dinámica de impresión y comercialización de obras de educación impulsada por los hombres de letras desde las provincias. Esta dinámica se constituyó en la base inicial de la formación de un pequeño mercado editorial en la República y fue posible gracias a los usos de la libertad de imprenta, las demandas de la alfabetización y las negociaciones de los autores con los gobiernos locales y nacionales. Se busca así contribuir al análisis de un problema sobre el que existen escasos trabajos en el contexto regional colombiano. There are only a few studies found in the national history about the publishing and commercial distribution of books in the Republic of Colombia during the 19th Century. Based on the activities of the printers, text writers, merchants and political authorities in Cartagena, this article will demonstrate that the dissemination of literature in the republican society was subject to the dynamics of the printing and marketing of educational materials encouraged by the men of letters within the provinces. This was the foundation that led to the formation of a small publishing market in the Republic, a market made possible thanks to the freedom of the printing press, literacy demands, and the negotiations of the authors with local and national governments. The intent here is to contribute to the analysis of a problem about which there is limited availability of works in Colombia.

Recently introduced femtosecond laser printing approach was applied for the controlled fabrication of single germanium microparticles (MPs). The characterization of MPs was performed by scanning electron microscopy and near-IR optical spectroscopy. The size of obtained MPs is about 1-1.5 μm while their shape is close to spherical. Theoretical calculations of MP scattering cross section were performed on the basis of Mie theory. It is shown that extinction spectra of Ge MPs possess sharp resonances in near IR spectral region, which are identified by means of multipole decomposition analysis.

Researchers present a novel method for area-selective atomic layer deposition (AS-ALD) large-area electronics. It is a direct-write ALD process of In 2O 3:H, a highly promising and relevant transparent conductive oxide (TCO) material which makes use of printing technology for surface activation. first the surface of H-terminated silicon materials is locally activated by a μ-plasma printer in air or O 2, and In 2O 3:H is deposited selectively on the activated areas. The selectivity stems from the fact that ALD In 2O 3:H leads to very long nucleation delays on H-terminated silicon materials.

This dissertation investigates the role of the printing press in the global Iberian Monarchy of the Union of Crowns (1581-1640), when the Portuguese empire was annexed to Spain’s. I argue that the book printer Pedro Craesbeeck and the authors and editors who published works treating America, Africa, and Asia at his Lisbon house used the printing press to attempt to alter the Iberian Monarchy’s commercial and political composition. Pedro Craesbeeck reconfigured the printing industry of Iberian Europe by building a global publishing hub in Lisbon that attracted editorial projects from all over the monarchy while drawing business away from competitors in cities like Madrid, Antwerp, and Seville. Writers and publishers symbolically rearranged the two Iberian empires’ lines of administration, tying Spanish America to Lisbon and Portuguese Asia to Madrid through a variety of textual and material operations. These agents of the Iberian book trade wielded the printing press as a mechanism to ‘re-compose’ the global monarchy they inhabited, exploiting the flexibility of a multi-territorial, multi-jurisdictional state while working within and around the limitations imposed by the institutions of Church and Crown. Pedro Craesbeeck’s press gives us stories of global linkages and disconnections forged in productive tension. This thesis makes a crucial contribution to studies of early modern globalization, which have tended to focus on tracking connections and circulations rather than dynamics of reconfiguration and redistribution. The dissertation also problematizes longstanding views of the printing press as a top-down tool of the Habsburg monarchs by showing that this technology enabled subjects to participate in the monarchy’s construction according to their individual designs. The dissertation makes these claims by closely analyzing the textual and material contents of printed histories, hagiographies, treatises, reports, and poetry in Spanish and Portuguese alongside archival documentation in those languages and Latin, as well as large sets of bibliographical data. Among the canonical works that occupy a prominent place in the dissertation are Mateo Alemán’s Segunda parte de la vida de Guzmán de Alfarache, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega’s La Florida del Inca and Comentarios reales, Luís de Camões’s Os lusíadas, Fernão Mendes Pinto’s Peregrinaçam, and Diogo do Couto’s Décadas da Ásia. I also bring to light a range of little-known works: a hagiography of an ascetic in New Spain, a treatise on the corruption of the Caribbean pearl trade, and a discourse on the short-lived Portuguese takeover of Pegu (current-day Bago, Myanmar), to name a few. By building a corpus of study out of Pedro Craesbeeck’s press, I put into dialogue texts rarely read together due to linguistic and national disciplinary divides. The categories of Spanish, Portuguese, peninsular, and colonial literature, history, and culture dissolve, giving way to a global Iberian perspective.

Optical data communication is increasingly interesting for many applications in industrial processes. Therefore mass production is required to meet the requested price and lot sizes. Polymer optical waveguides show great promises to comply with price requirements while providing sufficient optical quality for short range data transmission. A high efficient fabrication technology using polymer materials could be able to create the essential backbone for 3D-optical data transmission in the future. The approach for high efficient fabrication technology of micro optics described in this paper is based on a self-assembly effect of fluids on preconditioned 3D-thermoformed polymer foils. Adjusting the surface energy on certain areas on the flexible substrate by flexographic printing mechanism is presented in this paper. With this technique conditioning lines made of silicone containing UV-varnish are printed on top of the foils and create gaps with the exposed substrate material in between. Subsequent fabrication processes are selected whether the preconditioned foil is coated with acrylate containing waveguide material prior or after the thermoforming process. Due to the different surface energy this material tends to dewet from the conditioning lines. It acts like regional barriers and sets the width of the arising waveguides. With this fabrication technology it is possible to produce multiple waveguides with a single coating process. The relevant printing process parameters that affect the quality of the generated waveguides are discussed and results of the produced waveguides with width ranging from 10 to 300 μm are shown. © 2017 SPIE. DFG

Large scale, planar optronic systems allowing spatially distributed functionalities can be well used in diverse sensor networks, such as for monitoring the environment by measuring various physical quantities in medicine or aeronautics. In these systems, mechanically flexible and optically transparent polymeric foils, e.g. polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), are employed as carrier materials. A benefit of using these materials is their low cost. The optical interconnections from light sources to light transmission structures in planar optronic systems occupy a pivotal position for the sensing functions. As light sources, we employ the optoelectronic components, such as edgeemitting laser diodes, in form of bare chips, since their extremely small structures facilitate a high integration compactness and ensure sufficient system flexibility. Flexographically printed polymer optical waveguides are deployed as light guiding structures for short-distance communication in planar optronic systems. Printing processes are utilized for this generation of waveguides to achieve a cost-efficient large scale and high-throughput production. In order to attain a high-functional optronic system for sensing applications, one of the most essential prerequisites is the high coupling efficiency between the light sources and the waveguides. Therefore, in this work, we focus on the multimode polymer waveguide with a parabolic cross-section and investigate its optical coupling with the bare laser diode. We establish the geometrical model of the alignment based on the previous works on the optodic bonding of bare laser diodes and the fabrication process of polymer waveguides with consideration of various parameters, such as the beam profile of the laser diode, the employed polymer properties of the waveguides as well as the carrier substrates etc. Accordingly, the optical coupling of the bare laser diodes and the polymer waveguides was simulated. Additionally, we demonstrate optical links by adopting the aforementioned processes used for defining the simulation. We verify the feasibility of the developed processes for planar optronic systems by using an active alignment and conduct discussions for further improvements of optical alignment. © 2016 SPIE. DFG/CRC/TR 123

Han sido pocos los estudios en la historiografía nacional sobre el proceso de producción y comercialización de libros en la República de Colombia durante el siglo XIX. A partir del análisis de las actividades de los impresores, los escritores de textos, los comerciantes y las autoridades políticas en Cartagena, en este artículo se demostrará que la difusión de las letras en la sociedad republicana estuvo sujeta a la dinámica de impresión y comercialización de obras de educación impulsada por los hombres de letras desde las provincias. Esta dinámica se constituyó en la base inicial de la formación de un pequeño mercado editorial en la República y fue posible gracias a los usos de la libertad de imprenta, las demandas de la alfabetización y las negociaciones de los autores con los gobiernos locales y nacionales. Se busca así contribuir al análisis de un problema sobre el que existen escasos trabajos en el contexto regional colombiano. There are only a few studies found in the national history about the publishing and commercial distribution of books in the Republic of Colombia during the 19th Century. Based on the activities of the printers, text writers, merchants and political authorities in Cartagena, this article will demonstrate that the dissemination of literature in the republican society was subject to the dynamics of the printing and marketing of educational materials encouraged by the men of letters within the provinces. This was the foundation that led to the formation of a small publishing market in the Republic, a market made possible thanks to the freedom of the printing press, literacy demands, and the negotiations of the authors with local and national governments. The intent here is to contribute to the analysis of a problem about which there is limited availability of works in Colombia. Foram poucos os estudos na historiografia nacional sobre o processo de produção e comercialização de livros na República da Colômbia durante o século XIX. A partir da análise das atividades dos impressores, dos escritores de textos, dos comerciantes e das autoridades políticas em Cartagena, neste artigo será demonstrado que a difusão das letras na sociedade republicana esteve sujeita à dinâmica de impressão e comercialização de obras de educação impulsionada pelos homens de letras das províncias. Essa dinâmica constituiu-se na base inicial da formação de um pequeno mercado editorial na República e foi possível graças aos usos da liberdade de imprensa, às demandas da alfabetização e às negociações dos autores com os governos locais e nacionais. Pretende-se, desse modo, contribuir com a análise de um problema sobre o qual existem escassos trabalhos no contexto regional colombiano.

In this study increasing the performance of Conventional Savonius wind rotor has been investigated by a 3D (three dimensional) printer which is one of the rapid prototyping techniques. For this purpose, some design changes have been introduced to increase the performance of conventional Savonius wind rotor. Here, 3D digital designing of Savonius wind rotors have been easily manufactured tangible as a physical model by a 3D printer. Experimental data concerning produced Savonius wind rotors have been acquired by using a wind tunnel. Some numerical data have been obtained from the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis carried out under the same conditions. The effects of the additional blade end design have been examined to obtain more torque increase on improved classical Savonius wind rotor. Furthermore, by means of introducing straight blade, the effects of the flow compression inside the blade have been reduced and rotor performance increased. Based on such optimizations, optimum additional design parameters have been designated as that (1/r) ratio is 0.3, (s/r) is 1, and (alpha) additional straight blade angle is 135 degrees. It has been determined that power coefficient is increased at a ratio of around 20% together with all these design changes. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The optical data transfer is considered as the future of signal transfer due to its various advantages compared to conventional copper-based technologies. The Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP) technology offers the opportunity to print materials with high viscosities, such as liquid transparent polymer adhesives (epoxy resins), on almost any possible substrate material and even in third dimension. This paper introduces a new flexible and comparatively cost-effective way of generating polymer optical waveguides through AJP. Furthermore, the conditioning of the substrate material and the printing process of planar waveguides are presented. In the first step, two lines with hydrophobic behavior are applied on foil material (PMMA, PVC, PI) by using a flexographic printing machine. These silicone based patterns containing functional polymer form barriers for the core material due to their low surface energy after curing. In the second step, the core material (liquid polymer, varnish) is printed between the barrier lines. Because of the hydrophobic behavior of the lines, the contact angle between the substrate surface and the liquid core material is increased which yields to higher aspect ratio. The distance between the barrier lines is at least 100 μm, which defines the width of the waveguide. The minimum height of the core shall be 50 μm. After UV-curing of the core polymer, the cladding material is printed on the top. This is also applied by using the AJP technology. Various tests were performed to achieve the optimal surface properties for adequate adhesion and machine process parameters. © 2016 SPIE. DFG

In this paper we report on the synthesis and development of vanadium oxide precursor flexographic ink for the printing of hole-transporting layers in organic solar cells. For the synthesis of vanadium oxide inks, a sol-gel methodology was utilized. By modifying the vanadium alkoxide precursor with a right type of coordinating ligands a stable and flexoprintable ink has been successfully developed. Flexo-printing afforded smooth and uniform vanadium oxide sol-gel films on top of PCDTBT:PC70BM films. The conversion of the synthesized sol-gel film into a corresponding vanadium oxide layer was followed by DSC/TGA and XPS analyses. The inks were used for the fabrication of inverted organic solar cells by flexo-printing. Power conversion efficiencies ranging between 3.5 % and 4.5 % were achieved, which are slightly lower than the reference cells using vacuum-deposited MoO3 as the hole-transporting layers., Oxide-Based Materials and Devices VI, February 8-11, 2015, Series: Proceedings of SPIE; no. 9364

The Chinese born in the Straits Settlements of Peninsula Malaya (Penang, Singapore, Malacca) are called Babas to distinguish them from those born in China. The Babas are rooted from three different races, Chinese, Malay and English and as such their lifestyles show a mixed blend of the Chinese, Malay and European cultures. Because of this cultural background, the Babas exhibited a unique cultural mix in the clothes they wear, their culinary skills, architectural styles, language and literature. The paper describes the characteristics of 68 Baba translated works published between 1889 and 1950; focusing on the publication trends between the period under study, the persons involved in the creative output, the publishers and printers involved, the contents of the translated works, the physical make-up of the works and the libraries where these works are held.

Considering the increasing amount of data for communication and infotainment applications, fabrication of optical networks and bus systems is a challenging task for production engineering. A two-step manufacturing process for polymer optical waveguides is presented. By improving the highly efficient flexographic printing technology by laser functionalization of the printing tool in combination with a subsequent spray application, high-quality waveguides are accomplished. By adjusting the resulting surface energy of the foil substrate in the first fabrication process, the spray application achieved high-aspect ratio waveguides with a low attenuation of 0.2 dB/cm at 850 nm. © 2017 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).

Non-conductive graphene oxide (GO) particles (70% carbon, 30% oxygen) synthesized directly from inexpensive graphite powders are hydrophilic and can be dispersed homogeneously in water based solutions. In this study, thin film electrode traces are produced from a GO aqueous suspension using a commercially available inkjet printer. Once deposited on the functionalized substrate the printed film is thermally annealed to remove excess water and harden the material. The electrical conductivity of the high resistance (>10Mω) annealed film is increased through the removal of oxygen molecules using a focused 775nm, 120fs pulsed laser. The electrical properties of select target areas on the thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO) film can be tuned by adjusting the laser power, material feed rate, and the number of passes that the beam makes over the target surface. Experiments demonstrate that the rGO trace can be modified over a wide range of sheet resistance values (1Mω to 2kω) for a ∼1μm thick film. The proposed fabrication method can also be used to create a variety of resistive and semiconductor components on printed thin films, conductive electrodes and micro-circuit traces., 2014 14th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology, IEEE-NANO 2014, 18 August 2014 through 21 August 2014

Three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques are continuously evolving, thus their application fields are also growing very fast. The applications discussed here highlight the use of rapid prototyping in a dedicated biotechnology laboratory environment. The combination of improving prototypes using fused deposition modeling printers and producing useable parts with selective laser sintering printers enables a cost- and time-efficient use of such techniques. Biocompatible materials for 3D printing are already available and the printed parts can directly be used in the laboratory. To demonstrate this, we tested 3D printing materials for their in vitro biocompatibility. To exemplify the versatility of the 3D printing process applied to a biotechnology laboratory, a normal well plate design was modified in silico to include different baffle geometries. This plate was subsequently 3D printed and used for cultivation. In the near future, this design and print possibility will revolutionize the industry. Advanced printers will be available for laboratories and can be used for creating individual labware or standard disposables on demand. These applications have the potential to change the way research is done and change the management of stock-keeping, leading to more flexibility and promoting creativity of the scientists.

This paper examines the general purpose licensing imposed by central or local authorities, and the need to eliminate unnecessary licensing regulations imposed on businesses. This paper does not address the issue of reform of sector-specific or professional licensing regulation, but provides criteria and tools for identifying unnecessary licensing regulations, and their elimination or, in some instances, for changing licensing regulations to free notifications. Indeed, this paper argues that a simplified review of licensing regimes that identifies unnecessary licensing saves energy and resources for well-balanced reform of remaining licensing regulations, eventually providing better protection for the public at large and a more enabling business environment. This paper is primarily oriented towards reform practitioners from governments that intend to reform their business environments; development agencies; donor-funded projects; practitioners of licensing reforms; and others interested in improving state and local governance. This paper is divided into three parts: (1) overview of licensing practices that provides common definitions of licensing, analysis of justified licensing regimes with focus on criteria for their justification, and theoretical overview of unjustified and questionable licenses; (2) analysis of commonly declared functions of unjustified licenses that provides insight into the nature of these licenses and their typology; and (3) four case studies that examine how unjustified licenses can be reformed with examples of unsuccessful, partially successful, and successful reform efforts. The analytical conclusions of this paper summarize criteria for unjustified licenses; describe lessons learned from the reform efforts; and provide a practical set of recommendations to the interested parties.

This study reveals an exergetic analysis of the reactive and pigment printing processes. Exergy models of the printing processes were formed and each step examined in terms of exergetic parameters. In the printing machine, the reactive printing process led to a higher specific exergy use due to the penetration requirement of the printing paste. The exergy efficiency in the subsequent drying after printing was found to be independent of the printing method, but affected by the fabric structure, which was calculated to be between 3.8% and 4.8%. In the fixation step, pigment printing provided the highest exergy efficiency, calculated to be 2.15%, due to the direct heating of the fixation air. It was observed for the fixation step that the boiler unit of the steaming process and the burner of the hot air fixation process led to the highest exergy destruction rates. The total exergy destruction rate in pigment printing was found to be higher than in the washing and final drying stages of reactive printing alone; thus, it was shown that the exergetic improvement of the post-washing and drying of reactive printing is of great importance.

Digital printing using high-speed inkjet technology puts heavy demands on paper's ability to rapidly absorb the liquid. This is important for both the runability during the printing process and for the print quality. In this article, the dynamics of inkjet droplet absorption and penetration is discussed. The LucasWashburn equation has been applied to experimental results from inkjet printing on paper. The ink absorption on different paper grades is discussed in terms of the physical properties of the surface such as surface energy, surface roughness and porosity. The results of this study indicate that ASA used as internal sizing reduces the absorption speed of water based dye inkjet ink and that evaporation affects the result. The Lucas-Washburn equation can be used to some extent for describing micro-scale droplet absorption into paper, depending on the properties of the paper. Next Generation substrates for inkjet printing