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Aim To evaluate accuracy of tooth movements with in-house clear aligners. Methods This prospective clinical study included 30 participants for anterior clear aligners with crowding not exceeding 4 mm. per arch, non-extraction cases with no changes in posterior relationship. Aligners were created with OrthoAnalyzerTM software, attachments were placed as needed and IPR was performed in required areas. The final stage of tooth movement was compared with predicted tooth movement by superimposition of the two STL models. Maxillary arch was superimposed on stable posterior teeth and best fit on palatal rugae while mandibular arch was superimposed on unmoved posterior teeth. The amount of differences in predicted and achieved tooth movements were compared. Six types of tooth movement were included in the comparison which were labial, lingual, mesiodistal, intrusion, extrusion and rotation. Results Total sample consisted of 259 anterior teeth (126 maxillary, 133 mandibular). The achieved tooth movements were significantly lesser than the predicted tooth movements in all the six types of tooth movement. Overall accuracy of tooth movement with clear aligner was 56.18%. The most accurate tooth movement was mesiodistal (72.33%). The least accurate movement was intrusion (43.28%). While mesiodistal, labial, rotation and lingual tooth movements were more predictable than intrusion and extrusion. Conclusion Understanding the accuracy of different tooth movements might help in case selection, treatment plan and development or increase accuracy and predictability of in-house clear aligners.

Background: Despite the existence of the most reliable and authentic tools of personal identification such as fingerprints, dental, and DNA analysis, the palatal rugae are recommended as an adjuvant aid in forensic diagnosis. Palatal rugoscopy or palatoscopy aims to specify a person’s identity and gender discrimination. Aim: To determine the morphological pattern of palatal rugae considering gender. Settings and design: Cross-sectional study, calcorrugoscopy, chi-square test Material: This incorporated 360 subjects encompassing an equal ratio of the male and female genders. Undertaking the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, calcorrugoscopy technique was utilized in which maxillary casts were obtained through irreversible hydrocolloid impression material (Cavex cream alginate – fast set) and poured in type III dental stone. The assessed morphological parameters were shape and unification. Trobo’s classification and Thomas and Kotze’s criteria were used to assess shape and unification respectively to assess the qualitative aspect of palatal rugae. Descriptive analysis was generated in terms of frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Results: The most frequently occurred rugae pattern was sinuous followed by a line with divergent unification. Sexual dimorphism was not evident among the selected subjects regarding rugae shape and unification configuration.Moreover, the same trend regarding shape and unification was repeated on both sides of the palate, with no significant difference noted in number of palatal rugae undertaking both sides. Conclusions: Every individual possesses a unique rugae pattern irrespective of gender. Keywords: Cross- sectional, Adults, Gender dimorphism, Pakistan, Palatal rugae

Human identification is most challenging field in forensics. Scrutiny of the fingerprints ,teeth and DNA comparison are commonly used techniques, thus allowing quicker and secure fast and identification processes. Palatal rugae markings are unique to an individual and are stable throughout the life. Rugae don’t undergo any changes apart from in length throughout the life. Thuspalatoscopy or palatal rugoscopy is used as an aid in forensic investigations. Keywords: Palatoscopy, Rugoscopy, Rugae pattern, Identification

Aim: To determine the correlation between palatal rugae (PR) pattern and subjects with vertical, average, and horizontal growth pattern and to determine gender variation if any. Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty study models were divided into horizontal, vertical, and average growth patterns with 40 (20 males and 20 females) samples in each group. The pattern of PR was assessed in each group using a template. Result: Type B (wavy type) PR occurs more often in horizontal and average growth pattern (80% and 72.5% respectively), whereas its occurrence in vertical growth pattern subject is the least among other growth patterns, that is, 42.5% of the total subjects. Type E (curved type) PR has appeared highest in 27.5% of average growth pattern patient followed by 12.5% of vertical growth pattern subjects. The occurrence of type E PR is least in horizontal growth pattern which is just 5% of the total subjects. Conclusion: Curved-type PR was more prevalent in vertical and average growth patterns. Diverging PR pattern was mainly seen in vertical growth pattern. PR also shows sexual dimorphism. The association is clinically significant as it will lead to determination of facial vertical growth pattern at early age; thus, it serves as a diagnostic adjunct for different malocclusions very early in life and aids in preventive or interceptive orthodontic measures to alleviate forthcoming growth pattern.

Background: Preservation of palatal rugae plays an important role in prosthetic rehabilitation and in forensic identification when the individual has no teeth either completely or partially owing to its resistance and stability. However recent studies have shown substantial rugae pattern changes are caused by tooth loss of prolonged duration. Aim: The present study was carried to compare and evaluate the effect of tooth loss on rugae pattern among completely and partially edentulous maxillary arch individuals as a reliable personal identification tool. Methodology: A total of 50 participants were divided into two groups comprising of 25 completely edentulous (Group A) and 25 partially edentulous (Group B) individuals. Impressions, maxillary casts were made and the number, type of rugae patterns were recorded using graphite pencil and tracing paper every 3 month over a period of 1year based on Martins dos Santos classification system. Results: More complex patterns (line, curve, circle, bifurcated, sinnous) are observed in Group B with significant differences between the mean values of line, bifurcated and circle pattern when compared to Group A. Simultaneously mean differences in sinnous pattern (Group A) and Sinnous, Line pattern (Group B) within the group were also seen over a period of 1 year. Conclusion: The present study thus showed significant differences in the rugae pattern between both the groups and greater changes with complex patterns were observed in partially edentulous group when compared with the complete edentulous group.

Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the rugae pattern changes (rugae number, length, shape, direction, and unification) in completely edentulous patients treated with complete denture. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 subjects were selected for the study. The experimental group comprised 60 participants (30 males and 30 females) who had undergone complete denture treatment and the control group comprised 40 participants (20 males and 20 females) who were dentulous and patients with fixed partial denture treatment. Mucostatic maxillary alginate impressions were made for all the subjects, and casts were poured with gypsum. Patients were recalled at the regular intervals of 1, 6, and 18 months after the treatment. During those recalls, the same impression procedure was made, and all the palatal rugaes were observed for number, length, shape, direction, and unifications under magnifying lens. Changes in the palatal rugae were statistically analyzed using the unpaired t‑test. Results: A gradual decrease in the length was observed in primary, secondary, and fragmentary rugae for the experimental group after denture wearing (Group 1). Statistically, the change was significant (P < 0.001) in primary rugae only. A slight change in rugae shape was also observed in the experimental group after 18 months period of denture wearing which is statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Significant decrease in primary rugae length in complete denture wearers was due to sustained mechanical stress posed by the dentures on palatal rugae. The other parameters such as rugae number, direction, and unification remained constant throughout the study. Palatal rugae analysis may not be helpful for human identification in complete denture wearers. Nevertheless, palatal rugae may serve as an adjuvant to other techniques such as DNA analysis and finger prints in forensic investigations.

BACKGROUND Palatine rugae are small transverse structures present in the anterior 2 / 3rd of the palate. These rugae are protected by various structures of the oral cavity. They are immovable structures but variations in the oral cavity may lead to alterations in these small structures. There have been many studies that have quoted changes in these rugae patterns with various tooth movements whereas various other studies demonstrate no significant changes. None of the studies in specific have mentioned about palatal rugae changes with myofunctional appliances. The objective of this research was to evaluate the palatal rugae morphology and its stability after myofunctional therapy, as expansion and movement of teeth might lead to changes in these rugae. METHODS A total of 90 maxillary casts, 30 of Class I, 30 of Class II pre-treatment and casts of same subjects after myofunctional therapy, patients age ranging between 10 and 13 years were selected for the study. Length, intermedial and interlateral distances, angle of divergence and position of rugae were studied based on Lysell Classification 1955 and Thomas and Kotze Classification 1983. RESULTS Secondary and fragmentary rugae were found to be statistically significant as they were increased in Class II samples compared to Class I. The rugae in Class II samples were found to be shorter and therefore significant results were seen. IM1, IM2, IM4, IM5 and IM6 were found to be statistically significant respectively. Similarly, IL2, IL4, IL5 and IL6 were appreciable. IM1 was found to be appreciable. IL1, IL2, IL3 and IL4 were statistically significant. Significant difference was found in mean rugae value among Class I and Class II pre-treatment groups. Statistically significant difference was found in mean rugae value among Class I and Class II pre-treatment group. Incisive papilla to posterior border of last rugae (IP-PBA) was found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Myofunctional therapy did have an effect on the rugae pattern. But the age group of 10 – 13 years consisted of growing individuals. Therefore, it could not be concluded as to whether the changes were because of growth taking place or because of myofunctional therapy. KEY WORDS Palatine Rugae, Myofunctional Appliances, Class II Malocclusion

Komal Smriti,1 Raj Gupta,2 Kalyana C Pentapati,3 Anupam Singh,4 Ira Kapoor,2 Ravindranath Vineetha,1 Srikanth Gadicherla4 1Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; 2Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; 3Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; 4Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, IndiaCorrespondence: Kalyana C PentapatiDepartment of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, IndiaEmail drkalyan81@gmail.comBackground: Palatal rugae are asymmetric and irregular ridges on the anterior palatal region, which have proven to be useful in the field of forensic dentistry. This study aims to use morphological analysis of palatal rugae patterns to assess sex in a South Indian adult population.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate a total of 300 maxillary dental casts (150 males and 150 females). The rugae patterns were marked by one observer and classified as per Thomas and Kotze criteria by another observer. The rugae patterns were classified based on the total number of rugae, shape, predominant direction of rugae, and unification of rugae.Results: The palatal rugae in female participants showed a higher incidence of circular rugae and backward directed rugae, while male participants showed more forward-directed rugae. The logistic regression analysis showed a significant association of with circular (OR=1.48; 95% CI= 1.02– 2.13), forward (OR=0.87; 95% CI= 0.78– 0.97) and backward (OR=1.23; 95% CI= 1.08– 1.41) palatal rugae with sex.Conclusion: Certain palatal rugae patterns can be used for the assessment of sex with limited accuracy.Keywords: palatal rugae, sex, identification, palatoscopy, forensic, dentistry

Background: Palatal rugoscopy is the use of palatal rugae for identification of unknown persons. The majority of the population in Egypt consists of Egyptian people. However, some Malaysian people live in Alexandria city of Egypt for the purpose of education. So in case of mass disaster, there is a critical need for a reliable and easy method to differentiate between Malaysians and Egyptians. Aim: Study palatal rugae patterns in two diverse populations; Egyptians and Malaysians and its relation to sex and population difference. Subjects: Eighty students of Alexandria Faculty of Dentistry; forty Egyptians (20 females and 20 males) and forty Malaysians (20 males and 20 females). The age ranged 18-30 years. Results: Significant difference was noted between Malaysian males and females according to total number of rugae on both sides. Malaysians had significantly higher total rugae number on both sides than Egyptians. Curved shape was the predominant shape in the total sample. Significant difference was detected between Egyptians and Malaysians according to the predominant palatal rugae direction on both left and right sides. Egyptian females had significantly higher percentage of absent unification than Egyptian males. Linear regression models for sex and ethnicity identification were built up.

Palatal rugae are irregular protrusions that are anatomically located on the anterior maxillary mucous membrane, on each side of the median palatal raphe next to the posterior incisor papilla. The aim of this research was to determine the differences of palatal rugae pattern between Chinese and Indian females. This study was descriptive by using the observation method to a total of 50 female samples consisted of 30 Chinese and 20 Indian using purposive sampling. Impressions of the upper jaws were taken and cast with dental stone. The palatal rugae pattern was identified according to Martin dos Santos classification. The most frequent palatal rugae pattern in Chinese females is curve form (41.00%), followed by line form (23.85%) and sinuous form (15.90%). On the other hand, Indian females mostly have sinuous form (28.83%), followed by line form (23.93%) and curve form (20.25%). Thus, there is a difference between palatal rugae pattern between Chinese and Indian females which is the curve forms is more common in Chinese females while the sinuous forms is more common in Indian females.

Palatal rugae patterns can be useful for forensic identification purposes. However, some doubts persist in concerning the pattern singularity in twins. The purpose of this study was to assess palatal rugae pattern singularity in a sample of twins. To do this, the palatal rugae patterns of 19 pairs of monozygotic twins and 47 pairs of dizygotic twins were studied. Our results showed that in monozygotic twins, no statistical significant differences were found, either in the form or number of palatal rugae. However, in dizygotic twins, differences were found in the number or shape of all palatal rugae (except for the shape of the first two right ones), suggesting that the palatal rugae pattern can be useful for identification purposes of dizygotic, but not of monozygotic, twins. Generation XXI was funded by Programa Operacional de Saúde (Regional Department of Ministry of Health). It has support from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and from the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.An individual grant to Braga S (SFRH/BD/120500/2016) by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) is gratefully acknowledged.This work was financed by FEDER (Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional) funds through the COMPETE 2020 – Operacional Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Portugal 2020, and by Portuguese funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior in the framework of the project PTDC/MEC-MCI/29777/2017/POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029777.

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation between the palatal rugae pattern, face form and arch form among Indian population at Moradabad, India. Materials and Methods: Alginate impressions of maxillary arch was made and cast was poured immediately with type III dental stone. A sharp graphite pencil was used for marking outline of the rugae on the cast. A digital caliper was employed for measurement of length of palatal rugae. Palatal rugae were analysed in accordance with Thomas and Kotze classification. Arch form of these models was determined with using 3M Unite template. For assessment of the face form, the subjects were seated in an upright position on the operator chair and the camera was stabilized on a tripod. Then photographs of the frontal profile were taken. These photographs were used for the analysis of the face form. The data was subjected to one way analysis of variance test and Post Hoc test. Results: The average number of primary rugae (10.76%) were found to be more predominant than secondary (2.12%) and fragmentary rugae (1.54%). The most predominant shape of palatal rugae were curved (42.19%) followed by wavy (32.71%), straight (17.37%) and circular (0.92%). Based on the direction of the rugae, forward rugae (54.27%) were found more common followed by backward rugae (37.26%) and perpendicular rugae (0.55%). Base on the unification of rugae pattern, diverging rugae (4.55%) were found to be more common than the converging rugae (1.57%). The most common face form was ovoid (72.4) % followed by tapered (24.4%) and square (3.2%). The most prevalent arch form was ovoid (62.2%) seen followed by the tapered (26.0%) and square (4.8%) arch form. It was found that there was significant correlation between the face form and arch form among the study subjects (p0.05). In term of arch form and face form, ovoid was the most common followed by tapered and square. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that there was significant correlation

Forensics has always considered Palatal rugae as a stable landmark for identification in cases of mishap which needs forensic intervention. Many previous studies have claimed that palatal design and structure is not altered during growth as its position protects it from external trauma. But this theory can now be challenged with studies showing otherwise as a number of people are undergoing Orthodontic treatment to enhance their aesthetics. The question that now arises is that can palatal rugae be actually considered a stable landmark? How orthodontic treatment alters the structure of rugal area and how tooth movement affects the stability of rugae. This article throws light on significant effects of tooth movement on palatal rugae reported by various studies. Keywords: Palatal rugae, Orthodontic treatment, Stability, Variability, Landmark.

This observational study compared palatal rugae morphology in adolescent subjects with normal tooth number and tooth agenesis. Maxillary dental study casts were used to compare rugae number, length and shape. Each study group contained 60 subjects (30 females and 30 males) mean age 13.4 (SD, 1.55) in control and 13.56 (SD, 1.54) years in tooth agenesis groups (p = 0.576). Mean number of missing tooth units in the tooth agenesis group was 2.1. Mean number of primary rugae in the whole sample was 4.35 (SD, 0.98) on the right and 4.33 (SD, 0.92) on the left with no significant differences (p = 0.236 and p = 0.404, respectively). However, the number of secondary rugae on the left (p = 0.006) and fragmentary rugae on the right (p = 0.004) was significantly increased in the tooth agenesis group. The shape of left primary rugae 2 and 3 also differed between groups, tending towards a wavy pattern in the control group and curved in the tooth agenesis group (p = 0.012 and p = 0.004, respectively). In addition, primary rugae 3 was more convergent (p = 0.008) whilst left primary rugae 3 and 5 were orientated in an antero-posterior direction (p = 0.04 for both rugae) in the tooth agenesis group. Subgroup analysis also identified significant associations between patterns of tooth agenesis and rugae number, in addition to shape of primary rugae. The identification of significant differences in rugae pattern between subjects with normal tooth number and agenesis suggests potential commonality in signal pathway disruption during establishment of these structures.

Studies of the association between palatal rugae (PR) and malocclusion are scarce. While unstable following treatment such as rapid maxillary expansion, we hypothesized that PR differ among malocclusions because of genetic determination but also different environmental conditions during development. Our goal was to assess the possible association between PR morphometric measurements and both sagittal and vertical characteristics of malocclusion. Maxillary pretreatment dental casts of 243 nongrowing individuals (115 males, 128 females, age 25.5 ± 7.5 years) were laser scanned (Perceptron ScanWorks® V5, Hallam VIC, Australia); angular and linear measurements of the first three PR were recorded in transverse and anteroposterior directions. Cephalometric measurements were obtained from corresponding digitized lateral cephalograms. Statistics included analyses of variance to compare PR measurements among sagittal (class I, class II divisions 1 and 2, class III) and vertical (hypodivergent, normodivergent, hyperdivergent) malocclusion groups and the Pearson correlations among PR dimensions and cephalometric measurements. PR measurements were statistically different between malocclusions, especially with respect to vertical patterns. A majority of transverse and anteroposterior rugae measurements were greatest in class II division 2 subjects. PR were more anteriorly directed in hypodivergent than hyperdivergent groups; the transverse separation between opposing rugae points was smaller. Correlations were generally low. The findings suggest the possibility for PR to adapt to environmental effects in developing malocclusions, mostly in the class II division 2 phenotype. This premise reinforces the need to explore in longitudinal studies the long-term environmental influences on rugae superimposed on their genetically determined morphological pattern.

Objectives Individual orthodontic treatment duration is hard to predict. Individual biological factors are amongst factors influencing individual rate of orthodontically induced tooth movement (OTM). The study aim is to determine the rate of OTM by a novel 3D method and investigate parameters that may predict the rate of tooth movement. Materials and methods In this prospective cohort study, rate of OTM was determined from 90 three-dimensional intra-oral scans in 15 patients (aged 12–15) undergoing orthodontic treatment. For each patient, intra-oral scans were taken every week for up to 6 weeks (T0–T5). The teeth were segmented from the scans and the scans were superimposed on the palatal rugae. The rate of OTM was calculated for each tooth. Other parameters were gingival inflammation, contact-point displacement and the biological markers, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), MMP-9 and MMP-2 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Results Our study showed a high variation in the rate of OTM, varying from 0.15 to 1.24 mm/week. Teeth in the anterior segment tended to move more compared with the posterior segment. The contact point displacement and gingival inflammation varied greatly amongst the patients. The MMPs measured did not correlate with tooth movement. However, the gingival inflammation index showed a significant correlation with OTM. Future studies should include other biological markers related to bone-remodeling. Conclusion This novel and efficient 3D method is suitable for measuring OTM and showed large individual variation in rate of OTM. Clinical relevance Patients show different rates of OTM. The rate of OTM in an individual patient can provide guidance in timing of follow-up appointments.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the palatal rugae could be used as an appropriate reference area for serial model superimposition following Rapid maxillary expansion(RME) and facemask treatment.A total of 52 pediatric patients who had undergone RME and facemask treatment were selected. Palate and palatal rugae in the pre- and post- treatment casts from the patients were measured.In spite of dentoalveolar changes occurred by RME and facemask, anteroposterior changes in palate and palatal rugae were not significant. Anatomical changes of palate and palatal rugae were mostly shown in the transverse dimension. The soft tissue of the palatal rugae stretches in adaptation to hard tissue movement. Among the evaluated landmarks, the medial point of the third palatal rugae seemed to be the most stable.The observed alterations in the palatal rugae demonstrated the potential of medial points of third palatal rugae as a reference point in model superimpositions to evaluate dental movement within the maxillary arch following RME and facemask treatment.

Objectives Bibliometric analysis of best-cited papers bring s awareness about the influential publications and trends in the literature on a particular topic. This will help not only the researchers and academicians but also the students for selecting quality landmark articles. With this view in mind a bibliometric analysis was performed to identify the 100 top-cited papers on Forensic Odontology (FO) in the literature. Materials and methods A search was performed using Scopus database in August 2019. The articles were further reviewed and basic standard information related to bibliometric analysis was recorded. Results The 100 most cited articles were published from 1985 to 2014 (77% published after 2001). The most frequently cited article received 259 citations, whereas the least received 31 (mean citations 58.78 ± 33.14). There were 16 different journals with Forensic Science International having the most number of articles (n = 36). One author had 16 articles while 8 authors had 4 or more articles published in the top 100 list. Belgium was the country with most number of articles (n = 17) followed by United States (n = 16). In terms of document type, 87 were original research, 7 conference papers and 6 reviews. Five organizations funded 5 of the top 100 articles. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium affiliated the most documents (n = 16). Majority of the papers were related to age estimation (46) followed by victim identification (30), mass disaster (9), bite mark analysis (8), sex determination (5), race determination (4), dental DNA analysis (3), palatal rugae pattern (2) and lip prints (1). Conclusion This is first of its kind citation analysis of the 100 most cited articles in the field of FO. The results of this paper will help the researchers, academicians and students for appropriate article referrals.

Anchorage loss is an important parameter in controlling the outcome of orthodontic treatment. Lateral cephalogram and study model analysis are routinely used to monitor anchorage loss. Study is to evaluate the effectiveness of 3D digital model and study cast to measure maxillary molar anchorage loss in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliance. A total of 31 high anchorage patients who were treated with pre adjusted edgewise appliance for their malocclusions were included in the study. Amount of horizontal anchorage loss was measured by two methods: Study cast and 3D digital model super imposition. The anterior palatal rugae area was taken as a reference point for comparative measurements. Paired t-test was performed to compare the mean values of anchorage loss measured on both methods. When we compared the mean anchorage loss of two methods, it was found that there were no statistically significant differences observed for both the right side (t= 0.513, p>0.05) and left side (t= -0.081, p>0.05). The spearman correlation between two methods showed a very strong correlation in both right (r=0.919) and left side (r=0.906) which was statistically significant (p

Background Periodic patterning of iterative structures is diverse across the animal kingdom. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of these structures helps to elucidate the genetic commonality of developmental processes, as organs with these structures are believed to share the same molecular mechanisms and fundamental processes. Palatal rugae are periodic corrugated structures on the hard palate and are conserved in all mammals. Although the numbers and patterns of the palatal rugae are species specific, they are consistent in each mammalian species, except humans. Highlight Palatal rugae development is thus under strict genetic control in most mammals and is an excellent model to investigate the genetic commonality of developmental processes to form periodic patterning. Conclusion This review highlights the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of palatal rugae development.

The Palatal Rugae are considered a useful human identification marker for both orthodontists and forensic personnel. The principal aim of the present study was to evaluate the stability of palatal rugae with a 3D-3D superimposition procedure following Slow Maxillary Expansion (SME), in order to assess whether they kept their uniqueness and validity for human identification, even after a specific dental treatment. For this purpose, a sample of 27 digital dental models - belonging to growing patients (13 males and 14 females), aged between 8.5 and 15 years, who underwent SME therapy - was retrospectively studied and compared with a control group of 27 untreated subjects - (13 males and 14 females). Digital dental models were obtained pre-treatment and at device removal; both were processed by means of an intraoral scanner. A superimposition procedure was thus performed to reach the minimum point-to-point distance between two models of palatal rugae. Intra- and inter-observer differences were statistically analyzed by paired Wilcoxon test and Intra-class Correlation coefficient (ICC), showing values larger than 0.93. There was no difference in Root-Mean-Square (RMS) values between untreated control subjects and subjects treated with Leaf Expander (p = 0.062). A RMS value of 0.43 was the threshold to distinguish the pooled group (“Untreated” and “Leaf”) from any mismatch. According to the obtained results, this study failed to reject the null hypothesis and presented no differences between the RMS values of the Test group and the RMS values of the untreated control group. This work highlighted the usefulness of 3D superimposition procedure for purposes of human identification, in subjects undergoing dental treatment. However, keeping in sight the forensic use of this technique as a helpful probation element in court, further studies should be performed to confirm these findings.

Background: The palatal rugae contribute to oral swallowing, taste perception, and speech. From a forensic point of view, the distinctive morphology of these structures can be used to support human identification. However, the morphology of the rugae may be altered by trauma or therapeutic interventions in the palate. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the morphology of the palatal rugae before and after orthodontic treatment performed with and without maxillary expansion and dental extractions. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 60 dental casts taken before (n = 30) and after (n = 30) orthodontic treatment from patients aged >18 years. The patients were treated with rapid maxillary expansion by using Haas appliance (n = 10), by extracting the maxillary first premolars (n = 10) and by using only conventional fixed orthodontic appliances (n = 10). All the dental casts were analyzed twice by two independent examiners that were blind for the type of treatment. Results: All the differences between groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05). More alterations in the morphology of the palatal rugae were observed in patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion, whereas few alterations were performed in patients treated with no maxillary expansion or dental extractions. Conclusion: The use of palatal rugae for forensic purposes must be avoided in patients that underwent invasive orthodontic treatments, such as those founded on maxillary expansion and dental extractions.

Objectives: Whenever there is a loss of a tooth, palatal rugae (PR) is suggested as an alternative technique for personal identification. The present study was carried to determine area-specific uniqueness of the rugae pattern among the population of Mewar and Hadoti region by evaluating the number and shape of the rugae pattern and its variation among genders of the same population. Materials and Method: Study included 500 subjects (250 males and 250 females) aged between 17 and 25 years as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The rugae pattern was classified based on their length, shape, direction, and unification proposed by Lysell (1955) and later modified by Thomas and Kotze (1983). The observations recorded were evaluated for their statistical significance and specificity using unpaired t-test. Results: Total number of rugae on the right side in both genders was 2089 showing a significant difference between males and females and on the left side, the total number was 2088 not showing a statistically significant difference between genders. The wavy pattern was the most predominant pattern, followed by curved and straight patterns. The wavy pattern was found to be significant between males and females. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the difference in PR distribution and uniqueness in different individuals and the importance of studying the characteristics based on ethnicity. Also, we can say that gender can be determined using a wavy pattern.

Aim and objective To predict and correlate mandibular growth pattern using palatoscopy (average, horizontal, and vertical). Materials and methods This retrospective study includes 120 archived maxillary casts. One key person and two examiners performed the study; the key person was responsible for coding and collecting casts and radiographs, as well as calibration of the examiners. The key person divided the samples into three craniofacial growth pattern groups (average, horizontal, and vertical) based on Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA), SN-GoGn, and facial axis angle and distributed them to the blinded examiners. Rugae were studied using a modified Thomas and Kotze classification system. After the analysis, the results were decoded and analyzed with the corresponding cephalometric radiographs. Results Multinomial logistic regression was employed to predict the mandibular growth patterns with the following independent variables: Forwardly directed rugae, number of divergent rugae, predominant shape circular, predominant shape curved, primary rugae, predominant shape wavy, number of convergent rugae, and horizontally directed rugae. Conclusion Palatal rugae patterns predict the growth pattern of the mandible. Clinical significance Considering the significant parameters and their correlation with mandibular growth pattern, prediction of mandibular growth patterns can be done noninvasively.

Palatal rugae pattern of an individual may be considered as a practical adjunct for gender determination in identification of an individual for forensic medicine. Palatal rugae possess distinct traits of an ideal forensic parameter like uniqueness, postmortem resistance, and stability. The present study describes sexual dimorphism using palatal rugae pattern. A total number of 200 subjects in the age range of 17 to 25 years were studied with the help of study casts for palatal rugae pattern. Sexual dimorphism was assessed using statistical analysis. The p-value was calculated using Chi- square test. Results showed prominent converging rugae pattern in females as compared to males which showed prominence of curved rugae pattern. Keywords: Dimorphism, Forensic, Palatal rugae.

Introduction Palatal rugae or plica palatine are the finger prints of the oral cavity and the arch length varies between males and females. These two parameters constitute an integral part of the anthropometric studies in the realms of dentistry as well as forensic odontology. The aim of this study was to assess whether any relationship existed between the upper arch length and the rugae pattern and whether these two parameters showed any gender differentiation. Materials and Methods The sample consisted of upper and lower study models of 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females). Arch lengths were measured using a brass wire and rugae were traced on the dental casts and assessed by applying the Thomas and Kotze classification (1983). The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis. Results The results showed that the maxillary and mandibular arch length dimensions were higher in males than in females; however, the differences were found to be statistically insignificant. The assessment of rugae pattern showed that the male subjects had a higher number of rugae. The differences in rugae pattern distribution for male and female subjects were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion The palatal rugae pattern and maxillary arch length can be used as an additional method in differentiating gender between human population groups.

The goal of this article is to review the anatomy of the brachycephalic canine hard palate and provide a step-by-step guide on diagnosis and treatment of acquired palatitis using the CO2surgical laser. Brachycephalic breed-related defects are not only limited to the upper airways, some dogs may develop secondary systemic or localized problems. An abnormality that is over-represented in some breeds such as boxers and bulldogs is prominent palatal rugae. The greater depth of the palatal rugae allows for the entrapment of plaque, food debris and hair. Thus, acquired palatitis or granulomatous lesions may develop. This oral pathology and its consequences are commonly neglected by the owners and frequently missed by the veterinarians. Scientific evidence-based diagnosis and treatment for this breed-related oral pathology are absent in the veterinary literature. This article is the first in providing the elements needed for an adequate morphological characterization of the canine hard palate, allowing veterinarians to appropriately identify anomalous areas of the soft tissue component of the hard palate. This article illustrates the use of a noninvasive surgical technique to prevent and cure the sequelae associated with anomalous palatal rugae. The CO2surgical laser provides a suitable method by offering the fast resolution of the lesions and permanent results.

The study of palatal rugae has an important role in establishing personal identity and facilitating population identification. The current work analyzed the pattern of palatal rugae among an adult Jordanian population and searched for any gender differences. A total of 100 random dental casts were included in this study. Number and pattern of palatal rugae regarding length, shape, direction, and unification of rugae were identified. In addition, measurement of maxillary intercanine widths (MIW) using digital Vernier caliper was done. Palatal rugae on the right side outnumbered those on the left side. Males had more rugae in general than females. The commonest rugae in both sexes were serpiginous. Primary and forward rugae showed the highest frequency. A diverging form of unification was more prevalent than a converging form. Apart from a total number of convergent, divergent and secondary rugae, the total number of other rugae differs significantly between males and females. The study showed characteristics of palatal rugae in a Jordanian population which could be gender specific, facilitating their identification. It revealed the presence of sexual dimorphism, and sex can be predicted using either logistic regression equation or CART model.

SUMMARY: During development, bony changes in the palate are reflected in the palatal rugae. Therefore, we hypothesized that the palatal dimensions (PD) influence the shape and number of palatal rugae (PR). The objectives were to record the palatal rugae characteristics (PRC) and palatal dimensions (intercanine distance (ICD), intermolar distance (IMD), palatal height (PH) and palatal area (PA) in Classes I, II and III malocclusion patients and investigate their interrelationship, and statistically examine the possibility of predicting PRC with the PD. Four hundred eighty-one pre-orthodontic study casts of healthy patients with normal palate anatomy were grouped as Classes I, II and III and scanned using 3D cast scanner. The PRC, ICD, IMD, PH, and PA were recorded digitally using 3D enabled software. The data was statistically analyzed. A strong statistically significant difference was observed between PA and number of straight and wavy rugae. ICD and the number of straight rugae were also related. A weak correlation exists between malocclusion classes and PA. The remaining rugae characteristics did not exhibit any relation with palatal dimensions. PA is positively related to the number of straight rugae and negatively related to the number of wavy rugae. Bigger palates have more straight rugae and less number of wavy rugae. A weak correlation between PA and Angle’s class I malocclusion exists. We also propose that PA has a developmental association with the number and shape of PR.

Although the palatal rugae pattern (PRP) is unique, it is not used in automated biometric systems such as fingerprints and irises. The aim of this study was to identify PRP parameters and formulate...

Purpose: To investigate the effect of changing vertical dimension of complete denture within its normal range on phonation with the presence or absence of palatal rugae, using Computerized speech lab (CSL). Material and Methods: Ten completely edentulous patients (aged 50-60 years) were selected for reading some sentences. Each patient had two maxillary and two mandibular dentures with an adaptation period between each denture. The patients’ speech records were divided into four groups,Group I: Maxillary acrylic denture had polished anterior palatal surface without rugae reproduction and a free-way space of 2 mm.Group II: Maxillary acrylic denture with rugae reproduction on its polished surface and a free-way space of 2 mm.Group III: Maxillary acrylic denture had polished anterior palatal surface without rugae reproduction and a free-way space of 4 mm.Group IV: Maxillary acrylic denture with rugae reproduction on its polished surface and a free-way space of 4 mm, the samples selected were s/sh/t sounds . Results: There is no significant difference was recorded in mean value of first formant frequency in dentures with and without Ruge using freeway of 4 and 2 mm for S and Sh sounds and in the voice onset time (VOT) of T sound. Conclusion: Any change in the normal cross section of the oral cavity by a removable prosthesis will affect the properties of normal human voice, so it is not recommended to construct thick areas in the anterior region of denture even if it contains palatal rugae so that it will not affect palatolingual sounds.

Aim The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between malocclusion and palatal rugae patterns and its reliability in gender determination of adolescents aged 13-18 years. Materials and methods A total of 90 children with 30 in each of skeletal class I, II and III groups respectively were included in the study. The lateral cephalograms of the study samples were analyzed cephalometrically using ANB angle, WITS appraisal and beta angle and categorized as skeletal class I, class II or class III sagittal skeletal jaw relation. Sassouni's Archial analysis was used to reconfirm skeletal jaw relation and also to assess treatment needs. Palatal rugae of each sample were recorded to study the patterns. Thomas and Kotze classification was followed for rugae pattern analysis. Results No definite rugae print pattern could be associated with any particular sagittal skeletal jaw relation in the present study. Female population of class II skeletal malocclusion showed a significant difference for number of rugae on the right and left sides of mid palatine raphe. Discriminant function analysis showed no significance when the number of rugae were compared among males and females for gender determination. Conclusion As rugoscopy was neither found to provide absolute conclusive evidence in identification of any particular jaw relationship nor gender determination, combination with more reliable forensic methods would help in better personal identification. Clinical significance Palatal rugae and craniofacial skeleton develop at the same embryonic period. Developmental factors that cause malocclusions should also reflect in the palatal rugae patterns. There exists a deficiency in studies in samples of younger age group and hence the need of the study. How to cite this article Lalitya D, Srinivasan I, et al. Rugoscopy as a Gender Determination Tool and its Appositeness in Malocclusion among Adolescents Aged 13-18 Years. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(4):307-311.

Statement of the Problem: Palatal rugae have been considered equivalent to fingerprints, as they are unique to each individual. It has been shown that palatal rugae are associated with specific racial groups and are known to aid sex identification. Due to the lack of any published data on palatal rugae morphology on Iranian children, the present study was performed. Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate differences in the morphology of individual palatal in a sample of Iranian children. Additionally, it is intended to develop discriminant function to identify sex, based on rugae morphology. Materials and Method: A total of 120 pre-orthodontic casts were evaluated for different rugae patterns using the Thomas and Kotze classification. The casts were equally distributed between sexes with an age range of 6-12 years. Rugae length, shape, and associated morphology were recorded and the independent t-test and Chi-square test were used to compare the mean and relationship between the attributes. The discriminant function analysis was applied to the data in order to determine the applicability of palatal rugae patterns as an aid for sex identification. Results: While the total rugae count showed an insignificant difference between the males and females, the rugae count on the right side of the palates showed a significant difference (p= 0.046). The primary rugae were most common in both sexes, followed by the secondary and fragmentary rugae. The most prevalent rugae shape between both sexes was the wavy rugae followed by the curve and straight shapes in males and the straight and curve shapes in females. A significant difference was observed in the number of the curve rugae between the sexes. Discriminant function analysis allowed sex differentiation with an accuracy of 60.8%. Conclusion: Palatal rugae shapes are unique to each individual and could be used as a potential tool for sex identification. Further research on a larger sample is required to fully confirm the application of this method (e.g. in forensic medicine) as a complementary technique for sex identification.

This study investigated, if genetic variants in BMP2, BMP4 and SMAD6 are associated with variations in the palatal rugae pattern in humans. Dental casts and genomic DNA from 75 patients were evaluated. Each patient was classified as follows: total amount of rugae; bilateral symmetry in the amount, length and shape of the palatal rugae; presence of secondary or fragmentary palatal rugae; presence of unifications; predominant shape; and predominant direction of the palatal rugae. The genetic variants in BMP2 (rs1005464 and rs235768), BMP4 (rs17563) and SMAD6 (rs2119261 and rs3934908) were genotyped. Genotype distribution was compared between palatal rugae patterns using the chi-square test (alpha = 0.05). The allele A was associated with the presence of secondary or fragmentary rugae for rs1005464 (OR = 2.5, 95%CI 1.1–6.3; p = 0.014). Secondary or fragmentary rugae were associated with the G allele in rs17563 (OR = 2.1, 95%CI 1.1–3.9; p = 0.017). rs17563 was also associated with rugae unification (p = 0.017 in the additive model). The predominant shape (wavy) was associated with rs2119261 (p = 0.023 in the additive model). The left–right symmetry of the length of primary rugae was associated with rs3934908 in the recessive model (OR = 3.6, 95%CI 1.2–11.7; p = 0.025). In conclusion, genetic variants in the BMP pathway impacted on palatal rugae pattern.

Objective The Hedgehog pathway is a fundamental signaling pathway in organogenesis. The expression patterns of the ligand Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and key pathway components have been studied in many tissues but direct spatial comparisons across tissues with different cell compositions and structural organization are not common and could reveal tissue-specific differences in pathway dynamics. Results We directly compared the expression characteristics of Shh, and four genes with functional roles in signaling and whose expression levels serve as readouts of pathway activity in multiple tissues of the embryonic mouse head at embryonic day 15.5 by serial in situ hybridization. The four readout genes were the positive feedback regulator Gli1, and three negative feedback regulators, Patched1, Patched2, and Hedgehog Interacting Protein. While the relative abundance of Gli1 was similar across tissues, the relative expression levels and spatial distribution of Shh and the negative feedback regulators differed, suggesting that feedback regulation of hedgehog signaling is context dependent. This comparative analysis offers insight into how consistent pathway activity could be achieved in tissues with different morphologies and characteristics of ligand expression.

Komal Smriti,1 Raj Gupta,2 Kalyana C Pentapati,3 Anupam Singh,4 Ira Kapoor,2 Ravindranath Vineetha,1 Srikanth Gadicherla4 1Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; 2Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; 3Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; 4Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, IndiaCorrespondence: Kalyana C PentapatiDepartment of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, IndiaEmail drkalyan81@gmail.comBackground: Palatal rugae are asymmetric and irregular ridges on the anterior palatal region, which have proven to be useful in the field of forensic dentistry. This study aims to use morphological analysis of palatal rugae patterns to assess sex in a South Indian adult population.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate a total of 300 maxillary dental casts (150 males and 150 females). The rugae patterns were marked by one observer and classified as per Thomas and Kotze criteria by another observer. The rugae patterns were classified based on the total number of rugae, shape, predominant direction of rugae, and unification of rugae.Results: The palatal rugae in female participants showed a higher incidence of circular rugae and backward directed rugae, while male participants showed more forward-directed rugae. The logistic regression analysis showed a significant association of with circular (OR=1.48; 95% CI= 1.02– 2.13), forward (OR=0.87; 95% CI= 0.78– 0.97) and backward (OR=1.23; 95% CI= 1.08– 1.41) palatal rugae with sex.Conclusion: Certain palatal rugae patterns can be used for the assessment of sex with limited accuracy.Keywords: palatal rugae, sex, identification, palatoscopy, forensic, dentistry

Background: - Palatal Rugae are irregular, asymmetric ridges of mucous membrane extending laterally from incisive papillae and anterior part of palatal raphe. Palatal rugae patterns are relatively unique to individuals and are well protected by lips, buccal pad of fat and teeth. Aims & Objectives: - The aim of the study was to identify pattern of palatal rugae in terms of number, size, and shape and also to compare rugae patterns in males and females of Punjab population. Materials & Methods: - A total of 280 maxillary casts that were randomly collected and were examined using graphite pencil and magnifying glass under adequate light with equal number of males & females. Statistical analysis was done by T-test using SPSS software version 20. Results: - The mean rugae were found to be more in females than males. Most prevalent form on basis of shape is found to be straight and on basis of size is primary form. Statistically, significant values were found in curved and secondary type, both more in females than males. Conclusion: - Palatal rugae pattern is definitely a sufficient characteristic to discriminate between the genders. The present study highlighted the prevalence of palatal rugae in individuals of Punjab population. It is unique to an individual and can be used successfully in identification.

Aim This study aimed to determine the optimal reference area for superimposition of serial 3D dental models of patients with advanced periodontitis. Materials and methods Ten pre- and post-periodontal treatment 3D models (median time lapse: 13.1 months) of patients with advanced periodontitis were acquired by intraoral scanning. Superimposition was performed with the iterative closest point algorithm using four reference areas: (A) all stable teeth, (B) all teeth, (C) third palatal rugae and (D) the whole model. The superimposition accuracy was evaluated at two stable evaluation regions using the mean absolute distance and evaluated with two-way ANOVA and post-hoc multivariate model. The intra- and inter-operator reproducibility was calculated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Superimposition accuracy evaluated at stable tooth evaluation region were 71 ± 29 μm, 73 ± 21 μm, 127 ± 52 μm and 113 ± 53 μm for areas A, B, C and D, respectively. All reference areas showed similarly high ICC values >0.990, except for reference area C showing ICC of 0.821 (intra-operator) and 0.767 (inter-operator) for tooth evaluation area. Conclusions Area A and B provide the highest accuracy for superimposition of serial 3D dental models acquired by intraoral scanning of patients with advanced periodontitis.

Contains fulltext : 238934.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different superimposition methods on the accuracy and predictability of conventional and virtual diagnostic setups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten finished cases were used to make a conventional setup and a virtual setup. Second molars were not moved in the two setup situations to allow a reference for superimposition. Conventional and virtual setups were superimposed and compared by second molar registration and the whole surface best fit method (WSBF). Conventional and virtual setups were compared to the posttreatment models with WSBF and palatal rugae best fit (PRBF). Anterior, intermediate, and posterior regions of the dental arches were compared. The paired t-test was used to compare the mean differences between conventional and virtual setups, posttreatment models and both conventional and virtual setups by the WSBF method, and between maxillary posttreatment and virtual setup models using the WSBF and PRBF methods. RESULTS: Conventional and virtual setups differed depending on the two superimposition methods used. Superimposition of the posttreatment models and both setups using WSBF presented no statistically significant differences. There were statistically significant differences between posttreatment and virtual setup models using WSBF and PRBF superimposition methods. CONCLUSIONS: The model superimposition method influenced the assessment of accuracy and predictability of setup models. There were statistically significant differences between the maxillary posttreatment and virtual setup models using the WSBF and the PRBF superimposition methods. It is important to establish stable structures to evaluate the accuracy and predictability of setup models.

A sample of 38 Italian subjects (17 males and 21 females, mean age 8.2 ± 1.2 years, age range 7.2–8.8 years), who underwent active Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME), was studied to assess the reliabi...

The robust nature of teeth and their ability to resist destruction, make them indispensable evidence in caseswhere human identification by a scientific method is required. Forensic odontology is the branch of dentistrythat combines knowledge of teeth and oral and maxillofacial region of a dentist with the legal system. Dentalidentification has proven to be a boon in disaster victim identification. Besides teeth, an odontologist canalso help identify unknown domains from other features such as the palatal rugae, lip prints, frontal sinus,etc. Forensic Odontology can also assist in the biological profiling of human remains by sex determination,age assessment, racial profiling, and information about habits or pathologies from dental traits. Dental ageestimation is a crucial part of the age estimation process in the medico-legal system. Research has shownthat dental age estimation by studying mineralization and development of teeth in children and young adultscan be fairly accurate and supplement skeletal age assessment. Biological profiling is required to be donefor reconstructive identification by forensic facial reconstruction, especially in cold cases. Equipped with theexpertise of dental structures, oral and maxillofacial region, overall skull anthropology, forensic odontologycan contribute towards the identification of skeletonized, decomposed, or mutilated remains especially incold cases.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer los patrones morfológicos presentes en las rugosidades palatinas de una población costarricense mediante el método de Trobo y efectuar un análisis estadístico con las variables de sexo, edad y afinidad biológica. Se eligiron al azar 70 pacientes a los que se realizaron impresiones y modelos dentales superiores, se documentó el sexo, edad y afinidad biológica de cada uno, junto con el consentimiento informado. Se analizó estadísticamente la distribución de patrones de género, edad y afinidad biológica. Las técnicas para el análisis de la información fueron las distribuciones de frecuencia, cruce de variables, comparación de medias con base en el análisis de variancia, coeficiente de correlación de Spearman; pruebas de Chi cuadrado, para evaluar la independencia entre las características de edad y sexo. Estas pruebas señalan un predominio de tipos de rugas palatinas rectas y de tipo simples tanto en la población masculina como femenina, sin encontrarse variación en el número de rugas asociadas a sexo o afinidad biológica; pero sí se determinó diferencia por grupo de edad, disminuyen en número conforme se incrementa la edad. Por otra parte no se presentó dimorfismo por sexo, lateralidad ni posición. Abstract The present study aimed to establish the morphological patterns present in the palatal rugae in a Costa Rican population by means of the Trobo method and to carry out a statistical analysis with the variables of sex, age and biological affinity. Seventy patients were randomly chosen to whom impressions and superior dental models were made, the sex, age and biological affinity of each one was documented, together with the informed consent. The distribution of gender, age and biological affinity patterns was statistically analyzed. The techniques for the analysis of the information were the frequency distributions, crossing of variables, comparison of means based on the analysis of variance, Spearman's correlation coefficient; Chi square tests, to evaluate the independence between the characteristics of age and sex. These tests indicate a predominance of straight and simple types of palatal rugae in both the male and female population, with no variation in the number of rugae associated with sex or biological affinity; but a difference was determined by age group, they decrease in number as age increases. On the other hand, there was no dimorphism due to sex, laterality or position.

Background DNA base identification is a proper and high specificity method. However, identification could be challenged in a situation where there is no database or the DNA sequence is almost identical, as in the case of monozygotic (MZ) twins. The aim of this study was to introduce a novel forensic method for distinguishing between almost identical MZ twins by means of an intraoral scanner using the 3D digital pattern of the human palate. Methods The palatal area of 64 MZ twins and 33 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins (DZSS) and seven opposite-sex dizygotic twins (DZOS) were scanned three times with an intraoral scanner. From the scanned data, an STL file was created and exported into the GOM Inspect® inspection software. All scans within a twin pair were superimposed on each other. The average deviation between scans of the same subject (intra-subject deviation, ISD) and between scans of the two siblings within a twin pair (intra-twin deviation, ITD) was measured. One-sided tolerance interval covering 99% of the population with 99% confidence was calculated for the ISD (upper limit) and the ITD (lower limit). Results The mean ISD of the palatal scan was 35.3 μm ± 0.78 μm. The calculated upper tolerance limit was 95 μm. The mean ITD of MZ twins (406 μm ± 15 μm) was significantly (p p p Conclusion The reproducibility of palatal intraoral scans proved to be excellent. The morphology of the palate shows differences between members of MZ twins despite their almost identical DNA, indicating that this method could be useful in forensic odontology.

Forensic dentistry is the connection between the dental professions and forensic professions. In fact, the teeth and jaws are highly resistant to degradation and decomposition by postmortem. For a number of different reasons and situations such as mass disasters, in criminal investigations and in the case of disfigured bodies due to fire and vehicle accidents, dental identification of humans happens. The different methods include x-rays, antemortem & post-mortem photographs, tooth prints, palatal rugae, lip printing, bite marking and molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction for pulp DNA analysis.

Background The purpose of the cross sectional study was to investigate the distal extension of the rugae area in a Jordanian (Middle Eastern) population, as an anatomical limitation influencing the surgical decision of harvesting a palatal soft tissue graft. Factors that may influence or predict the extension were also assessed. Methods Sixty periodontally healthy participants (29 males and 31 females) were included. Maxillary alginate impressions were made and casts were poured. The measurements were highlighted from the origin of the rugae (near mid palatine raphe) to the terminal end with a sharp graphite pencil on the cast and a magnification lens was used for identification. The most posterior extension of the rugae were marked on the casts and determined by a standardized periodontal probe. The normal approximation test for binomial distribution was used to determine the proportion of the subjects with rugael extensions beyond the mesial end of the upper second premolar and fisher’s exact test for the purpose of analysis of the association of this extension with other factors. Results In almost half (41.7%) of the sample, the rugae extended distal to the upper second premolar, 23.3% extended to the mid-palatal of the upper second premolar, and 11.7% extended to the mesial of the upper second premolar. The implication is that 90.0% of the rugae reached the upper second premolar and 78.3% extended beyond its mesial aspect. The normal approximation test performed with 95% CI with the "rugael extension proximal to the mesial end of the upper 2nd premolar" considered to be the "success" category revealed that the proportion of the subjects with rugael extensions proximal to the mesial end of the upper second premolar was significantly lower than the proportion beyond the mesial end of the upper second premolar (95% CI of 11.2–32.0%, p = .00001). There was no significant difference between gender, smoking status, gingival phenotype and palatal shape with the posterior extension of palatal rugae. Conclusions Palatal rugae in a sample of a Jordanian population extends beyond the mesial aspect of the upper second premolar which may cause a substantial limitation for graft harvesting from the palate. The hard palate of Jordanian patients may not be a reliable source of soft tissue grafts required for aesthetic mucogingival surgery. No significant association existed between the most posterior extent of palatal rugae and gender, gingival phenotype or palatal shape. Other possible sources should be explored.

Although there is clinical applicability of the palatal rugae as an identification tool in forensic odontology, controversy exists whether the palatal rugae patterns are stable or variable. The greater the genetic component, the higher the probability that palatal rugae patterns are stable. The aim of this study was to compare the palatal rugae morphology between full siblings and the proportion of variability due to genetic component. This cross-sectional study was conducted on digital models of 162 siblings aged 15-30 years old. The palatal rugae patterns were assessed with Thomas and Kotze (1983) classification using Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC). The palatal rugae morphology between siblings showed significantly similar characteristics for total number of left rugae (p = 0.001), left primary rugae (p = 0.017), secondary rugae for right (p = 0.024) and left sides (p = 0.001), right straight rugae (p = 0.010), and right convergent rugae (p = 0.005) accounting for at least 6.25%-12.8% of the variability due to heredity. Despite the similarities found, the palatal rugae patterns showed significant differences between siblings of at least 46.9% (p = 0.001). Zero heritability was found in 9 of the 14 rugae patterns. Meanwhile, total number of rugae, primary, backward, and convergent rugae showed moderate heritability (h2 > 0.3) and total number of secondary rugae showed high heritability (h2 > 0.6). In conclusion, despite the individuality characteristics, an appreciable hereditary component is observed with significant similarities found between sibling pairs and the palatal rugae patterns were both environmentally and genetically influenced.

Background Palatal rugae are asymmetric ridges of connective tissue located behind the incisive papilla over the anterior hard palate. They serve as stable superimposition landmarks to assess tooth movement in orthodontics and as identification aids in forensic odontology. However, the stability of palatal rugae remains controversial. This review aimed to describe the genetic, growth, and environmental factors that may influence the palatal rugae patterns. A broad search of PubMed and ScienceDirect databases was conducted. A total of 193 articles were identified, of which 73 met the selection criteria. Data were extracted into a table that presented the details of the study, sample description, and changes in the palatal rugae patterns. Highlight There were conflicting results regarding sexual dimorphism and population characterization of the palatal rugae patterns. All rugae showed positional changes, increased lengths, and lower numbers, but no significant shape changes with growth. The lengths, numbers, and positions of the rugae were affected by orthodontic treatment, especially their lateral points, but their individual characteristics did not change. Conclusion The diversity in rugae patterns and their potential for sex discrimination among different populations showed differing results due to individual variations and the complex influence of genetic, growth, and environmental factors on their morphology.

Background: The evaluation of palatal rugae in human identification is important because these structures can remain intact for up to seven days after death. Aim: To compare the area and density of the palatal rugae between ages groups and genders. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: Dental plaster models obtained from patients at the Orthodontic Clinic of University of Uberaba were selected. Two hundred patients were divided into four groups: Group 1:10-15 years; Group 2:16-30 years; Group 3:31-50 years; and Group 4:51-70 years. The palatal rugae and hard palate of each plaster model were outlined and photographed. The evaluation of the area of the hard palate and palatal rugae was performed using the ImageJ software. Statistical analysis used: Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests using GraphPad Prism 5 statistical software. Results and conclusión: The areas of the palatal rugae and of the hard palate were significantly smaller in the group 4. There was a significant negative correlation between age and palatal rugae area, and between age and hard palatal area. The present study was the first to demonstrate that patients between 51 and 70 years have a smaller palatal rugae area and a smaller hard palate area when compared to other groups. Thus, the evaluation of the hard palate area and of palatal rugae could be used as an adjunct with other methods to determine the age group of an individual; however studies using larger sample size are needed to validate this observation.