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Since the 2016 Havana Peace Accord (HPA), for many Colombians security has hardly improved. This article argues that this is largely due to socially rooted marginalisation that constrains citizen participation and contributes to entrenched insecurity in the country, especially its border regions. We show how post-HPA community-level responses to insecurity, including constructive engagement with the state, can enhance security and kick-start processes of de-marginalisation. Drawing on original data from interviews in Cesar Department and a series of cross-stakeholder fora in 2019, we demonstrate the utility of the citizen security lens when examining processes of marginalisation, de-marginalisation, and their impact on perceptions of (in)security of marginalised communities.

Con el fin de evaluar el comportamiento productivo de conejos durante el período de crecimiento-engorde, se realizó un experimento que consistió en la sustitución parcial del alimento balanceado comercial (ABC) por el fruto de mango criollo (Mangifera indica) en una granja comercial del estado Monagas, Venezuela. El experimento tuvo una duración de 63 días, se utilizaron 32 conejos mestizos Nueva Zelanda x California de 30 días de edad alojados en jaulas. Se realizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro tratamientos: T1: 120 g de ABC; T2: 80 g de ABC + 40 g de mango criollo; T3: 60 g de ABC + 60 g de mango criollo y T4: 40 g de ABC + 80 g de mango criollo. Las variables dependientes fueron: ganancia diaria de peso promedio (GDP), peso final a los 93 días de edad (PESOFIN), consumo total (CONSTOTAL) y conversión alimenticia con alimento balanceado comercial (CAABC). Se realizó un análisis de varianza por el método de mínimos cuadrados. Los resultados arrojaron diferencias significativas para las variables bajo estudio, siendo los mayores promedios en GDP para T1: 26,69 ± 1,34 g ; PESOFIN para T1: 2083,75 ± 26,09 g ; CONSTOTAL fue para T1: 7434, 37 ± 6,80 g . Las mejores CAABC se obtuvieron en los tratamientos que incorporaron el mango criollo. En general los resultados obtenidos permiten inferir la utilización del fruto del mango como recurso alternativo en la alimentación de conejos de engorde.

Con el fin de evaluar el comportamiento productivo de conejos durante el período de crecimiento-engorde, se realizó un experimento que consistió en la sustitución parcial del alimento balanceado comercial (ABC) por el fruto de mango criollo (Mangifera indica) en una granja comercial del estado Monagas, Venezuela. El experimento tuvo una duración de 63 días, se utilizaron 32 conejos mestizos Nueva Zelanda x California de 30 días de edad alojados en jaulas. Se realizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro tratamientos: T1: 120 g de ABC; T2: 80 g de ABC + 40 g de mango criollo; T3: 60 g de ABC + 60 g de mango criollo y T4: 40 g de ABC + 80 g de mango criollo. Las variables dependientes fueron: ganancia diaria de peso promedio (GDP), peso final a los 93 días de edad (PESOFIN), consumo total (CONSTOTAL) y conversión alimenticia con alimento balanceado comercial (CAABC). Se realizó un análisis de varianza por el método de mínimos cuadrados. Los resultados arrojaron diferencias significativas para las variables bajo estudio, siendo los mayores promedios en GDP para T1: 26,69 ± 1,34 g ; PESOFIN para T1: 2083,75 ± 26,09 g ; CONSTOTAL fue para T1: 7434, 37 ± 6,80 g . Las mejores CAABC se obtuvieron en los tratamientos que incorporaron el mango criollo. En general los resultados obtenidos permiten inferir la utilización del fruto del mango como recurso alternativo en la alimentación de conejos de engorde. With the purpose of evaluating the productive behavior of rabbits during the period of fattening growth, I made an experiment that consisted on the partial substitution of the commercial balanced food by the Mango fruit (Mangifera indicates) in a commercial farm of the Monagas state, Venezuela . The experiment lasted 63 days, there were used 32 racially mixed rabbits from New Zealand and California being 30 days of age, lodged in cages. Four treatments were used, with a design completely randomized and four repetitions settled down. T1: 120 commercial balanced food (BFC), T2: 80 BFC g + 40 Mango g, T3: 60 BFC g + 60 Mango g and T4:40 BFC g + 80 Mango g. The dependent variables were: daily gain of weight average (DGW), final gain of weight (FGW), nutritional conversion with commercial balanced food (NCABFC), final weight at 93 days of age (FP), total consumption (TC). There was made an analysis of variance by the method of square minimums. The results showed significant differences for the variables under study. Being the greater averages in DGW for T1: 26,69 ± 1.34 g ; FP for T1: 2083,75 ± 7.85 kg ; TC was for T1: 7434,37 ± 11,23. The best NCABFC were obtained in the treatments that incorporated the Mango fruit. In general the results obtained allow to infer the use of the fruit as alternative resource in the feeding of fattening rabbits.

Se presentan dos casos clínicos del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología (SORL) del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau (HBLT) con diagnóstico de Pneumosinus dilatans (PD). El PD es una rara condición, que se presenta como una dilatación anormal de uno o varios senos paranasales (SP) sin evidencia de compromiso óseo ni mucoso, que se asocia a dolor y deformidad facial. La tomografía computada (TC) permite hacer el diagnóstico; el tratamiento es quirúrgico y está orientado a descomprimir el o los SP comprometidos; con lo anterior se logra la erradicación del dolor, pero la deformidad facial persiste.

Se presentan dos casos clínicos del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología (SORL) del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau (HBLT) con diagnóstico de Pneumosinus dilatans (PD). El PD es una rara condición, que se presenta como una dilatación anormal de uno o varios senos paranasales (SP) sin evidencia de compromiso óseo ni mucoso, que se asocia a dolor y deformidad facial. La tomografía computada (TC) permite hacer el diagnóstico; el tratamiento es quirúrgico y está orientado a descomprimir el o los SP comprometidos; con lo anterior se logra la erradicación del dolor, pero la deformidad facial persiste. Two clinical cases with a diagnosis ofpneumoslnus dilatans (PD) from the Servicio de Otorrinolaringología (SORL) of Hospital Barros Lucos-Trudeau (HBLT) are presented. PD is a rare condition in which an abnormal enlargement of one or several paranasal sinuses (PS) is present, with no evidence of bone or mucosa involvement. It is associated with facial pain and deformity. Diagnosis is based on CT scan; treatment is surgical and it is oriented to decompress the PS involved, eradicating pain but with a persisting facial deformity.

Background: In Chile, there is no information about the prevalence of smoking among basic and high school students. Aim: To study the prevalence of smoking among school age population. Material and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted during 2001, assessing tobacco use and smoking habit in a representative sample of 15.119 randomly selected students. Results: Sixty four percent of students had smoked at least once in their lifetime. Eighteen percent of students smoked daily and 15%, occasionally. The figures for women were higher (19 and 18% respectively). The mean age for the first contact with smoking was 12.3 years and, for starting the smoking habit, 13.2 years. Smokers increased the amount of cigarettes during weekends. Higher prevalence rates of smoking were observed in students from the Southern region of the country and of lower socioeconomic levels. From the 3rd grade on, there is an increased risk of having contact with tobacco and smoking for the first time and from 6th grade on, this risk becomes permanent. The adjusted Odds Ratio to be a smoker is significantly higher when the mother is a current or irregular smoker (OR 1.9 95 CI; 1.7-2.0). Conclusions: High smoking prevalence rates were detected in this survey, mainly in women. The risk for smoking starts early during school life. Therefore, health promotion programs must include elementary and high school students (Rev Méd Chile 2004; 132: 171-82)

Background: In Chile, there is no information about the prevalence of smoking among basic and high school students. Aim: To study the prevalence of smoking among school age population. Material and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted during 2001, assessing tobacco use and smoking habit in a representative sample of 15.119 randomly selected students. Results: Sixty four percent of students had smoked at least once in their lifetime. Eighteen percent of students smoked daily and 15%, occasionally. The figures for women were higher (19 and 18% respectively). The mean age for the first contact with smoking was 12.3 years and, for starting the smoking habit, 13.2 years. Smokers increased the amount of cigarettes during weekends. Higher prevalence rates of smoking were observed in students from the Southern region of the country and of lower socioeconomic levels. From the 3rd grade on, there is an increased risk of having contact with tobacco and smoking for the first time and from 6th grade on, this risk becomes permanent. The adjusted Odds Ratio to be a smoker is significantly higher when the mother is a current or irregular smoker (OR 1.9 95 CI; 1.7-2.0). Conclusions: High smoking prevalence rates were detected in this survey, mainly in women. The risk for smoking starts early during school life. Therefore, health promotion programs must include elementary and high school students (Rev Méd Chile 2004; 132: 171-82)