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Pulmonary complications are important cause for high incidence of mortality in chronic liver disease patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Up to 50–70% of patients report shortness of breath, reflecting the high prevalence of respiratory failure, defined as an arterial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) of less than 60 mm Hg. The causes of respiratory failure are multifactorial in chronic liver disease. Although much attention is given to the pathologies of pulmonary microcirculation (i.e., portopulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome), these specific conditions are found in

The black kite is a medium-sized raptor and widely distributed on all continents except Nearctic and Neo-tropic zone. It plays a crucial role in the ecosystem and maintains prey populations, especially for rodents. They preferred a wide variety of habitats, including open areas, grasslands, scattered vegetation, agricultural land and also adapted towards cities and towns. Black kite diets are extremely diverse; they typically consume grasshoppers, birds, rodents, bats and dead animal carcasses. A diet of black kite varies geographically and depends on the availability and abundance of prey population. The breeding season for black kites begins in March and lasts until April and also vary and depending on the subspecies. Black kites usually construct nest upon large trees, mobile tower and electric pylons. They generally utilise plant matter as nesting material, but sometime they also utilise clothes, paper and plastic. Population of black kite is declining due to poisoning by pesticides, lack of roosting and nesting sites, lack of prey availability and electrocutions. Environmental conditions such as extreme temperature, wind velocity and rainfall influence the daily activity and breeding biology of black kites. Habitat fragmentation, anthropogenic interference, deforestation, pesticide pollution and electrocutions cause negative impacts on raptor survival, including the black kite.

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a member of the collectin protein family that binds a broad range of microorganisms and activates the lectin-complement pathway of innate immunity. A number of mutations have been found in both the coding as well as the non-coding regions of the MBL1 gene in various species, of which several variations affected the assembly of MBL1, thus leading to a low level of plasmic MBL and innate immune dysfunctions. In the present study, we have reported molecular cloning and characterization of the complete coding sequence of the MBL1 gene in the Indian buffalo breed Murrah. A 951 bp fragment of the MBL1 gene was amplified, cloned and sequenced. Multiple sequence alignment with other buffalo and cattle breeds revealed that the Murrah buffalo MBL1 CDS was 98.1-99.6% homologous to other buffalo breeds, and 98.3-98.5% similar to cattle breeds at nucleotide level. It was 96.8-98.8% homologous to buffalo breeds and 96.8-97.2% similar to cattle breeds at amino acid level. The amino acid sequence of the Murrah buffalo MBL1 contained two non-synonymous amino acid substitutions (L204P and S180P). Further, PCR-RFLP was performed to screen 50 Murrah buffalo for the presence of SNPs, g.855G>A in intron I and g.2686T>C, as well as g.2651G>A in exon 2 region of the MBL1 gene. The ApaI/intron I PCR-RFLP assay revealed a polymorphic pattern with three genotypes viz., AG (90%), GG (8%) and AA (2%), with allelic frequencies 0.94 for G and 0.06 for A. HaeIII/exon 2 PCR-RFLP assay exhibited the presence of three genotypes, namely, TC (66%), TT (32%) and CC (2%) with allelic frequencies 0.15 for T and 0.85 for C. StyI/exon 2. PCR-RFLP assay showed a monomorphic pattern for g.2651G>A with GG genotype only. We further examined the association of these SNPs with milk production traits and somatic cell score (SCS), and found no significant difference for any of the traits. Since the present study has formulated the results on the basis of a relatively small sample size, further studies with a larger sample size are required to validate the effects of polymorphisms., Lektin koji veže manozu (MBL), član je porodice proteina kolektina koja veže veliki broj mikroorganizama i aktivira lektinski put komplementa prirođene imunosti. U različitim vrstama pronađene su brojne mutacije u kodirajućim i nekodirajućim regijama gena MBL1. Za nekoliko je mutacije utvrđeno da utječu na strukturu gena MBL1, što dovodi do snižavanja razine MBL-a i prirođenog poremećaja imunosnog sustava. U ovom je istraživanju provedeno molekularno kloniranje i karakterizacija cjelovitog slijeda gena MBL1 u indijskog vodenog bivola pasmine Murrah. Fragment s ukupno je 951 bp gena MBL1 umnožen je kloniran i sekvenciran. Višestruko poravnanje sekvencija s drugim pasminama bivola i goveda otkrilo je da je kodirajuća sekvencija gena MBL1 bila 98,1 – 99,6 % podudarna s drugim pasminama bivola i 98,3 – 98,5 % podudarna s drugim pasminama goveda na nukleotidnoj razini. Na razini aminokiselina ustanovljena je podudarnost od 96,8 do 98,8 % s pasminama bivola i 96,8 – 97,2 % s pasminama goveda. Sekvencija aminokiselina MBL1 u vodenih bivola pasmine Murrah sadržavala je dvije nepodudarne supstitucije aminokiselina (L204P i S180P). Osim toga proveden je PCR-RFLP kako bi se 50 bivola pasmine Murrah analiziralo na prisutnost jednonukleotidnih polimorfizama (SNP), g. 855G > A u intronu I i g. 2686T > C, kao i g. 2651G > A, u eksonu 2 regije gena MBL1. Test ApaI/intron I PCR-RFLP otkrio je polimorfni obrazac s tri genotipa: AG (90 %), GG (8 %) i AA (2 %) s učestalošću alela od 0,94 za G i 0,06 za A. Test HaeIII/exon 2 PCR-RFLP pokazao je prisutnost triju genotipova: TC (66 %), TT (32 %) i CC (2 %) s učestalošću alela od 0,15 za T i 0,85 za C. Test StyI/exon 2 PCR-RFLP pokazao je monomorfni obrazac za g. 2651G > A, samo s genotipom GG. Osim navedenog istražena je i povezanost SNP-ova s proizvodnim svojstvima mlijeka i omjerom somatskih stanica (SCS). Nije pronađena znakovita razlika ni za jedno svojstvo. S obzirom na to da se ovo istraživanje temelji na malom broju uzoraka, potrebna su istraživanja koja će uključiti veći broj životinja kako bi se provjerili učinci polimorfizama.

Neural networks have been rapidly expanding in recent years, with novel strategies and applications. However, challenges such as interpretability, explainability, robustness, safety, trust, and sensibility remain unsolved in neural network technologies, despite the fact that they will unavoidably be addressed for critical applications. Attempts have been made to overcome the challenges in neural network computing by representing and embedding domain knowledge in terms of symbolic representations. Thus, the neuro-symbolic learning (NeSyL) notion emerged, which incorporates aspects of symbolic representation and bringing common sense into neural networks (NeSyL). In domains where interpretability, reasoning, and explainability are crucial, such as video and image captioning, question-answering and reasoning, health informatics, and genomics, NeSyL has shown promising outcomes. This review presents a comprehensive survey on the state-of-the-art NeSyL approaches, their principles, advances in machine and deep learning algorithms, applications such as opthalmology, and most importantly, future perspectives of this emerging field., 24 pages, 16 figures

We consider here the generalization of the Bilal distribution proposed by Abd-Elrahman (2017) by zeroing in on two measures of reliability, R(t) and P, based on type II censoring. We obtain point estimators namely, λ and θ, of the above said distribution, when both parameters of the distribution are unknown. Maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs), Bayes estimators (BEs) and Lindley’s approximation for the Bayes estimators are proposed. By using independent noninformative type of priors for the unknown parameters Bayes estimators are derived. Although the proposed estimators cannot be expressed in closed forms, these can be easily obtained through the use of numerical procedures. The performance of these estimators is studied on the basis of their mean squared error (MSE), computed separately under LINEX loss function (LLF) and squared error loss function (SELF) through Monte-Carlo simulation technique., Statistica, Vol. 80 No. 3 (2020)

Texture-based classification solutions have proven their significance in many domains, from industrial inspections to health-related applications. New methods have been developed based on texture feature learning and CNN-based architectures to address computer vision use cases for images with rich texture-based features. In recent years, architectures solving texture-based classification problems and demonstrating state-of-the-art results have emerged. Yet, one limitation of these approaches is that they cannot claim to be suitable for all types of image texture patterns. Each technique has an advantage for a specific texture type only. To address this shortcoming, we propose a framework that combines more than one texture-based techniques together, uniquely, with a CNN backbone to extract the most relevant texture features. This enables the model to be trained in a self-selective manner and produce improved results over current published benchmarks -- with almost same number of model parameters. Our proposed framework works well on most texture types simultaneously and allows flexibility for additional texture-based methods to be accommodated to achieve better results than existing architectures. In this work, firstly, we present an analysis on the relative importance of existing techniques when used alone and in combination with other TE methods on benchmark datasets. Secondly, we show that Global Average Pooling which represents the spatial information -- is of less significance in comparison to the TE method(s) applied in the network while training for texture-based classification tasks. Finally, we present state-of-the-art results for several texture-based benchmark datasets by combining three existing texture-based techniques using our proposed framework.

Subfamily Dryininae Haliday, 1833 Type genus: Dryinus Latreille, 1804 Genus Dryinus Latreille, 1804 Dryinus Latreille, 1804: 176. Type species: Dryinus collaris (Linnaeus, 1767) = Dryinus formicarius Latreille, 1804, by subsequent monotypy., Published as part of Singh, Sudhir, Colombo, Wesley D., Shreevihar, Santhosh, Pandey, Vijay P. & Tribull, Carly M., 2021, Rediscovery of Kurian's types of Hymenoptera at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India with notes on Indian bethylid fauna, pp. 1-90 in Zootaxa 5019 (1) on pages 75-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5019.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5222728, {"references":["Haliday, A. H. (1833) An essay on the classification of the Parasitic Hymenoptera of Britain, which correspond with the Ichneumones minuti of Linnaeus. The Entomological Magazine, 1, 259 - 273.","Latreille, P. A. (1804) Tableau methodique des Insectes. Classe huitieme. Insecta. In: Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Historire Naturelle, appliquee aux Arts, Principalement a l'Agriculture et a l'Economie rurale et domestique. Tome XXIV. Deterville. Paris, pp. 129 - 200.","Kurian, C. (1955) Bethyloidea (Hymenoptera) from Indian. Agra University Journal of Research, 4, 67 - 155."]}

29. Epyris mackenziei (Kurian, 1955) comb. nov. Fig. 29, A–I Chlorepyris mackenziei Kurian, 1955, 4: 101, 103, 104, Figs: 130–135. Type locality: Chapra, Bihar, India (♀ holotype, NFIC-FRI). Diagnosis. Female. Length about 6.8 mm. General colour black with apex of metasoma reddish-brown. Head wider than long; frons weakly coriaceus; ocelli distinct; eye glabrous; median clypeal lobe conspicuous, anterior margin rounded, longer than lateral ones; mandible tridentate; antenna with sparse pubescence, scape 3.0 × longer than pedicel, pedicel longer than first flagellomere. Pronotum weakly coriaceous; mesonotum shorter than pronotal dorsal area; notauli complete, as long as parapsidal signum; mesoscuto-mesoscutellar suture not sulcate, foveae elliptical, very small. Metapectal-propodeal disc wider than long; metapostnotal median carina present; first abdominal spiracle dorsally placed. Tarsal claw bifid. Wings nearly brownish; forewing with pterostigma dark brown; hind wing with three hamuli. Metasoma polished. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: [INDIA,] Bengal {Bihar}, Chapra, Mackenzie coll. Type conditions. Holotype partly dissected on slide Nº. 81/B and remaining rested on the pin. Pinned: Mesosoma, without any wing or leg. On slides: S1 C1—one proleg without coxae; one femur. S1 C2—head with scape, and metasoma. S2 C1—one forewing and one hind wing. S2 C2—one proleg legs without coxa, second leg without coxa and femur; three fragments of antenna—first with scape, pedicel and first flagellomere, second with four flagellomeres and third with apical eight flagellomeres. S3 C1—four coxae. Remarks. Kurian (1952, p. 103–104) provided a detailed description of the holotype with drawings. We observed the scape without spine-shaped pectens, mesoscuto-scutellar suture with two foveae, not sulcate, and the forewing with the 2r-rs&Rs 2 v long, which supports placing this species in Epyris. Hosts. Unknown., Published as part of Singh, Sudhir, Colombo, Wesley D., Shreevihar, Santhosh, Pandey, Vijay P. & Tribull, Carly M., 2021, Rediscovery of Kurian's types of Hymenoptera at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India with notes on Indian bethylid fauna, pp. 1-90 in Zootaxa 5019 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5019.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5222728, {"references":["Kurian, C. (1955) Bethyloidea (Hymenoptera) from Indian. Agra University Journal of Research, 4, 67 - 155.","Kurian, C. (1952) Descriptions of four new and record of one known Bethyloidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera) from India. Agra University Journal of Research, 1, 63 - 72."]}

37. Trachepyris sanctipauli (Kurian, 1954b) comb. nov. Fig. 37, A–L Chlorepyris sanctipauli Kurian, 1954b, 3: 423–426, Figs: 14–18. Type locality: Agra, India (♀ holotype, NFIC-FRI). Diagnosis. Female. Length about 4.5 mm. General colour black. Head as long as wide; frons polished; ocelli distinct, posterior to supra-ocular line; eye glabrous; median clypeal lobe conspicuous, anterior margin almost straight, longer than lateral ones; mandible unidentate, apex downward, ventral laminar expansion present; antenna with spine-shaped pubescence, scape 2.3 × longer than pedicel, pedicel longer than first flagellomere. Pronotum polished; mesonotum shorter than pronotal dorsal area; notauli complete, longer than parapsidal signum; mesoscutomesoscutellar suture not sulcate, foveae oval, very small. Metapectal-propodeal disc as long as wide; metapostnotal median carina present; first abdominal spiracle laterally placed. Protibia and metatibia with long spines; tarsal claw bifid. Wings nearly hyaline; forewing with pterostigma brown, 2r-rs&Rs 2 v short; hind wing with five hamuli. Metasoma polished. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: [INDIA, Uttar Pradesh,] Agra, St. Paul’s Church, 22-VII-1951, Chandy Kurian coll. Type conditions. Holotype partly dissected on slide Nº. 142/B and remaining rested on the pin. Pinned: Complete body. On slides: S1 C1—one metaleg without coxa and femur. S2 C1—one forewing; one hind wing. S2 C2—one proleg; one metaleg; both legs without coxae; one antenna. Remarks. Kurian (1954b, p. 423–426) provided a detailed description of the holotype with drawings. We observed the mandibles with apex downward, ventral margins with laminar expansion, and the mesoscuto-scutellar suture with two foveae, not sulcate, which support the placement of this species in Trachepyris. One of the holotype slides is mistakenly marked as ‘male’. Hosts. Unknown.

35. Holepyris raonis (Kurian, 1955) comb. nov. Fig. 35, A–J Apenesia raonis Kurian, 1955, 4: 100, 101, Figs: 118–123. Sclerodermus raonis (Kurian, 1955), Azevedo et al. (2018): 250. Type locality: St. John’s College, Agra, India (♀ holotype, NFIC-FRI). Diagnosis. Female. Length about 4.3 mm. General colour dark reddish-brown to black. Head as long as wide; frons coriaceus; ocelli distinct, posterior to supra-ocular line; eye glabrous; median clypeal lobe conspicuous, anterior margin rounded, as long as lateral ones; antenna with sparse pubescence, scape 2.4 × longer than pedicel, pedicel longer than first flagellomere. Pronotum coriaceous, posterior pronotal sulcus foveolate; mesonotum shorter than pronotal dorsal area; notauli absent; mesoscuto-mesoscutellar suture sulcate, trabeculate, deep. Metapectalpropodeal disc longer than wide; metapostnotal median carina present; first abdominal spiracle laterally placed. Tarsal claw bifid. Wings nearly hyaline; forewing with pterostigma light brown; hind wing with three hamuli. Metasoma polished. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: [INDIA, Uttar Pradesh,] Agra, St John’s College, 23-III-1950, S.N. Rao coll. Type conditions. Holotype partly dissected on slide Nº. 23/B and remaining rested on the pin. Pinned: body complete with left antenna and left forewing attached. On slides: S1 C1—one forewing and one hind wing. S1 C2—one antenna. S2 C1—one pro and one metaleg, both without coxae. S2 C2—two meso and one metaleg all with separated coxae. Remarks. This species was originally allocated in Apenesia Westwood, 1874. Azevedo et al. (2018, p. 250) transferred this species to Sclerodermus. Kurian (1955) provided a detailed description of the holotype, with drawings. He illustrated the forewings with anterior margin angular, which is common for sclerodermines, and probably for this reason, Azevedo et al. (2018) removed this species from Pristocerinae, since all the females of Pristocerinae are apterous. We detected the clypeus trilobate, eyes mid-sized and glabrous, the dorsal pronotal with posterior pronotal sulcus foveolate, and with humeral angle not projected, the mesoscuto-scutellar suture sulcate, the metanotum undeveloped medially, the wings are fully developed, the forewings with three closed cells (C 2 c, R 2 c, 1Cu 2 c), and the metapostnotal median carina is long. These observations support the placement of this species in Holepyris. Hosts. Unknown. Genus Laelius Ashmead, 1893 Laelius Ashmead, 1893, 45: 50. Type species: Laelius trogodermatis Ashmead, 1893 by original designation.

Singh, Sudhir, Colombo, Wesley D., Shreevihar, Santhosh, Pandey, Vijay P., Tribull, Carly M. (2021): Rediscovery of Kurian's types of Hymenoptera at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India with notes on Indian bethylid fauna. Zootaxa 5019 (1): 1-90, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5019.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5019.1.1

29. Epyris mackenziei (Kurian, 1955) comb. nov. Fig. 29, A–I Chlorepyris mackenziei Kurian, 1955, 4: 101, 103, 104, Figs: 130–135. Type locality: Chapra, Bihar, India (♀ holotype, NFIC-FRI). Diagnosis. Female. Length about 6.8 mm. General colour black with apex of metasoma reddish-brown. Head wider than long; frons weakly coriaceus; ocelli distinct; eye glabrous; median clypeal lobe conspicuous, anterior margin rounded, longer than lateral ones; mandible tridentate; antenna with sparse pubescence, scape 3.0 × longer than pedicel, pedicel longer than first flagellomere. Pronotum weakly coriaceous; mesonotum shorter than pronotal dorsal area; notauli complete, as long as parapsidal signum; mesoscuto-mesoscutellar suture not sulcate, foveae elliptical, very small. Metapectal-propodeal disc wider than long; metapostnotal median carina present; first abdominal spiracle dorsally placed. Tarsal claw bifid. Wings nearly brownish; forewing with pterostigma dark brown; hind wing with three hamuli. Metasoma polished. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: [INDIA,] Bengal {Bihar}, Chapra, Mackenzie coll. Type conditions. Holotype partly dissected on slide Nº. 81/B and remaining rested on the pin. Pinned: Mesosoma, without any wing or leg. On slides: S1 C1—one proleg without coxae; one femur. S1 C2—head with scape, and metasoma. S2 C1—one forewing and one hind wing. S2 C2—one proleg legs without coxa, second leg without coxa and femur; three fragments of antenna—first with scape, pedicel and first flagellomere, second with four flagellomeres and third with apical eight flagellomeres. S3 C1—four coxae. Remarks. Kurian (1952, p. 103–104) provided a detailed description of the holotype with drawings. We observed the scape without spine-shaped pectens, mesoscuto-scutellar suture with two foveae, not sulcate, and the forewing with the 2r-rs&Rs 2 v long, which supports placing this species in Epyris. Hosts. Unknown.

9. Goniozus morindae Kurian, 1952 Fig. 9, A–I Goniozus morindae Kurian, 1952, 1: 66, 67, Figs: 7–11. Type locality: Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, India (♀ holotype, NFIC-FRI). Diagnosis. Female. Length about 2.5 mm. General colour dark reddish-brown. Head wider than long; frons coriaceous; ocelli distinct, posterior to supra-ocular line; eye glabrous; median clypeal lobe conspicuous, anterior margin almost rounded, longer than lateral ones; median clypeal carina indistinct; mandible tridentate; antenna with dense pubescence, scape 2.0 × longer than pedicel, pedicel as long as first flagellomere. Pronotum weakly coriaceous; mesonotum shorter than pronotal dorsal area; notauli absent. Metapectal-propodeal disc as long as wide; metapostnotal median carina absent. Tarsal claw bifid. Wings hyaline; forewing with pterostigma light brown, 2R1 2 c cell opened, Rs+M 2 v vein present, 1M 2 c opened. Metasoma polished. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: [INDIA,] Tamil Nadu, Tanjore, 1930, M. S. Mani coll., bethylid parasites of Asphondylia morindae Mani, from gall Nº. 288 on flowers of Morinda tinctoria Roxb. Type conditions. Holotype completely dissected and mounted on slide Nº.139/B. On slides: S1 C1—two legs; one forewing and one hind wing. S1 C2—mesosoma; metasoma placed lataerally and ovipositor dissected and placed near by; four legs, two without coxae, tibia, and tarsi; one forewing. S2 C1—head with both antennae attached. S2 C2—two legs; one forewing. Paratype female mounted on a slide—S3 C1 complete body on lateral side, metasoma detached. S3 C2—one head with a both antennae whose few distal segments missing, one leg. Remarks. Kurian (1952) described the holotype as male, and labeled the slides of the holotype also as male, but the dissected metasoma (S1 C2) confirmed it as female. Labels of the holotype (handwritten) are on a pin from which the holotype was dissected and mounted on slides. In the type material of the original publication there is no mention of an allotype, but we found a slide of a female with the label of allotype (sex not marked on the slide) presented with details, as follows: S2 C1—head; mesosoma with pro- and mesolegs attached; two metalegs; metasoma, in lateral side. S3 C2—another female; head with antenna without distal flagellomeres; mesosoma with two prolegs and one metaleg; metasoma connected with mesosoma by petiole. Hosts. Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Asphondylia morindae Mani., Published as part of Singh, Sudhir, Colombo, Wesley D., Shreevihar, Santhosh, Pandey, Vijay P. & Tribull, Carly M., 2021, Rediscovery of Kurian's types of Hymenoptera at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India with notes on Indian bethylid fauna, pp. 1-90 in Zootaxa 5019 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5019.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5222728, {"references":["Kurian, C. (1952) Descriptions of four new and record of one known Bethyloidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera) from India. Agra University Journal of Research, 1, 63 - 72."]}

37. Trachepyris sanctipauli (Kurian, 1954b) comb. nov. Fig. 37, A–L Chlorepyris sanctipauli Kurian, 1954b, 3: 423–426, Figs: 14–18. Type locality: Agra, India (♀ holotype, NFIC-FRI). Diagnosis. Female. Length about 4.5 mm. General colour black. Head as long as wide; frons polished; ocelli distinct, posterior to supra-ocular line; eye glabrous; median clypeal lobe conspicuous, anterior margin almost straight, longer than lateral ones; mandible unidentate, apex downward, ventral laminar expansion present; antenna with spine-shaped pubescence, scape 2.3 × longer than pedicel, pedicel longer than first flagellomere. Pronotum polished; mesonotum shorter than pronotal dorsal area; notauli complete, longer than parapsidal signum; mesoscutomesoscutellar suture not sulcate, foveae oval, very small. Metapectal-propodeal disc as long as wide; metapostnotal median carina present; first abdominal spiracle laterally placed. Protibia and metatibia with long spines; tarsal claw bifid. Wings nearly hyaline; forewing with pterostigma brown, 2r-rs&Rs 2 v short; hind wing with five hamuli. Metasoma polished. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: [INDIA, Uttar Pradesh,] Agra, St. Paul’s Church, 22-VII-1951, Chandy Kurian coll. Type conditions. Holotype partly dissected on slide Nº. 142/B and remaining rested on the pin. Pinned: Complete body. On slides: S1 C1—one metaleg without coxa and femur. S2 C1—one forewing; one hind wing. S2 C2—one proleg; one metaleg; both legs without coxae; one antenna. Remarks. Kurian (1954b, p. 423–426) provided a detailed description of the holotype with drawings. We observed the mandibles with apex downward, ventral margins with laminar expansion, and the mesoscuto-scutellar suture with two foveae, not sulcate, which support the placement of this species in Trachepyris. One of the holotype slides is mistakenly marked as ‘male’. Hosts. Unknown., Published as part of Singh, Sudhir, Colombo, Wesley D., Shreevihar, Santhosh, Pandey, Vijay P. & Tribull, Carly M., 2021, Rediscovery of Kurian's types of Hymenoptera at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India with notes on Indian bethylid fauna, pp. 1-90 in Zootaxa 5019 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5019.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5222728, {"references":["Kurian, C. (1954 b) Descriptions of five new and records and redescriptions of two known Bethyloidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera) from India. Agra University Journal of Research, 3, 417 - 439."]}

34. Holepyris patnae (Kurian, 1955) comb. nov. Figs 34, A–L; 51, K–L. Epyris patnae Kurian, 1955, 4: 89, 97, 98, Figs: 107–111. Type locality: Patna, India (♂ holotype, NFIC-FRI). Diagnosis. Male. Length about 2.8 mm. General colour dark reddish-brown to black. Head as long as wide; frons strongly coriaceus; ocelli distinct, posterior to supra-ocular line; eye glabrous; median clypeal lobe conspicuous, anterior margin rounded, as long as lateral ones; mandible tridentate; antenna with sparse pubescence, scape 0.2 × longer than pedicel, pedicel shorter than first flagellomere. Pronotum strongly coriaceous; mesonotum shorter than pronotal dorsal area; notauli indistinct, shorter than parapsidal signum; mesoscuto-mesoscutellar suture sulcate, trabeculate, deep. Metapectal-propodeal disc longer than wide; metapostnotal median carina present; first abdominal spiracle laterally placed. Tarsal claw bifid. Wings hyaline; forewing with pterostigma light brown; hind wing with four hamuli. Metasoma polished. Genitalia: Harpe simple, longer than gonostipes in dorsal view, apex rounded, not arched inward; gonostipes wide, not covering aedeagal base; cuspis elongate, apex anterior to apex of harpe; digitus with apex posterior to apex of cuspis, its posterior margin smooth with three teeth; aedeagus subtrapezoidal, its apex posterior to apex of digitus. Female. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: [INDIA,] Patna, 26-V-1911, parasitic, C. Nº. 881. Paratype: 1♂, same data of the holotype. Type conditions. Holotype partly dissected on slide Nº. 90/B and rest was mounted on the pin. Pinned: Head and Metasoma both separately glued to the pith to which mesosoma is pinned; mesosoma, with both pro- and mesolegs attached. On slides: S1 C1—one forewing and one hind wing. S1 C2—one proleg, one leg without coxa; one antenna complete. Paratype partly dissected on slide Nº. 68/B and remaining rested on the pin. Pinned: mesosoma without any appendages. On slides: S2 C1—one hind wing only. S3 C1—one forewing and one hind wing. S3 C2—two legs, one with coxa; one antenna broken into two. Remarks: The pinned holotype was in poor shape, with a rusted pin that had damaged the mesosoma, with the remaining parts (head, legs, wings and metasoma) loosely attached and disintegrating. To preserve the type, it was remounted on a card. The metasoma of the holotype was dissected to extract the genitalia, which are mounted under the rectangular cover on S1. The head and metasoma of the paratype are missing. We detected the clypeus trilobate, eyes mid-sized and glabrous, the dorsal pronotal area with posterior pronotal sulcus foveolate, and with humeral angle not projected, the mesoscuto-scutellar suture sulcate, the metanotum undeveloped medially, the wings are fully developed, the forewings with three closed cells (C 2 c, R 2 c, 1Cu 2 c), and the metapostnotal median carina is long. All of these observations support the placement of this species in Holepyris. Hosts. Unknown.

35. Holepyris raonis (Kurian, 1955) comb. nov. Fig. 35, A–J Apenesia raonis Kurian, 1955, 4: 100, 101, Figs: 118–123. Sclerodermus raonis (Kurian, 1955), Azevedo et al. (2018): 250. Type locality: St. John’s College, Agra, India (♀ holotype, NFIC-FRI). Diagnosis. Female. Length about 4.3 mm. General colour dark reddish-brown to black. Head as long as wide; frons coriaceus; ocelli distinct, posterior to supra-ocular line; eye glabrous; median clypeal lobe conspicuous, anterior margin rounded, as long as lateral ones; antenna with sparse pubescence, scape 2.4 × longer than pedicel, pedicel longer than first flagellomere. Pronotum coriaceous, posterior pronotal sulcus foveolate; mesonotum shorter than pronotal dorsal area; notauli absent; mesoscuto-mesoscutellar suture sulcate, trabeculate, deep. Metapectalpropodeal disc longer than wide; metapostnotal median carina present; first abdominal spiracle laterally placed. Tarsal claw bifid. Wings nearly hyaline; forewing with pterostigma light brown; hind wing with three hamuli. Metasoma polished. Male. Unknown. Material examined. Holotype: [INDIA, Uttar Pradesh,] Agra, St John’s College, 23-III-1950, S.N. Rao coll. Type conditions. Holotype partly dissected on slide Nº. 23/B and remaining rested on the pin. Pinned: body complete with left antenna and left forewing attached. On slides: S1 C1—one forewing and one hind wing. S1 C2—one antenna. S2 C1—one pro and one metaleg, both without coxae. S2 C2—two meso and one metaleg all with separated coxae. Remarks. This species was originally allocated in Apenesia Westwood, 1874. Azevedo et al. (2018, p. 250) transferred this species to Sclerodermus. Kurian (1955) provided a detailed description of the holotype, with drawings. He illustrated the forewings with anterior margin angular, which is common for sclerodermines, and probably for this reason, Azevedo et al. (2018) removed this species from Pristocerinae, since all the females of Pristocerinae are apterous. We detected the clypeus trilobate, eyes mid-sized and glabrous, the dorsal pronotal with posterior pronotal sulcus foveolate, and with humeral angle not projected, the mesoscuto-scutellar suture sulcate, the metanotum undeveloped medially, the wings are fully developed, the forewings with three closed cells (C 2 c, R 2 c, 1Cu 2 c), and the metapostnotal median carina is long. These observations support the placement of this species in Holepyris. Hosts. Unknown. Genus Laelius Ashmead, 1893 Laelius Ashmead, 1893, 45: 50. Type species: Laelius trogodermatis Ashmead, 1893 by original designation., Published as part of Singh, Sudhir, Colombo, Wesley D., Shreevihar, Santhosh, Pandey, Vijay P. & Tribull, Carly M., 2021, Rediscovery of Kurian's types of Hymenoptera at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India with notes on Indian bethylid fauna, pp. 1-90 in Zootaxa 5019 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5019.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5222728, {"references":["Kurian, C. (1955) Bethyloidea (Hymenoptera) from Indian. Agra University Journal of Research, 4, 67 - 155.","Azevedo, C. O., Alencar, I. D. C. C., Ramos, M. S., Barbosa, D. N., Colombo, W. D., Vargas, J. M. R. & Lim, J. (2018) Global guide of the flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Zootaxa, 4489, 1 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4489.1.1","Ashmead, W. H. (1893) A monograph of the North American Proctotrypidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 45, 1 - 472. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.45.1"]}

Home sale prices are formed given the transaction actors economic interests, which include government, real estate dealers, and the general public who buy or sell properties. Generating an accurate property price prediction model is a major challenge for the real estate market. This work develops a property price classification model using a ten year actual dataset, from January 2010 to November 2019. The real estate dataset is publicly available and was retrieved from Volusia County Property Appraiser of Florida website. In addition, socio-economic factors such as Gross Domestic Product, Consumer Price Index, Producer Price Index, House Price Index, and Effective Federal Funds Rate are collected and used in the prediction model. To solve this case study problem, several powerful machine learning algorithms, namely, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Voting Classifier, and XGBoost, are employed. They are integrated with target encoding to develop an accurate property sale price prediction model with the aim to predict whether the closing sale price is greater than or less than the listing sale price. To assess the performance of the models, the accuracy, precision, recall, classification F1 score, and error rate of the models are determined. Among the four studied machine learning algorithms, XGBoost delivers superior results and robustness of the model compared to other models. The developed model can facilitate real estate investors, mortgage lenders and financial institutions to make better informed decisions., 20 pages, 21 figures, 4 tables

In this paper, we present a novel stochastic optimization method, which uses the binary search technique with first order gradient based optimization method, called Binary Search Gradient Optimization (BSG) or BiGrad. In this optimization setup, a non-convex surface is treated as a set of convex surfaces. In BSG, at first, a region is defined, assuming region is convex. If region is not convex, then the algorithm leaves the region very fast and defines a new one, otherwise, it tries to converge at the optimal point of the region. In BSG, core purpose of binary search is to decide, whether region is convex or not in logarithmic time, whereas, first order gradient based method is primarily applied, to define a new region. In this paper, Adam is used as a first order gradient based method, nevertheless, other methods of this class may also be considered. In deep neural network setup, it handles the problem of vanishing and exploding gradient efficiently. We evaluate BSG on the MNIST handwritten digit, IMDB, and CIFAR10 data set, using logistic regression and deep neural networks. We produce more promising results as compared to other first order gradient based optimization methods. Furthermore, proposed algorithm generalizes significantly better on unseen data as compared to other methods.

In past few years, linear rectified unit activation functions have shown its significance in the neural networks, surpassing the performance of sigmoid activations. RELU (Nair & Hinton, 2010), ELU (Clevert et al., 2015), PRELU (He et al., 2015), LRELU (Maas et al., 2013), SRELU (Jin et al., 2016), ThresholdedRELU, all these linear rectified activation functions have its own significance over others in some aspect. Most of the time these activation functions suffer from bias shift problem due to non-zero output mean, and high weight update problem in deep complex networks due to unit gradient, which results in slower training, and high variance in model prediction respectively. In this paper, we propose, "Thresholded exponential rectified linear unit" (TERELU) activation function that works better in alleviating in overfitting: large weight update problem. Along with alleviating overfitting problem, this method also gives good amount of non-linearity as compared to other linear rectifiers. We will show better performance on the various datasets using neural networks, considering TERELU activation method compared to other activations.

Developing an accurate prediction model for housing prices is always needed for socio-economic development and well-being of citizens. In this paper, a diverse set of machine learning algorithms such as XGBoost, CatBoost, Random Forest, Lasso, Voting Regressor, and others, are being employed to predict the housing prices using public available datasets. The housing datasets of 62,723 records from January 2015 to November 2019 are obtained from Florida Volusia County Property Appraiser website. The records are publicly available and include the real estate or economic database, maps, and other associated information. The database is usually updated weekly according to the State of Florida regulations. Then, the housing price prediction models using machine learning techniques are developed and their regression model performances are compared. Finally, an improved housing price prediction model for assisting the housing market is proposed. Particularly, a house seller or buyer, or a real estate broker can get insight in making better-informed decisions considering the housing price prediction. The empirical results illustrate that based on prediction model performance, Coefficient of Determination (R2), Mean Square Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and computational time, the XGBoost algorithm performs superior to the other models to predict the housing price., Comment: 21 pages, 22 figures, 2 tables

CNN is very popular neural network architecture in modern days. It is primarily most used tool for vision related task to extract the important features from the given image. Moreover, CNN works as a filter to extract the important features using convolutional operation in distinct layers. In existing CNN architectures, to train the network on given input, only single form of given input is fed to the network. In this paper, new architecture has been proposed where given input is passed in more than one form to the network simultaneously by sharing the layers with both forms of input. We incorporate image gradient as second form of the input associated with the original input image and allowing both inputs to flow in the network using same number of parameters to improve the performance of the model for better generalization. The results of the proposed CNN architecture, applying on diverse set of datasets such as MNIST, CIFAR10 and CIFAR100 show superior result compared to the benchmark CNN architecture considering inputs in single form.

Given a graph $G$, a non-negative integer $k$, and a weight function that maps each vertex in $G$ to a positive real number, the \emph{Maximum Weighted Budgeted Independent Set (MWBIS) problem} is about finding a maximum weighted independent set in $G$ of cardinality at most $k$. A special case of MWBIS, when the weight assigned to each vertex is equal to its degree in $G$, is called the \emph{Maximum Independent Vertex Coverage (MIVC)} problem. In other words, the MIVC problem is about finding an independent set of cardinality at most $k$ with maximum coverage. Since it is a generalization of the well-known Maximum Weighted Independent Set (MWIS) problem, MWBIS too does not have any constant factor polynomial time approximation algorithm assuming $P \neq NP$. In this paper, we study MWBIS in the context of bipartite graphs. We show that, unlike MWIS, the MIVC (and thereby the MWBIS) problem in bipartite graphs is NP-hard. Then, we show that the MWBIS problem admits a $\frac{1}{2}$-factor approximation algorithm in the class of bipartite graphs, which matches the integrality gap of a natural LP relaxation., Comment: 12 pages

3, 33, Buffalo Bulletin

The present paper deals with the synthesis of chitosan-g-methacrylic acid by free radical polymerization using potassium peroxymonosulphate/cyclohexanone as a redox pair in an inert atmosphere. The reaction conditions have been optimized by varying the reaction variables, including the concentration of methacrylic acid from (12 x 10-2 to 36 x 10-2) mol dm-3, peroxymonosulphate (0.6 x 10-2 to 1.2 x 10-2) mol dm-3, cyclohexanone (0.8 x 10-2 to 1.6 x 10-2) mol dm-3, sulphuric acid (2 x 10-3 to 6 x 10-3) mol dm-3, chitosan (0.6 to 1.4) g dm-3 along with time duration and temperature. It has been observed that the maximum grafting ratio has been obtained at time 120 min, temperature 35 °C and at 2.2 x 10-2 mol dm-3 concentration of peroxymonosulphate. Metal ion sorption, and flocculation properties have been studied along with swelling property or graft copolymer. It has been found that graft copolymer shows enhancement in these properties and is thermally more stable than parent polymer The graft copolymer has been characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis.

Serious cardiac complications occurring during noncardiac surgery in a young and otherwise normal person can be quite alarming for the anesthesiologist. We report here the case of a young, healthy woman who immediately after an uncomplicated spinal surgery developed a clinical picture suggestive of an acute myocardial infarction (MI) with positive relevant investigations. However, she had an abrupt and full clinical recovery and complete normalization of her cardiac investigations within a few days of this event and thereafter continued to lead a normal, symptom-free life unlike the usual course in an MI; her coronary angiography was also normal. A diagnosis of perioperative stress-induced cardiomyopathy or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was subsequently made. This condition is characterized by a rapid, severe, but reversible, cardiac dysfunction triggered by physical or mental stress. Awareness of this entity should help anesthesiologists manage better this infrequent, but potentially life-threatening, perioperative complication.

Highlights • Home production of targeted crops for nutrients intake and nutritional outcomes. • Homestead gardens for improved diet diversity. • Diversification of agriculture for improved diet diversity and nutritional outcomes. • No conclusive evidence of impact of irrigation on diet diversity. • Empowerment of women crucial for improving nutritional status., Nearly half of the malnourished population of the world lives in South Asia, and agriculture is the main source of livelihood of the people in this region. Many review exercises have analysed the available evidences to understand the ways in which agriculture can be leveraged to enhance nutritional status; however, very few of them have employed a systematic approach ensuring internal and external validity. The present paper seeks to fill this gap for strengthening the policy recommendations. It demonstrates an association between agricultural interventions and nutritional outcomes; and it shows that the production of targeted nutrition-rich crops, homestead gardens, and diversification of the agricultural production system towards fruits and vegetables and aquaculture can potentially improve nutrient intake and nutritional outcomes. The empowerment of women and nutrition knowledge play a crucial role in establishing linkage between agriculture and nutritional outcomes.