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2. Large micro-, meso-, and macro-plastics distribution in the Bahía Blanca Estuary wetlands (Argentina): variations across and within salt marshes

Author

Girones, Lautaro, Adaro, Maria Eugenia, Pozo, Karla, Baini, Matteo, Panti, Cristina, Fossi, Maria Cristina, Marcovecchio, Jorge Eduardo, and Arias, Andrés

Subjects
coastal wetlands, PELD, Salt marsh, ATR, FTIR, litter, Storm, line, plant, PP, PEHD, Plastics
Abstract

The presence of plastic on marine coasts has been widely reported throughout the world. However, these materials have received little attention in coastal wetlands, particularly salt marshes. The abundance, size, type, color, and polymer distribution of large micro- (1-5mm), meso- (5-25mm), and macro-plastics (25-100mm) in eight salt marshes of the Bahia Blanca Estuary were analyzed in this study. Plastics from mudflat, low-salt marsh, and high-salt marsh sediments, and plant-litter from the storm line were isolated by wet sieving and flotation with NaCl saturated solution. The shape, size and color were determined visually under a stereomicroscope and the polymeric composition was determined by FTIR-ATR. The concentrations always followed the same pattern: storm-line plant litter¿high-salt marsh sediments¿low-salt marsh sediments¿mudflat sediments. The most contaminated salt marshes were those near the mouth of the Maldonado stream and an illegal landfill. The relative abundance of each type of plastic varied within the salt marsh, fragments and pellets followed the same pattern as concentrations. Furthermore, this percentage varied between salt marshes, owing primarily to the source to which they were exposed. Thus, those near dumps and sewage discharges had more films and fibers, respectively, while those near the main channel had more pellets. In terms of polymer distribution, 40.5% of the 1600 items analyzed were PELD, followed by 29% PEHD, 20.4% PP, and 4.1% EPS. The films were mostly PELD¿PP¿PEHD, the fragments were PEHD¿PP¿PELD and pellets were PEHD¿PELD. At the spatial level, the relative abundance of each polymer depended on the relative abundance of each plastic shape/type. Finally, we highlight that this study is the first in salt marshes around the world and is focusing on management strategies to improve the coastal wetland quality. Also see: https://micro2022.sciencesconf.org/427357/document, In MICRO 2022, Online Atlas Edition: Plastic Pollution from MACRO to nano

Published
2022
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8. How to detect the impact of microplastics in Mediterranean MPAs: the Plastic Busters MPAs approach

Author

Fossi, MARIA CRISTINA, Baini, Matteo, Casini, Silvia, Galli, Matteo, Caliani, Ilaria, Campani, Tommaso, Giani, Dario, Massimiliano, Rosso, Paola, Tepsich, Gianfranco, Scotti, Francesca, Giannini, Francois, Galgani, Leccia, Sebastian, Teresa, Romeo, and Panti, Cristina

Subjects
Pelagos Sanctuary, Monitoring, Microplastics, Marine Protected Areas, Mediterranean Sea, Marine Protected Areas, Monitoring, Microplastics, Marine Litter, Biodiversity, Hot Spots, Mediterranean Sea, Pelagos Sanctuary, Biodiversity, Hot Spots, Marine Litter
Published
2020

10. Heteroplasmy: Detection, verification and recurrence in baleen whales

Author

Suarez Menendez, Marcos, Rivera Leon, Vania Elizabeth, Schleimer, Anna, Moreira Lopes, Xenia, Aguilar, Alex, Barco, Susan G, Berrow, Simon, Borrell, Asunción, Bloch, Dorete, Clapham, Phil, Degollada, Eduard, Fossi, Maria Cristina, Gauffier, Pauline, Giard, Janie, Hao, Wensi, Haug, Tore, Heide-Jorgensen, Mads Peter, Kovacs, Kit M., Landry, Scott, Larsen, Finn, Lydersen, Christian, Martin, Vidal, Mattila, David, Mikkelsen, Bjarni, Oosting, Tom, Pace, Richard M., Pampoulie, Christophe S., Panigada, Simone, Panti, Cristina, Prieto, Rui, Raga, Juan Antonio, Ramp, Christian, Robbins, Jooke, Ryan, Conor, Sears, Richard, Sigurjónsson, Jóhann, Silva, Monica, Simon, Malene, de Stephanis, Renaud, Skaug, Hans J., Urbán, Jorge, van der Zee, Jurjan, Verkuil, Yvonne I., Víkingsson, Gísli, Witting, Lars, Wenzel, Frederick, Øien, Nils, Bérubé, Martine, Palsboll, Per, Palsbøll lab, Neurobiology, and Conservation Ecology Group

Abstract

Heteroplasmy is defined as the presence of two or more different mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes in one individual. Heteroplasmy can arise from insertions or deletions (length heteroplasmy) or single nucleotide substitutions (point heteroplasmy). The phenomenon has been widely studied in humans and model species; however, reports from non-model species are rare, possibly because heteroplasmy was undetected or ignored during sequencing. Among cetaceans, a few studies have reported heteroplasmy and speculated on its possible effects, suggesting that heteroplasmy could be rare or simply ignored. The aim of the present study was to assess and confirm point heteroplasmies, as well as to determine their frequency in five baleen whale species. We analyzed 10,748 mtDNA sequence electropherograms of the mitochondrial control region obtained by Sanger sequencing. A pipeline was developed to detect potential heteroplasmy by analyzing chromatogram peak heights. Potential heteroplasmies were subsequently verified experimentally. A total of 7,882 samples were assessed, among which 326 (4,1%) presented potential point heteroplasmy at more than 35 different nucleotide positions. These results indicated that heteroplasmy is more frequent than previously reported. Several heteroplasmies were tracked across multiple generations, providing insights into the introduction of new mtDNA haplotypes. Ignoring heteroplasmy might bias relatedness analyses as well as estimates of genetic diversity and mtDNA mutation rates. Thus, it is extremely important to develop efficient ways to detect and verify heteroplasmy.

Published
2019

16. Contaminants in Atlantic walruses Part 2: Relationships with endocrine and immune systems

Author

Routti, Heli, Diot, Beatrice, Panti, Cristina, Duale, Nur, Fossi, Maria Cristina, Harju, Mikael, Kovacs, Kit M., Lydersen, Christian, Scotter, Sophie, Villanger, Gro Dehli, and Bourgeon, Sophie

Subjects
qPCR, VDP::Mathematics and natural science: 400::Zoology and botany: 480::Ecotoxicology: 489, mRNA, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480::Økotoksikologi: 489, Pollutant, marine mammal, thyroid hormone
Abstract

Accepted manuscript version. Published version available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.097. Licensed CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Marine mammals in the Barents Sea region have among the highest levels of contaminants recorded in the Arctic and the Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) is one of the most contaminated species within this region. We therefore investigated the relationships bewteen blubber concentrations of lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and markers of endocrine and immune functions in adult male Atlantic walruses (n = 38) from Svalbard, Norway. To do so, we assessed plasma concentrations of five forms of thyroid hormones and transcript levels of genes related to the endocrine and immune systems as endpoints; transcript levels of seven genes in blubber and 23 genes in blood cells were studied. Results indicated that plasma total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations decreased with increasing blubber concentrations of lipophilic POPs. Blood cell transcript levels of genes involved in the function of T and B cells (FC like receptors 2 and 5, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22) were increased with plasma PFAS concentrations. These results suggest that changes in thyroid and immune systems in adult male walruses are linked to current levels of contaminant exposure.

Published
2018

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