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Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Expression of 1CprME, 1prME, 4CprME and 4prME polypeptides in silkworm larvae.

Produksi etanol dari sludge kertas (PS), limbah industi pulp dan kertas, merupakan pendekatan yang terbaik untuk proses biorefinery karena tidak memerlukan tahapan delignifikasi. Pada penelitian ini, selulosa dihasilkan oleh Acremonium cellulolyticus C-1, yang memproduksi hypercellulose dengan sludge kertas sebagai sumber karbon. Selain itu juga dilakukan pengamatan terhadap selulose yang dipakai untuk proses sakarifikasi limbah dari sludge kertas yang sama dan produksi etanol hidrolisat. Proses sakharifikasi dan fermentasi yang terjadi secara simultan berlangsung dengan menggunakan selulosa yang dihasilkan dari sludge kertas (PS) oleh Acremonium cellulolyticus C-1 melalui sakharifikasi sludge kertas (PS), dan etanol thermolaterat dari sludge kertas menghasilkan Saccharomyces Cerevisae TJ14 untuk memproduksi etanol. Dengan menggunakan selulase dari sludge kertas yang murni akan terjadi pengurangan biaya produksi biofuel karena culture broth yang mengandung selulosa dapat langsung dipakai. Untuk setiap 50gram selulosa per liter yang digunakan pada metode SSF , dihasilkan etanol sebesar 0,23g per gram selulose sludge kertas (PS) yang dua kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan metode pemisahan secara hidrolisis dan fermentasi (SHF). Aktifitas selulosa yang tersisa sepanjang proses SSF sekitar 50% lebih besar dibandingkan aktifitas awal. Produksi etanol dalam kisaran 50-150 selulosa sludge kertas per liter SSF adalah sebesar 0.22-0.24 g etanol per gram selulosa sludge kertas. Produksi etanol adalah 40g per liter pada kondisi 161 g/l selulosa sludge kertas menggunakan 15 (kertas penyaring unit/g selulosa sludge kertas) selama 80jam proses SSF . Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa penggunaan sludge kertas (PS) sebagai bahan baku untuk produksi bioetanol menjanjikan prospek yang baik. Simulasi model produksi etanol dilaksanakan menggunakan MathCAD 15 dengan Persamaan Diferensial Asli (Ordinary DifferentialEquation) karena pertumbuhan sel, konsentrasi glukosa yang tersisa dan produksi etanol saling mempengaruhi satu samalain. Sebagai kesimpulan, grafik produksi untuk proses tipe batch dinilai representatif ataupun mewakili seperti dapat dilihat pada proses eksperimen.Kata kunci: sludge kertas, biorefinery, bioetanol, selulosa, sakharifikasi, simulasi pemrograman

Additional file 1. Additional figures S1–S12.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Protein expression yield of 3CprME and 3prME polypeptides in BM5 cells, silkworm larvae, silkworm pupae.

Additional file 1: Figure S1 Analysis of functional groups on the surface of named materials by FT-IR infrared absorption spectra. Figure S2. Impedance analysis of the PAni-PAni/CSR sensor electrode after 5 to 20 cycles of electrodeposition. Figure S3 (A–C) The difference in thickness of the polyaniline layer deposited on CSR was observed by SEM. Figure S4. Cyclic voltammetry analysis of the Ab-N,S-GQD@AuNP-PAni-PAni/CSR sensor electrode after 2 to 50 cycles. Figure S5. Cyclic voltammetry of CSR day1 (black line) and day2 (red line). Figure S6. Comparison of the Rct values for AuNP-coated CSR (blue line) and AuNP/PAni-coated CSR (orange line). Figure S7. Detection result of WSSV using different surface areas of Ab-N,S-GQD@AuNP-PAni-PAni/CSR. Figure S8. AFM images of the bare disposable sensor electrode (A) and WSSV-bound electrode (B). Figure S9. Nyquist impedance plots of the Ab-N,S-GQD@AuNP-PAni-PAni/CSR sensor electrode before and after loading A) HEV and B) influenza virus. Figure S10. Detection results of genotype 3 HEV (A) and influenza virus A (H1N1) (B) using the Ab-N,S-GQD@AuNP-PAni/CSR sensor electrode with their corresponding antibodies attached.

64th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-SocietySan Diego, CA

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. In this work, a pulse-triggered ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor was fabricated using graphene quantum dots and gold-embedded polyaniline nanowires, prepared via an interfacial polymerization and then self-assembly approach. Introducing an external electrical pulse during the virus accumulation step increases the sensitivity towards HEV due to the expanded surface of the virus particle as well as the antibody-conjugated polyaniline chain length, compared to other conventional electrochemical sensors. The sensor was applied to various HEV genotypes, including G1, G3, G7 and ferret HEV obtained from cell culture supernatant and in a series of fecal specimen samples collected from G7 HEV-infected monkey. The sensitivity is similar to that detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain (RT-qPCR). These results suggests that the proposed sensor can pave the way for the development of robust, high-performance sensing methodologies for HEV detection., Detection of viral biomarkers is important for disease treatment and prevention. Here, the authors report on a system that uses an electrical pulse-induced electrochemical sensor for the detection of hepatitis E virus, and demonstrate potential application of the device.

64th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical-SocietySan Diego, CA

Neosporosis, an infectious disease of cattle and dogs, causes an abortion in cattle, which has a major damage on the dairy industry worldwide. Tracking of Neospora caninum parasite that is responsible for neosporosis is required for the prevention of this infectious disease. We developed three chimera monoclonal antibodies consist of variable regions of murine antibody and constant regions of human antibody against N. caninum . Recombinant surface antigen-related sequence 2 (rNcSRS2) of N. caninum was expressed in silkworm larvae, and immunized in mice to obtain phage displaying antibody library. Through three rounds of selection, three antibodies, A6, E1 and H3, were isolated and bound to rNcSRS2 with nanomolar to micromolar affinity. In immunofluorescent staining assays, A6 and E1 bound to N. caninum strain Nc-Liv, demonstrating a successful tracking of the parasite. H3 clone bound to rNcSRS2 but not to a truncated protein without glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor domain in the carboxyl terminal. Amino acid sequences of A6 and E1 were similar, but that of H3 differed in the CDR-H1 region, which might be the reason of their difference of affinity. These antibodies are thought to be useful for prevention of cattle from neosporosis.

Detecting biomolecules via nanotechnology has become increasingly important in veterinary science. Neosporosis is an infectious disease that primarily affects cattle and it is caused by the intracellular parasite Neospora caninum. This microorganism now appears to a major cause of abortion in dairy cattle worldwide. We report herein on a rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive qualitative approach for detecting neosporosis based on photoluminescence (PL) enhancement between quantum dots (CdTe nanoparticles) and a unique form of spiky Au nanoparticles (SNP). We prepared anti-bovine IgG functionalized-SNPs, and a conjugated structure between quantum dots (QDs) and recombinant N. caninum protein that was expressed by silkworms. They bound easily when their common complementary target, anti-Neospora antibodies (ANABs) in bovine serum, was present. Binding was monitored by the PL enhancement of CdTe nanoparticles (NPs) in the PL spectrum that resulted from localized surface plasmons resonance (LSPR) of SNPs. The fluorescence intensities for samples from infected and healthy cattle were compared, for which significant differences in intensity were observed. The SNP-QDs sandwich nanocomplexes remained in solution and its optical properties allowed it to be easily quantified by using fluorescence spectra. More than 52% emission enhancement on the surface of the SNPs was attained compared with the CdTe NPs and the results were reproducible. Furthermore, the biosensor was suited for qualitatively analyzing ANABs in blood serum. The ease of operation of this system and its generality offer specific advantages over other immunoassay methods.

Infection of Neospora caninum causes abortion in cattle, which has a serious worldwide impact on the economic performance of the dairy and beef industries. Now, inexpensive and efficacious vaccines are required to protect cattle from neosporosis in livestock industry. In this study, N. caninum surface antigen 1 (SAG1) and SAG1-related sequence 2 (SRS2) were expressed in hemolymph of silkworm larvae as a soluble form. Expressed SAG1 and SRS2 clearly showed antigenicity against N. caninum-positive sera of cow. SAG1 and SRS2 were purified to near homogeneity from hemolymph of silkworm larvae using anti-FLAG M2 antibody agarose: approximately 1.7 mg of SAG1 from 10 silkworm larvae and 370 μg of SRS2 from 17 silkworm larvae. Mice that were injected by antigens induced antibodies against SAG1 and SRS2. This study indicates that it is possible that this silkworm expression system leads to a large-scale production of N. caninum-antigens with biological function and low production cost. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) bacmid expression system paves the way to produce largely and rapidly these recombinant antigens for its application to subunit vaccines against neosporosis in cattle.

A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with nanomaterials is an effective and powerful method to amplify the signal and reduce the cost of detecting and measuring trace biomarkers or proteins. In this study, an ultra-sensitive colorimetric immunoassay was designed, and its ability to detect influenza viruses using positively charged gold nanoparticles ((+)Au NPs) was assessed as a possible role for peroxidase-mimic inorganic enzymes. This method detected influenza virus A (H1N1) with a linear range up to 10 pg mL(-1) and clinically isolated influenza virus A (H3N2) up to 10 plaque forming units (PFU) mL(-1) , where its sensitivity improved to 500-fold higher than that of commercial virus kits. The sensitivity of this proposed method was not declined even though in complex biological media in compared to conventional ELISA. These results revealed that the (+)AuNP-based colorimetric immunoassay could be suitable for lab-on-a-chip device and open new opportunities for clinical protein diagnostics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2298-2303. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Human 29IJ6 IgG was expressed in silkworm using a Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) bacmid system. The mean amounts of 296IJ6 IgG produced in larval hemolymph and whole pupae were 30.1 μg/larva and 78.0 μg/pupa, respectively. The use of molecular chaperones including calreticulin (CRT), calnexin (CNX), and immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP, GRP78) improved the production of 296IJ6 IgG secretion in the larvae fivefold. The total yield of recombinant 29IJ6 IgG was 239 μg/mL when coexpressed with CRT. However, the overexpression of molecular chaperones had negative effects on secretion. The N-linked glycans of secreted 296IJ6 IgG in silkworm hemolymph were dominated by paucimannose structures. Small amounts of GlcNAc residues linked to the Manα1,3 branch were detected. When molecular chaperones were coexpressed, the compositions of N-linked glycans in the IgG1 produced were unchanged compared with those produced without them. This suggests that N-glycosylation is controlled by a regulatory function in the Golgi apparatus even though the post-translational modification of 296IJ6 IgG was assisted by the coexpression of molecular chaperones. Therefore, if the glycosylation pathways that coexpress N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, galactosyltransferase, and sialyltransferase could be improved, silkworm larvae might prove a useful system for producing human antibodies. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010

A Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) bacmid expressing heavy and light chains of human 29IJ6 IgG was constructed and used to secrete recombinant antibody into silkworm larval hemolymph. Fifth instar silkworm larvae were reared and injected into the dorsum of the larvae with recombinant cysteine protease- and chitinase-deficient BmNPV (BmNPV-CP(-)-Chi(-)) bacmid/29IJ6 IgG and harvested after approximately 6 days. The total yield of recombinant 29IJ6 IgG was 36 microg/larvae, which is equivalent to 8 mg/kg of larvae. The recombinant antibody was purified to homogeneity using a HiTrap rProtein A FF column with a purification yield of 83.1%. The purified protein was identified by Western blot and ELISA experiments. The N-linked glycan structure of the purified protein was determined by the HPLC mapping method. The N-glycans of the 29IJ6 IgG glycoprotein produced in, and secreted by the silkworm larvae were composed exclusively of two kinds of paucimannose-type oligosaccharides, Manalpha1-6Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-6)GlcNAc and Manalpha1-6(Manalpha1-3)Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-6)GlcNAc.

The hemagglutinin (HA) of avian influenza viruses plays a very important role in the infection of host cells. In this study, the HA gene of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was cloned and expressed in silkworm larvae. The expressed recombinant HA (rHA) was purified using fetuin-agarose chromatography and Superdex 200 10/300 GL gel filtration chromatography, and the identity of purified rHA was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Approximately 500 μg of purified rHA was obtained from a total of 30 silkworm larvae, suggesting the high efficiency of the silkworm expression system. The purified rHA bound to a rabbit polyclonal antibody against influenza A virus H5N1 (avian flu) HA, suggesting its antigenicity and potential application in vaccine development. Gel filtration chromatography showed that purified HA was present in the void volume fractions, indicating that rHA may form an oligomer. The rHA bound to poly{Neu5Acα2,3LacNAcβ-O[(CH₂)₅NHCO]₂(CH₂)₅NH-/γ-PGA}, which mimics an avian type receptor, but did not bind to γ-polyglutamic acid or human type receptor mimic, poly{Neu5Acα2,6LacNAcβ-O[(CH₂)₅NHCO]₂(CH₂)₅NH-/γ-PGA}, suggesting that it could be utilized as a blocking agent against infection by highly pathogenic influenza viruses.

Background Engineered multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) have made a tremendous impact on the biomedical sciences, with advances in imaging, sensing and bioseparation. In particular, the combination of optical and magnetic responses through a single particle system allows us to serve as novel multimodal molecular imaging contrast agents in clinical settings. Despite of essential medical imaging modalities and of significant clinical application, only few nanocomposites have been developed with dual imaging contrast. A new method for preparing quantum dots (QDs) incorporated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) based on layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly techniques have developed and used for cancer cells imaging. Methods Here, citrate - capped negatively charged Fe3O4 NPs were prepared and coated with positively - charged hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Then, thiol - capped negatively charged CdTe QDs were electrostatically bound with CTAB. Morphological, optical and magnetic properties of the fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles (FMNPs) were characterized. Prepared FMNPs were additionally conjugated with hCC49 antibodies fragment antigen binding (Fab) having binding affinity to sialylated sugar chain of TAG-72 region of LS174T cancer cells, which was prepared silkworm expression system, and then were used for imaging colon carcinoma cells. Results The prepared nanocomposites were magnetically responsive and fluorescent, simultaneously that are useful for efficient cellular imaging, optical sensing and magnetic separation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed that the particle size is around 50 nm in diameter with inner magnetic core and outer CdTe QDs core-shell structure. Cytotoxicity test of prepared FMNPs indicates high viability in Vero cells. NPs conjugated with anti cancer antibodies were successfully labeled on colon carcinoma cells (LS174) in vitro and showed significant specificity to target cells. Conclusion The present report demonstrates a simple synthesis of CdTe QDs-Fe3O4 NPs. The surface of the prepared FMNPs was enabled simple conjugation to monoclonal antibodies by electrostatic interaction. This property further extended their in vitro applications as cellular imaging contrast agents. Such labeling of cells with new fluorescent-magneto nanoprobes for living detection is of interest to various biomedical applications and has demonstrated the potential for future medical use.

Neosporosis, caused by an intracellular parasite, Neospora caninum, is an infectious disease primarily of cattle and dogs. It occurs worldwide and causes huge damages to dairy farms. In this study, we immunized mice with recombinant surface-associated protein 1 of N. caninum (rNcSAG1) and developed two novel monoclonal antibodies, A10 and H3, against NcSAG1 using phage-display technology. Both clones bound to purified rNcSAG1 and the half maximal inhibitory concentrations of A10 and H3 are 50 and 72 nM of rNcSAG1, respectively. In immunofluorescence assays, both A10 and H3 Fabs bound to N. caninum parasites. Direct detection of N. caninum parasites was developed firstly using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with A10 and H3. Binding of A10 and H3 antibodies to rNcSAG1 was also inhibited by some certain anti-N. caninum antibodies in the neosporosis-positive cattle sera, suggesting they might bind to the same epitopes of NcSAG1 with those anti-N. caninum antibodies of bovine. These antibodies were demonstrated to have a potential for monitoring the N. caninum parasites in a dairy farm, which may lead to protect livestock from parasite-infection.

Background Neosporosis is an infectious disease primarily of cattle and dogs, caused by intracellular parasite, Neospora caninum. Neosporosis appears to be a major cause of abortion in dairy cattle worldwide and causes to huge economic loss to dairy industry. Results Recombinant surface associated antigen 1 (NcSAG1), NcSAG1 related sequence 2 (NcSRS2) and the dense granule antigen 2 (NcGRA2) of N. caninum were expressed either in silkworm or in Escherichia coli and purified. The purified recombinant proteins bound to the N. caninum-specific antibodies in serum samples from infected cattle as revealed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By co-immobilizing these recombinant proteins, a novel indirect ELISA was developed for detection of neosporosis. With the use of 32 serum samples, comprising 12 positive serum samples and 20 negative serum samples, the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were found to be 91.7 and 100%, respectively. Seventy-two serum samples from dairy farms were also tested and one was diagnosed with neosporasis with both this method and a commercial assay. Conclusions A diagnostic method employing recombinant proteins of N. caninum was developed. The method showed high sensitivity and specificity. Diagnostic test with field serum samples suggested its applicability to the practical diagnosis of neosporosis.

A ligation independent cloning (LIC) system has been developed to facilitate the rapid and high-efficiency cloning of genes in a Bombyx mori expression system. This system was confirmed by the expression of human microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (hMTP) fused with EGFP in silkworm larvae and pupae. Moreover, hMTP and human protein disulfide isomerase (hPDI) genes were inserted into two LIC vectors harboring gcLINK sequences and were combined by using the LIC through gcLINK sequences. The constructed vector was incorporated into the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) bacmid, and injected into silkworm larvae. The expressed hMTP-hPDI complex was purified from the fat bodies of silkworm larvae. This LIC vector system was applied to express the E1, E2, and E3 subunits of human α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH) in silkworm larvae. The expressed proteins were purified easily from fat bodies using three different affinity chromatography steps. The LIC vectors constructed as described in this report allow for the rapid expression and purification of recombinant proteins or their complexes by using the BmNPV bacmid system.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses, which have emerged in poultry and other wildlife worldwide, contain a characteristic multi-basic cleavage site (CS) in the hemagglutinin protein (HA). Because this arginine-rich CS is unique among influenza virus subtypes, antibodies against this site have the potential to specifically diagnose pathogenic H5N1. By immunizing mice with the CS peptide and screening a phage display library, we isolated four antibody Fab fragment clones that specifically bind the antigen peptide and several HPAI H5N1 HA proteins in different clades. The soluble Fab fragments expressed in Escherichia coli bound the CS peptide and the H5N1 HA protein with nanomolar affinity. In an immunofluorescence assay, these Fab fragments stained cells infected with HPAI H5N1 but not those infected with a less virulent strain. Lastly, all the Fab clones could detect the CS peptide and H5N1 HA protein by open sandwich ELISA. Thus, these recombinant Fab fragments will be useful novel reagents for the rapid and specific detection of HPAI H5N1 virus.