Search

This paper describes and analyzes a series of paradigmatic oppositions between N’ constructions in the P-Celtic languages (Welsh, Breton, Cornish) which serve to code expressive pragmatics of adjectives. The paper considers both paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects of these constructions, and shows that asymmetric interaction of constructions in paradigms influences their purely formal syntagmatic interactions. A typology of expressive categories is built to serve as a framework for comparison between constructions. It is argued that a view of grammar that includes both formal and functional dimensions (‘the coding view’) also provides valuable insight in matters of purely formal constructional interaction.

A fictionalized dialog assembled out of real folkloric narratives of various kinds, the paper acts as an overview of the various kinds of goblins in the folklore of the country of Georgia. A common motif of Georgian imaginings of human-goblin relationships revolves around whether the goblins are homeless (Chinkas, Alis) and therefore can be forcibly domesticated by cutting their unshorn hair or nails; or whether they have a home of their own somewhere (Kajis, Tqashmapa), in which case, they cannot be domesticated to become servants in your household. Each goblin type represents a kind of weird version of a known kind of human generic social other, and the imagined perilous social or sexual relationships one can have with them reveal anxieties about corresponding relationships with ordinary social others, particularly the very large number of female nymph-like spirits, which pointedly dwell on anxieties revolving around exogamous marriage to strangers and marriage by abduction.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to add to the understanding of the human personality of fraudsters. This paper will explore their human personality by reviewing three characters from realist novels that have fraudsters as their leading characters. This pa[er will also contribute to literature that intersects between the humanities and criminology. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews three fraudster characters from realist novels to explore their human personality, which includes qualitative phenomena resistant to positivist research. Findings Literature character review that adds to understanding of the qualitative nature of the personality of fraudsters. This qualitative nature of the human personality has been neglected in fraud research and the findings contribute to expanding understanding of the qualitative nature of fraud and fraudsters. Research limitations/implications This paper is limited to a literature review from three characters from realist novels. Practical implications By expanding understanding of the human personality of fraudsters literary insights can contribute to fraud identification and prevention. Originality/value This paper reviews the human personality of three characters from novels to expand understanding of fraudsters, and thus contributes to the intersection of research between the humanities and criminology and fraud research.

Biodiversity education is widely considered a necessary component of protecting global biodiversity by helping to change harmful attitudes and actions. BioBlitz events, rapid surveys of all living ...

The daylily gall midge, Contarinia quinquenotata (Loew) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an ornamental pest of daylilies, Hemerocallis spp. Linneas (Asphodelaceae). Originally native to Asia, this pest was accidentally introduced to western North America, and it is believed to occur throughout other parts of North America even though its presence has not been confirmed. Using an online survey of gardeners across Canada’s “Maritimes” (the region that includes the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island), we determined that symptoms of the pest occurred at multiple sites across Nova Scotia, but we received no reports from Prince Edward Island or New Brunswick. Sequencing the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene of the samples submitted by community scientists, we confirmed the daylily gall midge occurs at multiple sites across Nova Scotia. A common garden study that included 517 daylily varieties found that yellow-flowering varieties were almost twice as likely to be affected as nonyellow varieties. Early-flowering varieties were more likely to be attacked than later-flowering varieties. For each day that the date at first flowering was delayed, the likelihood of gall midge attack decreased by 16%. To avoid or mitigate damage where the daylily gall midge occurs, selecting late-flowering varieties with nonyellow flowers can be a useful complement to destructing infested flower buds.

Many radiologists are interested in providing affordable care to underserved populations but are unsure how to accomplish it. We present a model for providing imaging services to the underserved with an emphasis on the challenges we encountered and strategies we used to overcome them. In partnership with our medical school's student-run free clinic, we developed a community-based ultrasound service that provides diagnostic ultrasound examinations to an uninsured urban population to address the need of timely access to care and integrated follow-up care. Image storage and reporting were fully integrated with our existing imaging informatics and electronic medical record systems. Radiology residents play a central role in the operation of the service while gaining hands-on ultrasound experience, in partnership with volunteer sonographers, radiology attendings, and medical students.

Nineteenth-century Spiritualism was a watershed moment in which many of the keywords of our communication vocabulary—“medium,” “channel,” and “communication” itself—were first given fleshly...

Background We report our medium-term outcomes of the balloon spacer in treating irreparable massive rotator cuff tears (MRCT). Methods Twenty-two patients (17 male:5 female; mean age 68.2 years) had a balloon spacer arthroscopically inserted between September 2013–May 2017 after failing non-surgical management or rotator cuff repair. Oxford Shoulder Scores (OSS) were collected prospectively at baseline and prior to reverse total shoulder replacement (rTSR) or at most recent follow up for those with the balloon spacer still in-situ. Results A significant OSS improvement at mean follow-up 31.4 months (5–63) was found analysing all patients who had a balloon inserted (23.6 vs 29.6; p Conclusion The balloon spacer is effective in a minority of patients in the medium term. The majority either convert to rTSR or remain symptomatic with the risk of failure higher in those who are older with a low baseline OSS.

Peter Berta (2019), Materializing Difference: Consumer Culture, Politics, and Ethnicity among Romanian Roma (Toronto: University of Toronto Press), 390 pp., $67.50, ISBN 9781487500573.Niko Besnier, Susan Brownell and Thomas F. Carter (eds) (2018), The Anthropology of Sport: Bodies, Borders, Biopolitics (Berkeley: University of California Press), 336 pp., $29.95/£25.00, ISBN 9780520289017.Martin Demant Fredriksen (2018), An Anthropology of Nothing in Particular (Winchester: Zero Books), 118 pp., £10.99, ISBN 9781785356995.Caroline Hornstein-Tomić, Robert Pichler and Sarah Scholl-Schneider (eds) (2018), Remigration to Post-Socialist Europe: Hopes and Realities of Return (Münster: LIT Verlag), 467 pp., £39.90, ISBN 3643910258.Peter Mulholland (2019), Love’s Betrayal: The Decline of Catholicism and Rise of New Religions in Ireland (Oxford: Peter Lang), 362 pp., £73.62, ISBN 9781787071278.Michał Murawski (2019), The Palace Complex: A Stalinist Skyscraper, Capitalist Warsaw, and a City Transfixed (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), 338 pp., $40.00, ISBN 9780253039996.Nikolai Ssorin-Chaikov (2017), Two Lenins: A Brief Anthropology of Time (Chicago: Hau Books), 150 pp., $22.05, ISBN 0997367539.

In research on Massively Multiple Online Games and Worlds (MMOs) like World of Warcraft, Everquest or Second Life, the term “worldness” addresses how the various layers of a virtual world--the animated 3D pictorial spectacle, the interactive world of mobile nonplayer characters, the virtual community of other players-- all hang together as an autonomous “world.” This article deploys Bakhtinian concepts of chronotopes operating at different scales to explore the worldness of one such online “world” (Ryzom's Atys). I will show that these different layered chronotopes become visible at moments of crisis. In each crisis, the chronotopic worldness of Atys affords developers and players not only a domain for potential conflict, but also political collaboration and engagement.

Objectives Dispersion of bone dust in the posterior fossa during retrosigmoid craniectomy for vestibular schwannoma (VS) resection could be a source of meningeal irritation and lead to development of persistent postoperative headaches (POH). We aim to determine risk factors, including whether the presence of bone spicules that influence POH after retrosigmoid VS resection. Design Present study is a retrospective case series. Setting The study was conducted at a tertiary skull-base referral center. Participants Adult patients undergoing VS resection via a retrosigmoid approach between November 2017 and February 2020 were included for this study. Main Outcome Measures Development of POH lasting ≥ 3 months is the primary outcome of this study. Results Of 64 patients undergoing surgery, 49 had complete data (mean age, 49 years; 53% female). Mean follow-up time was 2.4 years. At latest follow up, 16 (33%) had no headaches, 14 (29%) experienced headaches lasting Conclusion The presence of bone spicules in the posterior fossa on postoperative CT did not contribute to headaches following retrosigmoid craniectomy approach for VS resection.

This chapter focuses on traditional folk devils in the form of goblins and spectres in cities of the Republic of Georgia. The goblins and spectres are traditional figures of local folklore that have not disappeared with modernity but rather re-emerged through new anxieties and moral conditions. Moreover, while devilry is often perceived as humans taking on non-human (or devilish) characteristics, the chapter presents a case where the opposite is actually at stake, namely where non-human entities such as goblins take on human characteristics. In describing this, the authors add a fascination aspect to how folk devilry and panic or anxiety may intertwine.

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are large herbivores that thrive in urban and peri-urban landscapes. Their voracious appetite and ubiquity have made deer a significant threat to growing food in home and community gardens; features that often make important contributions towards household food security. Focusing on food availability, stability, utilization, and access, I outline how white-tailed deer threaten household food security. Deer threaten availability of food by widely consuming plants grown for human consumption. Deer threaten stability of household food security by causing spatially and temporally unpredictable food losses. Deer threaten utilization of food, through acting as sources of food-borne pathogens (i.e. Escherichia coli O157:S7). Deer threaten access to food by necessitating relatively high-cost economic interventions to protect plants from browsing. Although numerous products are commercially available to deter deer via behavioural modification induced by olfaction and sound – evidence of efficacy is mixed. Physical barriers can be highly effective for reducing deer browsing, but often come with a high economic cost. Users of community gardens benefit from fencing by receiving shared protection against deer herbivory at a significantly lower per capita cost. Among many other benefits, fenced community gardens are useful in mitigating the threats of white-tailed deer to household food security.

This article approaches the writings of Lafcadio Hearn, an exotic, wandering, homeless ‘ghost of no place’ (Nabae 2014), born in Greece, raised in Ireland, who became a fiction writer famous for tu...

Purpose The global financial crisis (GFC) has undermined the legitimacy of orthodox neo-classical economic assumptions, which nevertheless continue to frame the philosophical assumptions of teaching in business schools. The purpose of this paper is to make a case in favour of an expansion of the business school curriculum to incorporate behavioural economics. The paper will also contend that behavioural economics can be connected to social economics, as they are both heterodox in this study and analyse economic phenomenon outside of a neo-classical framework. The aim is to contribute to arguments for an expanded curriculum, beyond the framing assumptions of neo-classical rationalism. This paper will also support its case by reviewing behavioural economics to make the case that this literature can be connected to social economics. This assertion is based on shared connections, including the importance of Kantianism in behavioural economics and in social economics. These connections will be discussed as a common point of reference points, or ties that can serve to broker links between these two economic paradigms. Practical implications (if applicable) the GFC presents an opportunity to re-shape the business school curriculum to acknowledge the centrality of socio-economics and behavioural economics, and consequently to offer an alternative to the dominant ontological assumptions – taken from the economic understanding of rationality – that have previously underpinned business school pedagogy. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents an inter-disciplinary teaching case, which incorporates socio-economic and behavioural economics perspectives. The teaching case concerned a socio-economic understanding of corruption and white-collar crime. It was also inter-disciplinary to include inputs from business history and criminology. The teaching case developed an appreciation among students that corruption, white-collar crime and entrepreneurship can be analysed within a social economics and behavioural economics lens. Findings The teaching case example discussed an alternative socio-economic and behavioural economics understanding to core areas of the MBA curriculum with the potential to be included in other academic disciplines. This enabled students to apply a behavioural economic approach to white-collar crime. The findings derived from this case study are that behavioural economics has the potential to enhance the teaching of socio-economics. Originality/value The originality of this paper is to apply behavioural economics to a socio-economic teaching case, in core subject areas of the MBA curriculum.

Dung beetles are a group of insects that primarily use the dung (poop) of mammals for feeding and nesting. These beetles are important for the breakdown and recycling of dung into the soil, enabling the nutrients in the dung to cycle through the ecosystem. Dung beetles provide many benefits for the health and functioning of both natural and human-modified ecosystems, such as dispersing seeds, reducing livestock parasites, and promoting plant growth. In this article, we will explore the basic life history of dung beetles. We then dig a little deeper into the importance of dung beetles within tropical forests and agricultural ecosystems.

This chapter examines the influence of right wing think tanks in the promotion of mediated political discourse and in doing this, highlights some of the ways in which the distinction between the legitimate and criminal is eroded. It argues that the deliberately opaque sources of funding for right wing think tanks provide opportunities for wealthy individuals and corporations to exert opaque, unaccountable ‘off shore’ influence, not only in the acknowledged right wing press but also in the spheres of public service broadcasting. These processes can include the infringement of media regulation, electoral and charitable law.

Body-size is an important trait for predicting how species contribute to ecosystem functions and respond to environmental stress. Using the dung beetle Onthophagus nuchicornis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), we explored how variation in body-size affected ecosystem functioning (dung burial) and sensitivity to an environmental stressor (exposure to the veterinary anthelmintic ivermectin). We found that large beetles buried nearly 1.5-fold more dung than small beetles, but that mortality from exposure to a range of concentrations of ivermectin did not differ between large and small beetles. Unexpectedly, we found that exposure to low concentrations of ivermectin (0.01⁠–1 mg ivermectin per kg dung) stimulated dung burial in both small and large beetles. Our results provide evidence of ecological functioning hormesis stemming from exposure to low amounts of a chemical stressor that causes mortality at high doses.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. This article provides a review of research into global philanthropy and the disruptive practices of new technology companies. In this article we detail how “Big Tech” has created a new marketization of philanthropy, based on its sectoral values of innovation, entrepreneurialism and focus on financial and performance metrics. Consequently, we argue for a new ontology of philanthropy that acknowledges marketization as its guiding principle. The study examines and compares different market-focused, philanthropic paradigms, which have evolved through the business values of Big Tech and examines their moral motivations. The topic is viewed through the lens of ‘hybrid organizations’; a model for non-profit entities and social businesses which, in turn, are seeking a market-oriented pathway of balancing the twin demands of managing mission and money. A conceptual framework is then provided to inform practitioners in non-profit organizations about the issues and risks of engaging with the new types of philanthropy, to which we collectively refer as ‘disruptive philanthropy’. The article concludes by recommending further research into the ethics of Big Tech to understand the true motivations behind its philanthropic practices at a time when the sector is under intense governmental and media scrutiny.

Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are chemical compounds administered to livestock for parasite control. These compounds are poorly metabolized and pass relatively unchanged into the dung of treated animals. When coprophagous insects such as dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) are exposed to ML residues while feeding on dung, lethal and sublethal effects are often observed. This can lead to ML residues impairing ecosystem functions that underpin agricultural production. A strategy to reduce these negative effects involves the use of compounds that offer lower risk to non-target invertebrates, such as the ML moxidectin. Considering two dung beetle species with differing sensitivities to agricultural intensification, we asked whether exposure to moxidectin residues influenced survival, reproductive output, and functioning (short- and long-term estimates of dung removal). When exposed to moxidectin, adults of the sensitive species (Geotrupes spiniger Marsham) experienced a 43% reduction in survival. In contrast, survival of the non-sensitive species (Aphodius rufipes L.) was unaffected. We were unable to determine whether exposure affected reproductive output of either species. We found little evidence to suggest moxidectin impaired dung removal. However, high densities of a species with relatively low individual functional importance (A. rufipes) can compensate for the loss of a functionally dominant species (G. spiniger). Over a longer timeframe, earthworms decomposed dung fully, irrespective of moxidectin residues. This functional redundancy reinforces that wider justifications for the conservation of biodiversity should remain integrated into agricultural policy and practice.

Intensive management practices have been widely shown to reduce the diversity and abundance of insects in agricultural landscapes. This loss has attracted considerable public and scientific interest, owing partially to the importance of insects in supporting ecosystem functions. The relative importance of diversity and abundance in underpinning ecosystem functioning, however, has not been widely explored. We examined the relative importance of diversity and abundance in ecosystem functioning using a model system of three widespread species of dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). We used a design that manipulated species richness, while also standardizing dung beetle abundance at two levels. We predicted that individual species would contribute unequally to ecosystem functioning, functioning in multi-species assemblages could be reliably predicted from single-species assemblages, and that loss of abundance would more strongly affect functioning than loss of diversity. Comparisons of functioning among three species showed that individual species contributed unequally to dung removal. In most cases multi-species assemblages provided higher levels of dung removal than predicted by single-species assemblages, demonstrating evidence of complementarity. The average effect of species richness loss had no significant effect on dung removal. In contrast a 33% loss of insect abundance corresponded to a 29% reduction in dung removal. Our work provides empirical evidence that loss of insect abundance, a widely occurring response to agricultural intensification, can have stronger consequences for ecosystem functioning than reductions in species richness. Further efforts should confirm whether this relationship is consistent across other ecosystem functions. Should this be observed, ecosystem functioning arguments could be useful in motivating agricultural producers to participate in practices such as agri-environment schemes which have potential to simultaneously conserve the diversity and abundance of insects in agroecosystems.

Background The shoulder is the least constrained of all joints of the body and is more susceptible to injury including dislocation. The rate of recurrent instability following primary stabilization procedure at 10 years of follow-up ranged from 3.4 to 20%. There is a lack of evidence in the literature regarding use of labral tape and anchors for anterior stabilization despite the growing market for this product. We describe the outcomes of 67 patients who underwent knotless arthroscopic anterior stabilisation under awake anaesthesia using 1.5 mm LabralTape with 2.9 mm Pushlock anchors for primary anterior instability by a single surgeon. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected outcome data for adult patients undergoing anterior stabilisation for primary traumatic anterior shoulder instability between 2013 and 2016 at two centres. Patients with > 25% glenoid bone loss, engaging Hill Sach’s, and multidirectional instability were excluded. All cases underwent surgery using awake anaesthetic technique. The surgical technique and post-operative physiotherapy was standardized. Outcomes were measured at 6 months and 12 months. Results Of the 74 patients in our study, 7 were lost to follow up. Outcomes were measured using the Oxford Instability Shoulder Score (OISS) and clinical assessment including the range of motion. The OISS showed statistically significant improvement from a mean score and standard deviation (SD) of 24.72 ± 2.8 pre-surgery to 43.09 ± 3.5 after the procedure at 12 months with good to excellent outcomes in 66 cases (98.5%). The mean abduction was 134.2 ± 6.32 and external rotation was 72.55 ± 5.42 at 60–90 position at 12 months. We report no failures due to knot slippage or anchor pull-out. Conclusion Our case series using the above technique has distinct advantages of combining a small non-absorbable implant with flat, braided, and high-strength polyethylene tape. This technique demonstrates superior medium term results to conventional suture knot techniques for labral stabilization thereby validating its use.

Purpose The social network analysis of criminal networks at both the ego and socio-centric level is well established. This purpose of this study is to expand this literature with a social capital analysis of a criminal network. The focus of the analysis will be the recent egregious investment fraud of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities (BLMIS). Design/methodology/approach This research involves a case study of the BLMIS financial fraud. The article uses a social capital theoretical lens, with archival sources taken from the court records of Madoff v. NY to include victim impact statements and the defendant’s Plea Allocution. Findings Financial crime literature can be expanded with a social capital analysis which facilitates a socio-economic analysis of ego-centric criminal networks. Research limitations/implications Each financial crime is of its time; however, there are recurring socio-economic network characteristics that could be applied to develop an understanding of criminal networks. Practical implications Any understanding of financial crime, including contemporary instances of criminal innovation, such as cyber-crime, can be enhanced with a social capital analysis of criminal networks. Originality/value A social capital analysis of financial crime draws attention to “human factors” in criminal networks that are integral to this form of crime.

The article will present two strategic cases of financial fraud that demonstrate the recurring reference points that conmen use to facilitate their white-collar crimes. The cases are constructed fr...

Purpose This paper aims to report a case history delivered to MBA students that developed their understanding of corruption and also enhanced their ability to be able to contribute to the anti-curriculum agenda. This case history method selected was innovative, as it was constructed from multi-disciplinary archival sources. The case focus was the egregious affinity fraud of Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities (BLMIS), with court documents taken from “United States V. Bernard L. Madoff And Related Cases USAO-SDNY”, including court sentencing records, victim impact statements and the defendant’s “Plea Allocution”. The case study aimed to enhance students’ ability and inclination to recognise and oppose corrupt practices. The longer-term ambition of the case was to contribute to developing the students’ moral awareness, character and facility for self-reflection, in terms of responding to corruption. The case study exercise also addressed rising societal expectations for more robust responses to corruption, in terms of illustrating how business school pedagogy can be expanded to emphasise the centrality of ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) to economic life. The case history was analysed within Carroll’s CSR pyramid and also with themes derived from the developing area of behavioural ethics, including a deontological, justice for its own sake and focus. Design/methodology/approach This research used the qualitative case method (Stake, 2000; Yin, 2004, 2010, 2011) to investigate lived experience from the viewpoint of those being studied and to provide the case history “experience”, using an analytical lens developed from Carroll’s CSR pyramid (1991) and from behavioural ethics research. Furthermore, following Chell’s recommendation, the case history of the BLMIS fraud was chosen – “[…] for analytical purposes to produce insight into the phenomena in question” (2008). The case was constructed from archival sources, including court records of the sentencing of Bernie Madoff. Findings The findings of the research are that students gained knowledge and understanding of the nature and practice of corruption, as well as developing their understanding of the anti-corruption agenda. The case also facilitated students to develop their moral awareness, character and facility for self-reflection with reference to corruption. In sum, the findings are that case histories, using archival sources, in this instance taken from the court records, have the potential to enhance teaching and learning in business ethics and responsible management education. Research limitations/implications A limitation of this research is that it is reporting on one instance of a classroom delivery of the case study. In consequence, a recommendation for future research is for CSR and ethics focussed educationalist to conduct similar case study teaching to add to and complement the conclusions reached in this paper. Originality/value This paper is original in detailing and reflecting on a case history teaching example of global corruption. This case history teaching method was innovative, as it was constructed from archival sources taken from court records to include victim impact statements and the defendant’s “Plea Allocution”.

We examined the insecticidal activity of linalool and thymol, against diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella(Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and whether they would synergise the activity of spinosad against this pest. Both linalool and thymol were toxic to diamondback moth larvae by topical and oral exposure, but orders of magnitude less so than spinosad. We found that low concentrations of linalool weakly synergised spinosad, increasing its toxicity more than twofold. An interaction between spinosad, and acetone meant it was not possible to identify any potential synergisms between thymol and spinosad. Our results demonstrate limited potential for thymol and linalool to act as biopesticides or synergists for managing diamondback moth.

Purpose Social capital (SC) is a contemporary management and organizational concept that has yet to reach definitional agreement. In response, and to fully grasp the meaning of SC in its management and organizational context, this paper aims to review its intellectual antecedents and then synthesize the causal factors for the concept’s recent prominence. The paper will further explicate the meaning of the concept by proposing two categories of benefits for classifying the economic returns of SC. First in terms of “bonding capital’s” role in facilitating knowledge management and, second, in terms of “bridging capital’s” role in facilitating reputation management. Design/methodology/approach A narrative literature review of the SC concept in the management and organizational context. Findings SC is a conservative concept that is largely uncritical of contemporary management and organizational theory, other than in the sense of trying to render it more rational and efficient. Thus, the SC discourse, does not, “[…] question the economic theory that dominates the World Bank or, indeed, much contemporary economics” (Bebbington et al., 2004, 36). Furthermore, SC is a “wonderfully elastic term” (Lappe and Du Bois, 1997, p. 119), which falls within the parameters of Burkean conservatism, with a stress on allegiance to the status quo and social harmony. SC as it is relevant for management, and organisational analysis is therefore supportive of the socio-economic status-quo and belongs to the “sociology of regulation”, concerned with emphasizing unity and cohesiveness (Burrel and Morgan, 1979, pp. 10-20). Research limitations/implications A number of recommendations for further SC research, within the management and organizational context are recommended. Originality/value This paper presents a comprehensive review of the meaning and application of SC in the context of management and organizational analysis.

Certain compounds of low toxicity can increase the susceptibility of an organism to toxic substances; this is known as potentiation. Demethylation inhibiting (DMI) fungicides can potentiate insecticides by impairing the production of detoxification enzymes. As both DMI fungicides and insecticides can be used near or during crop bloom, the combination may be hazardous if exposed to pollinators. Using pesticides used in blueberry or apple production, we conducted laboratory bioassays to test how combinations of field-relevant concentrations of DMI fungicides and insecticides affected honey bee ( Apis mellifera) survival. We found propiconazole, a DMI fungicide, potentiated the toxicity of the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid. We found no evidence of propiconazole potentiating field-relevant concentrations of the spinosyn insecticide spinetoram. We also found that the DMI fungicide flusilazole potentiated spinetoram but not acetamiprid. A fungicidal formulation combining pyraclostrobin and boscalid did not potentiate either insecticide. Given that bees can be simultaneously exposed to multiple pesticides, understanding the potential of pesticide potentiation and synergism may help mitigate risks associated with pollinator exposure to pesticides.

1. The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is typically positive but saturating, suggesting widespread functional redundancy within ecological communities. However, theory predicts that apparent redundancy can be reduced or removed when systems are perturbed, or when multifunctionality (the simultaneous delivery of multiple functions) is considered. 2. Manipulative experiments were used to test whether higher levels of dung beetle species richness enhanced individual functions and multifunctionality, and whether these relationships were influenced by perturbation (in this case, non-target exposure to the veterinary anthelmintic ivermectin). The four ecosystem functions tested were dung removal, primary productivity, soil faunal feeding activity and reduction in soil bulk density. 3. For individual functions, perturbation had limited effects on functioning, with only dung removal significantly (negatively) affected. Species richness did not, on its own, explain significant variation in the delivery of individual functions. In the case of primary productivity, an interaction between richness and perturbation was found: species-rich dung beetle assemblages enhanced forage growth in the unperturbed treatment, relative to the perturbed treatment. 4. Using a composite ‘multifunctionality index’ it was found that species-rich dung beetle assemblages delivered marginally higher levels of multifunctionality in unperturbed conditions; however, this benefit was lost under perturbation. Using a relatively new and robust method of assessing diversity–multifunctionality relationships across a range of thresholds, no significant effect of species richness on multifunctionality was found.

Author(s): Mamidipalli, Adrija; Hamilton, Gavin; Manning, Paul; Hong, Cheng William; Park, Charlie C; Wolfson, Tanya; Hooker, Jonathan; Heba, Elhamy; Schlein, Alexandra; Gamst, Anthony; Durelle, Janis; Paiz, Melissa; Middleton, Michael S; Schwimmer, Jeffrey B; Sirlin, Claude B | Abstract: PURPOSE:To determine the relationship between hepatic proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and R2* in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)-compliant, Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved, cross-sectional study, we conducted a secondary analysis of 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams performed as part of prospective research studies in children in whom conditions associated with iron overload were excluded clinically. Each exam included low-flip-angle, multiecho magnitude (-M) and complex (-C) based chemical-shift-encoded MRI techniques with spectral modeling of fat to generate hepatic PDFF and R2* parametric maps. For each technique and each patient, regions of interest were placed on the maps in each of the nine Couinaud segments, and composite whole-liver PDFF and R2* values were calculated. Pearson's correlation coefficients between PDFF and R2* were computed for each MRI technique. Correlations were compared using Steiger's test. RESULTS:In all, 184 children (123 boys, 61 girls) were included in this analysis. PDFF estimated by MRI-M and MRI-C ranged from 1.1-35.4% (9.44 ± 8.76) and 2.1-38.1% (10.1 ± 8.7), respectively. R2* estimated by MRI-M and MRI-C ranged from 32.6-78.7 s-1 (48.4 ± 9.8) and 27.2-71.5 s-1 (42.2 ± 8.6), respectively. There were strong and significant correlations between hepatic PDFF and R2* values estimated by MRI-M (r = 0.874; P l 0.0001) and MRI-C (r = 0.853; P l 0.0001). The correlation coefficients (0.874 vs. 0.853) were not significantly different (P = 0.15). CONCLUSION:Hepatic PDFF and R2* are strongly correlated with each other in vivo. This relationship was observed using two different MRI techniques. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:418-424.

Erik Scott’s book Familiar Strangers begins with a tantalizing paradox: How did Georgians, a small people numerically, come to play a role as internal diaspora out of all proportion to their numbers in the Soviet Union from start to finish? I argue that in the thread that ties together the many examples of Georgian ethnic strategies (including the changing, but continuous, presence of Georgians in political and cultural life of the Soviet Union), Scott rightly focuses on the varied affordances of the Georgian table, both the “edible ethnicity” of Georgian food and wine but also the traditions of hospitality centered on this commensality and the forms of networking arising from it, which took hold in Soviet Culture beginning with Stalin. When Soviet citizens became guests at the Georgian table, a paradoxical inversion of guest-host relations occurred, so that the whole Soviet Union became, in effect, the guests of Georgian hosts. As Scott argues, it was precisely through making their own food, drink, and attendant rituals of hospitality central to Soviet rule and Soviet life that Georgians moved from being metaphoric ethnic guests in a host society to hosts within the imperial capital itself.

Purpose To determine potential associations between histologic features of pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and estimated quantitative magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) parameters. Materials and Methods This prospective, cross-sectional study was performed as part of the Magnetic Resonance Assessment Guiding NAFLD Evaluation and Treatment (MAGNET) ancillary study to the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN). Sixty-four children underwent a 3T DWI scan (b-values: 0, 100, and 500 s/mm2) within 180 days of a clinical liver biopsy of the right hepatic lobe. Three parameters were estimated in the right hepatic lobe: apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), diffusivity (D), and perfusion fraction (F); the first assuming exponential decay and the latter two assuming biexponential intravoxel incoherent motion. Grading and staging of liver histology were done using the NASH CRN scoring system. Associations between histologic scores and DWI-estimated parameters were tested using multivariate linear regression. Results Estimated means ± standard deviations were: ADC: 1.3 (0.94–1.8) × 10−3 mm2/s; D: 0.82 (0.56–1.0) × 10−3 mm2/s; and F: 17 (6.0–28)%. Multivariate analyses showed ADC and D decreased with steatosis and F decreased with fibrosis (P < 0.05). Associations between DWI-estimated parameters and other histologic features were not significant: ADC: fibrosis (P = 0.12), lobular inflammation (P = 0.20), portal inflammation (P = 0.27), hepatocellular inflammation (P = 0.29), NASH (P = 0.30); D: fibrosis (P = 0.34), lobular inflammation (P = 0.84), portal inflammation (P = 0.76), hepatocellular inflammation (P = 0.38), NASH (P = 0.81); F: steatosis (P = 0.57), lobular inflammation (P = 0.22), portal inflammation (P = 0.42), hepatocellular inflammation (P = 0.59), NASH (P = 0.07). Conclusion In children with NAFLD, steatosis and fibrosis have independent effects on DWI-estimated parameters ADC, D, and F. Further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications of these effects. Level of Evidence: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017.

To use 3D pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (3D PCASL) and dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced (DSC) perfusion MRI to differentiate progressive disease from pseudoprogression in patients with glioblastoma (GBM).Thirty-two patients with GBM who developed progressively enhancing lesions within the radiation field following resection and chemoradiation were included in this retrospective, single-institution study. The updated modified RANO criteria were used to establish progressive disease or pseudoprogression. Following 3D PCASL and DSC MR imaging, perfusion parameter estimates of cerebral blood flow (ASL-nCBF and DSC-nrCBF) and cerebral blood volume (DSC-nrCBV) were calculated. Additionally, contrast enhanced volumes were measured. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare groups. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and area under receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) analyses were used to evaluate performance of each perfusion parameter and to determine optimal cut-off points.All perfusion parameter measurements were higher in patients with progressive disease (mean, 95% CI ASL-nCBF 2.48, [2.03, 2.93]; DSC-nrCBF = 2.27, [1.85, 2.69]; DSC-nrCBV = 3.51, [2.37, 4.66]) compared to pseudoprogression (mean, 95% CI ASL-nCBF 0.99, [0.47, 1.52]; DSC-nrCBF = 1.05, [0.36, 1.74]; DSC-nCBV = 1.19, [0.34, 2.05]), and findings were significant at the p 0.0125 level (p = 0.001, 0.003, 0.002; effect size: Cohen's d = 1.48, 1.27, and 0.92). Contrast enhanced volumes were not significantly different between groups (p 0.447). All perfusion parameters demonstrated high AUC (0.954 for ASL-nCBF, 0.867 for DSC-nrCBF, and 0.891 for DSC-nrCBV), however, ASL-nCBF demonstrated the highest AUC and misclassified the fewest cases (N = 6). Lesions correctly classified by ASL but misclassified by DSC were located along the skull base or adjacent to large resection cavities with residual blood products, at areas of increased susceptibility.Both 3D PCASL and DSC perfusion MRI techniques have nearly equivalent performance for the differentiation of progressive disease from pseudoprogression in patients with GBM. However, 3D PCASL is less sensitive to susceptibility artifact and may allow for improved classification in select cases.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:45:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-12-01 Rufford Foundation Landscape structure and crop management directly affect insect communities, which can influence agriculturally relevant ecosystem services and disservices. However, little is known about the effect of landscape structure and local factors on pests, natural enemies, and biological control services in the Neotropics. We investigated how environmental conditions at local and landscape levels affect Leucoptera coffeella (insect pest), social wasps (natural enemies), and the provision of biological control services in 16 Brazilian coffee plantations under different crop management and landscape contexts. We considered microclimatic conditions, coffee plantation size, and management intensity at the local level; and forest cover, landscape diversity, and edge density at the landscape level. Pest population, wasp communities, and biocontrol services were monitored in wet and dry seasons when L. coffeella outbreaks occur. We found that the amount of forest in the surrounding landscape was more important for explaining patterns than the local environment, landscape diversity, or landscape configuration. In both seasons, L. coffeella was negatively affected by forest cover, whereas biological control and richness and abundance of social wasps increased with increasing forest cover at multiple spatial scales. Moreover, biological control was positively correlated with wasp abundance during pest outbreaks, suggesting that social wasps are important natural enemies and provide pest control services within coffee plantations. We provide the first empirical evidence that forest cover is important for the maintenance of social wasp diversity and associated pest control services in a Brazilian coffee-producing region. Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab (LEEC) UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada (Interunidades) CENA - Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE) Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto Department of Plant Food and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Dalhousie University Biology Department Saint Mary’s University School for Resource and Environmental Studies and College of Sustainability Dalhousie University Departamento de Ciências Florestais ESALQ/USP - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia Spatial Ecology and Conservation Lab (LEEC) UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE) Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto Rufford Foundation: RSG reference 18799-1

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. The article undertakes an innovative study focusing on the choices and manners of entrepreneur reading as a means of developing resilience and responding to the challenges and crises that entrepreneurial activity presents. The article explores predominant patterns of entrepreneurial learning and challenges the assumptions on which these are grounded. This allows original insights and perspectives to be developed with which to enhance understanding of entrepreneurial sense-making. The study employs a qualitative methodology involving purposive semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs to determine the ways in which they identify, engage with and operationalize entrepreneurial behaviour based on their reading. The ensuing fieldwork provided a range of findings and discussion themes centred on dynamic and non-linear behaviour, reading and transformative learning events, and social interaction and reading. The study concludes with a range of observations on the power of reading in assisting entrepreneurs to develop resilience and behaviours for coping with the challenges and crises which are an integral aspect of entrepreneurial activity.

Oil palm plantations are a major agricultural land use in Southeast Asia. In the coming decades large areas of mature oil palm will be cleared and replanted. To inform more sustainable long-term production in this globally important crop, it is crucial we understand how replanting impacts ecosystem functions and services. We investigated whether several production-relevant ecosystems functions (dung removal, soil mesofauna feeding activity, herbivory, herbivore predation, and seed predation), and the simultaneous delivery of all functions (ecosystem multifunctionality), vary between recently-replanted oil palm (1–4 years) and mature oil palm (23–30 years) areas. Following new in-country and Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) guidelines, riparian buffers of mature oil palm, in which subsequent natural regrowth is allowed, are being preserved during the replanting cycle in plantations that lack natural forest reserves. We investigated whether or not mature oil palm riparian buffers maintain levels of ecosystem functioning beneficial for palm oil production. Only one function (herbivory) differed between mature and replanted areas, with higher levels of herbivory found in recently replanted oil palm. There was no difference in ecosystem multifunctionality between mature and recently-replanted oil palm. Mature oil palm riparian buffers were found to be valuable for maintaining lower levels of herbivory than recently-replanted oil palm. However, no other functions, nor ecosystem multifunctionality, differed between the mature oil palm riparian buffers and recently-replanted oil palm. The results of this study suggest that replanting has limited impacts on the ecosystem functions we considered. Furthermore, they suggest mature oil palm riparian buffers do not have negative impacts on production-relevant ecosystem functions in oil palm landscapes., This project was made possible through funding from SMARTRI; the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), the Heron-Allen Travel Scholarship, Lady Margaret Hall; and the University of Oxford Zoology Department. ES was funded under UK Natural Environment Research Council grant (NE/K016407/1). The BEFTA Programme was funded by The Isaac Newton Trust Cambridge, Golden-Agri Resources, and the UK Natural Environment Research Council grant (NE/P00458X/1).