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Maps are the main tool to represent geographical information. Geographical information is usually scale-dependent, so users need to have access to maps at different scales. In our digital age, the access is realized by zooming. As discrete changes during the zooming tend to distract users, smooth changes are preferred. This is why some digital maps are trying to make the zooming as continuous as they can. The process of producing maps at different scales with smooth changes is called continuous map generalization. In order to produce maps of high quality, cartographers often take into account additional requirements. These requirements are transferred to models in map generalization. Optimization for map generalization is important not only because it finds optimal solutions in the sense of the models, but also because it helps us to evaluate the quality of the models. Optimization, however, becomes more delicate when we deal with continuous map generalization. In this area, there are requirements not only for a specific map but also for relations between maps at difference scales. This thesis is about continuous map generalization based on optimization. First, we show the background of our research topics. Second, we find optimal sequences for aggregating land-cover areas. We compare the A$^{\!\star}$\xspace algorithm and integer linear programming in completing this task. Third, we continuously generalize county boundaries to provincial boundaries based on compatible triangulations. We morph between the two sets of boundaries, using dynamic programming to compute the correspondence. Fourth, we continuously generalize buildings to built-up areas by aggregating and growing. In this work, we group buildings with the help of a minimum spanning tree. Fifth, we define vertex trajectories that allow us to morph between polylines. We require that both the angles and the edge lengths change linearly over time. As it is impossible to fulfill all of these requirements simultaneously, we mediate between them using least-squares adjustment. Sixth, we discuss the performance of some commonly used data structures for a specific spatial problem. Seventh, we conclude this thesis and present open problems., Maps are the main tool to represent geographical information. Users often zoom in and out to access maps at different scales. Continuous map generalization tries to make the changes between different scales smooth, which is essential to provide users with comfortable zooming experience. In order to achieve continuous map generalization with high quality, we optimize some important aspects of maps. In this book, we have used optimization in the generalization of land-cover areas, administrative boundaries, buildings, and coastlines. According to our experiments, continuous map generalization indeed benefits from optimization., Landkarten sind das wichtigste Werkzeug zur Repräsentation geografischer Information. Unter der Generalisierung von Landkarten versteht man die Aufbereitung von geografischen Informationen aus detaillierten Daten zur Generierung von kleinmaßstäbigen Karten. Nutzer von Online-Karten zoomen oft in eine Karte hinein oder aus einer Karte heraus, um mehr Details bzw. mehr Überblick zu bekommen. Die kontinuierliche Generalisierung von Landkarten versucht die Änderungen zwischen verschiedenen Maßstäben stetig zu machen. Dies ist wichtig, um Nutzern eine angenehme Zoom-Erfahrung zu bieten. Um eine qualitativ hochwertige kontinuierliche Generalisierung zu erreichen, kann man wichtige Aspekte bei der Generierung von Online-Karten optimieren. In diesem Buch haben wir Optimierung bei der Generalisierung von Landnutzungskarten, von administrativen Grenzen, Gebäuden und Küstenlinien eingesetzt. Unsere Experimente zeigen, dass die kontinuierliche Generalisierung von Landkarten in der Tat von Optimierung profitiert.

In distributed information fusion application, developing an efficient track-to-track association approach becomes crucially important which may significantly benefit the sequent track-to-track fusion procedure. This paper proposes a novel track-to-track association method specialized for distributed multitarget tracking using more than two sensors. In order to mathematically interpret how probable that the two tracks from two different sensors are tracking the same targets, the fuzzy membership of the two tracks are calculated, whose value is between 0 and 1, with bigger values indicating higher probability that the two tracks originate from the same target. Based on the calculated fuzzy membership matrix, the clustering methodology is then utilized to pick out the group of tracks tracking the same target. The simulation results validate the efficiency and superiority over the existing approach.

Transparent and conductive CdIn2O4 (CIO) thin films were prepared successfully by rf reactive sputtering from a Cd-In alloy target in an Ar+O2 atmosphere. The measurement of transmission and reflection spectra, at wavelengths between 0.2 and 6.0 μm, and photoluminescence spectrum of the films are reported. The optical properties of the films are analyzed and discussed in detail. Two reasonable methods for calculating the effective mass of the free carrier in the films are presented.

Cd2SnO4 (CTO) films prepared by radio-frequency reactive sputtering from a Cd-Sn alloy target in Ar-O2 mixtures have been found to be a n-type degenerate semiconductor in which oxygen vacancies provide the donor states and free carrier concentration is up to 4.46× 1026 / m3. The films were annealed at temperature up to 500° C in stable Ar flow. Large Burstein shift has been observed in the visible transmission spectra. Photoluminescence spectrum measurement indicates the intrinsic optical gap of crystalline CTO is about 2.156eV. Analysis of electrical and optical data on CTO films before and after heat treatment leads to a calculated optical band gap in the range of 2.37-2.64eV and an effective mass 0.22-0.48 of the free electron mass.

Using positron lifetime and Doppler broadening lineshape parameter measurements, the recovery behaviors of defects in the deformed and post-deformation hydrogen-charged poly-crystalline pure Co have been studied. Experimental results indicate that the cathodic hydrogen-charging of deformed sample further introduce an additional amount of dislocations and vacancies as well as some vacancy clusters into it. However, it appears that mirrovoids and microcracks are not produced. The recovery temperature range of vacancies is 73-260℃; the annealing of dislocations and vacancy clusters occur in the range of 350-670℃. The migration activation energy of vacancy was measured to be 1.09±0.07eV.

Transparent conductiong films of cadmium-tin oxide were prepared by rf reactive sputtering from a Cd-Sn alloy target in an Ar-O2 atmosphere. The structure of the films was examined by X-ray diffraction. The electrical and optical properties of the films were found to depend on the oxygen concentration in the gas mixture and the substrate temperature as well as the post-deposition heat treatment. The lowest resistivity obtained was 1.74×10-6Ω·cm and the highest optical transmission was 95% over the visible region. For the films deposited at substrate temperature of 400℃ in an Ar-O2 atmosphere of 6% O2, heat treatment increased the optical gap energy from 2.37eV to 2.64eV.